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Indian society suffers from substantial inequalities in education, employment, and income based on caste and ethnicity. Compensatory or positive discrimination policies reserve 15% of the seats in institutions of higher education and state and central government jobs for people of the lowest caste, the Scheduled Caste; 7.5% of the seats are reserved for the Scheduled Tribe. These programs have been strengthened by improved enforcement and increased funding in the 1990s.

The Convention on the Rights of the child has important implications for the education of children. In the Convention are numerous articles that deal with education and with children’s rights education. First is the child’s right to education on the basis equal opportunity (article 28). This includes the right to free primary education and to accessible secondary and higher education. Second are the child’s rights in education (articles 2, 12, 13, 14, 15, and 19). This includes the right to non-discrimination, participation, protection from abuse and violence, and freedom of thought, expression, and religion. Third are the child’s rights through education (article 29 and 42). This refers to education where children are able to know and understand their rights and to develop respect for human rights, including their own human rights.

Discrimination on any grounds- religion, race, caste, sex, place of birth or any other is prohibited under Art 15 of the Constitution. This constitutes an important move away from the graded inequalities and discrimination based on the caste system. Discrimination is widespread on various counts – caste, ethnicity, religion, gender, age, class, disability, region, language, family occupation, or a combination of these. These have found their way into every aspect of social life, including the education system. Dalit’s face the worst forms of discrimination and violence, given the religious basis of the caste system, concepts of purity, pollution and untouchability.

Article 21A Indian Constitution mandates the state to provide free and compulsory education to all children aged 6-14 years has the right to free and compulsory elementary education with adequate infrastructure facilities, free textbooks, writing materials and uniforms; the government should ensure that children from disadvantaged social groups are not discriminated against and prevented from pursuing and completing elementary education; The Constitution categorically abolished “untouchability” and its practice in any form declaring it ‘offence punishable under law’. In the context of education, Article 30 (2) prohibits the state from discriminating in granting aid to educational institutions on the ground of its management under a minority. Article 46 of Indian Constitution recognises the state should promote with special care the educational interests of scheduled castes.

Caste based discrimination in the education system can be seen at two levels – institutional and relational. Institutional discrimination includes the many ways in which the education system denies equitable education opportunities, education services and supportive mechanisms to facilitate Dalit students to access an equal quality of education and to reduce educational inequalities between Dalit’s and non-Dalit’s. It may include both active and passive forms of discrimination, default and intentional. The relational forms of caste based discrimination against students in the schools and higher education institutions take various forms too. At the school level, discrimination has been reported and studied- caste based verbal abuse and name calling, in midday meals, teaching and learning practices, in the use of drinking water, in assigning cleaning tasks in schools, not paying attention to Dalit students and de-motivating them, preventing their participation in schools, heightened corporal punishments, and so on. Discrimination and violence against Dalit schools have been reported by students across the country, including sexual violence against Dalit girl students. The current and long-term negative impact of this discrimination on Dalit students in terms of their learning, educational achievements as well as future opportunities are yet to be fully grasped.

Adivasis, in addition to suffering from the same low expectations, face a different set of issues. Demographically, tribal habitations are small and sparsely populated and hence lack many infrastructural facilities, including schools and roads. Even when schools are within walking distance for pupils, it is not unusual for the roads to become impassable during the monsoon and for the teachers, who often live in larger towns, to surreptitiously close the school. These factors are particularly constraining for tribal children who live in isolated communities. Language poses another major challenge for tribal education. Trial’s normally speak local dialects rather than the main language of the state in which they reside, and tribal students feel further alienated when the teachers are not well trained to communicate in their tribal dialects (Sujatha 2002). Muslim students suffer from similar disadvantages. Many Muslims would like to see education take place in Urdu, their mother tongue, but few schools accommodate this. Children often face harassment and ridicule, and rising religious tensions lead to children’s alienation from school. Since Muslim families are disproportionately urban, access to schools is less likely to be a problem, but discrimination by teachers and a hostile school environment may pose a major impediment.

Human rights activists are concerned that the discrimination is preventing the realisation of India’s Right to Education (RTE) that aims to provide quality education to all children between the ages of 6 to 14 till elementary school (till eighth grade). Since RTE came into force in 2010, nearly all children are in school. Government data shows that the total enrolment of children in primary school increased by 14.6 million in the past five years, which includes 56 per cent girls, as well as 55 per cent backward castes and 41 per cent Muslims. Meenakshi Ganguly, head of Human Rights Watch in India, said that it was the responsibility of the government to ensure that all the enrolled children feel safe and welcome in school, which allows them to complete their education. “We are a proudly diverse country, we celebrate that diversity, let’s do that with honour, equity and not with discrimination,” she said, making an appeal for zero discrimination at the launch of the report. But would the appeal cut into the thick cloak of prejudice? Experts believe that few efforts have been made to sensitise teachers, or detecting and preventing discrimination. Vimala Ramachandran, an education pioneer for over two decades, said that at present no mechanism exists to monitor teachers and penalise them for discrimination.

