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What’s In A Name

Name - really matters? What is in a name? Know the importance of a name!

As Dale Carnegie rightfully and beautifully says, “Names are the sweetest and the most important sound in any language.” By now, all the readers know about the topic of the article is going to be all about. This article is a little different from the ones I usually write. Today, my article is all about the importance of names. It is also about the role of names in the community and the world. Do you ever wonder about the small yet important thing people do all over the world? Naming happens to be one of them. A name is just a word. However, this one word has so much meaning and relevance behind it, which makes it so special and unique.

Understanding the Process behind Naming 

In many countries around the world, naming a baby is no less than a grand ceremony. In India, an auspicious day is into consideration to give their baby a name. Family members and relatives come together during this day to show their love and gratitude towards the baby on this day. A lengthy process goes behind choosing the right name for a baby. There are so many things that the parents look into while choosing a name for their baby. Each culture, tradition, ethnicity, religion, etc have their traditions and methods in naming a baby. I have seen some of the most fascinating factors that parents look into while naming their baby. However, not all parents have these factors in mind yet are seen under many circumstances.

One of the most common things I have seen during the process of naming a child is that the name should start from a specific alphabet. This might sound weird to many people however, this is one of the things parents see while naming their baby. There are several reasons behind choosing a specific alphabet to begin the name. It could be because everyone in the family has their name starting from that alphabet or they would want their children to have names from the alphabet or so many more things like that. If you and your sibling have, your names starting from the same alphabet ask your parents about it. You will know the secret behind this process.

The other factor that I have seen during the process of naming a child is that the name should have a specific meaning. This meaning could be concerning anything. It could mean something related to their favorite god’s name or it could mean something about nature or many more things. The reason behind naming their baby with a specific meaning of the name could be for tradition, family related, etc. The meaning of the name could be something special to the parents as well. As long as the meaning has value in it then that is all that matters.

Another factor that I have also seen during the process of naming the child is that the name of someone who has or had familial importance is also the name of the baby. This means that the child’s name will be after their maternal or paternal grandfather or even great grandfather sometimes. When this happens it becomes a means of showing love and respect to someone who plays or has had played an important role in the family. This also becomes a means of showing gratitude and a way of telling them that they will never be forgotten and someone that everyone will remember.

An interesting factor that I have recently seen coming during the process of naming the child is that the child is given the name of the parents’ favorite actor or actress or character. As funny as this may sound, this happens until the very day in many families around the world. I find this naming process as the sweetest and cutest because there is so much love and admiration behind parents naming their babies after their favorite actor or actress or character.

Parents look into while naming their babies many more things. After reading this paragraph if you readers can think of more then, do give a thought about it and enjoy a conversation about it too.

I am proud to say that animals also have an equal amount of importance and love in society. These days even naming pets and street animals play a very important role in society. Just imagine if all the dogs or cats or any other animal living in the same place had one name. It would be a total disaster. People look into many things even while naming animals. It could be something about their eyes, fur color, or even the way they eat or sleep, etc. Animals can also have names concerning characters in a movie or series or even a song. One of the weirdest things I have also seen is that sometimes pets are even after spices or even social media apps. This shows the importance of naming animals is as important as anything else. I agree animals already have a species name however, when we as individuals spend time with them, look after them it becomes very important to name them as well.

Naming non-living things are as important as naming living things. It gives these things a sense of definition and differentiation from other things.

The Importance of Name in Your Life - Shiftkiya.com

Role of Names in the self, family, society, community, and the world

Names play such an important role not just to the outside of family, society, community, or world but also the individual. A name can mean so much to the individual and the eternal factors for several reasons. Some of the most important reasons are:

  1. Sense of identity: A sense of identity is established through a name. The world will know the individual through this name itself. It is the name that they will stay alive in this world the entire time. Suppose a person wins an award then their name stands as proof of their work and their achievement. Therefore, a name plays a very important role in identifying oneself not just to the outside world but also to themselves.
  • The first step towards individuality: The reason people have different names is that it gives a distinctive individuality to people. Their character and personality have a person’s name as a factor. Individuality begins with a name because that is how seeing yourself relates to it for the first time.
  • It builds a connection: A name creates an invisible connection to yourself and the people around you. For example, suppose you love your name then it builds a positive connection with yourself, which results in bringing about trust, value, and respect to yourself. A name plays a very important role because when someone has to think of you, your actions, and your behaviors the first thing that connects you and them is your name.
  • It is a means of recognition: There is not just the present but also a past and future behind a name. People recognize your parents have given you through the name that is to you. Sometimes a person’s name is even used to describe behavior. For example: “You are as irritating as Ryan”

These are some of the important factors that show the roles of a name in the eternal and internal world. There are many more that we recognize or subtly be visible around us.

To conclude, a beautiful quote by Rachel Ingber where says, “A name represents an identity, a deep feeling and holds tremendous significance to its owner.”

References

  1. Google searches for images and quotes

Government Budgeting

Description of the budget

The word ‘budget’ is derived from the French word, Bougette, which means a leather wallet or purse.Therefore, the term modern budget refers to a document that contains estimates of revenue and expenditure of a country, usually for one year.

Types of Budget

Budgets can be categorized based on the following principles:

  1. Combined time.
  2. Number of budget’s tabled in the legislature.
  3. The overall finance budget’s position is presented in the budget.
  4. An approved policy on the takeover of revenue and expenditure in the budget.
Division of receipts and expenses in the budget.

Based on these principles budget’s can be:(Annual budget’s or long-term budget’s.

  1. One or more budget’s.
  2. Excess budget’s, deficits or estimates.
  3. Budget or revenue budget.
  4. Departmental budget or operating budget.

A brief description of the different types is as follows
1. ANNUAL or long-term budget’s

Generally, Government budget’s are for one year that is, for one year. In India, England and many other commonwealth countries the financial year, starts on April 1 and ends on March 31, but in the U.S.A., Australia, Sweden and Italy the dates are 1st July and 30th June. Some countries adopt a planned economic policy and meet the requirements for long-term planning, using a long-term budget, that is, preparing a budget for three years or more. Such a budget is a long-term plan rather than a long-term budget because what is offered is a financial plan over the years to fund the program.These countries spread the use of program costs over many years. The legislature approves the plan and estimates its costs, but that does not equal the actual voting of all-time shares. Every year, the national budget will include expenditure on a plan for that year, to be approved by the legislature.

2. One or more budget’s

When the estimates of all Government functions are allocated to a single budget, it is known as a single budget. The advantage of a single budget is that it reflects the financpractisetion of the Government as a whole.But if there are separate budget-related budget’s passed by the legislature, it is called a mass budget. In India, we have two budget’s — one for the railway line and one for the rest of the departments. The practice of having a separate train budget began in 1921. In England, there is one budget.

3. Extra income, deficit or limited budget

A budget is a surplus if the estimated income exceeds the estimated cost/expense But if the expected revenue falls below the expected cost, it becomes a budget deficit. According to economists, a deficit budget is a sign of global development. A limited budget is when the expected revenue is equal to the expected cost/expense. Budgets are often in short supply.

