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Why Higgs Boson called God’s particle

In 1964 peter Higgs with five scientists proposed a theory called the Higgs mechanism to explain the existence of mass in the universe. Before 1930s, atoms were considered as the fundamental particles. Then we found electron, protons and neutrons as atomic particles. Later we found that protons and neutrons are made up of even more small fundamental particles called quarks. Quarks are the fundamental building blocks for the whole universe. The key evidence for the existence of these elementary particles came from a series of inelastic electron-nucleon scattering experiments conducted between 1967 and 1973 at the Stanford linear accelerator center. They are commonly found in protons and neutrons. There are six types of quarks, up quark, down quark, top quark, bottom quark, strange quark, charm quark. They can have positive (+) or negative (-) electric charge. Up, charm and top quarks have a positive 2/3 charge. Down, strange, bottom quarks have a negative 1/3 charge. So protons are positive because there are two quarks (+2/3) ups and one down quark (-1/3), giving a net positive charge (+2/3+2/3-1/3 =1). These three quarks are known as valence quarks, but the proton could have an additional up quark and anti-up quark pair.

The Higgs mechanism theory

In the second half of the 20th century, physicists made a developed a theory called a standard model of particle physics. They theorized about twelve fundamental particles that make up all matter, and four particles called bosons are responsible for three fundamental forces of nature. It includes strong force, weak force, and electromagnetism. Gravity is another force, it is not a part of this model but, it can be modeled using general relativity. With these fundamental particles in the standard model and gravity, we can build almost everything in the entire universe. However until 2012, the standard model was an underlying theory. Because all forces carrying particles should be massless. So, although the photons are massless, experiments show that the weak forces bosons have mass. So that was a promising model that could be used to explain our universe. But perhaps, it would need to be thrown out because it had the seemingly fatal flaw in being inconsistent regarding the way the weak force worked in the late 1950s physicists had no idea to resolve these issues all attempts to solve this problem. But indeed it created new theoretical problems. In 1964, Peter Higgs hypothesized that perhaps the force articles were massless but gained mass when they interacted with an energy field that is the reason for the existence of the entire universe.

During the very early moments following the big bang, in the universe, the elementary particles were massless and they were pure streams of energy that move at the speed of light. As the expansion of the universe was proceeding, density and temperature decreased below a certain key value. According to the theory, the Higgs field interacts with particles and can give them mass. It is theorized that different particles interact differently with the field, the particles that interact with it more intensely have greater mass and particles that don’t interact with it that much have lower mass. Just imagine Higgs field as water, pointed shape objects interact lesser with water and cube shaped objects interact more with it. Some particles don’t interact with the field like photons are massless. A fundamental part of the theory was the presence of a specific particle; it’s called the Higgs boson. A boson that would allow the Higgs mechanism to unfold correctly to give mass to all other particles.

CERN’s discovery of a new particle

Even though Higgs theorized it, scientists can’t able to prove that until 2012. The particle accelerators had to possess a huge amount of energy to detect them. Finally, the Large Hadron Collider (LHC), the CERN’s particle accelerator has been turned on in 2008 and managed to recreate the required energy and temperature conditions in 2012. The Higgs boson was finally experimentally detected and on 4th July, a conference held in the CERN auditorium announced the discovery of a particle compatible with the Higgs boson. The machine accelerates Hadron bundles at close to the speed of light and collides them each other in opposite directions. At four separate points the two beams cross, causing protons to smash into each other at enormous energies, with their destructions being witnessed by super-sensitive instruments. Even if LHC is the world’s largest particle accelerator, it had to work hard to detect Higgs boson. If the Higgs field doesn’t exist, all particles in the universe will become absolutely weightless and fly around the universe in the speed of light. For This reason Higgs boson is often called as the ‘God particle’.

 

 

 

INVESTMENT IN INDUSTRIAL SECTOR

 Recently Government has taken various steps to boost domestic investments in India. These include Promoting FDI (Foreign Direct Investment) and improve Ease of Doing Business, Make in India initiative, National Infrastructure Pipeline, Reduction in Corporate Tax, easing liquidity problems of NBFCs (Non Banking Financial Companies) and Banks, trade policy measures, constitution of Investment and Project Development Cells, One District One Product (ODOP), and PLI (Production Linked Incentive) Scheme for 14 key sectors etc. Government of India has also taken up various Industrial Corridor Projects as part of National Industrial Corridor Programme which is aimed at development of greenfield industrial nodes/regions which can compete with the best manufacturing and investment destinations in the world.

The time taken for completion of a project depends on factors like type of project, number of stakeholders, statutory clearances, various other issues related to project etc.

In order to minimize delays and for timely completion of projects, the Government has institutionalized a monitoring mechanism called Project Monitoring Group (PMG) for various infrastructure and industrial projects above Rs. 500 Crore.  The PMG reviews such projects and resolve issues related to various central ministries as well as State Government.  Private Companies can also upload their issues on this portal and get their issues resolved.  As per available information, out of total 1805 Projects on the PMG Portal, 442 Projects under implementation have reported issues.  Further, 421 projects have been commissioned after resolution of issues. 

Department for Promotion of Industry and Internal Trade (DPIIT) also has 32 greenfield industrial nodes across 11 Industrial Corridors in the country.  National Industrial Corridor Development Corporation (NICDC) as well as DPIIT monitors these project on regular basis. 