Unaddressed discrimination

Annie Namala, executive director at the Centre for Social Equity and Inclusion, pointed that government bodies and civil society groups had done studies to address discrimination, but these recommendations were not being implemented. “None of these are really getting to the light of the day, nor it translating into any point down the files and papers,” she said. Increasingly, parents with even some money are opting to send their children to any cheap private school in the vicinity. And so, government schools are filled with the most marginalised children, while their teachers belong to upper castes. Ambarish Rai, national convener at the Right to Education Forum, says that these teachers don’t understand why children of cobblers and washer men should be taught. Their thinking, he said, is “what will they do with studying”. Besides child labour, girl dropouts are especially vulnerable to early marriages. Government data shows that the dropout rate among girls is more than 41 per cent till the eighth grade and over 57 per cent till the tenth grade. Girls from lower castes are made to clean toilets, while girls from the higher castes make tea for the teacher. In Rajasthan, she pointed out that government schools for girls don’t offer science and math beyond the eighth grade.

Access to childcare

To succeed in bringing and retaining marginalised children in schools, the government will have to ensure zero discrimination in classrooms. Girls and children with disabilities will need even more attention. For this, any future teacher training should go beyond improving learning outcomes to focus on inclusive learning practices that are effective, ensure greater participation of children from marginalised communities and healthy interaction among children from different backgrounds. Civil society groups can be important government allies in this venture.

It is also time to expand the Right to Education so that all children are entitled to 12 years of free and accessible education by 2030. Equally, there needs to be universal access to early childhood care and education to guarantee children’s long-term development, health and well-being. These goals are part of the proposed global agenda and India too sees them as priorities. The government should set an example at the World Education Forum by announcing special commitments toward implementing these goals.

Terrorism warfare is the demonstration of creating apprehension, danger and fear among masses. It has no philosophy, no establishment yet to make fear among individuals utilizing any mean, way or device. The sole goal is to oppress individuals and their wellspring of vitality is simply the dread created as it were. Terrorism is the greatest danger of Humanity. Rather than affection it claims dread, rather than equity it produces pecking order, rather than enthusiasm it depends on self-roused interests.

In the ongoing time we are seeing the expanding occurrences of Terrorism oppression everywhere throughout the world. In spite of the fact that medieval rulers have put together their standard with respect to fear of individuals however notwithstanding hardly any exemptions and time of unsettling influences, their general reason for existing was to make state of harmony in which their standard can flourish. However, the cutting edge phenomena of fear mongering knows no time of harmony and that is the reason it is the greatest danger of humankind. For whatever length of time that fear mongering will get by in a territory there will be a bad situation for humankind for even a solitary snapshot of time.

To manage fear mongering first we have to comprehend its underlying foundations and its reasons for cause. As such fear based oppression has no belief system. Terrorism oppressors utilize the differing speculations for their advantage and shape it as per their desires. Religion which is utilized by fear mongers is only a clothing to conceal its actual standards and look for authenticity for shameless acts which in any case have no authorization an any religion. In spite of the fact that religion isn’t the reason for fear mongering yet the stagnation which happened in religion due to securing of universal components to medieval ethos has given space to these components. The need of hour is to adjust religion to present day esteems and quit beholding back at medieval ethos. Let the religion to advance and individuals with it.

The other significant reason for its fortifying is obstruction of different countries into a nation. In the attire of acquainting popular government they acted with make gaps into the general public of effectively settled countries to advance their own advantages. This procedure is going on from the beginning of twentieth century whether it id Sykes-Picot understanding or production of Israel or wars pursued by Western countries in Middle-East nations every once in a while. The gaps made in the public arena as well as the origination of Western country to counter Terrorism oppression or any Leader administering in a country they have made Frankenstein beast as new fear monger associations and which are presently out of their control. Interestingly, these countries have not gained from their experience and still attempt to recognize great psychological warfare and awful fear based oppression.

To restrict the Terrorism all countries needed to work in collaboration and they have to put stock in uniformity among country and power of a country. Strategy is the best arrangement to sift through unsettling influences among countries. In the event that they will utilize Terrorism militants as a weapon against different countries, these demonstrations can reverse discharge on them. Harmony and participation should be the goal of countries. World can advance on these footing as it were. Impedance will make just shocking effects in general world.

Advancement of masses and viably unraveling their complaints are the two apparatuses to tackle the issue of fear based oppression. As fear based oppression just serve the interests of not many however it blossom with the issues of individuals which is brought about by inconsistent appropriation of assets and advantages collecting to the country. Naxalism in India is one of the appearances of inconsistent appropriation among masses prompting separation with state and a propensity to move towards savage methods.

Genuine Democracy can be utilized against Terrorism oppression yet this vote based system ought not be forced by different countries. In any case, various agents of a country should approach to manufacture a country dependent on fairness, freedom and equity.

Innovation can be utilized viably to handle Terrorism oppression and limit its evil impacts. It very well may be utilized to scatter present day thoughts among individuals and let them escape medieval mindset. Furthermore it tends to be utilized to get data about the fear based oppressor associations and checking stream of assets to them and checking their development in until now immaculate regions.