4. Income or budget of income

A budget is one in which the estimates of various items of income and expenditure include amounts to be acquired or used in one year,.In revenue and expenditure budget’s, accumulated in one financial year,, are planned for that financial year, regardless of whether the revenue is available or expenses incurred in that financial year,. In India, Britain and the U.S.A., counts are calculated, in France and other continents, counting income.

5. Departmental or operational budget

The current practice is to have a departmental budget, that is, the revenue and expenses of one department are organized under it. It does not provide any information about the work or activity that has been budgeted for. The operating budget is another where the total cost of a particular project is compiled under the head of a specific program.It is organized into activities, programs, activities and projects, for example, in the case of collaboration (employment), it will be divided into programs such as higher education, Secondary and Higher Education. Each program will be divided into activities, for example, teacher training is a task. The project is the final unit of division of labor.It symbolizes work as a major project, such as the construction of a school building. The A.R.C. proposed the adoption of a budget for all the departments and agencies of the Central and provincial governments that have managed development programs.

REFERENCE

Essay on Budget: Top 4 Essays | Government | Public Administration

Being Kind

9 Ways To Be Kind To Yourself - What It Really Means

My articles have often been about behavior and actions that have a negative impact on people and how there needs to be change and improvement with it. During these times, I have also put out how important it is for oneself to look after themselves. Sometimes, it tends to be lost or overlooked with the main topic. Therefore, today my article is entirely going to be about how it is important to be kind to ourselves.

Importance of Being Kind to Oneself

Every day as a child through our growing years, we learn how important it is to inculcate good manners into our lives. We learn how we should help others, are kind to others, not be rude to others, and so many more things. We learn how our actions can have a consequence on others. We become more aware of the right treatment towards other people. We understand the importance of being good to others. However, what we fail to learn is how our actions and behavior have a consequence to ourselves as well. Therefore, the right kind of reinforcement to ourselves is also very important. We must consider ourselves as our friends so that we learn to be kind and positive to ourselves. We have often heard it is important to look after ourselves first and then other people. It is in the same manner that we first are nice and kind to ourselves and then to others.

Let me ask all the readers out there, would you call your friend rude or harsh for no reason and constantly keep complaining and taunting them? Of course, you would not do something like that. Then why do it to ourselves? How fair and equal are we being to our bodies and mind? These are some of the questions that we need to ask ourselves when we are so harsh and bad to our minds and body. Nobody needs to go through the pain and suffering even if we inflict it on ourselves. We should be proud of our bodies and mind no matter who says otherwise or what happens. Being kind to ourselves is the first step forward and betterment of society, community, and the world.

Let me ask all the readers out there another question. How often have you called yourself useless or worthless just because you did not do what you had thought in mind or had a minor inconvenience? Each individual will have a different number of instances but will surely have one. This shows how we are not kind to our bodies and mind. The body and the mind constantly work and produce several information and thought and yet face backlash when something small goes wrong. We often forget to credit ourselves for the amount of work and energy we put in every single day. It is high time we start being grateful for the things we have. Here I do not mean things like money, power, clothes, etc. What I am referring to is our mind, body, health, our ability to think, our ability to understand things, etc.

The most unfortunate thing is that today everything has become a competition among human beings. In this process, we have completely forgotten to look after ourselves and be there for ourselves. We expect our bodies to act like machines and work extra almost every time. To reach the impossible expectations we make our body and mind suffer so much that in the end, it all becomes itself. The standard idea of being thin is beautiful makes us to go such extremes with our body and mind. We do not provide the energy and nutrition for it to function healthy and at the same time expect it to work the extra amount without and source to function. Even though we want to eat, we stop ourselves from eating just so that we look thin. This is just one of the most common instances that are here about how we are not kind to our bodies and mind. Many more things need to change so that we can live in peace with ourselves and who we are as individuals.

4 Benefits Of Being Kind To Yourself | Power of Positivity

How to be kind to ourselves?

There are so many ways one can be kind to themselves and make peace in the right way with who they are as individuals. These are some ways that I can think of. If there are more than you can think of after reading this article make sure to inculcate and speak about it as much as you can.

  1. Rewarding and thanking ourselves: One of the most common yet the most important ways you can be kind to yourself is by rewarding and thanking your body and mind. Let me give you an example. Suppose you have been studying hard for your exams the entire night before and you finish your exam and come back. You need reward and thank your body for working so hard by eating and sleeping the right amount. You should give your body and mind to relax and freshen up before you sit with your exams. This is one of the instances there are many more that we experience in our daily lives.
  • Do not punish yourself: There is a belief among people that only if they punish themselves will they be more productive. This is completely not true rather just a thing to justify negative things that are present in society. Let me use a similar example. Suppose you have worked hard for your exams but you did not do your exam well. If you do not give your body, mind enough amounts of sleep and nutrition, sit, and study for the next exam without relaxing your body and mind then it means you are punishing your body and mind even though you have done your best. This is not right and should change as an individual and as a community.
  • Do not compare yourself: This has become a common problem behavior among people, which needs to change. It is way beyond time that we realize that we human beings are very different not just physically but also mentally and emotionally. We human beings have different capacity levels, which makes us so unique from one another. If everyone is the same then what is the difference between the robots and us? Though this sounds like a very cliché question, it is something we must think and ponder about.
  • Never change yourself because of the negative things people say: One of the most crucial things in being kind to yourself is about never making any changes in yourself that are good just because people say otherwise. Let me give an example. If you are, a sensitive person and people keep telling you that you need to stop being sensitive and need to change yourself for any reason and you do it, then that is not being kind to yourself. You need to believe in yourself and stand for who you are and there is nothing wrong with that.

I can go on and on about how important it is to be kind to yourself and the different ways that you can be too. However, I also think it is important for people to think about this, realize on their own, and do it because they want to and not because they read about it in an article. This needs to come from the within and towards yourself on your own.

To conclude, with a beautiful quote by Anita Moorjani where says, “Transform your world by transforming your internal state. Start by learning to let go of negative self-judgment, and replace it with positive and loving thoughts about yourself. Be kind to yourself, and watch the external world change.”

References

  1. Google searches for images and quotes.

A Vow Doesn’t Change It

Marital Rape Isn't Necessarily a Crime in 12 States

Today important news caught my attention. It was on my mind so much that I made up my mind to write an article about it. My article today is going to be about something that legally needs approval by the court as an act of crime. Yes, we are in the 21st century, and yet here we are still trying to legalize acts that violate human fundamental rights and equality that are by the constitution themselves. By reading the title of my article and a few lines at the beginning of the article, I am guessing that the readers have some idea about what my article is going to be about. It is about how even in 2022 there are still many countries that legalize marital rape.

Everything about Marital Rape

Let me put out an important fact for our readers so that they know why this topic is important and in urgent need of change. When a husband rapes a woman then it is marital rape. Yes, this is very traumatizing for every reader out there regardless of which race, ethnicity, religion, or community one belongs. There are still 36 countries out there that legalize marital rape. This means that when a husband rapes his wife then it is not considered a legal crime in these countries. This is the harsh reality of our society that needs to change. The sad part for any woman who lives in one of these 36 countries is that they are still in deprivation of their fundamental rights and equality.