The Government has also developed PM GatiShakti National Master Plan which is supported by a digital platform to enable synchronized planning for providing multi-modal infrastructure connectivity to various economic zones, including industrial parks and clusters.

The Art of Organizing Things

Some may think about why this is so relevant or what could possibly happen by organizing things around us. Actually, it does a lot. By organizing things around us we could save a lot of time saved instead of searching for something important while doing a job. It increases our productivity and efficiency. Just like keeping phones away from the work desk helps, this too helps in our day-to-day life. It is not a difficult and hectic process but neither easy. We must carefully choose what is necessary and what is not. It is indeed an art in organizing things around us.

Photo by Ken Tomita on Pexels.com

Tips to organize things :

  1. Make it minimum : The things at our desk must not be too much and must not be too low. Take a pen and a paper. Write down things which is necessary and which are not. Organize the desk according to that list. The things must not occupy all the places of the table and should not look messy. It will bring down our productivity and confidence.
  2. Must be spacious : When we look at our table , we must know what are the things in our table and in which place they are. That is the main purpose of organization of things in our table. To achieve that purpose, keep the things with enough space between them such that they look neat and arranged well. It must not be too , it will not look good.
  3. Around your hand : The things we listed as important and which are frequently used must be reachable to our hand without getting up from the place. If it was, then there is no purpose of arranging things.
  4. Use sticky notes : Sticky notes are one of the best ways to remember things we tend to forget and to create a easy to-do list of that day. It must be sticked to the wall and the daily tasks with timing must be noted down in that. It must be created during early morning or before the day before night. Whenever we finish that task, we must strike it down and take a small break. And then we can resume on other tasks.
  5. Similar things together : Grouping similar things together makes the table look neat and organized.
  6. Don’t rely on perfectness : This is the most important point than above all points. Nothing is perfect either be life or job. The thing which looks perfect may not looks like that tomorrow. Thinking about perfectness is a good habit. But over thinking on it, waste a lot of time and make us lose our interest in organizing things.

Conclusion

The task of organizing things around us is indeed an art. It increases our productivity, focus, efficiency, mental stability, and likelihood to sleep better. It reduces work pressure and stress. And most importantly, keep your table away from distractions like television, speaker etc.. Keep the phone a little bit far from hand. Keep it organized always !!

For every minute spend in organizing, an hour is earned.

Benjamin Franklin

The Success Story of Sugar Cosmetics

When Vineeta Singh and her partner, Kaushik Mukherjee started fab Bag in 2012, it was their second entrepreneurial venture. It was a monthly makeup and beauty subscription for women in which a subscriber would receive a bag of 4 to 5 beauty products every month. These products would be selected from various brands based on the customer’s preferences and skin type. It was in 2015 that they made another attempt and began Sugar Cosmetics. With Fab Bag, Vineeta realized that a lot of the foreign and local makeup brands were not suited for Indian skin tones. This is how they set up Sugar cosmetics with the aim of providing affordable and compatible products catered to Indian complexion. This meant a lot of their products could be used by consumers even if they had to use public transport for long distances to go to work. In 2022, it has established its place in India’s beauty industry, competing with famous brands like L’Oreal and Lakme.

Vineeta Singh, CEO and Co-founder of Sugar Cosmetics

For the initial two years, Sugar stayed as an online-only brand, after which, it started to move into offline retail. Today, this Mumbai-based D2C (Direct to Customer) brand has over 2500 outlets in over 120 cities across India. In five years, it has managed to cross Rs.100 crore revenue, with the company witnessing its biggest leap in success right after the COVID-19 lockdown.

According to Abhay Pandey, general partner at A91 Partners and one of the backers of the cosmetic company, what really helped this brand was its perfectly timed beginning when India was witnessing two major trends- a rapidly growing beauty business and increasing internet usage by consumers. By launching as a digital-only start-up, they were able to gain a set of loyal consumers. These consumers, mostly millennials, felt empowered by the consumer-oriented products of the company. The founders began Sugar based on three core ideas – listening to consumers, staying away from discounting and focusing on content for consumers. This is the strategy they have always stuck to and it has proved very useful for them. The company sells basic makeup products like foundation cream, concealer, eyeliner, lip-liners, mascara, lipsticks, as well as skin-care products and makeup kits. Lipsticks and Lip crayons contribute to 65% of their revenue, with best-selling brands like ‘Matte as Hell’, ‘Nothing Else Matters’, and ‘Seal the Show’.

The COVID-19 situation saw the company depend strongly on social media marketing to survive and strengthen its relationship with consumers. Sugar had always managed an omnichannel presence even before the lockdown. They collaborated with a lot of YouTube and Instagram influencers when they started to attract millennials and urban Indian women to their products. When COVID-19 hit, it was not the easiest time, with many companies being forced to shut down their operations. Sugar also saw a complete halt in sales during the lockdown in the months of April and May. Warehouses and retail outlets were shut down. However, they started to get an increasing amount of sales from June onwards as the retail team at Sugar figured out how to make the entire sales online. They made full use of their app which was launched in 2020, and their social media presence to continue with customer engagement. Their app has been downloaded 100,000 times and they boast a huge online presence, with 2 million followers on Instagram. According to Vineeta Singh, content was and is one of their main focus points. They aim to build a brand with great influencer and social media marketing.

