We have heard terms like liberty and freedom. Many times there had been protests, fights, wars in history for freedom and liberty. The process of getting freedom for a nation is quite difficult. For instance, India became free from the Britishers after a very long period of time. Being able to express yourself freely is freedom. But what is the difference between liberty and freedom. We have often confused ourselves with these two terms. They both might mean almost the same, but they do have some differences. But before moving on with the differences, let us first talk about the basic meaning of liberty and freedom.
Liberty
Liberty is defined as the situation in which a person has the right to act according to his/ her will. Liberty also means being free from any oppression. Well, it is interesting to know that liberty also has a symbolic meaning. In India, liberty is known as ‘mukti,’ i.e., dissolution with the divine. Different nations have different notions of liberty. Liberty means different in politics and biblical sense. For instance, in India, liberation also means being consciously aware of oneself. Since India is a land of mystics, there are different connotations attached to the term.
Freedom
Freedom is defined as the situation in which a person has the right to speak, act, and think according to his / her own way. The Constitution of India has several fundamental rights that define freedom. Freedom of speech and expression, freedom of religion, freedom of education, etc., are some of the fundamental rights of India. Well, it is interesting to note that freedom does not have a political realm, i.e., freedom can be practised in houses, among people, or nations. Now, let us discuss the basic points of contrast between liberty and freedom.
S.NO.
LIBERTY
FREEDOM
1.
Liberty is defined as the situation in which a person has the right to act according to his/ her will.
On the other hand, freedom is defined as the situation in which a person has the right to speak, act, and think in his/ her own way.
2.
There are no rights or laws written in the Constitution of India.
There are several fundamental rights provided in the constitution of India, like freedom of speech and expression, freedom of education, etc.
3.
Liberty can be considered as a situation wherein one is able to govern themselves, thereby taking responsibility for their action
Freedom is also known as free will. The ability of a person to make choices for themselves without being under oppression is called as freedom.
4.
The term liberty comes from the Latin word ‘libertatem,’ meaning being free or freeman.
On the other hand, freedom comes from an Old English term ‘freodom,’ meaning a state of deliverance or free will.
5.
Liberty can be categorized into two types, i.e., positive liberty and negative liberty.
There are two significant kinds of freedom, i.e., social freedom and natural freedom.
So, these are some of the major points of contrast between liberty and freedom. Freedom is the state of being free from any oppression, while liberty is the freedom to act in one’s own way. Liberty is a significant concept because people enjoying liberty have to take responsibility for their actions performed. Freedom, on the other hand, is a concrete concept. Freedom is synonymous with independence. Well, there are several types of liberty and freedom. So, let us take a look at them.Features of Java – Javatpoint
Types of Freedom
Freedom of Association: Freedom of Association is defined as the right to join a particular group or community in order to reach a common goal. The groups include labor unions, business groups, etc.
Freedom of Belief: Freedom is Belief is defined as the right to have faith in a particular thought. For instance, some people believe that are ghosts, while some believe there aren’t any ghosts.
Freedom of Speech & Expression: Freedom of Speech & Expression is defined as the right to speak freely about perspectives, ideas, and opinions.
Freedom of Religion: Freedom of Religion is defined as the right to practice any religion despite belonging to any community.
Freedom of Education: Freedom of Education is defined as the right to practice and learn various skills. Education is the right of every individual. Thus, the right to education implies that every individual be it poor or rich.
Types of Liberty
Natural Liberty: Natural Liberty is defined as the liberty in which a person can do anything he/ she wishes.
Civil Liberty: Civil Liberty is defined as the liberty in which the society enjoys the law or rights provided by the government.
Political Liberty: Political Liberty is defined as the liberty in which the people have the right to participate in the decision-making of the country.
Personal Liberty: Personal Liberty is defined as the liberty in which a person acts according to his/ her own wish.
Economic Liberty: Economic Liberty is the liberty wherein the people work hard in order to earn a living. This liberty goes beyond colour, creed, caste, or religion.
Domestic Liberty: Domestic Liberty is defined as liberty having equal rights for men and women. This kind of liberty includes protection from exploitation, violence, etc.
So, these are the significant types of liberties. Freedom and liberty is a significant topic that has gained attention time and again. The protests and wars had one primary aim, i.e., to gain freedom. Thus, freedom and liberty has been an essential concept in the history of nations.
India is home to people following different religions and having different faiths. As per the census of India 2001, there are 6,639,626 people who follow other religions apart from the six major religions which are Hinduism, Jainism, Islam, Buddhism, Sikhism, and Christianity.
There are various divisions within a religion, for example, amongst Islam there are Shias, Sunnis, Hanafis and among Jains, there are the Digambara and Svetambara divisions. Divisions within a religion follow a different faith from other divisions by following different customs, practices, and traditions. So with such a diverse population, following different religions and beliefs, it becomes necessary to protect and secure rights regarding faith of each and every religion. Therefore, in India, legal rights are provided like the right to worship; right to visit religious places (like temple, mosque, church) to follow their faith and religion but it is subject to certain restrictions prescribed in the Constitution.