I am not going to name any specific country that is a part of these 36 countries because the change in one country will not provide equality to every woman and girl living on this planet. I a woman myself feel so much anger and dismay that even today women are still fighting for their basic rights as human beings. It is also an appeal that women from countries that consider marital rape as a crime stand up for their community of women living in the countries so that every woman feels safe and has complete authority over her rights as a human being and as a woman. The reason I am stressing so much about the urgency for the need for change is that we women are constantly fighting every single day to do what we, as women are capable of doing and yet there are so many larger things that also need our attention, awareness, fight, and pushing by a large number of people which will not happen in a few days. 

We as women of this planet need to fight and bring about change so that women and girls in the future will have less to fight for and have better and productive lives. Let me make this as clear as possible that marital rape does not have consent from women and that is why we know it as rape and not anything else. There is no difference between rape and marital rape apart from the fact that it is happening in a marriage. In any religion, when people marry they take a vow in their marriage they promise to be there for each other and standby each other with respect, value, trust, and protecting each other until the very end. There is nothing extraordinary rather things that need to be there in any relationship. When relationships do not have one, then it is wrong and nothing will say otherwise.

17 BEST "Marital Rape" IMAGES, STOCK PHOTOS & VECTORS | Adobe Stock

Ideas behind marital rape

It is surprising how patriarchy seems to flow in everything in society. It is responsible for creating problems for women that they have to constantly fight to get rid of these and that too for generations together constantly without a stop to see some slight change and betterment. Patriarchy exists with the idea that men are superior to women. This idea plays a major role in marital rape.

Men who grow up with this idea consider women to be objects or things that they own through the institution of marriage. This idea engraves into them so much that they think that their wife’s whole purpose is to please and look after their needs and have no place in society. They think that marriage gives them the consent to abuse their wives in any manner that they wish to. This is a reminder that these 36 countries approve of this behavior and even consider it legal. This is not just shocking but also a real and frightening image of the state of women in society around the world. Women have become objects that men believe have full authority because of the patriarchal and horrendous ideas that exist in society.

If you are wondering that marital rape happens only in small villages and towns where there is a lack of knowledge and awareness then you are wrong. This happens anywhere regardless of whether these places are towns or even the urban city. This shows how things are not just limited to a certain group of people but the entire community. If it exists in the society then every single member is responsible for its existence and well as its eradication. What people fail to understand is that by normalizing, legalizing marital rape women are stripped of their dignity, value, respect, and everything as human beings first and then as a woman.

As usual, there have been people who are justifying the crime of marital rape with sentences such as “Considering marital rape as crime disrupts the institution of marriage.” I cannot begin to explain the amount of misogyny that is present in this sentence. If any institution in this world considers rape a part of it then it is time that people rethink and redefine this institution. The other sentence that comes in against criminalizing marital rape is “What if women are lying?” “What if they are lying to gain something?” The fact that every time women stand up for their rights and equality they are often under the scanner of the misdeeds that will supposedly happen by them. Why is it that women are always under scrutiny and questioning when they expect things that any normal being would? The other important thing is that every crime has loopholes but that should not stop us from doing things that are for the betterment of the greater common good. According to this theory then none of the crimes should have been criminalized by the court, which makes no sense at all.

To conclude, it is high time women stop fighting for their equality and rights rather they are present in the society by the people without constant, struggle that women have to suffer for generations. It is way beyond time that all the countries in the world criminalize marital rape so that every woman lives with the fundamental rights and equality that they deserve like anybody else. Any rape is a crime and a vow taken by people will not change it otherwise.

References

  1. Google search for images

Structure of the novel JOSEPH ANDREWS By Henry Fielding

Joseph Andrews by Henry Fielding is considered as the first novel of English Literature. It is
described as a “comic – epic poem in prose” by the author himself in the preface to the novel. It was written in 1742 and portrays the realistic eighteenth century English society. While talking about the structure , form and style the author’s words say that “this form is not seen until and not intended before in the language”.

The narration of the novel follows a linear pattern eventhough certain digression or temporary departure is visible in certain chapters. The plot or the organization of events can be categorized into different parts such as Exposition ( initial stage), rising action, conflict / complication, climax, falling action and resolution or denoument. In this novel the protagonist Joseph Andrews was working as a footman for Mr Thomas Booby. This stage can be considered as the exposition of the novel. He was a good footman. Lady Booby had sexual desires in him and he was the talk of the London town. After Booby’s death, Lady Booby tried to show his passions towards him and he refuses. As a result Lady Booby fires him from the job.

Next in the rising action of the novel. He leaves , then hits the road in search for his love Fanny Goodwill. She is at Lady Booby’s country side far away from London. He passes through a maze of storms, ruffians and angry innkeepers. Ruffians attacks and strips his clothesleaving him naked in a ditch. All these events constitutes the rising action of the novel.

By a stroke of luck, Parson Adams turns into Joseph after his fatal injury. Once he heals up they plan to travel Booby country together. They face many problems and they solve. The parson forgets his horse, forgets to pay for his horse and fights with the innkeeper. Thus the conflict arises. They solve the problem and travel . In a way, he saves a woman who was being attacked by a stranger. That girl was Fanny Goodwill. But a group of strangers mistakes the two of them as criminals and submit them before the Justice of Peace. Here the plot reaches the peak of conflicts or climax. But another man identifies Parson Adams and saves them. After this some events occurs which were against Joseph and Fanny. The turning point occurs on the time when it is said that Joseph and Fanny to be siblings.

Lady Booby with the help of the lawyer Scout plans to throw Joseph and Fanny to Bridewell, a notorious prison to seperate them. These actions creates a falling action of the novel. Towards the end of the novel Pamela and her new husband Mr Booby arrives and prevents them from throwing into the Bridewell. The mysterious peddler who Joseph and Parson Adams met in the journey arrives and says that Fanny is actually Joseph’s parent’s daughter and Joseph is the son of Mr Wilson, who also met them in the journey. Thus the confusion settles and Joseph and Fanny finally gets hitched. Thus through this the novel reaches a resolution or denouement.

The work is divided into four books and the books into subsequent chapters. There are sixty four chapters altogether. The narration is linear eventhough there are certain digressions. These deviation from the main plot will not cause any harm to the novel. They were used by henry Fielding to give some examples about human passion and characteristics of the protagonist. The stucture is well organized and explanatory. While analyzing the structure it can be considered as a scientific research work. As a satire, which focuses on the the reality, mockery and the reformations of the society, Joseph Andrews follows this pattern of a research work. As a scientific work researches the reality, the writer experimented with the eighteenth century English society and the results are incorporated as this work. Subsequent tentative titles gives an impression about what is going to find in the following chapters like the title What Happened after Their Journey to London. Like the research is not for the researcher but for the betterment of the society Joseph Andrews also intends reformation of the society. The structure can also be considered as that of classical works which is about the general truths of human nature.

Henry Fielding said the structure a s ” comic – epic poem in prose” in the preface. Thus it possess certain epic like qualities. The division into books and further chapter division resembles epic like structure. Like the fable of epic the fable here is not supernatural but realistic. The action is mild but the fight between ruffians and Joseph and fight of Parson Adams to save Fanny are the actions like those found in epics. In terms of diction and language, allusions and referernces from various languages and use of archaic languages is apparent,like submissiveness of Mrs Trubiller is compared to the example of Sarah, wife of Abraham, Greek language references and references to Homer. In terms of themes also Joseph Andrews resembles epic like reformation of society from the ills of vanity, hypocricy and affectation and presentation of characters from the different classes of society.

