IPC Section 100

IPC Section 100 is the extension for the right of private defense causing death. In the case of private defense, it explains to which extent the law exempts the guilty to take the life of someone. The right of defense given in Section 100 of IPC is a subject of Section 99 of IPC. Section 100 doesn’t extend the right of private defense in the case of restrictions given in the preceding section.

This means under Section 100 in some cases assaulted persons can cause harm or death to the attacker.

 

Extended cases of IPC Section 100

 

• Case 1 – the reason for death

Case 1 extends for any action by the attacker which causes death or can cause the death of a person. It permits the victim to take action which can cause harm or death to the attacker.

 

• Case 2 – serious harm or injury

Case 2 extends to any attack which can lead to serious harm to the victim or causes any serious harm. The assaulted person can hurt the attacker in this situation for their safety. It can also lead to the death of the attacker.

 

• Case 3 – intention to rape

Case 3 extends the law for the assault who are prone to get raped by the attacker. If the attacker intends to rape then the victim can harm the attacker. They can be the cause of the death of the attacker in this situation.

 

• Case 4 – gratifying unnatural lust

The offense mentioned in Section 377 of unnatural lust signifies this. If an attacker tries to please his unnatural lust with the victim, they have the right to hurt or kill them. The victim can inflict any harm on the attacker in this case.

 

• Case 5 – Kidnapping or abducting

If an attacker tries to assault by kidnaping or abducting they can suffer the consequence. The victim has the right to kill or hurt them.

• Case 6 – Confinement 

An assault with the attacker confining the person in the wrong way. The attacker restricts the person in the wrong and they are not able to reach the public authorities. In this condition, the victim has the right to hurt or kill the attacker. 

 

• Case 7 – Act of throwing Acid

If an attacker tries to throw acid on the person it will severely hurt the victim severely. In this case, the victim has the right to prevent themselves by killing or harming the attacker.

 

Purpose of IPC Section 100

Indian penal code has approved this law because they want us to stand for ourselves and for others. This act gives us permission to kill or harm any person who tries to hurt our privacy. It does not restrict to any one gender. It is the same for all. This law is for the provision of self-defense by providing us the right to private defense. The Constitution of India and the Indian Penal Code understand that a person needs to be brave. Though we have police constables and laws to punish, they might fail to be available sometimes. In those times we can be our own heroes and protect ourselves. The law permits us the right to take actions for ourselves and for others. This scares the attacker from taking harmful actions.

This law also states that people should stand for themselves first and then for others. When in a difficult situation one should first protect their lives and then others. It is important to be kind and helpful but not at the cost of your life. You can contribute to society in the long run only when you yourself are fit and fine.

What do you mean by the private defense?

Private defense means to protect one’s life, liberty, and property by taking action. It means to hurt the person who is trying to harm you for protecting yourself. IPC allows you to kill or harm the attacker if your life is at risk and threatened by the action of the attacker. The acts permitted by IPC under Section 100 might not permit killing or harming in any other situation. The law can consider those actions illegal if practicing otherwise. using self-protective force only permits in the case of an endangered life situation. 

Essential conditions according to law

A situation should meet the following conditions for invoking the IPC section 100:

 

• It is necessary that there must be a serious threat to the life of a person. Not only life, if a person feels that an attacker can injure their body they can take actions to kill.

• There must be no possible way to escape from the situation. If you find yourself stuck in the situation and there is no way to run you can kill the person. If there is a possible way and you are not using it then the law does not invoke.

• If you don’t have enough time to convey the problem of threat to your life to authorities you can take action. It is not applicable if you have time and you are still not trying to contact the authorities. You can not try to take action on your own in this situation.

• The death of the person should be the necessary reason for saving your precious life.

Can exercise against the person of unsound mind?

The law is the same for an unsound person attacking or trying to attack your body or property. It remains the same for everyone, a child, a person with special abilities, or an insane person. If you feel anytime that they are trying to hurt you or be the reason for your death, you can harm or kill them. Irrespective of gender, caste, religion this law implies every human being. No matter at which post or designation you are, if you try to harm or kill the body of a person, they can harm and kill you too.

If the attacker is attacking because of any misconception, an aggrieved person has the right to private defense. No one has an exemption from this law.

Summary

Indian Panel Code (IPC) enacted on 6 October 1860. Under IPC Section 100 in some cases, the assaulted person can cause harm or death to the attacker.

Case 1 extends for any action by the attacker which causes death or can cause the death of a person.  Case 2 extends to any attack which can lead to serious harm to the victim or causes any serious harm.  Case 3 extends the law for the assault who are prone to get raped by the attacker. Case 4  is when an attacker tries to please his unnatural lust with the victim. Case 5 is if an attacker tries to assault by kidnapping or abducting they can suffer the consequence.  The attacker restricts the person in the wrong and they are not able to reach the public authorities is the case 6. In case 7 it is invoked if an attacker tries to throw acid on the person it will victimize.

Irrespective of gender, caste, religion this law implies every human being. No matter at which post or designation you are, if you try to harm or kill the body of a person, they can harm and kill you too.