Revolt from the past on the violation of Freedom of Religion
It is evident from the past that Indians have been sensitive regarding their religious beliefs and customs. Whenever a foreign ruler tried to interfere with the people’s customs or religious practices, they became disgruntled and revolted. Even the immediate cause behind the Revolt of 1857 (the First War of Independence) was that Mangal Pandey was forced to act against his religious beliefs. He was forced to pull off the cartridge of the gun from his mouth which was believed to be greased with a mixture of cow and pig lard. In Hinduism, cows are worshipped like ‘mother’ whereas Muslims believe pigs are impure, they not only avoid to pronounce pig but also consider it as a sin to think about pig. When Britishers disrespected their faith, it became a serious cause of revolt and led people to revolt against the British Raj.
Indians are still the same when it comes to their faith and religion. Their religious sentiments are one of the most important concerns in their life. Even now if anyone messes up with their religion and culture, they consider it as their duty to protect their religion and get the accused punished for it. But it is not necessary that every act against someone’s faith and belief is wrong in the eyes of law. There may be instances where people’s religious sentiments are hurt without any legal wrong. Therefore, giving freedom of religion not only becomes necessary for securing the religious rights of people but also to define the scope of what could be considered as a legal wrong against religion.
What is the relation between Secularism and Freedom of Religion in India?
In 1976, by the 42nd Constitutional amendment word ‘secular’ was added to the preamble of the Constitution. India being a secular state, is a no state religion which means that it follows no particular religion.
What is Secularism?
In Ahmedabad St. Xavier’s College v. State of Gujarat, the Supreme Court held that Secularism neither means anti-god nor pro-god. It just ensures that no one is differentiated on the basis of religion eliminating the concept of God in matters of the state.
While dealing with the concept of ‘secularism’ in detail, the Supreme Court in S.R Bommai v. Union of India explained that under the Constitution, secularism does not mean an atheist society but a heterogeneous society providing equal status to all religions without favoring or discriminating against any one.
How India’s stance on freedom of Religion differs from the US?
Both India and the US are the secular countries. But, there exists a major difference between the concept of ‘secularism’ followed by both the countries.
What is that difference in the concept of Secularism?
Paresh Raval’s dialogue from Oh My God movie, “Mai sab dharmon ka aadar karta hoon aur kisi bhi dharam mein maanta nahin” which means that “I respect all religions and I don’t believe in any religion”. It defines the difference in approach of India and US towards the religion. The first part of the dialogue depicts the position of India where the principle of “Sarva Dharma Sambhava” which means “equal respect for all religions” whereas the second part of the dialogue represents the US ideology which has drawn a line between religion and state. In the US, the State works independent of religion and there exists a wall of separation between the Church and the State.
Secularism in India
Secularism in the US
Follows the concept of ‘neutrality’ and ‘positive role’ towards the religion.
Follows the principle of ‘non-interference’ in the matters of religion.
The State can introduce religious reforms, protect minority and formulate policies on religious matters.
The State cannot take any action in religious matters.
Which provisions under the Indian Constitution guarantee freedom of religion?
Articles 25 to 28 in the Constitution of India provide the right to freedom of religion.
In Ratilal Panachand Gandhi v. State of Bombay, the Supreme Court stated that Article 25 guarantees every person (not only citizens) the freedom of conscience and right to freely profess, practise and propagate religion imposed with certain restrictions by the State. These restrictions are:
Public order, morality and health and other provisions of the Constitution (Clause 1 of Article 25).
Laws relating to or restricting any economic, financial, political, or other secular activities associated with religious practices. (Clause 2(a) of Article 25).
Social welfare and reform that might interfere with religious practices.
Is it necessary that freedom of conscience is always related to religion?
No, freedom of conscience need not necessarily be connected with any particular religion or faith in God. It includes that the right of a person shall not be converted into another man’s religion or belief in any religion at all.
What does profess, practice and propagate mean?
The court in Stainislaus Rev v. State of MP explained that freedom of ‘profession’ means the right of the believer to state his creed in public whereas freedom of ‘practice’ means his right to give expression in forms of private and public worship. The court also explained that the right to propagate one’s religion means the right to communicate a person’s beliefs to another person or to expose the tenets of that faith, but shall not include the right to ‘convert’ another person to the former’s faith. In the Commissioner Hindu Religious Endowments Madras v. Sri L T Swamiar of Sri Shriur Matt, the Court held that ‘profess’ means ‘right to freely declare of one’s faith”.
Does Article 25 protect the performance of every religious practice?
No, Article 25 only protect those practices which are integral parts of a religion. It is the duty of the court to decide whether a practice is an essential practice or not depending on the evidence formulated by the conscience of the community and the tenets of the religion.
Some of the religious practices which were held essential by the Court:
Article 26 guarantees the following rights to a religious denomination with subject to public order, morality, and health:
To establish and maintain institutions for religious and charitable purposes.
To manage its own affairs in matters of religion.
To own, acquire and administer both movable and immovable property in accordance with law.
What is a Religious Denomination?
As the Constitution of India does not define religious denomination, judicial pronouncements are to be considered for understanding what qualifies as a religious denomination. In SP Mittal v. Union of India, the apex court laid down three conditions that need to be fulfilled by a religious denomination:
Collection of Individuals having a common faith.
A common organization.
Designation by a distinctive name.
