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In the midst of the corona epidemic, the number of patients of monkeypox is also increasing rapidly. Monkeypox has knocked in many countries of the world including India. It is an infectious disease, which is caused by contact with an infected person or animal. According to experts, monkeypox belongs to the orthopoxvirus family, which looks like smallpox. This also includes the variola virus. Small pox is caused by this virus. Monkeypox in animals first appeared in the year 1958. When monkeypox infection was found in monkeys. At the same time, in the year 1970, for the first time in humans, monkeypox was found in a child of Congo. Whereas, after the eradication of smallpox in the year 1980, it has emerged as a serious problem. Come, know everything about this disease- How does monkeypox spread?According to the CDC, monkeypox is spread due to contact with infected fluid from the body of an animal or person suffering from monkeypox, bites, touches, etc. In particular, it is more spread by rats, squirrels and monkeys. At the same time, there is a risk of monkeypox by touching the things kept around the person suffering from monkeypox. Apart from this, monkeypox is also caused by having physical relations with a person who is already suffering. symptoms of monkeypox -fever -headache -muscle pain -back pain -Swollen lymph nodes – chills -Exhaustion -skin eruption – body rash -sore throat – frequent coughing – lethargy – itching problem
Prevention from monkeypox. For this, first of all follow the guidelines issued by the government. If you are suffering from monkeypox, then definitely get the smallpox vaccine. To prevent infection, keep distance from the infected person. Do not panic if you see the symptoms of monkeypox, but contact the doctor immediately. Wash hands with soap and clean water after coming in contact with an infected person. Apart from this, make sure to use sanitizer. Do keep a sanitizer with you. Wear a mask while leaving the house. Treatment of monkeypox There is currently no cure for monkeypox. Get vaccinated against smallpox if you have monkeypox.Keep in touch with the doctor. Disclaimer: Story tips and suggestions are for general information. Do not take these as advice from a doctor or medical professional. In case of symptoms of illness or infection, consult a doctor.
Yamaha Electric Scooter: Yamaha India has been working on its first electric scooter for a long time.It may come to India under the name Neo.Now the company has released a timeline regarding the time of its launch, in which it has been said to launch it by 2025.Along with this, the company is in the process of deciding whether to assemble it in India itself or bring it through the CBU route.Let us tell you that Yamaha is also working on a new E01 electric scooter, which was showcased a while back.Yamaha Electric Scooter: Engine Power This electric scooter from Yamaha will be brought with a removable battery pack.In this, you will get two battery packs of 50.4 V and 19.2 V and will be connected to a 2.5 kW electric motor.Talking about its range, the company has claimed that you can run this electric scooter up to 70 kilometers on a single charge. Yamaha Electric Scooter: Design Yamaha’s electric scooter is already sold in some of the European markets coming to Taiwan, which gives little information about its looks. The model sold in the global market comes in a slick look.In terms of design, the scooter gets a host of features including an all-LED lighting system, alloy wheels and 27-litre underseat storage.At the same time, features like fully digital LCD instrument console, smart key integration with smartphone connectivity are also seen in this e-scooter.Reportedly called the Neo, the electric scooter also gets conventional telescopic front forks and a rear monoshock.It was launched in the European market with a price of 3,099 Euro (about Rs 2.58 lakh).Because of this, the Indian variant is expected to fall in the affordable range.
The mind is the essence of the brain, so it is very important for a person to be mentally balanced in order to have a healthy mind and body.World Brain Day or “World Brain Day” is celebrated on July 22 each year.On this day disorders of the brain are determined and how it can be kept healthy.Neurological problems can become a major cause of intellectual disabilities.Billions of people around the world are affected by this type of disease.Therefore, one should know what is necessary to keep the brain healthy.It can prevent many types of brain diseases (brain disorders).On World Brain Day
1, learn how to keep your brain healthy.Exercise Daily to Keep Your Brain Healthy To keep your brain healthy and active, take just 15-20 minutes of exercise 4 to 5 days a week.This improves memory and problems like stress, depression stay far away.