Born near the Dhing town ,Assam, Hima Das is nicknamed as Dhing express. This young sprinter is inspiration for many youth, she was born on 9 January 2000.

She is the first Indian athlete to secure gold medal at the IAAF World U20 championships. Her career as a sprinter began when she participated in the 2018 Commonwealth Games at Gold Coast, Australia, in the 400 metres and 4×400 metres relay. She is famous for securing 5 gold medals back to back in a single month. She obtained her first gold of the month at Pozhan Athletics Grand Pix, Poland, second medal at Keetno Athletics Meet, Poland, third medal at Kladno Athletics Meets, Czech Republic, fourth gold at Tabor Athletics Meets, Czech Republic and fifth gold at Atlecticky Mitink, Czech Republic.

She is also appointed as a civil servant post of Deputy Superintendent of Police of Assam Service , without giving any competitive exam but through direct entry. She also currently holds the Indian National, recorded in 400 metres with a timing of 50.79s that she clocked at the 2018 Asian Games in Jakarta, Indonesia. She is also conferred with Arjuna Award .

As a kid she was always interested in playing football . She also played football with the boys at her JNV school . She wanted to carry on football as her career but did not see any prospects for herself in women’s football scene in India. Later on , she was advised by physical education teacher at JNV to opt for sprint running.

“All’s well that end’s well” this proverb suits so well in the case of this 21 year old sprinter. We don’t know what would have happened if she had taken football as her career but as a sprinter ,she is pride of India

It is very saddening and disheartening to know that she did not qualify for Tokyo Olympics 2020. It should be noted that she suffered with hamstring injury before giving her qualification test.

Born in the family of farmers Hima Das was never a privileged kid , but through her firm will she stated clearly that achievement comes only through pure hard work and dedication.

“It’s not an issue, just shake it off and get a good night’s sleep, you’ll be fine in the morning.”

Just because you can’t see it doesn’t mean that it’s not there. Mental Health is just as important as physical health!

The change of phase from teens to youth and then adolescents is a very bumpy journey. While parents and mentors prepare you for the changes that happen to the body, they don’t give you even the slightest hint about the rollercoaster ride that your mind and emotions are going to take you for. People often think of it as something that will eventually return to ‘normal’ if you don’t give much attention to it.

Unfortunately, the struggle is real whether you are prepared for it or not.

Who Do the Youths Look to for Help?

There is no doubt that they keep such things hidden from their parents. But why is that you ask? Well, the reason being that ‘you’re not expected to have such issues and it’s just a phase. There is no need to make a big deal about it.

Many parents don’t understand what you’re going through despite going through similar situations back when they were teens.

Eventually, teens and youths turn to their friends. Because they ‘understand’. Even though the advice of friends can be wrong at times, it is a huge relief to just speak to someone and let it all out.

Common Mental Illnesses in Teens

• Generalized anxiety – Excessive worry about everyday matters

Ex. Feeling restless, fatigued, struggling with concentration, irritated, struggling with sleep, not able to control worry.

• Social phobias – Severe feelings of self-consciousness and insecurity in social settings

Ex. Anxious and struggling to be around people, worry about being judged, struggling to make friends, feeling nauseated around people.

• Depression – Persistent feelings of sadness, anxiety and emptiness

Ex. Sad, anxious and empty, feeling hopeless, irritability, guilty, worthless, restless, having thoughts of suicide and death, fatigue or lack of energy.

How to look after yourself?

It is important to look after your mental health because it’s a vital part of your life and it greatly impacts your thoughts, behaviours and emotions. Emotional health leads to productivity and effectiveness in activities. It will also help you adapt to changes and cope with adversity.

Steps that can be taken are:

• exercising daily,
• eating a balanced diet of healthy meals,
• opening up to people in your circle,
• taking a break when you need it,
• getting a good night’s sleep, and most importantly
• remembering that you are valued and amazing and strong.

**Tip — Getting up early in the morning and as soon as you wake up, proclaim it out loud that you are strong, confident, amazing, successful and so on….(add words of your choice that you want to be, or see happening in your life)

This can help the way you think and feel about yourself and in boosting your confidence and self-esteem.

Key Facts

1. People affected are one in 6 people aged 10-19 years.
2. Half of the mental health conditions start by the age of 14 years.
3. Depression is one of the leading causes.
4. Suicide is the fourth leading cause of death in 15–19-year-olds.
5. As a result of not addressing the mental health issues in adolescents, the problems eventually have an impact on both their physical and mental health and has drastic effects in the long run.

Meetali soni

WHAT IS CHILD MARRIAGE ?