While their products are manufactured across USA, Germany, India and South Korea, and they have distributors in America, Sugar Cosmetics remains focused on the Indian market.          

Stem Cell Therapy – Working and Future technology

 Our bodies contain many specialized cells that carry out specific functions. These specialized cells are called differentiated cells. Stem cells are cells with the potential to develop into many different types of cells in the body. They act as a repair system for the body. They are unspecialized cells, so they cannot do specific functions in the body. It can create the potential for the cells to be used to grow replacement tissues. American development biologist James Thomson (1958), from the University of Wisconsin School of medicine, won the race to isolate and human embryonic stem cells. On November 6 1998, the ‘journal science’ published the results of Thompson’s research. It described how he used embryos from fro fertility clinics which were donated by couples who no longer needed them, and developed ways to extract stem cells and keep them reproducing indefinitely.

With the ability to develop into any one of the 220 cell types in the body, stem cells hold great promise for treating a host of debilitating illness, including diabetes, leukemia, Parkinson’s disease, heart disease, and spinal cord injury. They also provide scientists with models of human disease and a new ways of testing drugs more effectively in living organisms. But for all the hopes invested, progress has been slow. It has helped that stem cell research has been steeped in controversy, with different groups questing the ethics of harvesting stem cells from human embryos.

In 2007 Thomson and Shinya Yamanaka, from Kyoto university, Japan, both independently found a way to turn ordinary human skin cells into stem cells. Both groups used four genes to reprogram human skin cells. Their work is being heralded as an opportunity to overcome problems including the shortage of human embryonic stem cells and restrictions on U.S. federal funding for research.

How stem cell therapy works?

Researches grow stem cells in lab. These developed stem cells are manipulated to specialize into specific types of cells, such as heart muscle cells, blood cells or nerve cells. These manipulated specialized cells can be implanted into the heart muscle. The healthy implanted heart muscle could then contribute to repairing defective heart muscle. The first stem cell therapy was a bone marrow transplant performed by French oncologist Georges Mathew in 1958 on five workers at the Vinca nuclear institute in Yugoslavia who had been affected by a criticality accident.

Stem cell therapies have become very popular in recent years, as people are seeking the latest alternative treatments for their many conditions. Stem cell therapies are very expensive to pursue. Even simple joint injections can cost $1,000 and more advancement treatments can rise in cost up to $100,000 depending on the condition. Patients must do their research and ask as many questions as they can before financially committing to treatment. Since it is a life changing treatment, it will effectively cost high.

Future stem cell treatments

 The stem cell treatment can helps us curing various diseases in the future. But it is important not to overhype the potential of stem cells and to accurately communicate findings to the public. We must not allow the misleading of some people says that we can cure the untreatable diseases with stem cell treatments. However with more research and investment, I believe that stem cell therapy could transform disease outcomes of many patients.

“The regenerative medicine revolution is upon us. Like iron and steel to the industrial revolution, like the microchip to the tech revolution, stem cells will be the driving force of this next revolution.”   -Cade Hildreth

 

History of Motorcars – Karl Benz

It is difficult, to imagine a world without the motorcar. When German engineer Karl Benz drove a motorcar tricycle I 1885 and fellow Germans Gottlieb Daimler and Wilhelm Maybach converted a horse down carriage into a four wheeled motorcar in august 1886, none of them could have imagined the effects of their invention. Benz recognized the great potential of petrol as a fuel. His three wheeled car had a top speed of just ten miles (16 km) per hour with its four-stroke, one cylinder engine. After receiving his patent in January 1886, he began selling the Benz velo, but the public doubted its reliability. Benz’s wife bertha had a brilliant idea to advertise the new car. In 1886 she took it on a 60mile (100) trip from Mannheim to near Stuttgart. Despite having to push the car up hills, the success of the journey proved to a skeptical public that this was a reliable mode of transport.

Daimler and Maybach did not produce commercially feasible cars until 1889. Initially the German inventions did not meet with much demand, and it was French companies like Panhard at Levassor that redesigned and popularized the automobile. In 1926 Benz’s company merged to form the Daimler Benz company. Benz had left his company in 906 and, remarkably, he and Daimler never met. Due to higher incomes and cheaper, mass produced cars, the United States led in terms of motorization for much of the twentieth century. This kind of movement has, however, come at a cost. Some 25 million people are estimation to have died in car accidents worldwide during the twentieth century. Climate changing exhaust gases and suburban sprawl are but two more of the consequences of a heavy reliance on the automobile.

Invention of the clutch

Almost all historians agree that clutch was developed in Germany in the 1880s. Daimler met Maybach while they were working for Nikolaus Otto, the inventor of the internal combustion engine. In 1882 the two set up their own company, and from 1885 to 1886 they built a four-wheeled vehicle with a petrol engine and multiple gears. The gears were external, however, and engaged by winding belts over pulleys to drive each selected gear. In 1889, they developed a closed four- speed gearbox and a friction clutch to powers the gears, this car was the first to be marketed by the Daimler motor campy in 1890. Without a clutch, if the car engine is running the wheels keep turning. For the car to stop without stalling, the wheels and engine must be separated by a clutch. A friction clutch consists of a flywheel mounted to engine side. The clutch originates from the drive shaft and is a large metal plate covered with a frictional material. When the flywheel and clutch make contract, power is then transmitted to the wheels.

