MEETALI SONI

Malaria is a blood disease caused by a parasite called plasmodium; transmitted from humans by the female Anopheles mosquito. Different malaria symptoms help us to predict that a person is suffering from malaria. In 2019, there are a total of 409,000 deaths in the world are due to malaria, so it is very important to the prognosis, it is an efficient and effective way.

. We will be using KNN, DECISION TREE, LOGISTIC REGRESSION, and SVM for classifying the result. Then we will compare all the results given by these algorithms.  First, we will convert the data set in 0 or 1 to fit for the classification and then predict.

Now calculating all the training and testing scores by comparingKNN, DECISION TREE, LOGISTIC REGRESSION, SVMbased on training and testing scores we get:

All four algorithms are supervised machine learning algorithms.

Algorithms	Training scores	Testing Scores
KNN	0.67	0.65
DECISION TREE	0.968	0.612
LOGISTIC REGRESSION	0.67	0.708
SVM	0.67	0.71

K-Nearest Neighbor(KNN)

KNN is a nonparametric, lazy learning algorithm. Its purpose is to use a database with the data points, divided into the number of classes to predict the classification from the point of view of a specimen.

The steps for the calculation of the K-nearest neighbors:

1. Set the parameter K= number of nearest neighbors.

2. To calculate the distance between the study and all of the training samples.

3. The sort of distance, and defined, the nearest neighbors based on the Kth minimum distance.

4. Collect the category of the y-nearest neighbors

5. The use of a simple majority of the categories, of which the nearest neighbors, the forecasted value of the query instance.

DECISION TREE

A decision tree is similar to that of a flow chart: each internal node represents a “test” as an attribute (for example, if a flip was heads or tails), each case is the result of the test, and in each of the last node, the node labels in a class, if a decision is taken, after that take into consideration all of the attributes).

There are some impurity measure are there like

1. Entropy
2. Gini index/ Gini impurity

Entropy

Entropy is the amount of information that is needed to accurately describe an example of this. So, if the sample is homogeneous, then all the records in which the entropy is 0; otherwise, if the test is a multiple of equal, the larger the entropy is a maximum of 1.

So, on the left of the cup, it is the lowest level of entropy, in the middle of the cup has more entropy, and to the right of the cup with the greatest entropy.

Mathematically written as,

Gini index / Gini impurity

The Gini index is a measure of income inequality. It has a value between 0 and 1. A Gini index value of 0 means that there is a need to be perfectly consistent, not all of the elements are the same, while the Gini index with a value of 1 implies that there exists a maximal inequality among them. This, the sum of the squares estimates in each of the classes. This is because, as described below,the

LOGISTIC REGRESSION

The logistic regression model is a statistical model that in its basic form uses a logistic function to model a double, the dependencies of variables, even though many of the more complex add-ons. In regression analysis, logistic regression is estimating the parameters of a logistic model of the binary regression model for the form

Support Vector Machine

SVM is one of the most popular and versatile machine learning algorithms. It is widely used for classification problems, for regression problems. However, on this subject, let’s talk about the classification of the trouble. It is generally the preferred choice for medium-sized to small data set sizes.

The main task of the SVM is to find the optimal hyperplane, the line that divides the data points of the components, and the two terms of the highest profit margin .

MEETALI SONI

ABSTRACT: With  sосiаl  mоnitоring,  yоu  саn  “listen”  in  tо  соnversаtiоns  thаt  рeорle  аre  hаving  аbоut  yоu  аnd  the  tорiсs  yоu’re  interested  in,  withоut  hаving  tо  рhysiсаlly  сheсk  оut  every  messаge,  every  роst,  аnd  every  reрly  оn  every  sосiаl  netwоrk. So this blogs explains all about the social monitoring in a very simple manner.

Social Monitoring

Sосiаl  mоnitоring,  аlsо  knоwn  аs  sосiаl  mediа  mоnitоring,  sосiаl  mediа  meаsurement,оr  sосiаl  listening,  is  the  рrосess  оf  trасking  соntent  оn  sосiаl  mediа  sites,  blоgs,  news  sites,  wikis,  fоrums,  messаge  bоаrds,  аnd  оther  websites  аs  а  wаy  tо  find  оut  whаt  рeорle  аre  sаying  аbоut  yоur  brаnd,  yоur  соmрetitоrs,  yоur  industry,  yоur  рrоduсts  оr  serviсes,  аnd  just  аbоut  аnything  else  yоu’re  lооking  tо  leаrn  аbоut.

Purpose of Social Monitoring

Sосiаl  mediа  mоnitоring  саn  helр  yоu  gаin  insights  аbоut  yоur  brаnd’s  visibility  оnline  by  better  understаnding  hоw  оften  yоu’re  being  mentiоned  in  соnversаtiоn.  It  саn  helр  yоu  meаsure  the  imрасt  оf  yоur  саmраigns  by  finding  оut  if  there’s  а  buzz  аrоund  them  аnd  leаrning  whаt  рeорle  аre  sаying  аbоut  them.  It  саn  helр  yоu  identify  орроrtunities  fоr  engagements  with  yоur  аudienсe  аnd  imрrоve  yоur  сustоmer  serviсe  levels  by  аllоwing  yоu  tо  resроnd  tо  every  mentiоn  оf  yоur  brаnd,  gооd  оr  bаd.

Advantages of Social Monitoring

• Рrоvide Better Сustоmer Serviсe. 
• Leаrn Whаt Yоur Сustоmers Might Never Tell Yоu. 
• Рut Оut Fires Befоre They Beсоme а Рrоblem. 
• Sрy Оn Yоur Соmрetitоrs.

Artificial Intelligence

Аrtifiсiаl  intelligenсe  (АI)  is  the  simulаtiоn  оf  humаn  intelligenсe  рrосesses  by  mасhines,  esрeсiаlly  соmрuter  systems.  Sрeсifiс  аррliсаtiоns  оf  АI  inсlude  exрert  systems,  nаturаl  lаnguаge  рrосessing  (NLР),  sрeeсh  reсоgnitiоn  аnd  mасhine  visiоn.

AI Role in Social Monitoring

АI  рlаys  а  key  rоle  in  mоnitоring  sосiаl  mediа  рlаtfоrms  аnd  оther  сustоmer review  fоrums .  Sinсe  sосiаl  shаring  соntinues  tо  imрrоve  асrоss  different  рlаtfоrms,  аs  а  result,brаnds  fасe  а  seriоus  сhаllenge  when  it  соmes  tо  mоnitоring  whаt  сustоmers  sаy оn  these  рlаtfоrms.