2.Getting enough sleep to keep the brain healthy Sleep is very important to maintaining our mental health.Due to its deficiency, there is a possibility of getting diseases such as heart problems, weight gain, diabetes and high blood pressure. dr RC Mishra, Director, Neuroscience, Ujala Cygnus Group of Hospitals, says: “Diseases such as diabetes, heart disease, stroke and high blood pressure negatively impact brain health, so avoiding stroke and other problems related to chronic conditions is important to prevent Get eight hours of sleep a day and eat a balanced diet. Exercise regularly to keep your brain healthy.In addition, protect the brain from external influences. Use a helmet.People who already suffer from brain disease should be given equal access to resources, care and rehabilitation.”
3.Quitting smoking to keep the brain healthy According to a study, smoking cigarettes activates the cortex part of the brain, leading to thinning.The cortex forms the outer surface of the brain.Due to its thinness, it affects the ability to think.So quit this habit as soon as possible.
4.Relax the brain to keep it healthy.The habit of enduring stress too much and the all the time increases the risk of dementia along with Alzheimer’s.So try to keep your mind free.Take some time out of your busy schedule and meditate.Don’t hesitate to seek professional help if needed. Dr (Prof.) Sumit Sinha, Director – Spine and Neurosurgery, Paras Hospital, Gurugram says: “The brain is the main part of our body.Even the smallest damage to the brain can cause problems with memory, feeling, and even speech.Anyone can suffer from brain problems.These problems can also happen to you because of an injury or trauma, a tumor, even old age, or someone else in the family who has had this disease before.So take good care of your health. To ensure that everyone has access to diagnosis, treatment and care for brain diseases, we should put more emphasis on quality neurology and brain health and implement a national health policy to prevent such diseases.” 5. Be Social to Keep Your Brain Healthy Social people tend to live happier and longer than when they are alone.So socialize a little, spend time with friends and family.Share important things with them Brain healthy and active.
OPPO Youtube Channel Block: Smartphone brand Oppo (OPPO) was embarrassed Monday night when the official OPPO India YouTube channel during the live streaming of the launch event of the OPPO Reno 8 series smartphone. Has been suspended. Let us inform you that the launch of OPPO’s flagship smartphone OPPO Reno 8, OPPO Reno 8 Pro, OPPO Pad Air tablet and TWS earphones OPPO Enco X2 took place on July 18 at 6 p.m. , at the same time for violating the Rules of YouTube.OPPO India official YouTube channel has been shut down. Channel banned for violating YouTube rules After that, a notice was issued on OPPO’s YouTube channel that the channel was blocked for violating YouTube’s terms of service. So far, however, no information has been provided by Oppo on this matter. why youtube channel was blocked There is news that the smartphone of the OPPO Reno8 series was compared with Oppo’s Apple iPhone, against which it was postponed after the complaint on the company’s channel. Earlier, smartphone brand Oppo faced controversy over Rs 4,389 crore of tax evasion.Oppo was subpoenaed on this matter by order of the Directorate of Revenue Intelligence (DRI). The launch of these products, including the Oppo Rena 8 smartphone Two flagship smartphones Oppo Reno 8 5G and Oppo Reno 8 Pro 5G (OPPO Reno 8 Pro 5G) have been launched by Oppo. Both smartphones have an amazing portrait camera.Also, Oppo has launched its first tablet OPPO Pad Air and TWS earphones OPPO Enco X2.
OPPO Youtube Channel Block: Smartphone brand Oppo (OPPO) was embarrassed Monday night when the official OPPO India YouTube channel during the live streaming of the launch event of the OPPO Reno 8 series smartphone. Has been suspended. Let us inform you that the launch of OPPO’s flagship smartphone OPPO Reno 8, OPPO Reno 8 Pro, OPPO Pad Air tablet and TWS earphones OPPO Enco X2 took place on July 18 at 6 p.m. , at the same time for violating the Rules of YouTube.OPPO India official YouTube channel has been shut down. Channel banned for violating YouTube rules After that, a notice was issued on OPPO’s YouTube channel that the channel was blocked for violating YouTube’s terms of service. So far, however, no information has been provided by Oppo on this matter. why youtube channel was blocked There is news that the smartphone of the OPPO Reno8 series was compared with Oppo’s Apple iPhone, against which it was postponed after the complaint on the company’s channel. Earlier, smartphone brand Oppo faced controversy over Rs 4,389 crore of tax evasion.Oppo was subpoenaed on this matter by order of the Directorate of Revenue Intelligence (DRI). The launch of these products, including the Oppo Rena 8 smartphone Two flagship smartphones Oppo Reno 8 5G and Oppo Reno 8 Pro 5G (OPPO Reno 8 Pro 5G) have been launched by Oppo. Both smartphones have an amazing portrait camera.Also, Oppo has launched its first tablet OPPO Pad Air and TWS earphones OPPO Enco X2.