Gears in Motorcars

Karl Benz was the first to add a second gear to his machine and also invented the gear shift to transfer between the two. The suggestion for this additional gear came from Benz’s wife, bertha, who drove the three-wheeled Motorwagen 65 miles from Mannheim to Pforzheim – the first long distance automobile trip. The gears allow the engine to the maintained at its most efficient rpm while altering the relative speed of the drive shaft to the wheels. Gears originally required double clutching, where the clutch had to be depressed to disengage the first gear from the drive shaft, and then released to allow the correct rpm for the new gear to be selected. The clutch was then pressed again to engage the drives shaft with the new gear. Modern cars use synchronized which use friction to match the speeds of the new gear and he shaft before the teeth of the gears engage, meaning that the clutch only needs to be presses once.

“One thing I fell most passionately about: love of invention will never die” – Karl Benz

The Deepest Image ever taken – Hubble Space Telescope

The Hubble space telescope is the most famous telescope in the world. It was named after the famous astronomer Edwin Hubble who changed our understanding of the universe proving the existence of other galaxies. It is an automatic observatory, has discovered millions of new objects in space. It helped us to witness the birth of new stars, found planets outside the solar system and see super massive black holes. Hubble was launched in 199o, and from December 1993 to may 2009, the telescope was repaired and updated four times. Astronauts visited HST five times in order to make repairs and new instruments.

Hubble holds the record for the longest range of observation. The light from the most distant galaxies has taken billions of years to travel across the universe and reach Hubble. By taking this picture, Hubble was literally looking back in time to the very early universe. You can notice on the right side of the image, there is a galaxy very much like the Milky Way that galaxy is about five billion years away, so we are looking back in time by five billion years. In March 4th, 2016, NASA releases a historic image, one that many believed was impossible. It captured the farthest away of all known galaxies; it’s located about 13.4 billion light years away from us. The light from his galaxy has just reached the earth crossing the distance that separates us; hat is now we can observe it as it was 400 million years after the big bang. This galaxy is 25 times smaller than our galaxy, the Milky Way.  It helped to find the age for the universe now known to be 13.8 billion years, roughly three times the age of earth.

With the advanced camera of the NASA’s Hubble space telescope, it discovered a new planet called Fomalhaut b which orbiting is parent star Fomalhaut. Fomalhaut is 2.3 times heavier and 6 times larger than the sun around it is a disc of cosmic dust which creates the resemblance of an ominous eye. Fomalhaut b lies 1.8 billion miles inside the ring’s inner edge and orbits 10.7 billion miles from its star. Astronomers have calculated that Fomalhaut b completes an orbit around its parent star every 872 years. The Fomalhaut system is 25 light years away in the constellation Piscis Australis. But in April 2020, astronomers began doubting its existence; the planet is missing in the new Hubble pictures. Scientists believe that this planet was a cloud of dust and debris formed as a result of a collision of two icy celestial bodies.

In 1994, Hubble captured the most detailed image of the iconic feature called the pillars of creation. The pillars of creation are fascinating but relatively small feature of the entire eagle nebula. The blue color in the image represent oxygen, red is sulfur, and green represents both nitrogen and hydrogen. The nebula was discovered in 1745 by the Swiss astronomer jean Philippe Loys de cheseaux, is located 7,000 light years from earth in the constellation serpens. During its work Hubble has presented millions of images but unfortunately NASA has suspended missions to repair and modernize the telescope. It is assumed that in 2021, Hubble will be replaced with the new James Webb space telescope.

Are Perpetual Machines Really Work?

Most of us might have had this idea, that magnets attract each other in opposite poles, so why can’t we use this to create free energy. Like placing a magnet or a metal in a car and attach the other magnet with a rod or something and place it in front of the car that keeps them attract each other. With this idea, we can move the car without any energy, forever. A perpetual motion machine is a device that is supposed to work indefinitely without any external energy source. Imagine a windmill that produced the breeze it needed to keep rotating or a light bulb whose glow provided its own electricity. These devices have captured many inventers’ imaginations because they could transform our relationship with energy. It sounds cool right? But there is only one problem, it won’t work.

In countless instances in history, people have claimed that they have made a perpetual motion machine. Around 1159 A.D. a mathematician called Bhaskara the learned sketched a design for a wheel containing curved reservoirs of mercury. He reasoned that as the wheels spun, the mercury would flow to the bottom of each reservoir, leaving one side of the wheel perpetually heavier than the other. The imbalance would keep the wheel turning forever. Bhaskara’s drawing was one of the earliest designs for a perpetual motion machine. And more people have claimed that they made a perpetual motion machine, like Zimara’s self blowing windmill in the1500s, the capillary bowl where capillary action forces the water upwards, the oxford electric bell, which takes back and forth due to charge repulsion, and so on. In fact the US patent office stopped granting patents for perpetual motion machines without a working prototype.

Why perpetual motion machines won’t work?