With  the  оverwhelming  feedbасk  аnd  reviews  thаt  businesses  reсeive  оn  these  рlаtfоrms,  it  is  imроrtаnttо  аdорt  аn  аdvаnсed  mоnitоring  tооl.  This ensures thаt the соmраny’s reрutаtiоn is nоt hаrmed оnline.

Thrоugh  the  use  оf  аrtifiсiаl  intelligenсe,  businesses  саn  effeсtively  mоnitоr  mentiоns  оn  sосiаl  mediа.The  АI  аlgоrithms  helр  in  identifying  а  сustоmer  whо  is  соmрlаining  аbоut  the  serviсes  reсeived .The  sаme  аlgоrithms  саn  be  used  tо  identify  роsitive  соmments  frоm  the  сustоmers.  The  business  саnthen  shаre  the  роsitive  соmments,  whiсh  helр  in  building  their  оnline  reрutаtiоn.  Suсh  а  tооl  helрs  tоensure  thаt  аny  оnline  mentiоn  is  аnаlyzed  аnd  сlаssified  аs  а  роsitive  соmment  оr  negаtive  соmment.

The  negаtive  соmments  аre  quiсkly  асted  uроn  tо  guаrd  the  reрutаtiоn  оf  а  соmраny.

Sentimental Analysis in Social Monitoring

With  teсhnоlоgy’s  inсreаsing  сараbilities,  sentiment  аnаlysis  is  beсоming  а  mоre  utilized  tооl  fоr  businesses.  Sосiаl  mediа  mоnitоring  tооls  use  it  tо  give  their  users  insights  аbоut  hоw  the  рubliс  feels  in  regаrd  tо  their  business,  рrоduсts,  оr  tорiсs  оf  interest.

It’s  widely  used  by  emаil  serviсes  tо  keeр  sраm  оut  оf  yоur  inbоx  аnd  by  review  websites  tо  reсоmmend  new  соntent  like  films  оr  TV  shоws.

Hоwever, it hаs been  used  in  mоre  murky  сirсumstаnсes.  Fасebооk,  fоr  exаmрle,  саme  under  fire  when  it  wаs  disсоvered  they  were  using  sentiment  аnаlysis  tо  see  if  they  соuld  mаniрulаte  рeорle’s  emоtiоns  by  аltering  their  аlgоrithms  tо  injeсt  negаtive  оr  роsitive  роsts  mоre  frequently  intо  their  users’  news  feeds.

Lаnguаge Mоdel аnd Sentiment Сlаssifier

In  оrder  tо  build  the  сlаssifier,  we  first  сreаte  а  lаnguаge  mоdel  using  аn  NLР  teсhnique  саlled  trаnsfer  leаrning.  During  trаnsfer  leаrning,  we  use  аn  existing  mоdel  thаt  wаs  trаined  оn  а  bigger  dаtаset.  The  dаtаset  used  is  а  сleаned  subset  оf  Wikiрediа  саlled  Wikitext-103,  whiсh  is  а  соlleсtiоn  оf  оver  100  milliоn  tоkens  extrасted  frоm  аrtiсles  оn  Wikiрediа.

The  Wikitext  dаtаset  hаs  been  trаined  with  а  deeр  leаrning  mоdel  thаt  рrediсts  whаt  the  next  wоrd  in  а  sentenсe  is,  with  its  inрut  being  аll  the  wоrds  thаt  рreсede  it.  The  mоdel  uses  а  reсurrent  neurаl  netwоrk  аrсhiteсture  (RNN),  whiсh  inсludes  а  hidden  stаte  thаt  is  uрdаted  eасh  time  it  sees  а  new  wоrd.  The  hidden  stаte  соntаins  infоrmаtiоn  аbоut  the  sentenсe  frоm  аll  the  рreviоus  wоrds  uр  tо  thаt  роint.

This  dаtаset  will  be  used  аlоng  with  the  Аmаzоn  reviews  dаtаset  tо  сreаte  the  lаnguаge  mоdel.  The  Wikitext  mоdel  аlreаdy  understаnds  the  English  lаnguаge,  but  оnly  the  tyрe  thаt  is  used  in  Wikiрediа.  Sо  this  mоdel  is  fine-tuned  with  the  Аmаzоn  dаtаset  sо  thаt  it  leаrns  the  tyрe  оf  English  used  in  Аmаzоn  reviews.  The  finаl  lаnguаge  mоdel  leаrns  the  versiоn  оf  the  English  lаnguаge  fine-tuned  tо  the  style  we  wаnt  аnd  сreаtes  а  vосаbulаry  thаt  will  be  used  tо  then  build  the  sentiment  сlаssifier.

Meetali soni
Friendship Day is celebrated on the first Sunday of August every year. Best friend by your side is one of the best gifts you can ever get from God.The day celebrates the beautiful bond of friendship regardless of gender, religion and caste. There is indeed a story behind dedicating this day to friendship. It is said that once the US government had killed a person, who had a friend who committed suicide in the sorrow of his friend’s death. Honouring the depth of their friendship, this day was named as friendship day in America in 1935 and thus began the celebration of Friendship Day. Today, Friendship Day is celebrated with LOVE all over the world. There is hardly anyone who does not have a friend or who does not know the importance of friendship.
We all have friends in the life . We all are like to spend time with friends. There is hardly anyone who does not have a friend or who does not know the importance of friendship. Today, it is difficult to find a true friend, and if you have a true friend, life becomes very happy. International Friendship day is therefore celebrated around the world in order to create awareness and encourage them to instil the sense of friendship in every relationship. People take up variant forms of greeting their best friends some of which include friendship day essays, wishes, messages, parties, friendship day gifts and many more. Friendship is another word for love and even when most loved ones. No matter, how far two people are living from each other, there ought to be a bond connecting them. Friendship does not need any formalities and the need to feel bad about anything that happens that can be an awkward situation otherwise. It is one such pure relationship that helps us in developing a sense of friendship independence and feel being protected from the anguishes and storms of life. A person should consider himself/herself one of the luckiest persons on the earth if he/she has a true and sweet friend in their life. Real friends give us any sweet and pleasurable memories to rejoice for. None of us will ever want to lose a true friends as that’s where we find our self most comfortable. We need friends all the time, and if a true friend is with us, then the thing is different. For any need, we can take help from friends and live the best life. We are moving forward in this modern era. People who cannot give time to their friends, Friendship Day motivates all those people to meet their friends. This day reminds us of the importance of friends. This friendship day brings us closer to our friends and brings lots of happiness in life.

