A model organism is a species that has been widely studied, usually because it is easy to maintain and breed in a laboratory setting and has particular experimental advantages. Model organisms are non-human species that are used in the laboratory to help scientists understand biological processes. They are usually organisms […]
is a metabolic pathway that forms the base for both aerobic and anaerobic respiration. In this process, glucose is converted into pyruvate. Pyruvate is a six-membered ring molecule and formed after the breakdown of carbohydrates into sugars. It is a multi-step process and occurs in the cytoplasm of animal and […]
Adenosine 5′-triphosphate, or ATP, is the principal molecule for storing and transferring energy in cells. It is often referred to as the energy currency of the cell and can be compared to storing money in a bank. ATP can be used to store energy for future reactions or be withdrawn […]
The First Law of Thermodynamics The first law of thermodynamics deals with the total amount of energy in the universe. It states that this total amount of energy is constant. In other words, there has always been, and always will be, exactly the same amount of energy in the universe. […]
Based on composition, there are two types of proteins as follows: Simple Proteins: These proteins are made up of only amino acids e.g., albumins, globulins, glutelin. Conjugated proteins: These are formed by the binding of a simple protein with a non-protein called the prosthetic group. Depending upon the type of […]
Glycolysis is the process in which glucose is broken down to produce energy. It produces two molecules of pyruvate, ATP, NADH and water. The process takes place in the cytosol of the cell cytoplasm, in the presence or absence of oxygen. Glycolysis is the primary step of cellular respiration. In […]
Polymers such as proteins, polysaccharides and nucleic acids are formed when monomers link in long chains. The different types of bonds provide structure and stability to biomolecules and make them functional. Proteins are formed from amino acids when the carboxyl group of an amino acid reacts with the amino group […]
Polysaccharides are major classes of biomolecules. They are long chains of carbohydrate molecules, composed of several smaller monosaccharides. These complex bio-macromolecules functions as an important source of energy in animal cell and form a structural component of a plant cell. It can be a homopolysaccharide or a heteropolysaccharide depending upon the type of […]
Gregor Mendel, through his work on pea plants, discovered the fundamental laws of inheritance. He deduced that genes come in pairs and are inherited as distinct units, one from each parent. Mendel tracked the segregation of parental genes and their appearance in the offspring as dominant or recessive traits. He […]
Single gene disorders are caused by DNA changes in one particular gene and often have predictable inheritance patterns. Over 10,000 human disorders are caused by a change, known as a mutation, in a single gene. These are known as single-gene disorders. The mutated version of the gene responsible for the […]
Brownian motion is the random movement of particles in a gas or liquid caused by the unequal bombardment of other molecules in the medium. In 1827, Robert Brown first noticed that a pollen grain suspended in water was moving in a random pattern. Later in 1905, Albert Einstein derived a […]
Engineering has already shaped the view of systems biology and its application to fundamental knowledge, bioremediation, and human health. Already, systems bioengineering has begun to establish a core set of principles for problem-solving that fuses experiments and computation. Some of which are discussed below- Engineering of artificial gene networks- Significant […]
This article is in continuation with the previous part INDIA AND INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION 4.0 Part-2. Solutions- 1. The product manufacturing unit in a factory is referred to as the shop floor. It is that place where production tasks are performed in a continuous flow while manufacturing a product. The efficiency […]
This article is in continuation with the previous part INDIA AND INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION 4.0 Part-1. Reasons why Industrial Revolution 4.0 is lagging- 1. Security is a crucial foundation of the Internet while the major challenge for the Industrial Revolution 4.0. As time goes the trend of Industrial Revolution 4.0 inflates from […]
The industrial revolution is the advancement in manufacturing processes. The industrial revolution began in Europe in the 17th century. It was the first Industrial Revolution. With the advancements in machines and manufacturing processes, Industrial revolution 2, 3 and 4 came into existence. Industrial Revolution 2.0 started just after the first […]
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