Ideas of perpetual motion machine all violate one or more fundamental laws of thermodynamics. These laws describe the relationship between different forms of energy. The first law of thermodynamics says that “Energy neither be created nor be destroyed”. You can’t get out more energy than you put in. that rules out a useful perpetual motion machine right away because a machine could only ever produce as much as it consumed. There wouldn’t be any leftover energy to power a car or charge a phone. But what if you just wanted the machine to keep itself moving? Let’s take the Bhaskara’s wheel, the moving parts that make one side of the wheel heavier also shift its center of mass downward below the axle. With a low center of mass, the wheel just swings back and forth like a pendulum and will stop. In the 17th century, Robert Boyle came up with an idea for a self watering pot. He theorized that capillary action, the attraction between liquids and surfaces that pulls water through thin tubes, might keep the water cycling around the bowl. But if the capillary action is strong enough to overcome gravity and draw the water up, it would also prevent it from falling back into the bowl.

For each of these machines to keep moving, they had to create some extra energy to nudge the system past its stopping point, breaking the first law of thermodynamics. There are ones that seems to keep moving, but in reality, they invariably turn out to be drawing energy from some external source. Even if engineers could design a machine that didn’t violate the first law of thermodynamics, it still wouldn’t work in the real world because of the second law. The second law of thermodynamics tells us that energy tends to spread out through processes like friction, heating. Any real machine would have moving parts or interactions with air or liquid molecules that would generate tiny amount of friction and heat, even in a vacuum. That heat is energy escaping, and it would keep leeching out, reducing the energy available to move the system itself until the machine inevitably stopped. Like I said about the idea of a car with magnets, the magnets in it won’t able to move the car. Even if the magnet is so powerful to move the car, the friction came into action and will eventually stops the car. So these two laws of thermodynamics will destroy every idea for perpetual motion. With these, we can conclude that perpetual motion machines are impossible.

  YOU  CAN’T  GET  SOMETHING  FOR  NOTHING.

Importance of Self-Confidence

Self-Confidence is one of the important things needed in our life. It has the power to either push us up or pull us down. Most people lack self-confidence at some point in their life due to failures and disappointments. Self -Confidence can be increased due to the motivation of others, but it is not the only way to boost our inner confidence. The confidence that comes from inside is the one that resists for long and helps us achieve more and more in our life. Let us see some of the ways to boost our confidence and try to use them in our daily life.

Photo by Snapwire on Pexels.com

Ways to Boost Self Confidence

  1. Tell good words to yourself : It may feel silly on reading this. But actually it works during the time of crisis. Whenever we feel low, we can tell some good words to “We can do it”,”We are capable of doing it”,”Nothing is impossible”. These words lowers our stress as well as helps in boosting our confidence. We can even ask our friends and family to tell good words to us. Getting these words from those we trust , gives immense amount of confidence in our life.
  2. Take a deep breath : Before starting any task, taking a deep breath will definitely helps us. We should allot some two to three minutes before the beginning of the job and we should take a deep breath without thinking about anything else. During that time, we should not concentrate on the outside environment or thinking about how to do the job. Our only focus must be on taking a breath and relaxing both our mind and the body.
  3. Thinking on past success : When we are doing a difficult or stretchy job, we can think on our past success or achievement for some moments. Beware, it must only be for some moments. Sometimes it will lead to over -confidence and destroys both the time ,the effort and the task.
  4. Thinking on our good time : Everyone will definitely have such moments in our life that brings us instant laughter or instant happiness on our face. During our low time, we can think on these things for some moments to boost up our energy and confidence to do the job. These times can be with the family or friends or colleagues or anyone. Here too, over thinking may lead to procrastination , which is the dangerous one that won’t led us to finish the job.
  5. Hobbies : Hobbies can make an individual feel happy, calm ,satisfied and acts as a complete stress buster. Taking out some time for hobbies can help us to make our brain relaxed and peaceful. These hobbies can be done during breaks or free time.
  6. Talk to yourself : This task doesn’t need anyone to perform. During our low times or when we have no one with us, this is the best way to keep us away from negativity and low confidence. We can talk anything and everything to ourselves. Just imagine yourself as another human and tell everything that is going on our mind.

Believe you can and you’re Halfway there.

Theodore Roosevelt

5 Things to Keep in Mind Before Your First Job Interview

Attending a job interview is by no means a silly feat. Attending a job interview for the first time is not so simple either. When you have put in all the effort and earned that interview call, you are hoping that something good comes out of it. The process and people involved can all be pretty intimidating for a first-time interviewee. Whether you crack the interview or not, you just have to make sure you presented your best foot forward. Here are 5 things to keep in mind before attending your first job interview:

Be Prepared:

Be ready with everything necessary on time to give a good first impression. Double-check that you have all the required documents and your resume with you. Make sure you know how to get to the interview location and reach the place at least 10 minutes in advance. Have your outfit ready the day before. If the interview is online, make sure you have the necessary software. Ensure your computer and microphone work properly and no software updates are pending. Find a good location with good lighting and without much noise or disturbance for your virtual interview.

Keeping a checklist of all the above-mentioned guidelines can be very useful in not missing out on anything.

Have Your Answers (and Questions) Ready:

You obviously cannot know exactly what questions the interviewer will ask. But you can do some research and find the most frequently asked questions and develop your answers for them. You can prepare for industry-specific questions based on the job position you have applied for. Be prepared to introduce yourself, your background, passion and interests. Go through the job offer and review what the company is looking for in a candidate. You can make use of past experiences and situations in college, internships and school to highlight your skills and qualities relevant to the job description.