Fear mongering groups solidarity to destabilize entire world and release powers of abuse and viciousness. It is the ordinary citizens which are influenced by the fear based oppression the most. It brings about removal and making pressure on different countries because of colossal number of evacuees who have no mean to endure yet to request help.

Impacts of fear based oppression is the general annihilation of humankind. It will cause comfort for a few and abuse for other exceptionally for ladies. Ladies are the most influenced fragment of these exercises. It will make a world wherein dread will run the show. The expanding hold of IS in center east focuses towards what the eventual fate of world will be if its development won’t be checked.

Uncovering of Terrorism warfare totally is the main answer for tackle the hazard of fear mongering. Initial step ought to be disintegration of its base among mis-coordinated individuals who are utilized by it to fill the need of first class in fear based oppressor association. It tends to be finished by scattering of present day esteems and settling their monetary, social and political complaints. Second step ought to be to quit outlining alleged “great” Terrorism warfare and “awful” fear based oppression. All subsidizing to any association ought to be halted. In any case fortifying of one gathering will prompt its development from “great” to “awful” class.

Third obstruction of other country ought to be checked. Accomplishment of vote based system ought to be founded on the development of individuals and not on the intense inconvenience of different countries. Fourth, in this battle against Terrorism warfare all country need to help out one another and tact dependent on fairness of countries ought to be the method of giving answer for the contrasts between countries. The hazard of Terrorism warfare ought to be taken care of at the earliest opportunity else it will carry annihilation to mankind and world-harmony.

Nationalism

Nationalism is an old idea and was at top during the twentieth century, when the world was crying with the disturb mistreatment of settler and industrialist country. Nationalism is the political idea about having the country own personality and opportunity which doesn’t subvert the opportunity of other country. It’s in the line to best serve the humankind and its directors. Nationalism is frequently connected with Patriotism which says – singular serves his family, family serves the town, town serves the locale, area serve the state, state serve the country and country serve the mankind. Along these lines so as to serve the humankind country opportunity is must.

Indian Nationalism during Struggle for Independence

The phases of Indian Struggle for Independence is the advancement of Nationalism in India. A portion of the significant highlights of this advancement were – Swaraj, Satagragh and Non-Violence, People Participation, and so on which accentuation on the center directors of patriotism – self-rule and self-oversee; individuals rights, association, acknowledgment and agreement; not hurting other country opportunity and keeping quiet and wellbeing connection with other and so on.

Internationalism

Internationalism is ongoing advancement rose significantly in twentieth century after the First world War and since them it advancing consistently. Internationalism is about solidarity, regular activities, and objectives with helpful and steady activities of different country. It rose with idea of bringing harmony, agreement, steadiness on the planet and maintaining a strategic distance from the any ruinous activity which lead to the murdering of humankind. Internationalism doesn’t confine to a specific limit rather it includes everybody and put stock in taking everybody together by joining their character.

Nationalism Vs Internationalism – Opposing

Nationalism and Internationalism are not the equivalent however both accentuation on the advancement of mankind, there is crucial contrast between the establishing standards. On one hand where Nationalism interest for the personality of self, worldwide weakens the individual character for the normal and more prominent great. Patriotism however not against any race, religion or area yet it’s increasingly about a specific local character and their opportunity while the internationalism is being having an assembled personality. Nationalism developed as breaking down from radical and entrepreneur country control and giving more capacity to settlements or procured regions while internationalism rose as reconciliation of control and in this way driving grouping of intensity. Nationalism lead to autonomy and opportunity where as Internationalism lead to relationship .Thus Nationalism and Internationalism are contradicting yet the two has their own areas to activity in various circumstances.

Nationalism Vs Internationalism – mutually exclusive

Nationalism is increasingly about localisation where internationalism is centered more around globalization. Nationalism exist at national or nation level where internationalism exist at above nation level. Nationalism attempt to accomplish the solidarity through intentional detachment (point of which is to crush the persecution and control of colonialist) where Internationalism attempt to accomplish the solidarity with deliberate affiliation (different nationalities joining on air conditioning totally intentional premise after radical abuse has been disposed of). There both are existing in various setting in this manner both are fundamentally unrelated.

Accordingly Nationalism and Internationalism are would be steady to one another with the end goal of humankind whenever applied with away from of territories. Nationalism is significant for acceptable administration, social and political turn of events, preservation of culture, qualities and assorted variety though internationalism is significant for security (Terrorism), balance condition, monetary advancement, science and innovation improvement, training and expertise improvement, and so on.

Sexual Harassment at Work Place’ As enshrined in the Preamble to the Constitution of India, “equality of status and opportunity” must be secured for all its citizens; equality of every person under the law is guaranteed by Article 14 of the Constitution. A safe workplace is therefore a woman’s legal right. Indeed, the Constitutional doctrine of equality and personal liberty is contained in Articles 14, 15 and 21 of the Indian Constitution. Sexual harassment constitutes a gross violation of women’s right to equality and dignity. It has its roots in patriarchy and its attendant perception that men are superior to women and that some forms of violence against women are acceptable. One of these is workplace sexual harassment, which views various forms of such harassment, as harmless and trivial.