Examples of religious denomination
In Hinduism, there is Shaivism, Shaktism, Vaishnavism, etc. as common denominations. In Islam, Shia and Sunni are the two well-known denominations.
Sects or sub-sects of a religion
The denomination can also be used for forming sect or sub-sect of a religion designated by a distinctive name. Examples of sects or sub-sects which are a religious denomination:
Vaishnavism sect in Hinduism.
Ramakrishna Math or Ramakrishna Mission.
Shia, Hanafi and Chishti sects in Mohammedan law.
Ananda Marg.
Examples of sects or sub-sects which are not a religious denomination:
Article 27 protects a person from forceful payment of taxes and proceeds which are for the promotion or maintenance of any particular religion or religious denomination.
Is Article 27 equally applicable to the fees charged by the Government for maintenance of religious institutions?
Article 28 provides freedom from any religious instruction in educational institutions which are maintained completely out of State funds. This article is not applicable to an educational institution if it is administered by the State, but was established under any endowment or trust requiring certain religious instruction to be imparted in that institution. This article also protects a person from taking part in any religious instruction or attending any religious worship which may be conducted in an institution recognized by State or receiving aid from State funds unless his guardian has consented.
Are moral instructions also prohibited under Article 28?
No. In Nambudripad Kidangazhi v. State of Madras, it was held that moral instructions are not prohibited. The court said that Article 28 only restricts religious and not moral education if it has no relation with any religious denomination.
Will an institution be considered ‘wholly maintained out of state funds’ if it receives fees apart from State grants?
Yes. In D.A.V. College v. State of Punjab, Supreme Court ruled out that even though an institution might be receiving fees for affiliation or holding examinations, it may be considered ‘wholly maintained out of State funds’ if it is receiving grants for its expenditure.
Major judicial pronouncements on Freedom of Religion
In this case, three children of Jehovah’s Witnesses sect were suspended from the school as they refused to sing the national anthem claiming that it is against the tenets of their faith. The court held that expulsion is violative of fundamental rights and the right to freedom of religion.
The Court held that Ananda Marga is not a separate religion but a religious denomination. And, the performance of Tandava on public streets is not an essential practice of Ananda Marga.
Petitioner challenged the validity of Section 295 of IPC which penalized the act or attempt of insult of a religion or religious beliefs of a class of citizens. The Court held that Section 295 is consistent with Article 25 and held it to be constitutional.
The validity of the Jagannath Temple Act, 1954 was challenged as it enacted provisions to manage the affairs of Puri temple on the grounds that it is being violative of Article 26. The court held that the Act only regulated the secular aspect of seva puja, therefore, it is not being violative of Article 26.
The petitioners contended that Durgah Khwaja Saheb Act, 1955 violated Article 25 and 26 which provided for the appointment of Hanafi Muslims as members of Committee none of them belonging to the Chishti sect. The Court held that the Chishti sect is a religious denomination but the act does not violate the right to freedom of religion as Chishti Sufis never had the right to manage the Durgah endowment.
In 2017, a PIL was filed under Article 32 by the petitioners challenging the practice followed in Sabarimala temple which did not allow the entry of women from the age group of 10-50 years. A constitutional bench was set up in 2018 which held that the practice was unconstitutional and uplifted the ban on entry of women stating that followers of Ayyappa do not form a separate religious denomination but are Hindus only and, such a ban is not an essential practice of the religion.
Has Sabarimala Judgment encroached the Freedom of Religion?
From the inception of Article 25 and 26 in the Constitution of India, the power of deciding whether a practice is essential to a religion or not was only with the court. In the Sabarimala judgment, the court exercised its power and decided against the old and rudimentary practice which holds no value in today’s society. India is developing and such practices which are gender biased, considering menstruating females to be impure have no place in the society.
Though the Sabarimala verdict has opened pandora’s box giving rise to a number of applications challenging practices which are biased mostly against women. The court has not been at fault in deciding in favor of women as the old custom was violative of right to equality and was arbitrary in nature. The court held the practice unconstitutional.
What is the current position of Freedom of Religion in India?
Currently, in India, the restriction of morality which was earlier of societal morality has changed into Constitutional Morality. But, this term is nowhere mentioned in the constitution. ‘Constitutional Morality’ is a judiciary invented term which gives too much power in the hands of the judiciary. Already, the doctrine of basic structure has left too much power in the hands of the judiciary to interpret the constitution and decide anything as basic structure according to their discretion as there is no strict formula for deciding the same. If all the past decided cases applying constitutional morality are analyzed, it can be inferred that it is trying to adapt the country to the present norms giving supremacy to ‘live with dignity’. Whether its declaration of Section 377 of IPC as unconstitutional or Sabarimala Judgment striking down the old practice of not allowing woman, constitutional morality is trying to uplift the society. The fact still remains the same that the court has a huge discretion of power in deciding cases. It is said: “Power corrupts and absolute power corrupts absolutely.” It would be interesting to note how the court is going to exercise the power it has got under Constitutional Morality’.
Conclusion
India being a secular state provides equal protection to all the religions. Equal protection does not mean that it always aids and promotes its citizens to follow a religion and its practice, but at times it means to interfere and bring positive reforms for the betterment of the society. A question which recent judgments have raised is whether it is necessary for the court to decide the constitutionality of a practice merely to establish a right even when it does not hurt a majority section of the society.