Also, make sure you have a bunch of smart and relevant questions ready to be asked to the panel of interviewers. You would most likely be expected to ask questions to them at the end of the interview and these questions would have to be relevant and reflect on your interest in the job and the company.

You can ask your friend or teacher to conduct a mock interview or practice saying your answers aloud in front of a mirror so that it sounds confident.

Research the Company:

It is also important to research the company you are interviewing for. Make sure you know what the company’s vision and values are and the leadership and recent news attached to it. This helps the interviewer understand that you are highly dedicated and motivated.

Be Genuine:

Even if you have done your best preparing your answers, it is possible you may not know the right answers to all the questions. It is important that you stay honest and genuine with your answers. It is your first interview after all, and you do not have to act like an expert. You can admit that you do not know something instead of making an answer up and appearing dishonest. Just make sure you convince them with your dedication, passion and willingness to adapt and learn.

Don’t get too Nervous:

Interviews can be pretty nerve-wracking and daunting, even for a seasoned professional. Do not let your nerves get the best of you. Being well prepared and ready with your answers can help a lot with it. Attending a job interview is a crucial experience, but not getting it is not the end of the world either. A lot of other opportunities will come up even if you do not secure a job on the first attempt. There are lots of life lessons and skills to be learned from them too.

So, for your first interview, make sure you do not put too much pressure on yourself and do your best!

What are Quarks? – Definition, Properties and Types

In the early models of the atom were simple, with protons and neutrons forming a nucleus and negatively charged electrons orbiting it, it seemed like a tiny solar system. In the early 1930s, however, analysis of cosmic rays and experiments with particle acceleration showed the existence of new particles by the dozen. In the early of 1960s American physicist Murray Gell-Mann and George Zweig independently conjectured that protons and neutrons were made of even more fundamental particles. They named the subatomic particles as Quark in 1964. The word quark came from James Joyce’s novel “Finnegan’s Wake” in which it is a nonsense word made by Joyce.  He key evidence for their existence came from a series of inelastic electron-nucleon scattering experiments conducted between 1967 and 1973 at the Stanford linear accelerator center. Other theoretical and experimental advances of the 1970s confirmed this discovery, leading to the standard model of elementary particle physics currently in force.

Properties of Quarks

Quarks are most commonly found inside protons and neutrons. They have many properties including mass, electric, charge, and color. There are six types of quarks, up quark, down quark, top quark, bottom quark, strange quark, charm quark. They can have positive (+) or negative (-) electric charge. Up, charm and top quarks have a positive 2/3 charge. Down, strange, bottom quarks have a negative 1/3 charge. So protons are positive because there are two quarks (+2/3) ups and one down quark (-1/3), giving a net positive charge (+2/3+2/3-1/3 =1). These three quarks are known as valence quarks, but the proton could have an additional up quark and anti-up quark pair.

 An anti-quark is the anti-particle of a quark and it could have other types of quarks. It includes pairs of strange quarks and anti-strange quarks, charm quarks, and anti-charm quarks. In fact, the proton has tons of quarks, anti-quarks pairs. The quarks are held together by the strong force which is carried by particles called gluons. So inside the proton, there are zillions of gluons and quarks all moving around close to the speed of light. The quarks that comprise a proton only make of 1% of the mass of that proton. A neutron consist two down quarks and one up quark which gave it an overall charge of 0. The quarks have a property called color change. It includes three color, red, blue, green and each of them is complemented with an anti-color. When we mix these three colors, we get white, that’s why proton is called colorless. The quarks change their colors constantly but, In order to maintain colorless state, the ant-color mix into it.The interaction between quarks and gluons is responsible for almost all the perceived mass of protons and neutrons and is therefore where we get our mass.

Conclusion

The discovery of quarks was a gradual process that took over a decade for the entire sequence of events to unfold. A variety of theoretical insights and experimental results contributed to this discovery, but the MIT-SLAC deep inelastic electron scattering experiments plays a vital role. The existence of quarks is recognized today as a cornerstone of the standard model. I numerous experiments at CERN including those at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC), physicists are measuring the properties of Gell-Mann and Zweig’s particles with ever-greater precision.

                  “Three quarks for muster mark!” – Author James Joyce

Best Friend – Books

Books are indeed best friends for many book readers and book lovers. Some may feel like there is time wastage in reading books and thought of spending that time in something else. But only the book readers know the true value of the Book. Sometimes it gives happiness, sometimes sad, sometimes anger, and sometimes the combinations of all. A book cannot be categorized in any order unless the full depth and till the last page is read. This article will either involve you in the line of book readers or it will be a tribute to all the wonderful books read by book lovers.