Often, it is excused as ‘natural’ male behaviour or ‘harmless flirtation’ which women enjoy. Contrary to these perceptions, it causes serious harm and is also a strong manifestation of sex discrimination at the workplace. Not only is it an infringement of the fundamental rights of a woman, under Article 19 (1) (g) of the Constitution of India “to practice any profession or to carry out any occupation, trade or business”; it erodes equality and puts the dignity and the physical and psychological well-being of workers at risk. This leads to poor productivity and a negative impact on lives and livelihoods. To further compound the matter, deep-rooted socio-cultural behavioural patterns, which create a gender hierarchy, tend to place responsibility on the victim, thereby increasing inequality in the workplace and in the society at large. Though sexual harassment at the workplace has assumed serious proportions, women do not report the matter to the concerned authorities in most cases due to fear of reprisal from the harasser, losing one’s livelihood, being stigmatized, or losing professional standing and personal reputation. Across the globe today, workplace sexual harassment is increasingly understood as a violation of women’s rights and a form of violence against women.

The Sexual Harassment of Women at Workplace (Prevention, Prohibition and Redressal) Act, 2013 was enacted to ensure safe working spaces for women and to build enabling work environments that respect women’s right to equality of status and opportunity. An effective implementation of the Act will contribute to the realization of their right to gender equality, life and liberty, equality in working conditions everywhere. The sense of security at the workplace will improve women’s participation in work, resulting in their economic empowerment and inclusive growth.

A Review of the Protection of Women Against Sexual Harassment At Workplace Bill, 2007

As mentioned in the preceding section, the Court in the Vishaka case had stepped into the law-making domain and suggested that in the absence of a law against sexual harassment, the guidelines suggested by the Court would be considered as the law. The Court, however, also called for a legislation prohibiting sexual harassment to replace its injunctions subsequently. The Court ruled in the Vishaka case in 1999. Since then there have been demands for legislation on sexual harassment and several attempts at drafting and presenting a bill have been made. The Bill also provides space for third-party harassment. Third-party harassment implies that the perpetrator is not the employer or colleague; an outsider, like a client or customer who comes in contact with the woman at the workplace or in relation to the workplace.

In 1992, a rural level change agent, Bhanwari Devi, was engaged by the state of Rajasthan as a Sathin to work towards the prevention of the practice of child marriages. During the course of her work, she prevented the marriage of a one-year old girl in the community. Her work was met with resentment and attracted harassment from men of that community. Bhanwari Devi reported this to the local authority but no action was taken. That omission came at great cost – Bhanwari was subsequently gang raped by those very men. The Bhanwari Devi case revealed the ever-present sexual harm to which millions of working women are exposed across the country, everywhere and everyday irrespective of their location. It also shows the extent to which that harm can escalate if nothing is done to check sexually offensive behaviour in the workplace.

Based on the facts of Bhanwari Devi’s case, a Public Interest Litigation (PIL) was filed by Vishaka and other women groups against the State of Rajasthan and Union of India before the Supreme Court of India. It proposed that sexual harassment be recognized as a violation of women`s fundamental right to equality and that all workplaces/establishments/institutions be made accountable and responsible to uphold these rights.

In a landmark judgment, Vishaka vs. State of Rajasthan (1997), The Supreme Court of India created legally binding guidelines basing it on the right to equality and dignity accorded under the Indian Constitution as well as by the UN Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW).

It included:

A definition of sexual harassment

Shifting accountability from individuals to institutions

Prioritizing prevention

Provision of an innovative redress mechanism

The Supreme Court defined sexual harassment as any unwelcome, sexually determined physical, verbal, or non-verbal conduct. Examples included sexually suggestive remarks about women, demands for sexual favors, and sexually offensive visuals in the workplace. The definition also covered situations where a woman could be disadvantaged in her workplace as a result of threats relating to employment decisions that could negatively affect her working life.