The pandemic seems to be excellent at ruining all possible vacation plans. Today, I was particularly missing the thrill and excitement of travelling and as a result, found myself walking down memory lane. So, I remembered my trip to Paris and the Louvre museum and I couldn’t help but think about my experience there.
It was the chilly autumn of 2019 when my family and I made the visit to France and Belgium. When in Paris, visiting the Louvre is a must and so, visit the Louvre we did!
The pyramid-shaped museum would take at least a week to explore entirely and while giving it the credit it is due, however, we had just an evening to achieve this monumental task. So, like most tourists, we moved to visit only the highlights and then the souvenir store to make sure it is known that we were in Paris.
Not unexpectedly, there is only one thing that all tourists were dying to see- the Mona Lisa. The Mona Lisa is an overly-hyped-up portrait painted by Leonardo da Vinci. Chances are that even a painting and art-based amateur would be familiar with the Mona Lisa. The excitement and anticipation built up as we feverishly made our way toward the famous painting. We made it to the room housing the golden portrait, however, for a minute, we thought we had the wrong room (despite the crowd). Why did we think that? Well, the reason was that we couldn’t see the painting anywhere despite the clamouring tourists.
Everyone seems to have built-in their heads the notion that the Mona Lisa was a massive painting. It comes as an unexpected and underwhelming surprise to note that it is quite small. In fact, it is so small that it is hard to see even when you’re right in front of it. It is merely a painting you experience for a few fleeting moments before being asked to move on.
And that is the underwhelming and slightly disappointing truth about the Mona Lisa. Despite this, if you ever find yourself in Paris, don’t hold yourself back from going to the Louvre as it is still a truly magical experience!
John Green is a beloved Young Adult Contemporary Fiction author and is without a shadow of a doubt one of my favourites as well. One of the things I loved the most about his novels is the fact that he truly gave each character their own voice (whilst writing in the first person). Along with perfectly heart-wrenching plot lines, John Green quickly grew close to my heart. Here are my three favourite John Green novels!
#3- Paper Towns
One of the things John Green does the best is showcase contrast in all its various forms- whether it is between expectations and reality or simply two characters. The contrast between the lives of Quentin and Margo combined with this really makes Paper Towns a memorable read.
I finished this particular one in one sitting when I was fourteen. A wild-goose-chase with plot twists around every corner makes a riveting read thus justifying its position in my top 3 books.
#2- The Fault in Our Stars
Owing to its popularity, it may be surprising to some that this book is not my #1 favourite John Green novel. While not occupying that coveted spot, The Fault in Our Stars is, in my opinion, a modern classic and also the perfect introduction to John Green’s writing. It is a perfect example of how Green manages to make every character reach the readers’ hearts and make what might seem like a cliche story, an unexpected, beautiful, and real love story.
The Fault in Our Stars was the first John Green book that I- and several others, I am sure- read. The tragic and heart-wrenching story of Hazel Grace and Gus holds a special place in my heart.
#1- Looking for Alaska
Looking for Alaska was the most surprising John Green book that I have ever read- there were changes along the road that I could have never seen coming. Of all books, this one really showcases how out-of-control life can actually be. All of the characters are so very flawed and not even in ways in which everyone can relate to. Somehow, I believe that the characters of this novel are the most likeable out of all of John Green’s novels.
This book is written in a Before/After format and we spend the entire first half of the book in anticipation of what could possibly happen while slowly falling in love with the characters and their lives. Alaska’s death is probably one of the most heart-breaking events in the John Green universe but I wouldn’t have it any other way!
As the name suggests “Incurable India” is a documentary which talks about the basic health issues in India and unfolds many stories of private and public hospitals. The title is very well suited for the documentary and has a deeper meaning than just those two words.
The documentary is directed by Umesh Agarwal which focuses on the poor quality of health facilities in India despite having the best doctors who are exported to other countries and having the largest number of medical colleges and institutions in the world. The main cause of this problem is overpopulation.