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Advantages of Reading Books

  1. Reduces Stress : Books are a great way of reducing stress because there are no such thing like happy books and sad books. Books fed readers with the plethora of emotions like Happiness, Sad, Anger, Excitement,Interesting and many more. Just like spices, each book has its individual flavor and content.
  2. Environment : Book reading sometimes seperates us from the real world and makes us wander in that virtual book world. It keeps our mind and body calm and stress free. There is no need of carrying the real world stress while going through the great books.
  3. Increases Vocabulary : Words used in books are not always common and same words. By reading books, we can learn many new words. It increases our vocabulary and knowledge.
  4. Motivational : Books of freedom fighters , scientists , doctors etc.. are motivational books that can give immense amount of happiness and motivations. People who are stressful and who are facing down time can use the books as a key to their life. It will inspire us and will instill creativity in our minds.
  5. Improves Memory : Daily habit of reading books improves and increases our mental ability to learn new things. The consistency will help us learn new skill in short span of time with greater memory power.
  6. Perspective of Life : Each book has a seperate content, seperate meaning and seperate emotions. Each will gives us a different perspective of life and it will gives us tricks and tips to lead our life. The more we learn, the easier we can lead our life.
  7. Improves Sleep : Reading books instruct our brain to calm down. Since it is a stress-buster , it will greatly helps us in getting good sleep with calmer brain.

Induce the habit of Book reading

  1. Daily goals : Schedule a short goal for everyday to read some pages daily.
  2. Eliminate Distractions : Keep your environment and room as clean as possible. Clean environment gives our brain the feeling of calmness. Keep the devices like Phone, laptop, tablet etc.. away from the place.
  3. Plan a time : Schedule a time for reading . Read the book either during sunrise or sunset to keep us fresh and as well as for having a good start for the day.
  4. Keep the book always with you : By doing it, we automatically want to read the book even during a ten minute break.

Books are a uniquely portable Magic.

Stephen King

Atomic Bomb – History of Nuclear Weapons

During the World War II the united sates used an unprecedented $2 billion to feed an ultra-secret research and development program, the outcome of which would alter the relationships of nations forever. Known as the Manhattan project, it was the search by the United States and her closest allies to create a practical atomic bomb. It is a single device which capable of mass destruction, the threat of which alone could be powerful enough to end the war. The motivation was simple. Scientists escaping the Nazi regime had revealed that research in Germany had confirmed the theoretical viability of atomic bombs. In 1939, in support of their fears that the Nazis might now be developing such a weapon, Albert Einstein and others wrote to President Franklin D. Roosevelt (FDR) warning of the need for atomic research. By 1941 FDR had authorized formal, coordinated scientific research into such a device. Among those efforts would ultimately unleash the power of the atom was Robert Oppenheimer, who was appointed the project’s scientific director in 1942. Under his direction the famous laboratories at Los Alamos would be constructed and the scientific team assembled. On July 16 1945, in a small town called Alamogordo, New Mexico, the course of human history was changed; the first atomic bomb was detonated that day.

By the end of 1945, the bombing had killed an estimated 140,000 people in Hiroshima, and a further 74,000 in Nagasaki.

Principle of an atomic bomb

An atom bomb works in the principle that when you break up a nucleus of an atom, a large amount of energy is released. Because it takes a large amount of energy to keep the nucleus bound together. When you split it apart, the energy is released. Scientists chose the biggest and heaviest nucleus that is found in nature to be the best object for splitting. It is uranium, it is unique in that one of its isotopes is the only naturally occurring element on that is capable of sustaining a nuclear fission reaction. A uranium atom has 92 protons and 146 neurons together to give an atomic mass of 238 or U238. A very small portion of uranium, when it is mine, is in the form of an isotope U235, this isotope  has the same 92 protons but only 143 neutrons, or three fewer than U238. U235 is highly unstable, which makes it highly fissionable. When uranium U235 is slammed by a neutron, it becomes uranium 236. In the process of splitting and creating two more stable atoms, a whole bunch of energy is released, along with three more neutrons. These three more neutrons fly out and slam more U235 atoms. And thus, a chain reaction occurs, causing more and more U235 to be split, and ultimately causes a huge explosion. The uranium contains only 0.7% of this U235 isotope, and a whole bunch of it is needed to make one atomic bomb.

Another engineering challenge is to create a vessel with the correct shape and material to contain the neutrons after fissioning, so that they do not escape, but rather cause more atoms to fission. And it is lined with a special mirror so that it forces neutrons back in to the fissionable material rather than escape the vessel. Then the correct amount of fissionable material has to be placed inside this vessel. This is called ‘super critical mass’. There has to be enough mass to sustain an uncontrollable chain reaction resulting in an explosion.  The super critical mass has to be kept apart until you are ready for an explosion. Otherwise an explosion can occur when you don’t want it. The reason is because these isotopes are unstable, and are throwing off neurons randomly. In an atomic bomb, two subcritical masses are slammed together usually with a conventional bomb contained inside the outer bomb. This conventional explosive charge initiates the chain reaction. This project ultimately created the first, man-made nuclear explosion, which Robert Oppenheimer called “trinity” on July 16, 1945. The concept of an atom bomb is simple but, the process of actually creating a bomb is not so simple.

“Now I am became Death, the destroyer of worlds.” – J. Robert Oppenheimer

 

Online Vs Offline Education

This is one of the most common topics nowadays on all social media like Facebook, WhatsApp, Twitter, Instagram, and also in newspapers, articles, etc… While some opt for online education and others opt for offline education. There are certain advantages to both. Let’s see some of them.