Communication is the most important factor in our lives. Media takes up the role of fulfilling this factor and giving a platform to various individuals and organizations. Media is generally defined as means of mass communication, which includes broadcasting, publishing and the internet regarded collectively. The term “media” is plural of medium, referring to communication channels through which we disseminate news, music, movies, education, promotional messages and other data. News, magazines, television, radio, billboards, telephone, the internet, and fax are ways through which communicate in society. Media rights means with respect to each credit party and its subsidiaries, all licensing rights (as licensor and licensee), manufacturing rights, production rights, and distribution rights and all rights, title and interest of such persons in registered patents, trademarks, service marks, copy rights. Other media rights include: right to broadcast, transmit, display, film and photograph the competition as well as recordings thereof (or any part thereof) in any form in all media now known or hereafter and the right to exploit such rights by means whatsoever. Freedom of media is indeed an integral part of freedom of expression which is part of fundamental rights of the Constitution of India. Media plays a vital role as in enables the citizens to be aware about what is happening in the country and other important factors they need to know. Media has created a platform for the common man to express his opinions and reach to the diplomats in higher positions which are usually not easily reachable. Today it has become one of the major instruments of social change. It is the duty of the media to report cautiously and fairly. Media tends to bring transparency and sometimes it is not good for people’s reputation. Freedom of press is a fundamental right that government itself can not violate but still it’s the most violated right. There has been constant press freedom violation including abuses by political leaders, threats, from criminal groups, police violence or threats by corrupt local officials making journalism one of the most dangerous professions to practice in India. There have been prominent journalists like Sauri Lankesh, Narendra who have paid the ultimate price for uncovering the truths and more than sixty-four journalists have been killed on duty. Uttar Pradesh holds the distinguished place with the highest number of journalists killed since year 2000 and the duty lies with the government to make effective laws and provisions for the protection of the media. The risk factor in the profession of journalism is rapidly increasing the face of violence and intimidation for practicing their fundamental rights. The ranges of danger they are getting include kidnapping, murder, online harassment, cyber bullying, forced detention and torture and defamation among others. There is a need for effective laws for protection of media. The freedom under Article 19(1) (a) is not only cribbed, cabinet and confined to newspapers and periodicals but also includes pamphlets, leaflets, handbills, circulars and every sort of publication which affords a vehicle of information and opinion. Although the freedom of press is guaranteed as a fundamental right, it is necessary for us to deal with various laws governing the different areas of media so as to appreciate the vast of media laws. Freedom of Press and the Freedom of Expression can be regarded as the very basis of a democratic form of government. Every business enterprise is involved in the laws of the nation, state and community in which it operates. Newspaper publishers find themselves more hemmed in by legal restrictions than any other businesses do regardless of the fact that freedom of press is protected by the India Constitution. The various Acts that have been taken into consideration when dealing with the regulations imposed upon the print media are: The Press and Registration of Books Act, 1867, the Act regulates printing presses and newspapers and makes registration with an appointed authority compulsory for all printing. The enactment provides against the printing and publication of incitement to crime and other objectionable matters. More over the protection of rights of media are internationally recognized. Evidently, the existence of the International Declaration on the protection of journalists. The International Declaration on the protection of journalists is based on thorough research and analysis of existing international mechanisms in the area of journalists and media organizations to ensure maximum safety.

The Constitution of India confers the fundamental right of freedom of the press. Article 105(2) provides certain restrictions on the publications of the proceedings in parliament.  The Supreme Court held that, the publication by a newspaper of certain parts of the speech of members in the House, which were ordered to be expunged by the speaker constituted a breach of privilege. The media is given freedom of speech and press however the limitations given by the country suppress them and hinders them from exercising their rights to the fullest. The limitations imposed also make the work with fear for being found on the wrong side of the law.

What are the challenges faced by the Media in practicing their duty? Authoritarian rule in many developing countries, democracy is formally established by political elites and authoritarian rulers control power beyond the influence of the majority of people. So instead of more democracy there is less, instead of more participation there is more exclusion, instead of the rule of law, there is insecurity, impunity and lack of accountability. Media organizations are not welcomed because they will always question authoritarian rule. Media rights are under pressure Media suffer from obstruction of freedom of press, freedom of expression and to access information. Media regulations become tougher and journalists who are not in line with mainstream elites become more and more endangered and face possible censorship and intimidation the worst being arbitrary arrest and torture.

Because of the above mentioned challenges faced by the media it shows there is need for protection of reporters, editors and journalists. This need of crafting laws for protection of media becomes an important task for media support organizations and the close monitoring of the development of media freedom becomes more relevant.

In conclusion, media plays an important role in our lives as it enables us to communicate at different level. In a national level the journalists, editors and other are the people who are in control of media. However they face so many challenges, with some even life threatening. Hence there is need for laws protecting the rights of the media. In most if not all the countries freedom of press and speech is guaranteed however political elites limit the media from exercising their rights fully.

What are human rights?

Human Rights are those minimal rights which every individual must have against the State or other public authority by virtue of his being a ‘member of the human family’, irrespective of any other consideration.

Our country was one of the original signatories to the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights and therefore the framers of Indian Constitution were influenced by the concept of human right and recognize as well as guaranteed most of the human rights which were subsequently embodied in the International Covenant 1966. The Preamble of the Indian Constitution reflects the inspiring ideals with the specific mention of “dignity of the individual”.

Human rights under the constitution of India:

Fundamental Rights: Fundamental Rights are the modern name for what have been traditionally known as Natural Rights. The Natural Rights transformed into fundamental rights operate as a constitutional limitation or a restriction on the 4 powers of the organs set up by the Constitution or the State action. Judicial Review, Justiciability or Enforcement became an inseparable concomitant of fundamental rights.

There are six fundamental rights:

1.     Right to equality (article14-18):  includes equality before the law, the prohibition of discrimination on grounds of religion, race, caste, gender or place of birth, equality of opportunity in matters of employment, the abolition of untouchability and abolition of titles.