It starts with giving a brief about the country, with soothing music. The documentary starts with praising India’s doctors and facilities then criticizing it by pointing out the problem. It talks about various real life problems which poor class people go through in public hospitals. They have to stand in long queues to get their token, even after standing for so long, you are never sure if you’ll get the token or not. Amit after getting his check up done, gets a waiting of 2 years for his operation. As we see, this is a problem of overpopulation. It not only shows the reality of public hospitals but also of private hospitals, how rich people, who can afford such high fi facilities, are scammed.
The two stories are mixed, one of AIIMS, New Delhi, about a man named Amit and a woman named Smrita who belong to a rural area. The stories are shown simultaneously without having any dots which connect each other. It would have been better if both stories were shown separately.
Also, the one problem that I noticed was, bad camera quality at various places. It looked as if the scene had been recorded from a phone. Good camera quality would have resulted in better delivery of the message. But despite the flaws in this documentary, it shows the harsh truth and reality of what goes on in private hospitals. How people are being used and scammed for money.
It shows the efforts, time and thought put into this documentary for the world to know the reality of Indian hospitals. I would say, here the director acts as an investigative journalist who showed us all the scam of private hospitals and brought to us nothing but truth. My mind was angry the moment I finished watching it. I hadn’t thought or could ever think that people would risk each other’s health for the sake of money.
It has less views on YouTube and it is quite underrated. I think more people should watch it and it should reach a larger audience. So, people are aware and can act accordingly in a similar situation. It is the reality check of Indian hospitals, which everyone should watch.
Students play a very important role in removing illiteracy. … This is because the students are responsible for ensuring they themselves are engaged in the learning process and in ensuring that they become enlightened to be able to help others on coming out illiteracy. In this modern age there are several ways to ensure you don’t miss out on education and end up in poverty.
Without students being available and ready to learn, teacher would be wasting their time and at the end of the day they would not have someone to teach. It is very unfortunate some students cannot access education due to poverty or other life situations that hinder them from participating in the education process. But one thing that is important to note that for there to be eradication of illiteracy the students themselves must be willing and available to partake of this treasure. The thirst for education or for learning is what is required for one or a nation to eradicate illiteracy. This means that even that are in poverty, they need to be willing to learn even from their counterparts that have access to education. This means that access to education is readily available in this contemporary world is readily available. Therefore from this alone one is able to understand that students play a very important role in eradicating poverty. Students can play an imperative part in expelling lack of education as they have a lot of time.In summer vacations they can give several hours to instruct the uneducated people in regions or towns close to their residence. They can stir the uneducated people in living aptitudes, appropriate cleanliness, childcare, and sustenance. Additionally, they can evacuate particularly the social wrongs from the psyche of ignorant people like visually impaired faith in superstitions, religious bias, communalism and limited – mindedness.
They can educate about the significance of being illiterate.They can get to different plans of the administration for their inspiration and growth. they can render it better with the assistance of educational organizations, National Literacy Mission, NGOs and social gatherings.
A country wants to achieve the goal of 100% literacy, it will have to involve the students in the literacy programmes.
Each one teach one is a famous historical proverb that originated in America before the declaration of the Emancipation Declaration. The black people did not have privileges to education. Thus, this campaign ‘each one teach one’ was launched to educate the colored people. The few educated black people taught as many uneducated people as was possible.
There are very less people in this world who will stay by your side always or help you always. But still, they exist. I’m glad that I had encountered with such person. So, when I was in 8th grade I shifted to a new school in a different city. Being a quite introverted person I always had problems while meeting new people or adjusting to new environment. I always take time to get comfortable with new people.
That same thing happened on my first day in the new school. I was not able converse with other students. Some even made fun of me. I almost believed that this is worst day of my life. I was feeling humiliated but then a girl approached me and tried to talk to me. At first I thought she must be here to make fun of me like others but she just wanted to be friends with me. I accepted her offer and slowly we become close.
She was very good at studies so she helped me with my studies and she often provided me with notes if I was absent in school. We used to play many games during our free time. She also helped me with my projects and assignments. Slowly we became best friends, we would often visit each others’ houses. I felt no longer lonely with her. On days, when I felt miserable and giving up she would motivate me and helped me to stay calm.
She was literally the best person I’ve ever met. Her interests were in literature so she used to write a lot about various topics and things. She was very ambitious towards her goal which used to inspire me a lot. Whenever someone tried to break our friendship She always stayed my side and never left me. Even after so many years when I think about our friendship, I feel really blessed to have such friend.