This new wave of modernism and feminism has set a trend of questioning customs to establish and showcase the right to equality available to us as a fundamental right. Though fighting for your right is not wrong, interfering in religious matters just to establish a right and hurting religious sentiments of certain followers is not something which a secular state should do. Unless there is grave harm which affects a section, faith and beliefs of the followers should not be hurt. For example, in many places, there is followed a practice of keeping menstruating girls away from the home and this practice took away the life a girl who was forced to stay in the hut due to her periods during Cyclone Ganja. Such practices need to be scrapped off no matter how many sentiments are hurt but at the same time when a temple which neither allows the entry of a man nor of woman then there need not be interference of the State to ensure the right to freedom of religion.
For us to recall events, facts or processes, we have to commit them to memory. The process of forming a memory involves encoding, storing, retaining and subsequently recalling information and past experiences.
Cognitive psychologist Margaret W. Matlin has described memory as the “process of retaining information over time.” Others have defined it as the ability to use our past experiences to determine our future path.
When they are asked to define memory, most people think of studying for a test or recalling where we put the car keys. However, memory is essential in our everyday lives. We would not be able to function in the present or move forward without relying on our memory.
How we form memories
The process of encoding a memory begins when we are born and occurs continuously. For something to become a memory, it must first be picked up by one or more of our senses. A memory starts off in short-term storage. We learn how to tie our shoe, for example. Once we have the process down, it goes into our long-term memory and we can do it without consciously thinking about the steps involved.
Important memories typically move from short-term memory to long-term memory. The transfer of information to long-term memory for more permanent storage can be happen in several steps. Information can be committed to long-term memory through repetition — such as studying for a test or repeatedly taking steps until walking can be performed without thinking — or associating it with other previously acquired knowledge, like remembering a new acquaintance Mrs. Emerald by associating her name with an image of the green jewel.
Motivation is also a consideration, in that information relating to something that you have a keen interest in is more likely to be stored in your long-term memory. That’s why someone might be able to recall the stats of a favorite baseball player years after he has retired or where a favorite pair of shoes was purchased.
We are typically not aware of what is in our memory until we need to use that bit of information. Then we use the process of retrieval to bring it to the forefront when we need to use it. Again, much of this recall happens without having concentrate on it — particularly with common tasks such as shoe tying — but there are other types of memories that take more effort to bring to the forefront.
Memory loss is often associated with aging, but there are a number of things that can trigger short- and long-term memory loss, including injury, medications and witnessing a traumatic event.
Types of memory
While experts have varying definitions for short-term memory, it is generally described as the recollection of things that happened immediately up to a few days. It is generally believed that five to nine items can be stored in active short-term memory and can be readily recalled. Patients who suffer from short-term memory loss can’t remember who walked into the room five minutes before, but can remember their childhood friend from 50 years ago.
Implicit memory is sometimes referred to as unconscious memory or automatic memory. Implicit memory uses past experiences to remember things without thinking about them. Musicians and professional athletes are said to have superior ability to form procedural memories.
Procedural memory, which is a subset of implicit memory, is a part of the long-term memory responsible for knowing how to do things, also known as motor skills. You don’t have to delve into your memory to recall how to walk each time you take a step.
Some examples of procedural memory:
Playing piano
Ice skating
Playing tennis
Swimming
Climbing stairs
While implicit memory requires little if any effort to recall, explicit memory — sometimes referred to as declarative memory — requires a more concerted effort to bring the surface. Declarative memory involves both semantic and episodic memory.
While most people can tick off the days of the week from the time they are in grade school — which is implicit memory — it takes explicit memory to remember that your mother’s birthday is next Wednesday.
Semantic memory is not connected to personal experience. Semantic memory includes things that are common knowledge, such as the names of states, the sounds of letters, the capitals of countries and other basic facts that are not in question. Some examples of semantic memory include:
Knowledge that the sky is blue
Knowing how to use a knife and fork
Remembering what dog is
Recalling that President Kennedy was assassinated on Nov. 22, 1963
Episodic memory is a person’s unique recollections of a specific event or an episode. People are usually able to associate particular details with an episodic memory, such as how they felt, the time and place, and other particulars. It is not clear as to why some memories of events in our lives are committed to memory, while others don’t get recorded, but researchers believe that emotions play a critical role in what we remember.
Some examples of episodic memory:
Where you were and the people you were with when you found out about the Challenger space shuttle disaster
Your beach vacation last summer
The first time you traveled by plane
Your first day at a new job
The restaurant you went to on your first date with your spouse
Body mass index (BMI) is a calculation that takes a person’s weight and height into account to measure body size.
In adults, obesity is defined as having a BMI of 30.0 or moreTrusted Source, according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC).
Obesity is associated with a higher risk for serious diseases, such as type 2 diabetes, heart disease, and cancer.
Obesity is common. The CDC estimates that 42.4 percentTrusted Source of Americans 20 years old and older had obesity in 2017 to 2018.
But BMI isn’t everything. It has some limitations as a metric.