The style is simple, explanatory and vivid and there is no artificial use of elevatory language or high vocabulary. Since the work is a satire on Samuel Richardson’s Pamela in which the emphasis of female chastity, in Joseph Andrews the emphasis of male chastity is presented in a humourous way. The vices are presented this humour and not in a didatic language rather it is suggestive. Through the letters to Pamela the novel possess epistolary style also. Joseph’s character is presented as a rougue of low social class as a footman and encounters in a bad world. So in this perspective the novel can also be considered as a picaresque novel. Eventhough Joseph Andrews was written when English novel was in it’s infancy, the well organized and explanatory srtucture and humourous elements makes the novel special.

EVOLUTION OF GENDER

Gender,the social constuction related to one’s behaviour and attributes is one of the major factors in our society.Gender identity is different from sex.While sex is the biological aspect of an individual,gender identity is personal,internal perception of oneself,which may not the sex,which was assigned at birth.In gender perspective an individual an individual can see himself/herself as a man, women or having no gender. One’s gender role may influence wide range of factors like behaviour, clothing and personal relationships.

While talking about the evolution of gender, It is important to look in to the past.Historically the gender was attributed to an individual by birth,with reference to biological differences. The word ‘Gender’ was also used synonymous with ‘sex’ in the last centuries. By the last decades of the 20 th century th use of ‘gender’ is increased.This can be attributed to the feministic movement of the second half of 20 th century. According to those theories,the social distictions based on sex was arbitary.As said earlier,One’s biological sex was directly tied to their gender roles.Judith Bulter considered that being a woman it has more challeges,owing to society’s social category and sense of self, a culturally conditioned or constructed identity. This categorization of people into social role creates a great problem.ecause they have to be at one end of a liner spectrum and must identify themselves as man or woman and act respectively. So, these dueties mostly are in favour of men and it creates an imbalance in power and gender inequalities.These roles vary from to culture.But there is no universal standard to these roles across all cultures.Earlier being a female, characterizes one as weak,emotional,submissive and incapable of doing certain tasks attributed only to ” mam”. The gender role attributed to an individual from birth and it is included in simpler the colour of the baby’s outfit. However a person’s gender does not always allign with what has been assigned by birth.Females were always subjugated as part of these gender roles and they faced a lot of inequality.

Feminism was the major movement contributed to the equality of all genders.It included issues
on reproductive rights, political rights, equal pay for equal work, suffrage right and sexual
harassment.First wave has on the suffrage and political equality.The second wave attempted to abolish more social and cultural inequalities. The first wave was oriented mainly on white upper class woman.But the second wave of feminism included more women from all social class. Third wave of feminism was against financial inequalities and fourth wave was against system of power.So, feminism contributed immensely to the empowerment of women in all fields and ensured equality in many sectors of society including political and financial.

LGBTQIA is a umberlla term related to gender.Transgender are opposite to cis-gender, whose gender identity is different from the sex assigned at birth. They reassigned their sex by changing physiological or other attributes of sex.Transgender people were considered as ‘ third-gender’. Transgenders were also faced a lot of discrimination from the society as well as their homes. They were not accepted as equal to cis-genders.From the second half of 20 th century many transgenders movements and activists worked for ensuring equality for the community and fighted for their rights, to eliminate discrimination and violence against transgenders.This, similar to faminism included demanded for equality in all sectors of society. Many people from transgender communities are holding high position in our society as a result of this movement and the government also ensures their equality through laws. Many people are coming forward nowadays declaring their gender,confidently and undergoing organ transition surgeries.

Gay and lesbian are other two terms related to sexual orientation.Gay is the term used to represent men who attracted to men in romantic/sexual behaviour.Lesbian refers to a woman who has sexual orientation towards woman similarly.Bisexual is a person who experiences sexual attraction to more than one gender,not necessarily at the same time and same degree.So, LGBTQ community was considered as backword and they were not equally accepted in the society.As a result in this patriarchal society, they were forced to suppress their sexuality. But as a result of 2000s movement for same marrige, gay liberation movement of the 1960s and 1970s they ensured equality. In India on 2018 court decriminalized section 377 as it was unconstitutional.Eventhough legal protection is ensured for LGBTQIA communities they even face inequality in our society.

These are the various steps in the evolution of gender.Eventhough legally all genders are considered as equal, many still faces a lot of insecurities and inequalities.These inequalities starts from homes,to work places, educational institutions to all public sectors. But as part of the evolution of genders ,the condition of woman and LGBTQIA are improving.

Online Education and Work from home: Have we arrived in virtual world?

In the recent years, the life of human beings have been greatly stirred by the Covid-19 pandemic and still continues to do so, no area is left unaffected. As the disease spreads from contact between individuals, it is essential to maintain distance and thus the people are compelled to be confined inside their homes. The students and the working class have seemingly been afflicted more. The modern era is changing fast with times. Today is the digitalization age, where everything is computerized and programmed. The education sector is also at par with the digitalization. Throughout the world, online learning is of great significance today. It has become convenient for the students to attend classes from the comfort of their houses. The working class is also relieved from travelling everyday to the place of their work. Due to the pandemic, the state of being alone and separate is being experienced by the population worldwide. In order to eliminate this loneliness, it somewhat becomes necessary to interact with the surrounding. Technology has played a vital role in it by creating an environment of interaction and relationship via online mode of learning and building healthy relationship at work by the initiative of work from home. ” Man is a social being”, rightly said by a well known philosopher Aristotle.

This pandemic has led to closure of schools, colleges and various educational institutions for about more than an year now. Around 1.2 billion children are barred from classrooms today. Consequently, a new era of e-learning has come into existence imparting knowledge at various cyber platforms. ‘Bharat Padhe Online Campaign’ was launched by the Indian government to lessen the educational loss due to the pandemic crises. There is great demand of education in online mode and subsequently cost free learning services are being provided by a number of digital learning platforms such as Unacademy, GradeUp, BYJU’S etc. Online education has proved to be time saving and a better mechanism for imparting knowledge at large scale. Quality education is easily available to all. The online dependence has also reduced the necessity of copies and books ,thus being beneficial to the environment. Taking into account the current situation of the world, the online education has proved to be a boon. The road ahead is seemingly bright and many more revolutions are believed to come in the sector of education but it is required to be adopted with care.

In order to make one’s life easier, various innovations and services came into existence. The most adaptive initiative that came into being is work from home, allowing the employees to work to operate online at the ease of their homes. Working in a household environment provides much more flexibility and satisfaction in work. It has also helped to create a better balance between work and life, by encouraging oneself to plan not only a suitable work schedule but also a schedule for spare time as well as a holiday.

“If working remotely is such a great idea, why isn’t everyone doing it? I think it’s because we’ve been bred on the idea that work happens from 9 to 5, in offices and cubicles. It’s no wonder that most who are employed inside that model haven’t considered other options or resist the idea that it could be any different. But it can.”

– Jason Fried

One can organize the task along with the time, taking into account their requirements and wishes personally. Subsequently, no resources are required in addition to form a place for work. Work from home is proved to be cost-effective for both the employees as well as the company, there is no need for any individual to travel from one place to another. Thus, it saves both time and money. However, it solely depends on the individual to carry out their task the way they want, making the work more productive.