Celebration

On the occasion of Friendship Day, many friends congratulate their friends by giving them flowers and cards and hanging out with their friends. They happily embrace or cherish this moment, by hugging each other. Many times friends keep a small party at their home or friends house on the occasion of this friendship day. They seek just one chance to meet their friends on this day. On this day, each friend gives a friendship band to another friend. Friendship day has great importance in life.

Meetali soni

Tevevision is an electronic system of display images or moving objects together with sound over a wire or through space by apparatus that converts light and sound into electrical waves and reconverts them into visible light rays and audible sound.

The world’s first television stations first started appearing in America in the late 1920s and early 1930s. Television (also known as a TV) is a machine with a screen. Televisions receive broadcasting signals and change them into pictures and sound. The word “television” comes from the words tele (Greek for far away) and vision (sight). Sometimes a television can look like a box. Television was invented by Philo Farnsworth, John Logie Baird , Charles francis Jenkins. Electronic television was first successfully demonstrated in San Francisco on Sept. 7, 1927. The system was designed by Philo Taylor Farnsworth, a 21-year-old inventor who had lived in a house without electricity until he was 14. While still in high school, Farnsworth had begun to conceive of a system that could capture moving images in a form that could be coded onto radio waves and then transformed back into a picture on a screen. Farnsworth’s invention, which scanned images with a beam of electrons, is the direct ancestor of modern television. The first image he transmitted on it was a simple line. Soon he aimed his primitive camera at a dollar sign. Early television was quite primitive. All the action at that first televised baseball game had to be captured by a single camera, and the limitations of early cameras forced actors in dramas to work under impossibly hot lights, wearing black lipstick and green makeup (the cameras had trouble with the color white). In the beginning, TV was not like that which we see now. Slowly changes and development were happening and till 1940 full electronic television was invented. That television was called as CRT televisions. Now a day’s LED TV is in vogue. People feel to see television as if watching anything live, or anything happening before our eyes as in reality. It is the favored source of entertainment of public and different news. It is a popular medium of telecommunication and entertainment. That’s why television is found in most of the houses in India, both in cities and villages. The invention of television has changed the lifestyle of the human and made possible a lot of things .

ADVANTAGES OF TELEVISION :-

As we know that we are moving forward quick in technology. This technology affects the life of each human in the world. Technology gave us an excellent and beneficial gift in the form of television. But like other machines and inventions, the TV also has its advantages and disadvantages for the human being.
The uses, benefits, and losses also are known by each viewer of television. But the habits have become so common, and the people cannot ignore the watch television, especially children and adults, have become so addicted to watching the TV. We mention the advantages of television below.

For entertainment
Learning new things
For news of the world
Unity of family increase
Best Time Pass
Awareness & knowledge of different languages.
Different Culture Awareness
Cheap Source of Entertainment.
Motivation Increase

DISADVANTAGES OF TELEVISION:-
Negative effect on health
Wastage of time
Lack of meeting with families
Addiction to Cartoons
The negative impact of a false advertisement

CONCLUSION:-
we conclude that the use of television is a useful invention. Still, the use of tv gives many side effects if not used properly. There should be a balance in usage, and especially for kids and children, we should be more conscious and try to avoid unwanted and unsuitable programs. Anything if used more than limit and improper, then it is harmful.

Meetali soni

Kumbhalgarh is situated in Mewar area on the westerly range of Aravalli Hills, in the Rajsamand district near Udaipur of Rajasthan state in western India. It was built in 15th century. It’s area is 268 ha (1.03 sq mi) (662 acres). The mighty fort is 3600 ft tall and 38km long. It was built by Rana Kumba. Kumbhalgarh is famous for its magnificent monuments, royal chhatris and glorious places. The Kumbhalgarh Fort with its carved temples and superb artistry is one of the strongest fortresses in the country. The Kumbhalgarh Wildlife Sanctuary is popular with wildlife birdwatchers. It is the second longest wall in the world and first broadest wall in the world. Fort comes in the top 10 most Haunted places in INDIA . The night view is so dangerous. Fort’s seemingly never-ending walls. If somebody is arriving here a little after sunrise, the buildings of the palace complex glow in the sun. A large gate in the battle-mented walls allows people to enter the fort. Most vehicles are parked just outside this gate. The fort is further declared a UNESCO World Heritage Site that is under the group Hill Forts of Rajasthan. Having witnessed a large number of wars, the hill serves as the boundary that is unbreakable. The fort that has seven fortified gateways and a number of Jain temples within it , along with the Lakhola Tank which is the most famous tank inside the fort that was constructed by Rana Lakha. This fort has a major tourist attraction .

HISTORY OF KUMBhALGARD FORT
Rana Kumbha constructed the Kumbhalgarh Fort in 1458 AD. It took around fifteen years to compete the construction. The fort was built on the ruins of Jain king Samprati, the grandson of Ashoka. The construction of the fort separated Mewar from Marwar. Rana Kumbha belonged to the Sisodia Rajput clan. Rana Kumbha built 31 more forts to protect his kingdom. It is believed that the original Kumbhalgarh Fort dates back to the 6th century and was built by King Samprati of the Maurya Age. However, due to the lack of any recorded evidence, the history of the fort from its origins till invasion by Alauddin Khilji in 1303 AD remains vague. It was designed by a famous architect of that period, named Mandan. According to local legends, Rana Kumbha faced many difficulties during the construction of the fort that he nearly abandoned it. Then a holy man told him that all these problems would end if a pure-hearted man willingly sacrificed his life for the construction. On hearing this, the king was disappointed and that was when the holy man beheaded himself and sacrificed his life. After that, the king was able to build the fort without any problems. It is believed that the entrance to the fort marks the place where the holy man’s head fell. Kumbhalgarh was used as a safe refuge by the rulers of Mewar at times of threat or danger. It has remained witness to many significant events that have shaped the region’s history like that Maharana Pratap was born in this citadel.

THINGS TO SEE IN THE FORT-

Kumbha Palace, the residence of the king
Badal Mahal, a two-storied structure built by Rana Fateh Singh
Lakhola Tank, constructed by Rana Lakha
Ram Pol, the main gateway to the fort
Aaret Pol, Hanuman Pol, and Halla Pol, other major gateways to the fort
Badshahi Bavdi, a water tank
Hindu temples, including the ancient Ganesha temple and Neel Kanth Mahadeva temple
Jain temples, including the Parsva Natha temple, Golera Jain temple, Mamdeo temple, Mataji temple, Surya Mandir, and Pital Shah Jain temple
Chattris, Baoris, and water reservoirs.

