The infamous Mariana Trench sits like a crescent shaped dent in the floor of the Pacific. A 2,550kms long, 69km wide fracture that plummets down into a pure black/ dark void.

At the bottom it hosts the deepest known location on the Earth, the Challenger Deep- 11,033meters or 36,200feet beneath the waves. The trench itself is, but one part of the global network of deep scars that cut across the ocean floor. Features that formed from a process called “subduction”.

In the case of the Mariana Trench, the western edge of the Pacific plate was thrust beneath the smaller Mariana plate to the west, creating the deep fracture. Molten material then rose through volcanoes near the trench, building the nearby Mariana islands.

At its deepest point, The Mariana trench dips down into a little explored zone of the ocean. the Hadal zone, named after the realm of Hades, the underworld of Greek Mythology. A suitable title for a place, where the conditions of the pure darkness, acidic freezing water, scarce food and the immense pressure create a challenging environment for the creatures to survive in. For much of history, it was believed to be a dead zone, void of any life at all. An impossible frontier and an empty void of perils that could never be reached by any human. But in the 19th century this was all about to change.

The Mariana’s depths were first plumbed in 1875 when the crew abroad the H.M.S challenger cast a weighted sounding rope over the side of the vessel and found they need more rope. They did not expected there to be a location so deep. Knowing it’s existence, few dared to venture to the bottom.

In 1960, 85years after the Challenger deep was discovered, 2 men set out to reach the bottom, Jacques Piccard and Navy Lt. Don Walsh, sheltered only by a cramped bathyscaphe submersible called THE TRIESTE. Their 5 hour descent was fraught with challenges. The water pressure near the bottom was 1000’s of times greater than atmospheric pressure at sea level. this caused crack, limiting their time spent on the sea floor to only 20minutes.

Later other experts lead their way and saw microorganisms living of chemicals from altered rocks. It is a sunless world.

Why is the ocean so deep here?

The Mariana Trench is located at a convergent plate boundary. Here two converging plates of oceanic lithosphere collide with one another. At this collision point, one of the plates descends into the mantle. At the line of contact between the two plates, the downward flexure forms a trough known as an ocean trench. An example of an ocean trench is shown in the diagram. Ocean trenches form some of the deepest locations in Earth’s oceans.

We love climbing mountains, hiking through the mountains, and even just looking at them. But never have you thought how are they formed????

well, lets start by knowing what mountains are actually made of.

Mountains are made of the same stuff that we are all standing on right now, the hard rocky layer of the Earths surface, called the Crust. To be simple, The crust is a crispy, crunchy part/layer of the Earth.

The dirt, the rocks and all of the land on the planet are parts of the Crust. And it covers the whole Earth, even the Land that’s under water.

To be brief and clear, Earth’s crust is kind of like bread crust i.e., it covers everything in the same way that bread crust covers the whole loaf. But, unlike the bread crust, the Earth’s crust isn’t all in one piece. It’s broken up into pieces called plates, which covers the Earth like a giant Jigsaw puzzle.

These plates are huge and heavy but they don’t just sit there. In fact they are always moving. They move very slowly, just a tiny bit at a time, about few centimeters a year. But over a long periods of time, all of that moving around can add up to some big changes. Some times two of the plates in the Earth’s crust will move towards each other, and when they do they start to press against one another. But they have nowhere to go. So, they will just push against each other until they start to crumple. Then the rocks that make up the plates are pushed up over and over each other. The more they push together, the more the land rises and after a while, you will see a big thing, which we call a mountain.

Since, the plates are so huge, when they push up against each other, they don’t just make one mountain, they can makeup a whole mountain range, like The Alps in the Europe, The Andes in South America, The Appalachians in The United States were all made this way- by two plates of Earth’s crust slowly crashing into each other. Because of the slow movement of plates, it takes really long time for this mountains to form. long time in the sense millions and millions of years. That’s the reason why we can still see and even hear in news that the length of the mountains increased by some inches and are still growing.

Mount Everest, the highest mountain on Earth, grows about 4 millimeters every year. Do you know the reason? It’s because, the 2 plates that make up the land in the part of the world are still slowly smashing each other(Eurasian plate and Indian plate).

So, the plates of Earth’s crust are always in motion, which means that a long time ago, the mountains we see today weren’t there at all! and the Earth will definitely will look different in the future too!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! But takes a bit more time than we expect.

On Tuesday,The board of secondary education Assam announced the results of class 10 board examinations in which 56.49% of 4,05,582 candidates were declared successful as per the officials said.

The board states that the pass percentage of boys was 58.80 while it was 54.49 percent among the girls.

Total 2,29,131 candidates cleared the examination of class 10.Dhamaji recorded the highest pass percentage at 85.46 while chirag recorded the lowest percentage at 34.27.

In 2021,the pass percentage was 93.10 the examination could not be held last year just because of COVID pandemic and evaluation scheme was done on basis of special formula taking into the account of past performances of candidates.

In the Assam high Madrassa examination also conducted by the SEBA, the pass percentage was 54.73 with 10,454 who had appeared in it.

So, the percentage was dipped upto 56% as compared to past one.