In this contemporary age, technology has spread its wings far wide. The online mode of office work and education was only functioning during the pandemic period when all the educational institutions and offices were closed. By the advancing of digital era, the employees were allowed to work virtually from home and maintain their routine of work without going to their workplace. A sight of the working of the virtual world is seen in this pandemic. Such virtualization has greatly helped us to operate from the comforts of our homes and also helped in saving time and money. Online education is in great demand and trend today and in near future it would replace the traditional classroom teaching mechanism. The virtual world came into light a long time back but today its existence is widely recognized all over the world.

Thus, these are clear indications that post-pandemic revolutionary changes would be observed in the sector of education and working class and in the future ahead remote learning would be irresistible and more virtualization would perceive.

TRADITION AND THE INDIVIDUAL TALENT :T S Eliot

WHAT DOES ELIOT MEAN BY “TRADITION” ?
HOW CAN WE TELL WHAT IS TRADITIONAL ?
WHAT RELATION SHOULD THE WRITER HAVE TO THE WRITINGS OF THE PAST?

T S Eliot in his 1919 essay Tradition and the Individual Talent elucidates his concept on tradition and it’s importance on individuality of poet. He begins the essay by pointing out that “tradition” is generally regarded as a word of censure. Eliot says that English people praise poet’s for wrong reasons. But he says, the most individual part of a poet’s mind shows the influence of past writers. According to Eliot “… if we approach a poet without this prejudice, we shall often find that not only the best, but the most individual part of his work may be those in which the dead poets, his ancestors, assert their
immortality most vigorously”.

To elucidate upon literary tradition Eliot brings the significance of past writers. He says that tradition does not mean blind adherence to the ways of previous generations. He also says that tradition in the sense of passive repetition is to be discouraged. He says “novelty is better than repetition”. By “tradition” eliot means the recognition of the continuity of past literature. The sense of tradition instills the fact in the mind of poets that, writers of the past continue to be significant in the present. According to T S Eliot, tradition involves a historical sense. This historical sense involves the perception of not only the pastness of the past, but also it’s presence. In other words, Eliot means that the historical sense in tradition, enables the poet to realise that past is not something isolated from the present. So, the poet perceives the essence of the past through this sense. A man of historical sense have the knowledge and understanding of the whole literature of Europe from Homer to his present day and it’s significance. The writer realises that past exist in the present and both are simultaneous. This ” historical sense which is a sense of the timeless as well as of the temporal and of the timeless and of the temporal together, is what makes a writer traditional”. By this Eliot means that the writer is conscious of his own generation, it’s significance and he is also conscious about his relationship with past writers.

Next argument from Eliot is the relation of a poet with tradition and how can a poet acquire the sense of tradition. In his words “tradition cannot be inherited, and if you want if you must obtain it by great labour”. This is knowing the past writers, not blind adherence and knowing what is good and useful. The sense of tradition not only implies recognition of continuity of literature, but the critical judgement of pastness and it’s significance. As Eliot said this knowledge and judgement demands great effort. This judgement is for principle of aesthetic and not for merely historical criticism. The present writers should compare and contrast the writings of the past. This is the relation of present writers to past writings. Such comparison and contrast is essential for forming a significant idea for a new writer. According to Eliot tradition is dynamic, which is not fixed and static. It keeps changing. A writer seeks guidance from the past and a new work modifies the past. In his own words he says ” past should be altered by the present and present is directed by the past”. So when a new literary work is created, the whole literary tradition is modified. So, the relation of past and present is reciprocal. To quote Eliot ” the existing monuments form an ideal order among themselves, which is modified by the introduction of the new (the really new) work of art among them.” The past writings will not become insignificant. Every great writer like Virgil, Dante and Shakespeare never gets insignificant and they contribute to literary tradition. In this relation of the present writers to the past, the comparison and contrast is not to determine which is good or bad. It is to know facts, for the purpose of analysis and for the better understanding of the new work. The past writers should be examined critically.

Another important factor about the relation of present writers to the past is that, a poet should not be content with the poet of any particular age or major writers. The poet must know the main trends and he must also know main litrary trends and he must also know main literary trends are not determined by great poets, ordinary poet’s are also significant. So this surrender to tradition is more valuable than individuality. By a sense of tradition, poet allows his poetic sensibility to be moulded and modified by the past and it is fundamental for poetic creation.

GLOBALIZATION IN EDUCATION

What is Globalization?

The term Globalization has derived from the word “Globalize”, which means emergence of a international network of social and economic system. As a general phenomenon, globalization refers to a process of greater interdependence which brings proximity and “we feeling” among all human beings as residents of the same planet. It inculcates the value of “world citizenship among the habitants of the world. According to Joseph Stiglitz, winner of Nobel prize in economics, 2001″ Globalization is the removal of barriers to free trade and the close integration of national economics.”

Under World Trade organization (WTO), in 1995 signed the General agreement on Trade and Services (GATS) treaty, which is considered as the milestone in the context of globalization which created an unprecedented mode of change in the education system specially in higher education.

Impact of Globalization on Education

Globalization has both positive and negative impact on Educational system. Some of the positive impacts of globalization are as follows:

  • Globalization has improved the quality of education. Due to globalization, countries got the opportunity to witness the best education systems worldwide and thus could replicate them.
  • New methods of learning such as e-learning, blended learning was quickly adopted by many countries due to globalization.
  • Knowledge sharing among the world countries resulted in teaching updated technologies to students across the world.
  • Due to globalization, foreign universities were established in developing countries. These universities helped many students in getting a high-quality education. Moreover, foreign investments in the education sector of developing and underdeveloped countries also helped in improving the facilities and infrastructure.
  • Now, more and more students are studying in colleges of other countries through e-learning.
  • As the number of foreign students is increasing at a rapid rate, several countries are improving their quality of education and teaching practices continuously.
  • Education should develop empathy and understanding in students. Globalization enabled students to develop an understanding of other cultures, which is like a practical education.
  • Due to globalization, many realized the importance of education and hence literacy rates have improved worldwide.
  • Globalization made many people aware of human rights and the loopholes in the governance of their own countries. This practical education helps students in taking part in the development of their countries.
  • Globalization encouraged many countries to adopt alternative learning systems such as homeschooling, distance education, world schooling etc.
  • Many universities are now teaching global education. Moreover, in general, students are more interested in learning and following modern blended culture due to globalization. So, some people have fears about the extinction of local languages and culture.
  • Not everyone has access to quality education. The improved education due to globalization is only beneficial for the rich and people of urban areas. There is a huge gap between rich-poor and urban-rural areas in access to educational opportunities. Globalization is further widening these gaps because those who utilized the opportunities will improve their economic status.

Damaging Impacts of Globalization in Education

  • Marketisation of Higher education.
  • Globalization leading towards privatization in education. Which again results in hike of fee structure, declination in quality and equity.
  • Globalization Causing de-professionalization of teaching and excessive interest in technology.
  • As adverse effect of globalization of education mostly the developing countries are suffering from tremendous brain drain.

The process of globalization not only influences the educational aspect of a nation. It has equal impacts on economical, political, environmental, cultural aspects that ultimately influences the standard of living of human community.