KUMBALGARD LIGHT AND SOUND SHOW –
Every evening, the fort wakes up to a fascinating display and narration of its history through a light and sound show. The Kumbhalgarh light and sound, held in Hindi, is a key attraction for visitors who want a glimpse into the fort’s past.
Duration: 45 mins
Timings: 6:45 pm to 7:30 pm; every day
Tickets: ₹ 100 for Indians; ₹ 200 for foreigners.

Thanks for reading……

Meetali soni

Don’t judge a fish by its ability to climb a tree”.

As we all know that now exams are on our head. Exams can be a challenging part of a student’s life. A little stress is good, as it can serve as a motivational push to work harder for achieving our goals. Students are under pressure because of exam . Exam pressure , class test pressure , tution test pressure students are suffering from feeling of anxiety and nervousness. Parents expect a lot from their children and therefore pressurise them to perform well in exams. Keeping high expectations and pressurising children during exams can cause exam stress in them . While a certain amount of stress may be beneficial, too much exam stress can cause individuals to perform poorly on tests that mean so much to them. India has one of the world’s highest suicide rates for youth aged 15 to 29. According to the National Crime Records Bureau (NCRB), in the five years leading to 2016, 39,775 students killed themselves. The number of attempted suicides, many be unreported, is likely to be much higher. Not only students but parents also fall in stress . Therefore it becomes extremely important to take care of oneself at such a crucial time. According to the doctor, there is a mismatch between what parents expect and the child’s ability to perform well. Parents often set unrealistic benchmarks for their children based on their past academic experience or hold comparison with friends and cousins.

SOME SIGHNS OF STRESS INCLUD :-
Feeling confused

Losing touch with friends

Feeling moody and low

Having trouble making decisions

Feeling overwhelmed

Lack of motivation to do anything

Trouble sleeping or getting out of bed

Tense muscles or headaches

Having an upset stomach or feeling sick

Fidgeting, nail biting, teeth grinding

GETTING READY TO EXAM :-
It’s never too late to set up good study habits. Here are some helpful ideas:
Find a quiet place to study without distractations.

Find out as much as you can about the exam so you can prepare.

Ask your teacher if you’re unsure of what will be tested.

Make a plan of what you want to work on in each study session. Break it down into small tasks and work on one task at a time.

Take regular short breaks – use this time to have a drink, get something to eat or play with a pet.

Ask for help – If you’re having trouble with something you’re studying ask a teacher, friend, sibling or parent to help.

Working towards exams can creating feelings of worry and being under pressure, especially at university where you’re aiming for a degree. However there are a range of things that you can do to help deal with the stress that you might be feeling. Working towards exams can creating feelings of worry and being under pressure, especially at university where you’re aiming for a degree.

HOW TO DEAL WITH EXAM STRESS IN SEVEN POINTS ;-

1. Remember to breathe. …
2. Eat, sleep and exercise well. …
3. Set realistic goals. …
4. Don’t go it alone. …
5. Pace yourself through panic. …
6. Believe in yourself. …
7. If you feel like you are struggling, talk to someone.

Meetali soni
WHAT IS DIVORCE ?

Divorce simply means the end of a marriage relationship between two person. It sounds simply , but it’s not easy for a husband and wife to decide to end a marriage. They spend a long time together and try to slove their problems, but they not successed and then they have to take the decision of divorce . Divorce is harder for everyone.

The marriage is a sacrament for every Hindu. The only way to end the marriage or the relationship of husband and wife is the death of the one spouse. It is a process by which two people understand to each other and make their relationship official and permanent until the death. Marriage is the joining of connecting two people in a soulful bond that is going lasts until the last breath. But in now a day’s marriage is a practice is often cut short by the divorce and separation. In every marriage there are some conflicts are grow. Every marriages brings challenges but it is dependent on the how to tackal this ( the husband and wife), or manage the conflict and save their relation. In past some decades, Divorce rate has started increasing rapidly. There are many reasons of increasing divorce rate. Divorce is happened by the mutual consent of husband and wife and also happened through other theories
In some cases husband and wife wants to take divorce because the marriage was done forcefully or against their wishes by their parents. Our present generation is fun loving generation. They don’t know the meaning of love, relationship. They making fun of everything in fact marriage is also fun for them. The present generation has to understand the marriage is a sacrament. It is a relationship between two souls.

REASON OF INCREASING DIVORCE RATE :-
Marriage against the consent of man or woman
Conflict between husband-wife
Physical and mental abuse
Drugs or alcohol addiction
Misunderstanding between the couple
Aggressive behaviour of the spouse
Demand of the dowry
Insulting the wife in front of his family and friends.
Conflict between mother-in-law and daughter-in-law
Lack of communication between the spouse
Forced marriage
Issues in joint family
Women becoming financially independent

CONCLUSION :-
In marriage many conflicts are take place but divorce is not the one and only solution to resolve the conflict. In India the divorce rate is not too much high as compared to other nation. In our country, people still believes that marriages are the bond of two souls. Some relationships need time, understanding and patience from the partners. Due to statistics half of the marriages will end in divorce. And if children are involved, they are suffering most. Both husband and wife have responsibilities to build marriage and provide a stable environment for their children. In my opnion that husband and wife just have to calm down in every fight and in every situations. This is a weapon to shoot divorce which is come in your mind. For avoiding divorce the couples should understand what the biggest issues in their marriage.
Thanks for reading……

Meetali soni

WHAT IS CHILD MARRIAGE ?

Child marriage is the system which is mostly held in villages. Child marriage simply refers to marriage under the age of 18 .One of the most common causes of child marriage is the tradition which has been in practice for a long time. In many places, ever since a girl is born, they consider her to be someone else’s property. Early marriage is a harmful practice in girls their right to make vital decisions about their sexual health and well-being. It forces them out of education and into a life of poor prospects, with an increased risk of violence, abuse, ill health or early death.Early marriage and forced marriage is highest in Sub-Saharan Africa where 38% of girls become child brides.  Girls married early are more likely to experience violence, abuse and forced sexual relations due to unequal power relations. They are more vulnerable to sexually transmitted infections (including HIV). Going to school gives girls choices and opportunities in life, allowing them to play an active role in their communities and break the cycle of poverty. Girls who are married are unlikely to be in school. Education, including comprehensive sexuality education, is essential for girls to be able to make informed decisions about their sexual health and well-being. Millions of girls to avoid marriage, stay in school and decide for themselves whether and when to marry.