Innumerable theories are formulated by Haberler , Ohlin , Samuelson , Leontief , Hecksher and many others dealing with the macro and micro parts of international trade .
The principle of Comparative Cost theory by Ricardo, despite being the basis of international trade, has been criticized by many economists . Ricardo’s theory of comparative cost is based on the labour theory of value which means that labour is the only factor of production and labour is homogeneous . Such assumptions are found to be unrealistic .
Gottfired Haberler ‘ s theory of opportunity cost overcomes these shortcomings and explains the doctrine of the theory in terms of ” the substitution curve’ ‘ or as Samuelson entitled it as ” production possibility curve “or “transformation curve ” .
Lerner called it the ” production indifference curve ” or ” production frontier .”
Haberler’s theory is found to be more realistic .
The Theory of Opportunity cost
Opportunity cost is the value of loss when choosing between two or more commodities.
To elaborate more , The opportunity cost theory says that if a country can produce either commodity X or Y , the opportunity cost of commodity X is the amount of the other commodity Y that must be given up in order to get one additional unit of commodity X .
The exchange ratio between the two commodities is expressed in terms of their opportunity costs . The decrease in the quantity of the second commodity represents the opportunity cost of the additional quantity of the given commodity.
Haberler used the concept of opportunity cost with production possibility curves to illustrate international trade theory.
Assumptions :-
The following assumptions are formulated by Haberler to illustrate the theory :-
• There are only two countries , (A,B) • Each country possesses two factors of production – labour and capital. • Each country can produce two commodities , ( X and Y ,) • There is perfect competition in both the factor and commodity markets . • The price of each commodity equals its marginal money costs . • The price of each factor equals its marginal value productivity in each employment . • The supply of each factor is fixed . • Factors are immobile between the two countries. •. There is no change in technology . • Trade between the two countries is completely free and unrestricted.
Key terms :-
Production possibility curve :-
A production possibility curve or transformation curve is the curve that shows various combinations of two goods that can be produced with available amounts of resources . Production possibility curve shows that if an economy wants to produce more of one commodity ,it will have to transfer or divert resources from the production of another commodity to produce the one .
Different points on the production possibility curve show different combinations of the two goods . Points outside the curve are unattainable because of the scarce quantity of resources available.
Marginal Cost of Production :- The marginal cost of production measures the change in the total cost of a good that arises from producing one additional unit of that good.
Marginal Rate Of Transformation :- The marginal rate of transformation is the number of units of one product that can be increased by reducing the quantity of another product. It shows the number of goods that will be foregone to produce an additional unit of other goods while keeping the factors of production constant.
Comparative advantages: – A country can produce one commodity at a lower cost than the other because of comparative advantages such as favourable climate, natural resources, geographical situation and efficiency of labour.
Explanation Of the Opportunity Cost Theory
The production possibility curve indicates such combinations of two commodities . The shape of the production possibility curve determines the basis and the gain from international trade under the theory of opportunity curve .
The slope of the production possibility curve is determined by the ratio of units of the commodity given up in order to have one unit of the other commodity i.e by Marginal rate of transformation. (MRT)
MRT xy = ∆Y/ ∆X , where ,
X and Y are being produced by a country and some quantities of labour and capital input are used from the production of Y into the production process of commodity X.
Trade can take place only when each nation has a different MRT. The gains from trade for a particular nation depend on how much the international exchange rates differ from that nation’s MRT. The greater the difference, the greater is the gains from trade. The gains from trade rest further upon the amount of trade taking place. A larger volume of trade allows larger gains from trade and a greater increase in the standard of living.
Following the assumptions , two countries say A and B enter into a trade together .
Two commodities X and Y are being produced by using various alternative combinations that a country can produce most efficiently by fully utilising it’s factor of production i.e labour and capital ,are homogeneous , with the available technology in the fixed proportion due to perfect substitutability .
Conditions :-
1: Trade under Constant Opportunity Cost
The production possibility curve under constant opportunity cost is a straight line .
In the figure , PA is the production possibility curve of country A , PB is the production possibility curve of country B .
Country A can produce either OP of Y , or OA of X
Similarly , Country B can produce OP of Y OB of X .
The slope of the production possibility curve determines the relative price of the two commodities , since the opportunity cost of leaving a unit of one commodity in order to have an additional unit of another is constant , the cost ratio ( relative price ) is the same on all the points on the production possibility curve.