According to the CDCTrusted Source: “Factors such as age, sex, ethnicity, and muscle mass can influence the relationship between BMI and body fat. Also, BMI doesn’t distinguish between excess fat, muscle, or bone mass, nor does it provide any indication of the distribution of fat among individuals.”
Despite these limitations, BMI continues to be widely used as a way to measure body size.
From 2015 to 2016, 18.5 percentTrusted Source (or about 13.7 million) American youth between 2 and 19 years old were considered to have clinical obesity.
Eating more calories than you burn in daily activity and exercise — on a long-term basis — can lead to obesity. Over time, these extra calories add up and cause weight gain.
But it’s not always just about calories in and calories out, or having a sedentary lifestyle. While those are indeed causes of obesity, some causes you can’t control.
Depression can sometimes lead to weight gain, as some people may turn to food for emotional comfort. Certain antidepressants can also increase the risk of weight gain.
Quitting smoking is always a good thing, but quitting may lead to weight gain too. In some people, it may lead to excessiveTrusted Source weight gain. For that reason, it’s important to focus on diet and exercise while you’re quitting, at least after the initial withdrawal period.
Medications, such as steroids or birth control pills, can also raise your risk for weight gain.HEALTHLINE QUIZTake our free 3-question diet quiz
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Having a high ratio of body fat to muscle puts strain on your bones as well as your internal organs. It also increases inflammation in the body, which is thought to be a risk factor for cancer. Obesity is also a major risk factor for type 2 diabetes.
If you have obesity and been unable to lose weight on your own, medical help is available. Start with your primary care physician, who may be able to refer you to a weight specialist in your area.
Your doctor may also want to work with you as part of a team helping you lose weight. That team might include a dietitian, therapist, or other healthcare staff.
Your doctor will work with you on making needed lifestyle changes. Sometimes, they may recommend medications or weight loss surgery as well.
We assessed impacts on water use achieved by implementation of controlled experiments relating to four water conservation strategies in four towns within the Ipswich watershed in Massachusetts. The strategies included installation of weather-sensitive irrigation controller switches (WSICS) in residences and municipal athletic fields; installation of rainwater harvesting systems in residences; two outreach programs: free home indoor water use audits and water fixture retrofit kits and rebates for low-water-demand toilets and washing machines; and soil amendments to improve soil moisture retention at a municipal athletic field. The goals of this study are to summarize the effectiveness of the four water conservation strategies and to introduce nonparametric statistical methods for evaluating the effectiveness of these conservation strategies in reducing water use. It was found that the municipal WSICS significantly reduced water use; residences with high irrigation demand were more likely than low water users to experience a substantial demand decrease when equipped with the WSICS; rainwater harvesting provided substantial rainwater use, but these volumes were small relative to total domestic water use and relative to the natural fluctuations in domestic water use; both the audits/retrofit and rebate programs resulted in significant water savings; and a modeling approach showed potential water savings from soil amendments in ball fields.
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The Best Ways to Handle Teen Anger, According to Psychologists
Here’s what to do when the eye-rolls and outbursts start (because there are going to be eye-rolls and outbursts).
You probably expected to get some attitude once your kid hit the teen years. However, the constant eye-rolling, lip-smacking, and “You make me sick!” outbursts may be harder to handle than you imagined. It’s like your teen can skyrocket from calm to furious within the blink of an eye. If you’re being honest with yourself, the perpetual outrage concerns you, and likely pisses you off, too. But before you lose your cool, take a breather. How you deal with your teen’s anger can either bring the two of you closer — or push you further apart.
First off: What’s the difference between angst and anger?
The term “teen angst” gets thrown around so much that you probably assume your kid’s anger issues are all a part of that. However, angst and anger are different. “In general, angst entails anxiety, dread, or apprehension regarding the future,” says Bernard Golden, Ph.D., a psychologist and author of Healthy Anger: How to Help Children and Teens Make Sense of and Manage Anger in Everyday Life. Anger, on the other hand, is about what happened or what your teen believes should or should have happened, he says. So, for example, if your teen feels apprehensive about taking the SAT practice test, she may be moody or pessimistic. That’s teenage angst. But if she already took the test and bombed it, she may be angry at herself and express it by snapping at people or ripping up her test results. Dr. Golden says increased anxiety can make teens more vulnerable to anger. Therefore, it’s possible that angst and anger can occur together, or that your teen’s anger may be a result of angst.
Why are teens so full of angst, anyway?
The adolescent years are filled with anxiety, frustration, fear, and other things that fall under the umbrella of teenage angst. Many teens don’t know how to process those feelings, so it can all come bubbling out as anger.
Sacrifice means a gesture of giving up something that you love and possess for the sake of others’ happiness or God’s happiness. Sacrifice might be made for some human life or just as a belief or a ritual.
Some people are always ready to do whatever it will take to see others prosper in their lives. Some are also willing to sacrifice their lives for others because of the affection and love they have for one another and humanity. When you are choosing to sacrifice for someone, then it is not by any obligation, but that is something, which is done purely from the depth of your heart. Making sacrifice is not that easy as many people presume it to be.