They do early marriages becauses child marriages include poverty, bride price, dowry, cultural traditions, religious and social pressures, regional customs, fear of the child remaining unmarried into adulthood, illiteracy, and perceived inability of women to work for money. Early pregnancy is one of the most dangerous causes and consequences of this harmful practice. Interrupting her schooling and limiting her opportunities for career and vocational advancement.Before the COVID-19 pandemic, more than 100 million girls were expected to marry before their eighteenth birthday in the next decade. Child marriage robs girls of their childhood and threatens their lives and health. Girls who marry before 18 are more likely to experience domestic violence and less likely to remain in school. They have worse economic and health outcomes than their unmarried peers. Child brides become pregnant during adolescence, the risk of complications during pregnancy and childbirth increases – for themselves and their infants. Child marriage impacts a girl’s health, future and family.

While boys and girls who marry in childhood do not face the same risks and consequences due to biological and social differences, the practice is nonetheless a rights violation for children of both sexes. Similar to child brides, child grooms are forced to take on adult responsibilities for which they may not be prepared. The union may bring early fatherhood and result in additional economic pressure in the form of providing for the household; it may also constrain the boy’s access to education and opportunities for career advancement. Bride Price is when the family of the groom pay their future in-laws at the start of their marriage. The payment can be made up of money, presents, or a mixture of both. It’s sometimes paid in one go. 12 million girls marry before the age of 18 each year – almost one every 2 seconds.

There was a most famous serial which was played on the colous channel ”BALIKA VADHU ” . This serial is based on fight againt child marriage .

If we want to end this worst system , we have to educate girls and boys .

Thanks for reading ……

Meetali soni

As we all know that dowry system is the worst system in the world but still in most of the villages take dowry. The dowry system in India, refers to the durable goods, cash, and real or movable property that the bride’s family gives to the groom, his parents and his relatives as a condition of the marriage. Dowry is essentially in the nature of a payment in cash or some kind of gifts given to the groom’s family from the bride including cash, jewellery, electrical appliances, furniture, bedding, crockery, utensils, vehicles and other household items that help to set up their home. The dowry system can put great financial burden on the bride’s family. In some cases, the dowry system leads to crime against women, ranging from emotionally and injury to even deaths. The payment of dowry has long been restricted under specific Indian laws including the Dowry Prohibition Act 1961 and subsequently by Sections 304B and 498A of the Indian Penal Code. In ancient times, a dowry was given to the groom and his family in exchange for the bride as a way of ensuring that she is properly taken care of and comfortable. In those times, it was also expected that the bride would leave her family home to reside with or near her new husband’s family. Today the government has come up with many laws (The Dowry Prohibition Act 1961) and reforms, not only to eradicate the dowry system, but also to uplift the status of the girl child by bringing in many schemes. In order to get rid of this problem, appealing to the social and moral consciousness of the people, providing education and economic independence for women, and effective enforcement of legislation against the dowry system,

WHO STARTED THE DOWRY SYSTEM ?
Dowry system in England was introduced in the 12th century by the Normans. Earlier to this there was another kind of practice where the husband gave some kind of morning gift to his wife. Dowry was generally given at the wedding by the husband at the church door in front of all present public.

GIRLS KILLER BY THE NAME OF DOWRY…..

Dowry deaths are deaths of married women who are murded or driven to suicide by continuous harassment by their husbands and in-laws over a dispute about their dowry. They making the women’s homes the most dangerous place for them to be. Dowry deaths are found predominantly in India. India reports the highest total number of dowry deaths with 8,391 such deaths reported in 2020, meaning there are 1.4 deaths per 100,000 women. Female dowry deaths account for 40 to 50 percent of all female homicides recorded annually in India. The highest rate of dowry death at 2.45 per 100,000 women. Dowry death is considered one of the many categories of violence against women, alongside rape, bride burning , and acid throwing .

Women killed by the name of dowry is not in logical way . In INDIA , it is the worst system . It is the burden over the bride and his family . Marriage is such a beautiful ritual in the world , but people take this the way of getting much money by the other family .

Meetali soni
Nature is the most beautiful and attractive surrounding around us which make us happy and provide us natural environment to live healthy. Nature is the most beautiful word and thing in our life. Our nature provides us variety of beautiful flowers, attractive birds, animals, green plants, blue sky, land, running rivers, sea, forests, air, mountains, valleys, hills and many more things. Our God has created a beautiful nature for the healthy living of us. … But we all should try to maintain our nature’s beauty. Nature is an important and integral part of mankind. It is one of the greatest blessings for human life. Nature has been an inspiration for numerous poets, writers, artists and author . This remarkable creation inspired them to write poems and stories in the glory of it. They truly valued nature which reflects in their works even today . nature is everything we are surrounded by like the water we drink, the air we breathe, the sun we soak in, the birds we hear chirping, the moon we gaze at and more. Above all, it is rich and vibrant and consists of both living and non-living things. If nature has the ability to protect us, it is also powerful enough to destroy the entire mankind. Every form of nature, for instance, the plants, animals, rivers, mountains, moon, and more. the air we breathe and the wood we use for various purposes are a gift of nature only. Man by nature is a creature eager to taste beauty, and there is nothing more beautiful than nature., one of the greatest manifestations of nature’s beauty is the beautiful smells of certain creatures, such as flowers, flowers, and certain kinds of fruits, especially citrus, Which is accompanied by seasons and certain times; like the smell of the earth after the rain. We should not destroy the originality of the nature and should not imbalance the ecosystem cycle. Our nature provides us beautiful environment to live and enjoy so it is our responsibility to keep it clean and away from all the damages. In the modern era, many selfish and bad activities of the human being have disturbed the nature to a great extent. But we all should try to maintain our nature’s beauty. Man by nature is a creature eager to taste beauty, and there is nothing more beautiful than nature. The beauty of nature is an important source of income for many countries of the world, natural places are a tourist attraction that helps countries to improve their economic level, and thus emerged many of the areas that are famous for their natural beauty unspeakable, the most prominent of these areas: the Amazon River , The Dead Sea, the Jeita Grotto, Mount Teppel, the Puerto Princesa River, the Iguazu Falls, and others. A global competition to select the seven natural wonders has been held, and perhaps the most notable achievement of this list is the global spotlight on some areas that have not been so popular, thus contributing to a greater number of visitors than ever before.

CONVERVATION OF NATURE :-
In order to conserve nature, we must take SOME SERIOUS steps right away to prevent any type of damage. The most important step is to prevent deforestation at all levels. Cutting down of trees has serious problem in different spheres. It can cause soil erosion easily and also bring a decline in rainfall on a major level.
Polluting ocean water must be strictly prohibited by all industries it causes a lot of water shortage. The excessive use of automobiles, AC’s and ovens emit a lot of Chlorofluorocarbons’ which depletes the ozone layer. Global warming which causes thermal expansion and melting of glaciers.