Conclusion

Globalization has helped many countries in improving their education systems and literacy rates. However, not everyone could benefit from the impact of globalization on education. Education inequalities must be bridged between Rich-poor & urban-rural areas so that everyone can utilize the opportunities created by globalization.

NEGATIVE CAPABILITY IN “ODE TO A NIGHTINGALE”

John Keats introduced the term Negative Capability in a letter written in December 1817. In his own terms that is, “when a man is capable of being in uncertainties, mysteries, doubts without lany irritable reaching after fact and reasons”. According to M H Abrahams this can be taken to characterize an impersonal or objective author who maintains aesthetic distance as opposed to a subjective author who personally involved with the characters and actions represented in a work
of literature, and as opposed to an author who uses a literary work to present and to make persuasive his or her personal beliefs. John Keats himself characterized this quality of writing between Shakespeare and Coleridge. In simple terms negative capability is against the pursuit of logic and reason in favor of a sense of beauty and wonder.
In Keats’ poem Ode to a Nightingale an example of negative capability is visible. The poem deals with the poet’s musings on morality in a pessimistic manner. In the beginning the poet is being mesmerized by the nightingale’s song and he is in a state of intoxication. Later poet intends to join the bird by forgetting all the worldly difficulties by having high quality vine. But then the poet rejects this idea and by his “viewless wings of poesy” he can leave the sense. He believes his imagination will help him to forget all the pains of life. And he is already with the bird with his imagination. Towards the end poet believes that this is the most appropriate time to die because he can leave the world by listening to the immortal song of nightingale. When Keats concludes the poem he is in a state of confusion and says “was it a vision or dream?” He is in a state of internal conflict and never reaching for facts or reasons. In this instance we can find
element of negative capability in Ode to a Nightingale.

What are the main characteristics of Pre-Raphalite poetry?

The Pre-Raphaelites were a loose and baggy collective of Victorian poets, painters, illustrators, and designers whose tenure lasted from 1848 to roughly the turn of the century. Drawing inspiration from visual art and literature, their work privileged atmosphere and mood over narrative, focusing on medieval subjects, artistic introspection, female beauty, sexual yearning, and altered states of consciousness. In defiant opposition to the utilitarian ethos that formed the dominant ideology of the mid-century, the Pre-Raphaelites helped to popularize the notion of ‘art for art’s sake’. Generally devoid of the political edge that characterized much Victorian art and literature, Pre-Raphaelite work nevertheless incorporated elements of 19th-century realism in its attention to detail and its close observation of the natural world. Those poets who had some connection with these artists and whose work presumably shares the characteristics of their art include Dante Gabriel Rossetti, Christina Rossetti, George Meredith, William Morris, and Algernon Charles Swinburne.

They were inspired by Italian art of the 14thand 15th centuries, and their adoption of the name Pre-Raphaelite expressed their admiration for what they saw as the direct and uncomplicated depiction of nature typical of Italian painting before the High Renaissance and, particularly, before the time of Raphael. The Pre-Raphaelite movement during the Victorian era was an idealistic reaction against the didacticism moral fervor and pre-occupation of poets and novelists with contemporary society. In the reign of Queen Victoria, there was a growing tendency to make literature a handmaiden social reform and an instrument for the propagation of moral and spiritual ideas. Literature became the vehicle of social, political, and moral problems confronting the Victorian age. Ruskin, Carlyle, Dickens were engaged in attacking the evils rampant in the society of their times. So the movement was against this pre-occupation of poets, prose writers, and novelists with the mundane problems of their times, that a set of high souled artists formed this group.

Main Characteristics of Pre-Raphaelite

  • Like the Romantics, the Pre-Raphaelite was inspired by the art of the Middle Ages. The romance, chivalry, superstition, and mysticism of the Middle Ages inspired them. They gave a touch of modernism to the medieval concepts and vivified them.
  • The Pre-Raphaelite poets gave extreme attention to realistic details. This pictorial quality is noticeable in Pre-Raphalelite paintings. The Pre-Raphaelite poets transposed this into poetry. Rossetti’s ‘The Blessed Damozel’ and ‘Silent Noon’ and Morris’s ‘The Haystack in the Flood’ give several instances of beautiful word painting.
Silent Noon by Rossetti
  • Pre-Raphaelite poetry was free from any didactic zeal. It aimed at the perfect form and finish. Precise delineation, lavish imagery, and wealth of details are its distinguishing features. For the Pre-Raphaelite, art was for art’s sake.
  • Pre-Raphaelite poetry is rich in melody and music. The most melodious among the Pre-Raphaelite was Swinburne in whose poetry the musical language is so swift and effortless that it sometimes obscures the meaning. His famous poem ‘Atlanta in Calydon’ is an example. The Pre-Raphaelite poets used alliteration and musical words profusely.
  • Some critics attack the Pre-Raphaelite for their so-called sensuality. The love poetry of Rossetti and others is indeed outspoken, rich, and sensuous. But to call it sensual is to under-estimate Rossetti’s subtle imagination and artistic devotion to the beauty of the human body.
  • The Pre-Raphaelite had an affinity with the Romantics. Saintsbury thinks that this new school of poetry is a direct development of the Romantic Revival. Rossetti himself was greatly influenced by Keats. The Pre-Raphaelites were also the forerunners of the Aesthetic movement led by Oscar Wilde.

The Pre-Raphaelite Poetry’s characteristics are very rich and very vast. It focuses on the glorification of art, escape from the darkness, and the ugliness of contemporary society, a continuation of Romantic poetry, and gives a strong conception of scenes and situations, precise delineation, lavish imagery, and metaphor. By these characteristics, the Pre Raphaelite Poetry leaves a lasting impression in English Literature.

Dramatic technique used by Wertenbaker in the play “Our Country’s Good”

Timberlake Wertenbaker is a famous British Playwright . Our Country’s Good (1988) was adapted from Thomas Kenally’s novel “The Play Maker”. Wertenbaker uses the structure of a play within a play to explore themes of colonialism, authority, transgression and the power of narrative. Displacement is also a recurring theme in her works.. The play is set in late 18th Century Australia, where British empire had established a penal colony. When the 1st British Fleet arrive in Australia to set up the colony, they were accompanied by extreme hunger, disease, prostitution and theft, and Captain Phillip suggests that it might be better for the prisoners to watch a play instead of hanging. Lieutenant Ralph Clark seizes upon the idea of theatre in order to impress his superior officers. He decides to present the play, ” The Recruiting Officer”by George Farquhar to commemorate the birthday of King George III, and is soon auditioning and rehearsing as best as he can, while his cast fight and rage and try to escape. But even though some of the actors end up rehearsing in chains, ‘Our Country’s Good’ reveals the redemptive power of their experience to the extraordinary potential of theatre.In the play the cast recites their lines and refuse to stop their practice in order to protect Dabby, Sideway and Mary when an angry officer interrupts rehearsal to humiliate and abuse them. There is a short interlude between the play and acting with the scene entitled ‘The Question of Liz’. This is a discussion between the governing officers about the matter of Liz Morden. When she was brought to trial as an accomplice to some convicts who staged an escape, she wouldn’t speak at all. Captain Ross is certain that this means that she is guilty. But later Liz finally speaks to defend herself because of how she learned to carry herself playing one of Farquhar’s main characters, and because she wants to perform the play. Rehearsing the play allows the convicts to question the conditions that led to their punishment and to re-envision themselves as fully dignified human beings. By the end of the play, the actors have truly become a cast in terms of their unity and support for each other. It is dramatically effective that the play ends with the opening lines of ‘The Recruiting Officer’ because this draws the attention of the audience to the nature of the theatre itself.