1. Article 14 – Right to equality guarantees equal rights for everyone irrespective of religion, gender, caste, race or place of birth. It ensures equal employment opportunities in the government and insures against discrimination by the State in matters of employment on the basis of caste, religion, etc. This right also includes the abolition of titles as well as untouchability
2. Article 15- The State shall not discriminate against any citizen on grounds only of religion, race, caste, sex, place of birth or any of them.  No citizen shall, on ground only of religion, race, caste, sex, place of birth or any  of them, be subject to any disability, liability, restriction or condition with regard to access to shops, public restaurants, hotels and places of public entertainment.
3. Article 16- There shall be equality of opportunity for all citizens in matters relating to employment or appointment to any office under the State. No citizen shall, on grounds only of religion, race, caste, sex, descent, place of birth, residence or any of them, be ineligible for, or discriminated against in respect of, any employment or office under the State.
4.  Article 17- “Untouchability” is abolished and its practice in any form is forbidden. The enforcement of any disability arising out of “Untouchability” shall be an offence punishable in accordance with law.
5. Article 18- No title, not being a military or academic distinction, shall be conferred by the State. No citizen of India shall accept any title from any foreign State. No person who is not a citizen of India shall, while he holds any office of profit or trust under the State, accept without the consent of the President any title from any foreign State.

2. Right to freedom (article 19-22):  includes freedom of speech and expression, assembly, association or union or cooperatives, movement, residence, and right to practice any profession or occupation.

1. Article 19-  All citizens shall have the right –
   (a) to freedom of speech and expression;
   (b) to assemble peaceably and without arms;
   (c) to form associations or unions;
   (d) to move freely throughout the territory of India;
   (e) to reside and settle in any part of the territory of India; and
   (f) to practice any profession, or to carry on any occupation, trade or business.
2. Article 20- No person shall be convicted of any offence except for violation of a law in force at the time of the commission of the act charged as an offence, not be subjected to a penalty greater than that which might have been inflicted under the law in force at the time of the commission of the offence.
3. Article21- No person shall be deprived of his life or personal liberty except according to procedure establishing by law. The State shall provide free and compulsory education to all children of the age of six to fourteen years in such manner as the State may, by law, determine.

d. Article 22- No person who is arrested shall be detained in custody without being informed, as soon as may be, of the grounds for such arrest nor shall he be denied the right to consult, and to be defended by, a legal practitioner of his choice.

3. Right against exploitation (article 23-24) : This right implies the prohibition of traffic in human beings, begar, and other forms of forced labor. It also implies the prohibition of children in factories, etc. The Constitution prohibits the employment of children under 14 years in hazardous conditions

a. Article 23- Traffic in human beings and begar and other similar forms of forced labour are prohibited and any contravention of this provision shall be an offence punishable in accordance with law.

b. Article 24- No child below the age of fourteen years shall be employed to work in any factory or mine or engaged in any other hazardous employment.

4. Right to freedom of religion (Article 25-28) – This indicates the secular nature of Indian polity. There is equal respect given to all religions. There is freedom of conscience, profession, practice and propagation of religion. The State has no official religion. Every person has the right to freely practice his or her faith, establish and maintain religious and charitable institutions.

a. Article 25- Subject to public order, morality and health and to the other provisions of this Part, all persons are equally entitled to freedom of conscience and the right freely to profess, practice and propagate religion.

b. Article 26- Subject to public order, morality and health, every religious denomination or any section thereof shall have the right –
(a) to establish and maintain institutions for religious and charitable purposes;
(b) to manage its own affairs in matters of religion;
(c) to own and acquire movable and immovable property; and
(d) to administer such property in accordance with the law.

c. Article 27- No person shall be compelled to pay any taxes, the proceeds of which are specifically appropriated in payment of expenses for the promotion or maintenance of any particular religion or religious denomination.

d. Article 28- No religious instruction shall be provided in any educational institution wholly maintained out of State funds. No person attending any educational institution recognize by the State or receiving aid out of State funds shall be required to take part in any religious instruction.

5. Cultural and Educational rights (Article 29-30): These rights protect the rights of religious, cultural and linguistic minorities, by facilitating them to preserve their heritage and culture. Educational rights are for ensuring education for everyone without any discrimination.

a. Article 29 –  Any section of the citizens residing in the territory of India or any part thereof having a distinct language, script or culture of its own shall have the right to conserve the same.

b. Article 30- All minorities, whether based on religion or language, shall have the right to establish and administer educational institutions of their choice.  The State shall not, in granting aid to educational institutions, discriminate against any educational institution on the ground that it is under the management of a minority, whether based on religion or language.

6. Rights to constitutional remedies ( Article 32-35) : The Constitution guarantees remedies if citizens’ fundamental rights are violated. The government cannot infringe upon or curb anyone’s rights. When these rights are violated, the aggrieved party can approach the courts. Citizens can even go directly to the supreme court which can issue writs for enforcing fundamental rights.