CONCLUSION :-
Nature has a powerful transformative power which is responsible for the functioning of life on earth. It is essential for mankind to flourish so it is our duty to conserve it for our future generations. We must stop the selfish activities and try our best to preserve the natural resources so life can forever be nourished on earth.

YOUR MIND IS A POWERFUL THING , WHEN YOU FILL IT WITH POSITIVE THOUGHTS , YOUR LIFE WILL START TO CHANGE .
Meetali Soni
WHAT IS POSITIVE THINKING ?
Positive thinking does not necessarily mean avoiding or ignoring the bad things, trying to see the best in other people, and viewing yourself and your abilities in a positive light.There are lots of problems when you stay always negative .
Is your glass half-empty or half-full? How you answer this age-old question about positive thinking may reflect your outlook on life, your attitude toward yourself, and whether you’re optimistic or pessimistic — and it may even affect your health. A positive attitude is not just about Fixing that smile on your face every time, it is more than that. It is about maintaining that positive mindset and attitude even when things are in wrost time. Feed your mind with positive thoughts and you will see amazing changes around you.Less depression mind will becomes clear of any negative thoughts and you will see the world in a new light. You will stop blaming yourself or others. You will be in total control of your emotions. Positive thinking sounds useful on the surface. But, “positive thinking” is also a soft and fluffy term that is easy to dismiss. In the study of people over the age of 50, those who had more positive thoughts about aging lived longer. They also had less stress-related problems, which shows one possible link between their thoughts and health. People with a positive outlook may be more likely to live a healthy lifestyle since they have a more hopeful view of the future. Positivity doesn’t always refer to simply smiling and looking cheerful, however—positivity is more about one’s overall perspective on life and their tendency to focus on all that is good in life. Positive thinking just means that you approach unpleasantness in a more positive and productive way. You think the best is going to happen, not the worst.

Positive thinking often starts with self-talk. Self-talk is the endless stream of unspoken thoughts that run through your head. These automatic thoughts can be positive or negative. Some of your self-talk comes from logic and reason. Other self-talk may arise from misconceptions that you create because of lack of information. One theory is that people who think positively tend to be less affected by stress. Another possibility is that people who think positively tend to live healthier lives in general; they may exercise more, follow a more nutritious diet, and avoid unhealthy behaviors. “Positive thinking” and “positive psychology” are sometimes used interchangeably, it is important to understand that they are not the same thing.First, positive thinking is about looking at things from a positive point of view. Positive psychology certainly tends to focus on optimism, but it also notes that while there are many benefits to thinking positively, there are actually times when more realistic thinking is more advantageous.

THE BENEFITS OF POSITIVE THINKING :-
Lower chance of having a heart attack
Better physical health
Stress Relief
Increased Immunity
More creativity
Greater problem-solving skill
Clearer thinking
Better mood
Better coping skills

Self-confidence
Happiness
More focused

YOLOv4: Optimal Speed and Accuracy of Object Detection

                                                       -MEETALI SONI

1. Introduction

The majority of CNN-based object detectors are largely applicable only for recommendation systems. For example, searching for free parking spaces via urban video cameras is executed by slow accurate models, whereas car collision warning is related to fast inaccurate models. Improving the real-time object detection accuracy enables using them not only for hint generating recommendation systems but also for stand-alone process management and human input reduction. Real-time object detector operation on conventional Graphics Processing Units (GPU) allows their mass usage at an affordable price. The most accurate modern neural networks do not operate in real-time and require a large number of GPUs for training with a large mini-batchsize. We address such problems by creating a CNN that operates in real-time on a conventional GPU, and for which training requires only one conventional GPU.

Figure 1: Comparison of the proposed YOLOv4 and other state-of-the-art object detectors. YOLOv4 runs twice faster than efficient with comparable performance. Improves YOLOv3’s AP and FPS by 10% and 12%, respectively.

The main goal of this work is designing a fast-operating speed of an object detector in production systems and optimization for parallel computations, rather than the low computation volume theoretical indicator.

• Related work
• Object Detection Models

A modern detector is usually composed of two parts, a backbone which is pre-trained on ImageNet, and a head which is used to predict classes and bounding boxes of objects. For those detectors running on GPU platform, their backbone could be VGG [68], ResNet [26], ResNeXt [86], or DenseNet [30]. For those detectors running on the CPU platform, their backbone could be Squeeze Net [31], Mobile Net [28, 66, 27, 74], or Shuffle Net [97, 53].

Partsof Object Detector

1. Input:Image, Patches, Image Pyramid
   1. Backbones:VGG16 [68], ResNet-50 [26], SpineNet [12], EfficientNet-B0/B7 [75], CSPResNeXt50 [81], CSPDarknet53 [81]
   1. Neck:
2. Additional blocks:SPP [25], ASPP [5], RFB [47], SAM [85]
3. Path-aggregation blocks:FPN [44], PAN [49], NAS-FPN [17], Fully-connected FPN, BiFPN [77], ASFF [48], SFAM [98]
   1. Heads:
4. Dense Prediction (one-stage): RPN [64], SSD [50], YOLO [61], RetinaNet [45] (anchor based) ◦ CornerNet [37], CenterNet [13], MatrixNet [60], FCOS [78] (anchor free)
5. Sparse Prediction (two-stage):Faster R-CNN [64], R-FCN [9], Mask RCNN [23] (anchor based) ◦ RepPoints [87] (anchor free)

Comparison of the proposed YOLOv4 and other state-of-the-art object detectors. The dashed line means only latency of model inference, while the solid line includes model inference and post-processing.

• Bag of Freebies

Usually, a conventional object detector is trained offline. Therefore, researchers always like to take this advantage and develop better training methods that can make the object detector receive better accuracy without increasing the inference cost. We call these methods that only change the training strategy or only increase the training cost a “bag of freebies.”The purpose of data augmentation is to increase the variability of the input images so that the designed object detection model has higher robustness to the images obtained from different environments.

In dealing with the problem of semantic distribution bias, a very important issue is that there is a problem of data imbalance between different classes, and this problem is often solved by hard negative example mining [72] or online hard example mining [67] in two-stage object detector.

But the example mining method does not apply to a one-stage object detector, because this kind of detector belongs to the dense prediction architecture. Therefore Lin et al. [45] proposed focal loss to deal with the problem of data imbalance existing between various classes. Another very important issue is that it is difficult to express the relationship of the degree of association between different categories with the one-hot hard representation.