Wertenbaker uses the theme of theatre as a socializing tool. Throughout the play , we can see that the convicts become more humane and less as the criminals that first encountered in the play. This isespecially seen through characters such as Liz Morden and “Shitty” Meg. Power of language is a vital technique used by Wretenbaker. The power of language can be seen by the effects that the play ” The Recuiting Officer” in which the convicts are performing has on idividual characters and personalities.

Summary of the Short story ‘Karma’ written by Khushwant Singh

old-train-big

Karma is a short story written by Kushwant singh.It is a first class waiting room at the railway station. Sir Mohan Lal is found standing before the mirror. The mirror is worn-out and partly broken. He hates the mirror as he hates everything of India. But he admires his own appearance. He looks perfectly like a sahib. The train is yet to come. He calls the bearer and orders a drink. 

Outside the waiting room, Lachmi, his wife is sitting on a small grey steel trunk. She is chewing a betel leaf. She is a traditional Indian woman and is commonly dressed. She requests a coolie to carry her luggage to the end of the platform. She will get into the inter-class woman compartment. She is not allowed to accompany her husband in the first class compartment, because her husband is a high government official, a barrister.

He will meet many officials in the compartment. But Lachmi cannot speak English and does not know their ways. Obviously, she cannot travel with her husband. She hardly enjoys the company of her husband. He visits her rarely at night. Then Lachmi plays the role of a passive partner. They have no child.


The train arrives at the platform. Lachmi enters the inter-class compartment. It is almost empty. She prepares some betel-leaves and starts chewing one.
There is a lot of noise. Passengers are jostling on the platform. Sir Mohan Lal totally detests them. He is calm and quiet. He is still enjoying his drink. He has spent five years in Oxford University. He strictly follows the manners of the English. He rarely speaks Hindustani. He speaks in English with a foreign accent. He can talk on any subject like a cultured Englishman.

Indeed, he always feels at home with the English. He expects some Englishmen as co-passengers. In that case it will be an enjoyable journey for him. But he shows no sign of urge to talk to the English like most of the Indians. He pretends to read The Times. He has already his Balliol tie. He orders whisky. And lastly, he opens his gold cigarette case full of English cigarettes. He knows well that all these things will automatically arrest the attention of the Englishmen. Now he recalls his five-year glorious life of England.

Sherlock Holmes made extensive use of trains but none of the mysteries he solved happened on them. (Photo: IANS)

He loves everything of the country. Even the prostitutes of England are more charming to him than his wife Lachmi. However, Sir Mohan enters his reserved first class coupe. It is empty and so he is sad. He begins to read The Times. Just then two English soldiers appear. They are looking for a suitable compartment. Sir Mohan is ready to welcome them. The two soldiers ultimately choose Sir Mohan’s compartment.

But they order him to get out from the compartment. Though it is reserved, the soldiers do not care for it. Sir Mohan protests mildly. His royal English, sahib like appearance and The Times come of no use. The soldiers throw all the belongings of Sir Mohan out of the train. Finally they push him out of the train. The train quickly passes the station leaving him on the platform. His wife, totally unaware of his condition, chews the betel leaves, spits and sends a jet of red dribble flying across like a dart.

The Digestive system

The digestive system breaks down food into nutrients such as carbohydrates, fats and proteins. They can then be absorbed into the bloodstream so the body can use them for energy, growth and repair. Unused materials are discarded as faeces.

Human model showing the digestive system, which includes the mouth, salivary glands, esophagus, stomach, liver, gallbladder, pancreas, large and small intestines, appendix, rectum, and anus.

What organs make up the digestive system?

Mouth

The mouth is the beginning of the digestive tract. In fact, digestion starts before you even take a bite. Your salivary glands get active as you see and smell that pasta dish or warm bread. After you start eating, you chew your food into pieces that are more easily digested. Your saliva mixes with the food to begin to break it down into a form your body can absorb and use. When you swallow, your tongue passes the food into your throat and into your esophagus.

Esophagus

Located in your throat near your trachea (windpipe), the esophagus receives food from your mouth when you swallow. The epiglottis is a small flap that folds over your windpipe as you swallow to prevent you from choking (when food goes into your windpipe). A series of muscular contractions within the esophagus called peristalsis delivers food to your stomach.

But first a ring-like muscle at the bottom of your esophagus called the lower esophageal sphincter has to relax to let the food in. The sphincter then contracts and prevents the contents of the stomach from flowing back into the esophagus. (When it doesn’t and these contents flow back into the esophagus, you may experience acid reflux or heartburn)

Stomach

The stomach is a hollow organ, or “container,” that holds food while it is being mixed with stomach enzymes. These enzymes continue the process of breaking down food into a usable form. Cells in the lining of your stomach secrete a strong acid and powerful enzymes that are responsible for the breakdown process. When the contents of the stomach are processed enough, they’re released into the small intestine.

Small intestine

Made up of three segments — the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum — the small intestine is a 22-foot long muscular tube that breaks down food using enzymes released by the pancreas and bile from the liver. Peristalsis also works in this organ, moving food through and mixing it with digestive juices from the pancreas and liver.

The duodenum is the first segment of the small intestine. It’s largely responsible for the continuous breaking-down process. The jejunum and ileum lower in the intestine are mainly responsible for the absorption of nutrients into the bloodstream.

Contents of the small intestine start out semi-solid and end in a liquid form after passing through the organ. Water, bile, enzymes and mucus contribute to the change in consistency. Once the nutrients have been absorbed and the leftover-food residue liquid has passed through the small intestine, it then moves on to the large intestine, or colon.

Pancreas

The pancreas secretes digestive enzymes into the duodenum that break down protein, fats and carbohydrates. The pancreas also makes insulin, passing it directly into the bloodstream. Insulin is the chief hormone in your body for metabolizing sugar.

Liver

The liver has many functions, but its main job within the digestive system is to process the nutrients absorbed from the small intestine. Bile from the liver secreted into the small intestine also plays an important role in digesting fat and some vitamins.

The liver is your body’s chemical “factory.” It takes the raw materials absorbed by the intestine and makes all the various chemicals your body needs to function.

The liver also detoxifies potentially harmful chemicals. It breaks down and secretes many drugs that can be toxic to your body.

Gallbladder

The gallbladder stores and concentrates bile from the liver, and then releases it into the duodenum in the small intestine to help absorb and digest fats.

Colon (Large Intestine)

The large intestine, or colon, is responsible for processing waste so that emptying the bowels is easy and convenient. It’s a 6-foot long muscular tube that connects the small intestine to the rectum.

The large intestine is made up of the cecum, the ascending (right) colon, the transverse (across) colon, the descending (left) colon, and the sigmoid colon, which connects to the rectum.

Stool, or waste left over from the digestive process, is passed through the colon by means of peristalsis, first in a liquid state and ultimately in a solid form. As stool passes through the colon, water is removed. Stool is stored in the sigmoid (S-shaped) colon until a “mass movement” empties it into the rectum once or twice a day.