Since , the MRT is constant i.e the slope of the production possibility curve is also constant, trade between the two countries is not possible as no country stands to gain through the trade .
Trade Under Increasing Opportunity Cost :-
The production possibility curve under the increasing opportunity cost is concave to the origin because when a country specialises in the production of one commodity ,in which it possesses comparative advantage ,its opportunity costs increase .
In the above figure , AA1 is the production possibility curve of country A which is concave to the origin . The slope of this curve shows that country A will specialise in the production of commodity X . The larger amount of commodity Y will be given up to have additional amount of commodity X as we move from point A to A1 Thus ,the country faces increasing opportunity costs .
BB1 is the production possibility curve of a country which is concave to the origin . The slope of this curve shows that country B will specialise in the production of commodity Y. The larger amount of commodity Y will be given up to hsv additional amount of commodity Y as we move from B1` to B . Thus , the country faces increasing opportunity costs.
Let us assume the international price ratio is given by the line PL in country A , and PL1 in country B.
The slope of line PL is greater than domestic price line aa ,making commodity X expensive in international market than in domestic market and resulting in the interest of country A to shift some factor of production from the production of commodity Y to commodity X , moving it’s production level from point K to point E.
It will export TR of X and import QS of Y , domestically consuming OT of X ,and OQ of Y . The export and import can be shown by the “trade triangle ” CDE .
The slope of line PL1 is less steep than domestic price line bb ,making commodity Y expensive in international market than in domestic market and resulting in the interest of country B to shift some factor of production from the production of commodity X to commodity Y , moving it’s production level from point K1 to point E1
It will import D1C1 of X and export D1E1 of Y , domestically consuming OS1 of Y ,and OR1 of X. The export and import can be shown by the “trade triangle ” C1E1D1.
Trade Under Constant Decreasing :-
When two countries experience decreasing opportunity costs their production possibility curves are convex to the origin. Under decreasing opportunity costs , each country completely specialises in the production of only one commodity after trade because there are increasing returns based on internal economies of production .
In the figure , The production possibility curve of country A is AA 1 and B is BB1.
The pre trade production and consumption point of country A is K where it’s domestic price line aa is tangent to its production possibility curve and country B is K1 , where it’s domestic price line bb is tangent to its production possibility curve.
The international price line being BA1, if both the countries enter the trade , BA1 is steeper than the domestic line of country A , making X more expensive in the international market and resulting in shifting of resources of production to X from K to A1 .
On the other hand , the international price line BA1 is flatter than the domestic price line bb of the country making Y commodity expensive in the international market than in the domestic market and resulting in shifting of resources of production to commodity Y and moving from K1 to B .
Thus , country A will completely specialise in commodity X and B in commodity Y . Now both the countries will move along with the international price line BA1, Country A from A to point A1 upward , country B from B to point B1 downward and reach point C in consumption.
Note :-
The straight line tangent represents :-
‘A straight line tangent to the transformation curve indicates the ratio of market prices of the two commodities, and the condition of tangency expresses equilibrium in production, that is, equality between prices and marginal costs stated in opportunity terms. Domestic demand conditions enter into this construction via community indifference curves, or simply as a consumption point determined by a given arrangement of production and income distribution.”
Finally, tangency of a line representing the equilibrium international price ratio to both transformation function and community indifference curve indicates equilibrium in exchange, that is:
(i) Equality domestically between the marginal rate of substitution in consumption and marginal rate of transformation in production, and
(ii) Equality of the value of exports and the value of imports.
Critical Appraisal
As an alternative to classical comparative theory , the opportunity cost theory is more realistic .
The opportunity cost theory analyses pre- trade and post – trade situations under constant , increasing and decreasing opportunity cost whereas comparative advantage theory is based on constant cost of production within a country and comparative advantage and disadvantage between two countries.
Jacob Viber in his ” Studies in The Theory of International Trade ” ( 1937) criticized the opportunity cost theory of values which is the basis of Haberler’s theory . Some of his criticism were :-
• Neglecting of welfare • Failure in measuring in terms of strain , sacrifice or disutility. • Neglecting Change in Factors of Supplies . • Unrealistic Assumptions .
Despite criticism ,the opportunity cost theory has been regarded as more fertile because it can be readily extended into a general equilibrium system .