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Online Education

Online education is not something that was established just after covid. It has existed before the coronavirus too, but the need for online education is not there. It was a highly considered method during this pandemic due to the inability due to spread the contagious virus. The classes which were conducted with board and chalk are replaced with PowerPoint presentations and mouse cursors. It was a bane to some, while it was a boon to others.

Advantages of Offline education

  1. Environment : May it be a school, college or work place the most important factor is the environment surrounding it. It is the environment that gives us the exposure and the needed opportunities and chances to fall and raise again. Even if we fall, we will definitely will have someone to pull up again and there are will be some who will share their experiences on the current field.
  2. Doubt Solving : In Offline, anyone can ask doubts to teachers and professors at any time. There is no need of waiting for the right place and the right time. Either as a school student or a college student , we can ask doubts at the period at that time itself.
  3. Guidance : We can always ask our doubts to our seniors who had experienced similar situations. There will be no barrier between them and us.
  4. Discipline : Discipline is one of the core principles of life and it will be taught only in offine education. Everyone will be regular to their respective places , maintaining obedience and discipline. The value of discipline is not realised until the 20’s. It will make us reach heights of life even we wouldn’t have dreamed about it.
  5. Consistency : Consistency comes together with people who are disciplined. Consistency is the way to learn any skill and be talented in that. It will not be a problem for disciplined people since they follow it everyday and keeps their day productive as possible.

Advantages of Online education

  1. Recorded Sessions : The main advantage of online education is the videos can be seen any number of times at any place. If some doubt sarises, we can refer the videos. Most of the online classes nowadays are recorded to provide the students this wonderful facility to clear doubts.
  2. Time Saving : Online classes saves a lot of time such as travelling time. Students can use this time to upskill themselves and to be productive.

Disadvantages of Online education

  1. Non-availability of Phone : Even though online education is a convenient,flexible and cost efective method of education, not everyone can afford smart devices like Phone, Laptop, Tablet etc… This disadvantages is mainly for people who face difficulty in even afford daily expenses. This was quite proven in many places during this pandemic.
  2. Network facilities : After Smart devices, internet facility is another important thing to see online classes.
  3. Lack of Discipline
  4. Lazyness
  5. Losing the ability to think
  6. Increased usage of devices

Conclusion

Each has its own advantages and disadvantages. If we think and follow online classes just like offline classes, the productivity will be maximum and there will be no issue .

Nikola Tesla’s Inventions – Working of AC current

“I don’t care that they stole my idea, I care that they don’t have any of their own”, said by one of the greatest inventors to have ever lived, the Serbian inventor Nikola Tesla who developed the framework for modern-day electrical engineering. When Nikola Tesla began work at Edison’s DC (direct current) power plant in the United States, his new employer was not interested in his ideas for a new type of power called AC (alternating current). At the time DC was the only electrical supply, but it could only be transmitted across short distances before it lost power. To Edison, AC sounded like competition and he persuaded Tesla to work on improving his DC system by offering him a huge sum of money. But when Tesla had done what he had been asked, Edison reneged on his promise. Tesla resigned and returned to his AC power concepts. DC power is constant and moves in one direction and the resistance in wires causes it to lose power over distance. AC power does not have this problem as it varies in current so the resistance is less, and yet it varies in current so the resistance is less, and yet it delivers the same amount of power.

How AC current works?

In an atom, the negatively charged electrons are bound to the nucleus due to their electromagnetic attraction to the oppositely charged nucleus. But the electrons in the outer most shell called valence shell can sometimes become free due to external forces. These electrons that escape from the valence shell are called free electrons and they can move from one atom to another. This movement is called charge and the flow of electric charge is called electricity. Materials that allows many electrons to move freely are conductors and don’t allow are called insulators. That why copper is a great conductor. Alternating current would flow back and forth 50-60 times per second, this is called the frequency. Even though Thomas Edison one of the famous and powerful men of the 19th century, he tried his best to compete with Tesla. The mathematic formula of the current is P = I×V, with this formula, the same amount of power can be transmitted either at high current and low voltage or low current and high voltage. But when you transmit current through wires, there will be also loss of heat. To overcome this problem, we have to higher the voltage to reduce the heat loss.

In modern electric power grids, electricity is transmitted at hundreds of thousands of volts. But the voltage cannot be this high when it arrives at your home. So a transformer steps down this high voltage to typically between 100 and 240 volts. The step down process of AC current is way easier than the DC current. Transformers require a time varying voltage to function, and since direct current is constant, and only alternating current is time varying, transformers like these only work with AC electricity. In Edison and Tesla’s time, there was no easy way to transform voltage with direct current. And this is the primary reason Tesla’s AC won out over Edison’s DC in the early era of electrical transmission.

AC current – a scientific breakthrough

This made AC power more cost effective, as fewer power plants were needed. Entrepreneur George Westinghouse saw the potential of Tesla’s AC power and bought his patents for AC motors. Edison began a propaganda war in an attempt to keep DC power on top, but it was inevitable that ac power would win. Almost all electricity is now delivered as Tesla’s AC power. Edison’s place in history as an inventor and electrician is secure. But in many ways Tesla went even further. He envisioned fluorescent lights, technology of the radio, and remote control. Nikola Tesla was one of the most forward thinking, and dynamic visionaries that ever lived.

“If your hate could be turned into electricity, it would light up the whole world”. – Nikola Tesla