Child marriage is the system which is mostly held in villages. Child marriage simply refers to marriage under the age of 18 .One of the most common causes of child marriage is the tradition which has been in practice for a long time. In many places, ever since a girl is born, they consider her to be someone else’s property. Early marriage is a harmful practice in girls their right to make vital decisions about their sexual health and well-being. It forces them out of education and into a life of poor prospects, with an increased risk of violence, abuse, ill health or early death.Early marriage and forced marriage is highest in Sub-Saharan Africa where 38% of girls become child brides.  Girls married early are more likely to experience violence, abuse and forced sexual relations due to unequal power relations. They are more vulnerable to sexually transmitted infections (including HIV). Going to school gives girls choices and opportunities in life, allowing them to play an active role in their communities and break the cycle of poverty. Girls who are married are unlikely to be in school. Education, including comprehensive sexuality education, is essential for girls to be able to make informed decisions about their sexual health and well-being. Millions of girls to avoid marriage, stay in school and decide for themselves whether and when to marry.

They do early marriages becauses child marriages include poverty, bride price, dowry, cultural traditions, religious and social pressures, regional customs, fear of the child remaining unmarried into adulthood, illiteracy, and perceived inability of women to work for money. Early pregnancy is one of the most dangerous causes and consequences of this harmful practice. Interrupting her schooling and limiting her opportunities for career and vocational advancement.Before the COVID-19 pandemic, more than 100 million girls were expected to marry before their eighteenth birthday in the next decade. Child marriage robs girls of their childhood and threatens their lives and health. Girls who marry before 18 are more likely to experience domestic violence and less likely to remain in school. They have worse economic and health outcomes than their unmarried peers. Child brides become pregnant during adolescence, the risk of complications during pregnancy and childbirth increases – for themselves and their infants. Child marriage impacts a girl’s health, future and family.

While boys and girls who marry in childhood do not face the same risks and consequences due to biological and social differences, the practice is nonetheless a rights violation for children of both sexes. Similar to child brides, child grooms are forced to take on adult responsibilities for which they may not be prepared. The union may bring early fatherhood and result in additional economic pressure in the form of providing for the household; it may also constrain the boy’s access to education and opportunities for career advancement. Bride Price is when the family of the groom pay their future in-laws at the start of their marriage. The payment can be made up of money, presents, or a mixture of both. It’s sometimes paid in one go. 12 million girls marry before the age of 18 each year – almost one every 2 seconds.

There was a most famous serial which was played on the colous channel ”BALIKA VADHU ” . This serial is based on fight againt child marriage .

If we want to end this worst system , we have to educate girls and boys .

Thanks for reading ……

The Parthenon is one of the crown jewels of the Acropolis of Athens and a formidable testament to the wealth and culture of ancient Athens, Greece. It is constructed as a dedication to Goddess Athena after whom the current city is named. Parthenon has been the center of the history of this city in the past and has seen lots of battles and various owners staking their claim to this magnificent monument that was constructed on top of the rock mountain in Athens. Its construction was completed in 438 BC the architecture is a Peripteral Octastyle Doric temple with Ionic architectural features.

The Parthenon temple is built on the site of the older Athenian temple which was decimated by the Persians in 480 BC. The Parthenon has seen lots and lots of events in history. It started as a treasury and was later converted to a Christian church dedicated to the Virgin Mary in the last decade of the 6th century. The Parthenon was also converted into a mosque at one stage by the invading Ottomans. It was during this unfortunate time that the siege of the city by Venetian forces and bombardment brought its way to igniting the gunpowder stored here and thus heavily damaging the monument and its sculptures.

The Architecture of the Parthenon of Athens

The whole architecture was decorated and designed with marble sculptures that represent past images from Athenian cult and mythology. There are three categories of architectural sculpture. The frieze which was made from low relief goes high up around all four sides of the building. The metopes which were made in high relief were positioned at the same level as the frieze above the architrave above the columns on the outside of the temple. The pediment sculptures which were carved in the round filled the triangular gables at each end.

The Parthenon was planned to go under a lot of changes but it remained untouched until the seventeenth century. The early Christians then turned the temple into a church, adding an apse at the east end. It was at this time that the sculptures representing the birth of Athena were removed from the center and lots of other sculptures were defaced. The Parthenon of Athens from thereon was viewed as a holy church until Athens was conquered by the Ottomans in the fifteenth century and they subsequently made it a mosque that was worshipped by many.

The Venetians after a prolonged battle succeeded in capturing the Acropolis but held it for less than a year. Further damage to the building was done in an attempt to remove sculptures from the west when the lifting equipment broke and the sculptures fell and were smashed.

IT’S NOT ACTUALLY A TEMPLE.

While we refer to the Parthenon as a temple—and it looks like one architecturally—the building doesn’t function quite the way one would think. Traditionally, a temple would host a cult image of Athena—the patron saint. Instead, the main cult image of Athena Polias is located in a different area of the Acropolis. While a colossal statue of Athena by the famed sculptor Phidias would have been located inside the Parthenon, it was not related to a particular cult and so would not have been worshipped.

IT WAS ORIGINALLY QUITE COLORFUL.

While we often think of classical art as being white and pristine, the Parthenon—as with much Greek architecture and sculpture—would have been colored originally. While historians debate just how much of the structure would have been covered in colour, archaeologists often use UV light to uncover pigments that have now been lost.