Fundamental rights for Indians have also been aimed at overturning the inequalities of pre-independence social practices. Specifically, they have also been used to abolish untouchability and thus prohibit discrimination on the grounds of religion, race, caste, sex, or place of birth. They also forbid trafficking of human beings and forced labor (a crime). They also protect cultural and educational rights of religious establishments.

REFERENCES:

1. https://en.wikipedia.org/
2. https://www.clearias.com/

Anxiety is an emotion that’s best described as a prolonged feeling of uneasiness, apprehension or nervousness about potentially threatening events that haven’t happened yet. It’s triggered by objects, people, or modes of thought that suggest the emergence of a physical or social threat. Examples might include preparing for a public speech, hearing a tornado warning, or seeing a bear’s footprint while hiking. These events each foretell an uncertain, unavoidable, or uncontrollable future threat.

Much like pain or fear, anxiety is an unpleasant warning system that tells us to avoid danger. However, unlike these other sensations, it activates well in advance of any real threat, utilizing the imagination and memory to simulate worst case scenarios. Anxiety also causes our cognitive capacities to change. For example, we’ll start scanning the environment for further signs of danger, and interpret stimuli in threatening ways. Thus, anxiety’s fundamental function is to direct thought, behavior and cognition in ways that increase the likelihood of the early detection of danger.

Anxiety and Fear

Anxiety and fear are distinct emotions with different causes and effects. Anxiety is evoked by signs of potential danger, leading one to exhibit increased vigilance and precautionary behavior. Fear is produced when we are faced by an immediate, observable threat. It triggers an instinctive flee, fight, or freeze response.

State and Trait Anxiety

Most psychology textbooks separate the emotion into two parts. State anxiety simply refers to one’s current anxious feelings. Trait anxiety is an affective personality trait, defined as relatively stable individual differences in anxiety proneness. About 30% of population variance in trait anxiety is described by genetic factors, with the remainder shaped in development.

Traumatic experiences can serve to increase trait anxiety during a person’s life. These experiences form `danger schemas’ in the brain, which are filled with memories, beliefs, and knowledge related to sources of the trauma. Anxiety resurfaces when stimuli are detected that relate to what is in the schema.

Anxiety is probably the most important emotion in our affective repertoire. Like fear, it functions to warn of impending danger; but unlike fear, it remains with us as a constant reminder of the threats we are likely to face. Like all products of evolution, anxiety isn’t a perfect construct.

Those with high trait anxiety are tormented by unpleasant feelings that distort the way they view the world. This species-wide variance in our proneness to anxiety could potentially act as a buffer against a deteriorating environment. Indeed, anxiety helps individuals to learn about threats in their environment, and motivates behavior that may prove vital during times of adversity.

No matter how hard we strive to successfully accomplish our mission when and unless we set our pace to manage each job efficiently we will never be able to achieve our aim. Time, being such a vital element of existence, needs to be handled in the most respectable way.And if we strive to practice the art of time management could our lives undergo a meaningful improvement. Since time management is one of the most valuable abilities that can carry you further in your lives-personal as well as professional. Time control basically helps workers to have more and more jobs completed with less time.

Benefits using time effectively:

Understanding the art of time management may have a positive effect especially on your personal life — where most of us fail each and every job to be provided proper time. So let us take a quick glance at the benefits it offers:

Better task management

Higher productivity

No stress levels

Better work-life balance

Tips for managing time :

Wake up early, and spend longer days: 

Once you get up early then you would get more time to workout, meditate, concentrate or even try a hobbies. You’ll increase the everyday efficiency slowly and time management will never be a concern. 

Set SMART goals — Don’t just wish, do

Specific, Measurable, Achievable, Realistic, and Time-bound.(S.M.A.R.T .)Do you think there is a correct and incorrect method of achieving goals? There’s something incomplete or defective in your strategy when your ambitions don’t achieve rewards. Whereas your efficiency could hit the sky if you set targets the correct way.

Keep mornings for MITs — Most important tasks

Take the most important task into the morning as the first move. Time control and goal management go hand and hand with both. And when you realize what will be accomplished where do you handle your energy efficiently. The aim is to take on, complete a challenging or time-consuming job and concentrate on certain things.

Install a good time tracking software:

Implementing a time tracking app is one of the best ways to maintain track of any minute spent at work. This time tracking app is programmed to establish averages of time, monitor time spent on tasks and hold tracks of every minute you spend working on tasks.

For instance, you should set a time limit for each task and subtask to maximize your time effectively, whether you are working on a project. You should use time scheduling tools such as ProofHub to handle the tasks effectively and with time.

Discover your zone:

You ‘d have found that you’re focused on an arrow in the entire day, and your efficiency shoots up like something else. This occurs while the consciousness is completely in agreement with outside circumstances. Many people term it ‘wind,’ while others term it ‘pace.’

The exploration of the flow or zone will lead directly to the correct time usage. This lets you reach an ideal level of consciousness while you feel and perform your best.