There are sometimes various serious consequences which follow a sacrifice, and some people might have to live with the consequences of their sacrifice for their entire life. Moreover, if you are choosing to do sacrifice, then it should not be for any public popularity gains but because your inner self-wants to do it. If you are doing it for public popularity then later you would regret, and your real intentions will be known to all. Your image will be hampered, and people will dislike your guts. So whenever you are doing sacrifice, then you must be sure that you are ready and prepared. You should sacrifice by your heart.
Sacrifice is not made when someone is expecting thanks in return or forcing you to do something. It is a feeling of instinct. They are made because some people decide to make a difference in someone’s life. Our soldiers and freedom fighters have made huge sacrifices in their lives, and so we are enjoying our freedom today. But many times we misuse our freedom and harm others, which is wrong. So try to help whenever you can do and then proceed in your way happily. Doing sacrifice gives a good feeling and happiness and the person for whom you do sacrifice will always show gratitude towards you even if you are not present in this world. Remember a good deed never goes in vain
“Beauty is skin-deep” the saying goes, and it seems most of you agree when you describe what you consider most beautiful in a person.
Confidence, kindness, happiness, dignity and intelligence all ranked in the top five out of 19 attributes that people said make the opposite and same sex beautiful.
Physical attributes like facial appearance, body weight and shape, and sexiness come much lower in the rankings of a recent Global Advisor survey of more than 18,000 people across 27 countries.
In fact, strength was the only physical attribute in the top 10 for what women considered beautiful in men. For how men view women – strength, sexiness and facial appearance – ranked at the bottom of the top 10 traits.
“No matter how physically gorgeous someone is, if they are a rotten person, they will not appear beautiful to us for long.” Carla Flamer, Marketing Canada
But, if the business of improving your looks is such a big business, then why do we place less importance on physical traits when it comes to what we consider beautiful?
Or, is there more to this than what meets the eye?
Difference between thinking & experiencing
Namika Sagara, President of Ipsos’ Behavioral Science Center, says we use different processes in our brain when we think of what characteristics matter versus what matters when we experience things.
“When we think of it, we tend to be more logical and rational, and also cognizant of what others might think of what we have to say,” said Sagara. “But when we experience, we tend to skip those logical and rational processes.”
Greg Gwiasda, Behavioral Scientist & VP at our Behavioral Science Center, adds that when things seem distant, we tend to think more abstractly, but when we are close to doing something, we think more concretely.
“When we talk to people about what they want in a partner, we are in a more abstract mindset – so the general traits are more likely to be salient,” said Gwiasda. “When we are actually choosing a partner, this is a very immediate need and we think in much more concrete terms – she’s got a nice smile, figure; he’s got good eyes, abs.”
Appearing beautiful vs. staying beautiful
There’s also a difference between what we initially view as beautiful when we meet someone and what keeps them as beautiful in our eyes, according to Carla Flamer, President of Marketing Canada, who’s worked with some of the world’s biggest beauty brands.
“The physical aspects, features, body type, facial balance – that gets positive first attention,” said Flamer. “What keeps someone looking beautiful in our eyes is intrinsic.”
“One is more immediate/visceral, in terms of creating an impression, and the other longer lasting,” said Flamer suggesting both are equally important elements of beauty – the physical and non-physical.
“No matter how physically gorgeous someone is, if they are a rotten person, they will not appear beautiful to us for long.”
Sagara backed this sentiment by saying that attraction can go through a journey and change over time.
“For example, the most salient attraction you might recall right when you met your partner is a physical attraction [like] how pretty his or her eyes were,” said Sagara. “What you think most attractive about your partner now may be the confidence he or she has.”
This is not because you think the eyes of your partner are no longer attractive, Sagara explains, but more that you have developed a stronger attraction to their confidence after spending more time with them.
What’s socially acceptable?
But given the popularity of current dating apps where you can swipe through potential partners based on their looks, the experts agreed there could be an element of people wanting to give socially desirable answers in order not to appear shallow.
Physical traits like hair styling, youthfulness and body weight and shape were among eight of the last nine characteristics that made men beautiful to women. Similarly, seven of last 10 attributes that made women beautiful to men were physical ones.
Sagara said that when we report what makes a person beautiful, we – consciously or unconsciously – tend to align with what we think should make a person beautiful, which can be heavily influenced by our macro and micro cultures.
But Colin Strong, Global Head of Behavioral Science at Ipsos, argues that giving more importance to physical attributes of beauty can be misleading, because it is difficult to really understand why we are attracted to another.
He points to the fact that the current survey’s findings are similar to one done by Ipsos for Dove’s Real Beauty campaign in 2004.
“Since 2004 there has been an explosion in online dating – and a lot of handwringing over the way in which we are making increasingly superficial decisions over who we want to date,” said Strong.
“Maybe this shows that in actual fact, despite this, we are all still looking for qualities in our partners that will lead to love, not just a hot date.”
Everything that we want to achieve requires some effort. But how important is effort in achieving our goals?
What you do today – the effort you put in – determines your success tomorrow. Rory Vaden, the author of “Take the Stairs: 7 Steps for Achieving True Success”, says, “Success is never owned; it is only rented – and the rent is due every day.”
Effort, like sunscreen in the summer, needs to be applied consistently. To achieve our goals, we need to put in the effort each and every day. On days that we feel good and on days when we don’t feel like doing the work. Many people will put in effort for a short time and when their effort does not immediately pay off or they become distracted by life, they stop putting in the daily effort needed to finish and succeed.