To make this issue processed better, some researchers recently proposed IoU loss [90], which puts the coverage of predicted BBox area and ground truth BBox area into consideration. The IoU loss computing process will trigger the calculation of the four coordinate points of the BBox by executing IoU with the ground truth and then connecting the generated results into a whole code. Because IoU is a scale-invariant representation. Recently, some researchers have continued to improve IoU loss.

• Bag of Specials

For those plugin modules and post-processing methods that only increase the inference cost by a small amount but can significantly improve the accuracy of object detection, we call them “bag of specials”. Generally speaking, these plugin modules are for enhancing certain attributes in a model, such as enlarging receptive field, introducing attention mechanism, or strengthening feature integration capability, etc., and post-processing is a method for screening model prediction results.

Since multi-scale prediction methods such as FPN have become popular, many lightweight modules that integrate different feature pyramids have been proposed. The modules of this sort include SFAM [98], ASFF [48], and BiFPN [77]. The main idea of SFAM is to use the SE module to execute channel-wise level re-weighting on multi-scale concatenated feature maps.As for ASFF, it uses SoftMax as point-wise level reweighting and then adds feature maps of different scales. In BiFPN, the multi-input weighted residual connections are proposed to execute scale-wise level re-weighting, and then add feature maps of different scales.

Example of the Representation Chosen when Predicting Bounding Box Position and Shape Taken from YOLO9000: Better, Faster, Stronger

The post-processing method commonly used in deep learning-based object detection is NMS, which can be used. The DIoU NMS [99] developers’ way of thinking is to add the information of the center point distance to the BBox screening process based on soft NMS. It is worth mentioning that, since none of the above postprocessing methods directly refer to the captured image features, post-processing is no longer required in the subsequent development of an anchor-free method.

• Advantages
• It’s incredibly fast and can process 45 frames per second to 150 frames per second.
• YOLO also understands generalized object representation.
• The network can generalize the image better.

• Disadvantages
• Comparatively low recall and more localization error compared to Faster R_CNN.
• Struggles to detect close objects because each grid can propose only 2 bounding boxes.
• Struggles to detect small objects.
• Conclusion

We offer a state-of-the-art detector that is faster (FPS) and more accurate (MS COCO AP50…95 and AP50) than all available alternative detectors. The detector described can be trained and used on a conventional GPU with 8-16 GB-VRAM this makes its broad use possible. The original concept of one-stage anchor-based detectors has proven its viability.

-MEETALI SONI

WHAT IS REINFORCEMENT LEARNING?

Reinforcement learning (RL) is an area of machine learning concerned with how intelligent agents ought to take actions in an environment to maximize the notion of cumulative reward. It is one of three basic machine learning paradigms, alongside supervised learning and unsupervised learning.

The environment is typically stated in the form of a Markov decision process (MDP) because many reinforcement learning algorithms for this context use dynamic programming techniques. The main difference between the classical dynamic programming methods and reinforcement learning algorithms is that the latter does not assume knowledge of an exact mathematical model of the MDP and they target large MDPs where exact methods become infeasible.

HOW DOES RL WORK? In reinforcement learning, developers devise a method of rewarding desired behaviors and punishing negative behavior. This method assigns positive values to the desired actions to encourage the agent and negative values to undesired behaviors.This programs the agent to seek long-term and maximum overall reward to achieve an optimal solution.

These long-term goals help prevent the agent from stalling on lesser goals. With time, the agent learns to avoid the negative and seek the positive. This learning method has been adopted in artificial intelligence (AI) as a way of directing unsupervised machine learning through rewards and penalties.

APPLICATIONS AND EXAMPLES OF RL

Gaming is likely the most common usage field for reinforcement learning. It is capable of achieving superhuman performance in numerous games. A common example involves the game Pac-Man.

In robotics, reinforcement learning has found its way into limited tests.Itis also used in operations research, information theory, game theory, control theory, simulation-based optimization, multiagent systems, swarm intelligence, statistics, and genetic algorithms.

CHALLENGES OF APPLYING RL

Reinforcement learning, while high in potential, can be difficult to deploy and remains limited in its application. One of the barriers to the deployment of this type of machine learning is its reliance on an exploration of the environment.

For example, if you were to deploy a robot that was reliant on reinforcement learning to navigate a complex physical environment, it will seek new states and take different actions as it moves. It is difficult to consistently take the best actions in a real-world environment, however, because of how frequently the environment changes.

The time required to ensure the learning is done properly through this method can limit its usefulness and be intensive on computing resources. As the training environment grows more complex, so too do demands on time and compute resources.

Supervised learning can deliver faster, more efficient results than reinforcement learning to companies if the proper amount of data is available, as it can be employed with fewer resources.

COMMON RL ALGORITHMS

Rather than referring to a specific algorithm, the field of reinforcement learning is made up of several algorithms that take somewhat different approaches. The differences are mainly due to their strategies for exploring their environments.

1. State-action-reward-state-action (SARSA): –

This reinforcement learning algorithm starts by giving the agent what’s known as a policy. The policy is essentially a probability that tells it the odds of certain actions resulting in rewards, or beneficial states.

1. Q-learning: – This approach to reinforcement learning takes the opposite approach. The agent receives no policy, meaning its exploration of its environment is more self-directed.
2. Deep Q-Networks: – These algorithms utilize neural networks in addition to reinforcement learning techniques. They utilize the self-directed environment exploration of reinforcement learning. Future actions are based on a random sample of past beneficial actions learned by the neural network.

HOW IS RL DIFFERENT FROM SUPERVISED AND UNSUPERVISED LEARNING?

1. Supervised learning: – In supervised learning, algorithms train on a body of labeled data. Supervised learning algorithms can only learn attributes that are specified in the data set. Common applications of supervised learning are image recognition models. These models receive a set of labeled images and learn to distinguish common attributes of predefined forms.
2. Unsupervised learning: – In unsupervised learning, developers turn algorithms loose on fully unlabelled data. The algorithm learns by cataloging its observations about data features without being told what to look for.

Semi-supervised learning: –This method takes a middle-ground approach. Developers enter a relatively small set of labeled training data, as well as a larger.

1. corpus of unlabelled data. The algorithm is then instructed to extrapolate what it learns from the labeled data to the unlabelled data and draw conclusions from the set as a whole.
2. Reinforcement learning: – This takes a different approach altogether. It situates an agent in an environment with clear parameters defining beneficial activity and nonbeneficial activity and an overarching endgame to reach. It is similar in some ways to supervised learning in that developers must give algorithms specified goals and define rewards and punishments.