It normally takes about 36 hours for stool to get through the colon. The stool itself is mostly food debris and bacteria. These “good” bacteria perform several useful functions, such as synthesizing various vitamins, processing waste products and food particles and protecting against harmful bacteria. When the descending colon becomes full of stool, or feces, it empties its contents into the rectum to begin the process of elimination (a bowel movement).

Rectum

The rectum is a straight, 8-inch chamber that connects the colon to the anus. The rectum’s job is to receive stool from the colon, let you know that there is stool to be evacuated (pooped out) and to hold the stool until evacuation happens. When anything (gas or stool) comes into the rectum, sensors send a message to the brain. The brain then decides if the rectal contents can be released or not.

If they can, the sphincters relax and the rectum contracts, disposing its contents. If the contents cannot be disposed, the sphincter contracts and the rectum accommodates so that the sensation temporarily goes away.

Anus

The anus is the last part of the digestive tract. It is a 2-inch long canal consisting of the pelvic floor muscles and the two anal sphincters (internal and external). The lining of the upper anus is able to detect rectal contents. It lets you know whether the contents are liquid, gas or solid.

The anus is surrounded by sphincter muscles that are important in allowing control of stool. The pelvic floor muscle creates an angle between the rectum and the anus that stops stool from coming out when it’s not supposed to. The internal sphincter is always tight, except when stool enters the rectum. This keeps us continent (prevents us from pooping involuntarily) when we are asleep or otherwise unaware of the presence of stool.

When we get an urge to go to the bathroom, we rely on our external sphincter to hold the stool until reaching a toilet, where it then relaxes to release the contents.

What are common conditions related to the digestive system?

Gastro-oesophageal reflux

It occurs when acidic stomach contents move from the stomach back up the oesophagus. It causes a burning sensation in the chest or throat.

Diverticulitis

Diverticulitis is caused by inflammation or infection of abnormal pouches in the lower part of the large intestine. It can cause mild or severe pain on the lower left-hand side of the abdomen.

Stomach ulcers

Stomach ulcers are commonly caused by the bacterium Helicobacter pylori that can live in the stomach of about 4 in 10 Australians. They can cause long-term, low-level inflammation of the stomach lining in some people. It is not well understood why they cause stomach ulcers in some people and not in others.

Haemorrhoids

Haemorrhoids are itchy or painful lumps that occur in and around the anus. The lumps contain swollen blood vessels. Haemorrhoids can cause bleeding when you go to the toilet (do a poo) — you might notice bright red blood on the toilet paper or in the toilet. If you find blood on the toilet paper or in the toilet, always seek medical advice.

Digital marketing

What is Digital Marketing?

At a high level, digital marketing refers to advertising delivered through digital channels such as search engines, websites, social media, email, and mobile apps. Using these online media channels, digital marketing is the method by which companies endorse goods, services, and brands. Consumers heavily rely on digital means to research products.

For instance, Think with Google marketing insights found that 48% of consumers start their inquiries on search engines, while 33% look to brand websites and 26% search within mobile applications.

While modern day digital marketing is an enormous system of channels to which marketers simply must onboard their brands, advertising online is much more complex than the channels alone. In order to achieve the true potential of digital marketing, marketers have to dig deep into today’s vast and intricate cross-channel world to discover strategies that make an impact through engagement marketing.

Engagement marketing is the method of forming meaningful interactions with potential and returning customers based on the data you collect over time. By engaging customers in a digital landscape, you build brand awareness, set yourself as an industry thought leader, and place your business at the forefront when the customer is ready to buy.

By implementing an omnichannel digital marketing strategy, marketers can collect valuable insights into target audience behaviors while opening the door to new methods of customer engagement. Additionally, companies can expect to see an increase in retention.

As for the future of digital marketing, we can expect to see a continued increase in the variety of wearable devices available to consumers. Forbes also forecasts that social media will become increasingly conversational in the B2B space, video content will be refined for search engine optimization (SEO) purposes, and email marketing will become even more personalized.

“Digital is at the core of everything in marketing today—it has gone from ‘one of the things marketing does’ to ‘THE thing that marketing does.’”

How Does Digital Marketing Work?

In many ways, digital marketing is no different than traditional marketing. In both, smart organizations seek to develop mutually beneficial relationships with prospects, leads, and customers.

But digital marketing has replaced most traditional marketing tactics because it’s designed to reach today’s consumers.

As an example…

Think about the last important purchase you made. Perhaps you purchased a home, hired someone to fix your roof, or changed paper suppliers at your office.

Regardless of what it was, you probably began by searching the Internet to learn more about available solutions, who provided them, and what your best options were. Your ultimate buying decision was then based on the reviews you read, the friends and family you consulted, and the solutions, features, and pricing you researched.

Most purchasing decisions begin online.

That being the case, an online presence is absolutely necessary—regardless of what you sell.

The key is to develop a digital marketing strategy that puts you in all the places your followers are already hanging out, then using a variety of digital channels to connect with them in a multitude of ways.

Content to keep them updated with industry news, the problems they’re facing, and how you solve those problems.

Social media to share that content and then engage with them as friends and followers.

Search engine optimization (SEO) to optimize your content, so it will show up when someone is searching for the information you’ve written about.

Advertising to drive paid traffic to your website, where people can see your offers.

And email marketing to follow up with your audience to be sure they continue to get the solutions they’re looking for.

When you put all these pieces together, you’ll end up with an efficient, easy-to-operate digital marketing machine. And while it looks intimidating to build that machine from scratch, it’s as simple as learning and integrating one digital marketing tactic at a time.

Which is why we’ve put together this guide: To help you build or refine your own digital marketing plan without the false starts and missteps that come with doing it alone.

What Are the Benefits of Digital Marketing?

Having a strong digital presence will help you in multiple ways:

  • It will make it easier to create awareness and engagement both before and after the sale
  • It will help you convert new buyers  into rabid fans who buy more (and more often)
  • It will kickstart word-of-mouth and social sharing —and all the benefits that come with them
  • It will shorten the buyer’s journey by presenting the right offers at the right time

Learn the Strategies That Get Real Results

Be aware, the digital marketing scene is ever changing. Gurus, podcasts, and bloggers declare a tool or tactic hot one week and dead the next.

The truth is, digital marketing is less about “digital” and more about “marketing,” largely because digital marketing has come of age. Its fundamentals have already been established.

The Main objective is to clear the confusion about the tactics that work and how to use them to grow your business. We stand firmly against the so-called “gurus” who promote the next “shiny object” or “quick fix” that will reportedly kill email marketing, digital advertising, or search engine optimization.

The Ultimate Guide to Digital Marketing

Digital marketing isn’t magic, and you don’t need to be a computer whiz to be good at it. If you offer a product or service that the market desires, you can successfully market them in digital channels using the strategies taught in this guide.

The Ultimate Guide to Digital Marketing doesn’t present hype about the latest flashy tactics in marketing—digital or otherwise. Instead, this resource covers foundational disciplines such as content marketing, social media marketing, and email marketing, always in the context of the goals that businesses care about.

These goals include acquiring new leads and customers, monetizing the leads and customers you already have, and creating communities of brand advocates and promoters.