One way to keep yourself motivated to put in the effort needed for your goals is to think of all the other people who have the same goal. Knowing that most people will at some point give up and stop putting in consistent effort, you can use this to motivate you to continue to work hard and keep moving forward. I call these “Get ahead” days. These are the days that you get ahead of your competition. After all, everyone can put in the effort when they are feeling good or the circumstances are perfect, but not many persist through the tough days.
Effort is really just a habit that we need to develop if we want to be successful. Success requires that you are willing to do whatever is necessary, when it is necessary in order to succeed.
Effort pays off in many ways. When we put in effort, we learn. Whether the effort produces results or not, we can learn and adapt based on what we learn from our efforts. If our efforts lead us further away from our goal, then we need to change our strategy. If our effort brings us closer to our goal, we can double down with our effort.
The great basketball player, Michael Jordan said that work ethic, (effort), eliminates fear. By putting in the effort, we know what we are capable of and do not need to be afraid.
Effort teaches us that we can do more than we thought. We learn new skills and abilities when we take the time to put in consistent effort. Every new success that we achieve through our efforts increases our confidence in ourselves and our abilities. Effort keeps us focused on success. As your effort brings you closer to your goal, your motivation and willpower increase as you can taste victory.
You wake up in the morning and get ready to go to school. Picking out clothes can sometimes be a little emotional for you. Like 91 percent of other girls, you are unhappy with the way you look. Doing your makeup isn’t easy either. The day that you ran out of time to put any on, someone called your skin gross. A few days later, your friend tells you you’d be prettier if you just didn’t wear so much makeup. You glance at the fashion magazines on your nightstand, where Kerry Washington or Emma Watson or it doesn’t really matter who is laughing at you with a frozen, glossy smile. They never had to worry about this, did they?
You arrive at school. Your first class is calculus. The class has more girls than boys, so you have some close friends in the class who have been helping you with your homework the past few days. This unit has been particularly challenging. At the end of class, you walk over to the teacher’s desk to grab some extra review sheets. A male classmate of yours is trying to argue his way into a C- on a recent test; he is doing far worse than you are. Before you make it to the door the teacher catches you and says, “I see you’ve been having some trouble lately. Are you sure this class is the right place for you? You may want to think about switching down a level.” You politely assure him you’ll stay where you are.
Your day is fine until lunch. The hot line option is chicken fingers and French fries, your favorite. You walk over to your lunch table with your friends and sit down. The girls are all eating salad. They look at your French fries, then at you, then back to their lettuce bowls. They’ll never admit they’d rather be eating fries. One girl eventually comments, “Why don’t you like salad? It’s so much better for you. Fewer carbs. You won’t gain any weight.” You lose your appetite and end up throwing half of your meal away. But then your friend slides her fruit cup across the table. “You gotta have something in front of you or you’ll look anorexic or something.”
The rest of the day is uneventful, but it’s a Friday, and you are so tired and stressed by the end of the day by the homework you’ll have to do this weekend and your low-paying babysitting job. You’re managing OK, but you snap when your male friend says your dress makes you look like a housewife. “Calm down,” he says. “It was just a joke. Are you on your period or something?” Despite your annoyance, this reminds you that your time of the month is next week, and you’re going to have to buy tampons on the way home. Throughout the course of your life, you will end up spending $1,773.33 on tampons alone. And this kid in your econ class was arguing today that the pink tax is a myth.
You stay in for the night and your friend comes over to watch a movie. The two of you decide to grab some candy and you run to the CVS down the street. You are walking home; it’s not too late but your street is dark. As a car slowly drives by, you tense up. The other day someone whistled at you from their car, and you’ve felt a bit uneasy on the sidewalk ever since. You are part of the 99 percent of women who have experienced street harassment in their lives. You desperately try to remember the self-defense lesson you got in middle school–was it go for the eyes or do you try to run?–when you realize the car is only waiting to pull into the driveway you’ve just crossed.
This story is not my story, per se, though parts of it resonant daily. The teen feminists I know often paint sexism in broad strokes as we discuss narrowing the wage gap, legalizing reproductive health and destroying the patriarchy once and for all. These are all important issues to discuss and to work towards. But sometimes we forget about the microaggressions, the comments that slide under the radar, the inherent sexism ingrained in our entire society—not just from males.
This is why I need feminism—because there are things that women have to hear, see and endure that men will never have to, and that’s not right. Gender equality does not only mean equality in the eyes of the law. It means that women can feel safe walking alone at night. It means women can see themselves represented in their classes and media. It means women are taken seriously in any context or capacity. It means that women’s bodies, with all their nuances, organs and curves, are treated with love and equal respect. We’re not there yet. We need feminism.
Maintaining personal hygiene is essential for more than one reason; social, health, personal, psychological or just as a way of life. Maintaining a good standard of hygiene helps keep infections, illnesses and bad odors at bay. The importance of hygiene should be taught from an early age to help cultivate good habits. Personal hygiene can be defined as an act of maintaining cleanliness and grooming of the external body. Maintaining good personal hygiene consists of bathing, washing your hands, brushing teeth and sporting clean clothing. Additionally, it is also about making safe and hygienic decisions when you are around others.