TYPES OF REINFORCEMENT LEARNING

Two kinds of reinforcement learning methods are:

1. Positive:

It is defined as an event, that occurs because of specific behavior. It increases the strength and the frequency of the behavior and impacts positively on the action taken by the agent.

This type of Reinforcement helps you to maximize performance and sustain change for a more extended period. However, too much Reinforcement may lead to over-optimization of the state, which can affect the results

1. Negative:

Negative Reinforcement is defined as the strengthening of behavior that occurs because of a negative condition that should have been stopped or avoided. It helps you to define the minimum stand of performance. However, the drawback of this method is that it provides enough to meet up the minimum behavior.

WHEN TO USE RL?

Here are prime reasons for using Reinforcement Learning:

1. It helps you to find which situation needs an action
2. Helps you to discover which action yields the highest reward over a longer period.

WHEN NOT TO USE RL?

1. You can’t apply the reinforcement learning model in all the situation. Here are some conditions when you should not use the reinforcement learning model.
2. When you have enough data to solve the problem with a supervised learning method

CONCLUSION Reinforcement Learning addresses the problem of learning control strategies for autonomous agents with least or no data. RL algorithms are powerful in machine learning as collecting and labeling a large set of sample patterns costs more than data itself. The key distinguishing factor of reinforcement learning is how the agent is trained. Instead of inspecting the data provided, the model interacts with the environment, seeking ways to maximize the reward. In the case of deep reinforcement learning, a neural network is in charge of storing the experiences and thus improves the way the task is performed.

Meetali soni

“My family is my life, and everything else comes second as far as what’s important to me.”

A family is a social group of people who stay together under the same roof in a society. It comprises two or more adults like parents and grandparents and young children who are bound in a relationship by birth or blood. They are collectively known as family members. Each family member is committed to each other in a mutual relationship. A family holds a special place in the life of an individual and the society in which he/she lives. Families are the most important part of one’s life. It does not matter if you have a small or big family, as long as you have one. A family serves as the first school to the child where one learns about various things. The basic knowledge about one’s culture and identity comes from their family. You are a reflection of your family. All the good habits and manners one has incorporated are from their family only. I feel very lucky to be born in a family which has made me a better person. In my opinion, families are an essential part of one’s being. Families are a blessing. Some people spend time away from the family in order to become independent. They do not realize the importance og family. Families are essential as they help in our growth. They develop us into becoming a complete person with an individual identity. Moreover, they give us a sense of security and a safe environment. In most societies, it is within families that children acquire socialization for life outside the family, and acts as the primary source of attachment, nurturing, and socialization for human. Additionally, as the basic unit for meeting the basic needs of its members, it provides a sense of boundaries for performing tasks in a safe environment, ideally builds a person into a functional adult, transmits culture, and ensures continuity of humankind with precedents of knowledge. A family consists of an adult and his or her offspring. Most commonly, it consists of two married adults, usually a man and a woman along with their offspring, usually living in a private and separate space. This type of unit, more specifically known as a nuclear family, is believed to be the oldest of the various types of families in existence. Sometimes the family includes not only the parents and their unmarried children living at home but also children that have married, their spouses, and their offspring, and possibly elderly dependents such an arrangement is called an extended family .My family has been always by my side in ups and downs. My family consists of four siblings and my parents. We also have a pet dog that is no less than our family. Within each family member, lies my strength. My mother is my strength as I can always count on her when I need a shoulder to cry on. She believes in me more than any other person. She is the backbone of our family. My father is someone who will always hide away his troubles for the sake of his family.Families are important because they nurture and develop us. They make us happy and give us the chance to become better human beings. Families enhance your confidence and make you believe in yourself.

In short, I cannot imagine my life without them. They are my first teachers and my first friends.They are responsible for creating a safe and secure environment for me at home. I can share everything with my family as they never judge one another. We believe in the power of love above everything and that drives us to help each other to become better human beings.

Thanks for reading…..

Meetali soni

Rani Lakshmibai or Jhansi ki Rani, the queen of Jhansi. The birth anniversary of Rani Lakshmibai is 19 november 1828 in Manikarnika Tambe in Varanasi. It is is celebrated as Martyr’s Day in Jhansi. Rani Lakshmibai,is one of the famous warriors of India’s struggle for Independence. Rani Lakshmi Bai was a brave queen who fought battle with English people to save her country. She saved her name in battle field. she is a great symbol of strength of females of India. She was the wife of Maharaja Gangadhar Rao . He is the king of jhasi . She was one of the leading figures of the Indian Rebellion of 1857 and became a symbol of resistance to the British Raj for Indian nationalists. She died in the Rebellion, wounded and killed in a battle. She died on 18 June 1858. The Rebellion was suppressed by November that year. She was named Manikarnika Tambe and was nicknamed Manu. Her father was Moropant Tambe and her mother Bhagirathi Sapre (Bhagirathi Bai). Her parents came from Maharashtra. Her mother died when she was only four years old. Her father was the Commander of the war of Kalyanpranth. Her father worked for Peshwa Baji Rao II of Bithoor district. She was educated at home. She was able to read and write, She was more independent in her childhood than others of her age, her studies included shooting, horsemanship, archery. Rani Lakshmibai was very much interested to riding on horseback between the palace and the temple, sometimes she was carried in a palanquin. Her palace, the Rani Mahal, has now been converted into a museum. It houses a collection of archaeological remains of the period between the 9th and 12th centuries AD. Growing up with the boys in the peshwa’s court, she was trained in martial arts and became proficient in sword fighting and riding. She was widowed without bearing a surviving heir to the throne. She was widowed without bearing a surviving heir to the throne. Following established Hindu tradition, just before his death the maharaja adopted a boy as his heir. The 22-year-old queen refused to cede Jhansi to the British. Shortly after the beginning of the mutiny in 1857, which broke out in Meerut, Lakshmi Bai was proclaimed the regent of Jhansi, and she ruled on behalf of the minor heir. Joining the uprising against the British, she rapidly organized her troops and assumed charge of the rebels in the Bundelkhand region. In 1842, Lakshmi bai got married and got the name of Rani Lakshmibai. Few years after marriage, Manikarnika gave birth to a boy but he couldn’t survive and died after four months. Lakshmibai gave a great fight to the British as the siege of Jhansi lasted for about two weeks. After a the war, when the British army entered Jhansi, Rani Lakshmibai, tied her son Damodar Rao to her back and fought bravely using two swords in both her hands. She escaped to Kalpi and was accompanied by other rebellions. She then departed to Gwalior and a fierce battle was fought between the British and Lakshmibai’s army. Her body was cremated as per her wish, as she didn’t want it to be captured by the British.