Block Distractions:

Emails, phone calls, and social networking posts are some of the workplace’s frequent and biggest distractions. Whenever you operate on high-priority projects, put the phone on silent mode and switch off data. You ‘d end up spending a lot of time and getting the performance a notch higher

Avoid Multitasking:

Instead of dividing your attention into three different things, it’s better to focus entirely on one thing and marvel at it. To make it more effective, try timeboxing them. It refers to the act of allocating a time-frame for every task which in return, increases the likelihood of its successful completion.

Take some small breaks:

Smart time control doesn’t just consist of performing anything or anything else. This further illustrates the reality that little changes will boost your efficiency to another stage after an hour or two.

Do less but impactful

It’s never a good idea to take up more than you can handle. High achievers and great performers all over the world do less but better. When you prioritize tasks, it gives you clarity and direction so that you can start working on things, save time, and be more productive.

The next time you find it difficult to manage time, take a deep breath and take up a single task, complete it, and start another without stressing yourself too much.

Sleep at least 7–8 hours

Human mind and body make healthier choices, and while well-rested, work more effectively. You will easily determine what to do, where and how. Build a sleep routine, and keep to it regularly. Around the same moment, continue to relax and get up.

Conclusion

Managing time plays an significant part of our everyday lives. Only knowing about the simple time management techniques will do miracles in your life. -Each minute is precious, don’t waste it doing anything that doesn’t bring much benefit to your life.

The business world of the early 21st century is radically different from that of the early 20th century, in two key respects.

First, organizations now have to operate in a vastly more complex environment—one of globalization, hypercompetition, revolutionary technologies, and elaborate regulation. Such complexity implies an increased number of performance requirements for companies (for instance, to satisfy customer needs, address competitive pressures, or comply with the ever-increasing labyrinth of regulation). If you then assign to each requirement its own structural solution (which is the essence of the “hard approach,” described in the sidebar) you end up with an extremely complicated and unwieldy organization.

Second, in most companies the nature of work has changed: from algorithmic work—that is, clerical or manual labor—to knowledge or heuristic work.Knowledge workers differ from clerical or manual workers in that their role is not merely to follow rules and perform specific tasks but also to use their own initiative to further the organization’s mission. They have to interpret the rules, adjust to the changing realities, and make trade-offs among conflicting requirements in order to arrive at the optimal solution.

If reorganization efforts continue to overlook these two major changes in the world of work, they will continue to fail. A new approach is needed, one that is better suited to the realities of the world in which companies now operate. BCG has developed such an approach, called Smart Design for Performance—or just Smart Design—drawing on the principles of Smart Simplicity. (See “Smart Design, Smart Simplicity.”) The approach has been battle tested and has shown great success in raising company performance, mastering complexity, and enhancing employee engagement.

The basis of new approach

A holistic view of organization design would encompass numerous components: structural elements, roles and responsibilities, individual talent, and enabling mechanisms such as core enterprise decision-making processes, performance management, and talent management. These are the key levers for organizational change, and they are obviously crucial—but their relevance is indirect. To change a company’s performance is to change what happens in the company. And what happens in a company is not directly a matter of organizational levers (such as structures, processes, and systems) but one of behavior—that is, what people do: how they act, interact, and make decisions. Workforce behavior is what determines company performance.

The new approach to redesigning an organization, far more appropriate for the new business environment, has behavior at its core. It involves identifying and explaining the current behaviors of the workforce, defining the desired behaviors—those that would improve company performance—and generating the new behaviors by creating contexts that are conducive to them.

What’s so smart about smart design?

Smart design approach involves three main steps- the why, what and how.

• Define the purpose of the recoganizition (the why)
• Determine the behaviours that will support that purpose and design the organisation in such a way as to promote those behaviours, using a broad range of design elements (the what)
• Make it happen (the how)

An effective way to design role and responsibilities is through the process of role chartering. Each role is defined –

• Individual and shared accountabilities : that is , responsibility for the completion of tasks.
• Decision rights needed for carrying out the accountabilities.
• KPIs for measuring the performance of these accountabilities
• Mission critical corporation requirements : what each person can do make others more effective at accomplishing their accountabilities , and what others can do in return.
• Desired leadership makers for the role : the values, characteristics and style best suited to the role, such as a bias toward action , a sense of urgency , or candor and openness.
• key capabilities required for fulfilling the purpose of the role .

The transformation model

The Transformation Model is the framework we use to help leaders understand their organizations and also guide a successful redesign. The model reduces the complexity of an organization to eight key variables that must be understood and aligned for a business to be successful.  Alignment implies a holistic or systems point of view that finds the best “fit” between all organizational elements.  Paying attention to and understanding these variables will result in major improvements in customer service, quality, efficiency, cycle time, profitability and satisfaction of employees.

These eight variables form the “big picture” or context of an organization and ultimately determine its success. When we talk about organization design we are talking about the relationship and balance between each of these variables.  The role of leaders could be defined as understanding and managing these variables.

▪︎Environment

▪︎Strategy

▪︎core process

▪︎Structure

▪︎systems

▪︎ Culture

▪︎Results

▪︎Leadership