Evolution was in the air and developmental thinking can be found in a variety of different fields.
The word evolution was borrowed from Latin ēvolūtiō, ēvolūtiōnis, which means , “the act of unrolling, unfolding or opening .
Evolution is a process full of complexity . Evolution is a principle of internal growth . It shows not merely what happens to a thing but also what happens within it .
Their term evolution is borrowed from the biological science of sociology ,Frome the term ” organic evolution ” . Whereas organic evolution is used to denote the evolution of organisms ,social evolution is used to denote the evolution of human society .
Herbert Spencer (27 April 1820 – 8 December 1903) was an English philosopher, biologist, anthropologist, and sociologist famous for his hypothesis of social Darwinism.
Spencer in his essay “The Social Organism”, stated that the social organism itself is subject to evolutionary developments as a separate entity and much of the idea that societies, like individual organisms, “spontaneously evolved” .
On passing from Humanity under its individual form, to Humanity as socially embodied, social evolution can be exemplified .
Spencer said , “Evolution is an integration of matter and concomitant dissipation of motion, during which the matter passes from an indefinite, incoherent homogeneity to a definite, coherent heterogeneity and during which the retained motion undergoes a parallel transformation.”
One of the most important contribution of Herbert Spencer to Sociology is the theory of evolution
His principles included physical and biological evolution in order to elaborate and explain his theory of Social evolution. He sketches a comprehensive account of evolution of the inorganic, organic, and human and social realms.
He stated , “In respect to that progress which individual organisms display in the course of their evolution,”
He explained this course of evolution through , the development of a seed into a tree, or an ovum into an animal, constitute an advance from homogeneity of structure to heterogeneity of structure .
He continue with, the change from the homogeneous to the heterogeneous is displayed in the progress of civilization as a whole, as well as in the progress of every nation; and is still going on with increasing rapidity.
Spencer adopted his principle of evolution from naturalistCharles Darwin, who developed the concept of evolution in his “Origin of Species” in 1859.
Herbert Spencer, used Darwin’s theory and applied it to how societies change and evolve .According to Spencer societies were bound to change automatically .
Spencer in his theory applied a comparison of societies with organisms that progress through changes similar to that of a living species.
He included three types of systems where societies can be compared to organisms .
The first system is the regulative system. In animals, that would be the central nervous system and in societies, it would be a government that regulates everything.
The second system is the sustaining system. For animals, that’s the giving and receiving of nourishment. For societies, that would be industry – jobs, money, economy and those sorts of things.
The third system would be the distribution system. In animals, that would be the veins and arteries. In societies, it would be roads, transportation, internet – anything in which information and goods and services are exchanged.
“Survival of the fittest” expounded by Darwin was highly believed by him . According to Spencer only strong creatures survive and evolve; only strong makes progress. And that animal has to struggle to preserve its existence.
All universal phenomena-inorganic, organic, super organic—are subject to the natural law of evolution.
A definite pattern of change is followed by all the phenomena of nature—the stars and planetary systems, the earth and all terrestrial phenomena, biological organisms and the development of species, all the psychological and sociological processes of human experience.
Herbert Spencer includes physical evolution in the form of indefinite incoherent situations to definite and coherent situations. The underlying principles of physical evolution are a movement from simple to complex and homogeneity to heterogeneity.
According to him , following the Darwin theory of ” Survival of fittest ” the biological evolution only those creatures survive in the struggle for existence who are able to make effective adjustment with changing circumstances.
Herbert Spencer utilized these two principles, physical and biological evolution in order to explain social evolution.
Spencer’s theory of social evolution points out to two stages:
1. The movement from simple to compound societies.
This movement from simple to compound societies can be seen in four types of societies in terms of evolutionary levels
2. Change from militant society to industrial society.
According to Spencer, the law of evolution is the supreme law of every becoming. From the analysis of biological evolution Spencer established the theory of evolution. He argued that the evolution of human societies, far from being different from other evolutionary phenomena. It is a special case of a universally applicable natural law.
According to some social thinkers Herbert Spencer’s has several criticism , They said that theory lacks practicability and is realistic. It also lacks uniformity. Qualities like sympathy, sacrifice, kindness, love etc. are of much Importance in human survival . These are quite different from the struggle for existence.
Despite of several criticism Spencer Theory of Evolution is the fundamental base for understanding evolution of man and society .
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