One of the most fool proof ways to safeguard yourself and others from illness is through good personal hygiene. This means cleaning your hands, especially, but additionally your body. Good personal hygiene not only enhances your overall appearance, its importance is directly related to prevention of diseases, infections, and unpleasant odors.
Our comprehensive guide to help you stay healthy through good personal hygiene from healthy hand washing to all your need to know about skin we’ve got healthy personal hygiene covered from top to toe!
Why should we teach manners and etiquette in the classroom? Because kids need good social skills in order to succeed. If kids aren’t learning these basic skills at home, we need to be teaching them at school. Otherwise, through subtle social signals, the kids without manners will lose out and never know why.
And here’s a scary thought: students are learning manners from us whether we are teaching them or not. As Robert Fulghum (All I Really Need to Know I Learned in Kindergarten) said: Don’t worry that children never listen to you; worry that they are always watching you.
Where To Begin
Manners and etiquette include so many aspects of human behavior that you’ll need to determine which ones you want to focus on. Here are two simple behaviors you might start with.
1. BEING POLITE
Making an effort to be polite — smiling, saying “please” and “thank you,” holding the door for someone — goes a long way toward making and keeping friends and diffusing hostilities.
You might begin by asking students to give some examples of polite behavior. Have them demonstrate ways they have been polite and role-play situations in which they should make an effort to be polite.
Encourage them to practice in real life too. Be sure to notice when they do.
Discuss the outcomes of their practicing polite behavior. Ask students to describe any changes they feel in the classroom (or school, if everyone is working on manners and etiquette). Do they feel more comfortable, happier, safer? How do they feel when they are being polite? When someone is polite to them?
2. ACTING APPROPRIATELY FOR THE SITUATION
Behaving appropriately can help you succeed in reaching your goals — whether you want to get better grades; get a job and get promoted; or get invited to social events.
Again, brainstorm with students to get them talking about appropriate behavior for various settings. Discuss appropriate behavior for conversations, including listening when someone is speaking to you, speaking when spoken to, not talking about private things in public, looking at the person you are speaking with (I know the cultural implications, but not explaining to students what some people expect of them is doing them a disservice).
Have students role-play conversations with their peers and adults, focusing on making small talk about appropriate, positive topics, giving a compliment, and receiving a compliment graciously.
Ask students to suggest ways to remember to smile, stand up straight, or get rid of the chewing gum when they want to be taken seriously.
We Owe It To Our Kids
We owe it to our kids to teach them manners and etiquette. If we truly want to give all students an opportunity to succeed, we must stress the importance of acceptable, desirable behavior that will help them get and keep jobs, friends, and family. Someone needs to tell them.
Mobile or cell phones are now a days an integral part of modern telecommunications in every individual life. In many countries, over half of the population use mobile phones and the mobile phone market is growing rapidly. Saudi Arabia rank first among the countries of the gulf region with highest proportion of mobile users, a study conducted by United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD). In gulf countries, Oman ranked second, followed by Kuwait and the UAE. As billions of people use mobile phones globally, a small increase in the incidence of adverse effects on health could have major public health implications on long term basis. Besides the number of cell phone calls per day, the length of each call and the amount of time people use cell phones are important factors which enhance the health related risk.
Mobile phones emit radiofrequency energy, a form of non-ionizing electromagnetic radiation, which can be absorbed by tissues close to the phone. The amount of radiofrequency energy a mobile phone user is exposed depend on many factors as the technology of the phone, the distance between the phone and the user, the extent and type of mobile phone use and the user’s distance from cell phone towers.
In 2011, International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) classified mobile phone radiation possibly carcinogenic, means that there “could be some risk” of carcinogenicity, so additional research into the long-term, heavy use of mobile phones needs to be conducted.
While an increased risk of brain tumours from the use of mobile phones is not established, the increasing use of mobile phones and the lack of data for mobile phone use over time periods longer than 15 years warrant further research of mobile phone use and brain cancer risk. In particular, with the recent popularity of mobile phone use among younger people, potentially longer lifetime of exposure, WHO has promoted further research on this group and is currently assessing the health impact of RF fields on all studied endpoints. A cohort study in Denmark linked billing information from more than 358,000 cell phone subscribers with brain tumour incidence data from the Danish Cancer Registry. The analyses found no association between cell phone use and the incidence of glioma, meningioma, or acoustic neuroma, even among people who had been cell phone subscribers for 13 or more years.
The American Cancer Society (ACS) states that the IARC classification means that there could be some risk associated with cancer, but the evidence is not strong enough to be considered causal and needs to be investigated further. Individuals who are concerned about radiofrequency exposure can limit their exposure, including using an ear piece and limiting cell phone use, particularly among children.
Scientists have reported adverse health effects of using mobile phones including changes in brain activity, reaction times, and sleep patterns. More studies are underway to try to confirm these findings. When mobile phones are used very close to some medical devices (including pacemakers, implantable defibrillators, and certain hearing aids) there is the possibility of causing interference with their operation. There is also the potential of interference between mobile phones signals and aircraft electronics. Some countries have licensed mobile phone use on aircraft during flight using systems that control the phone output power.
Research has shown an increased risk of traffic accidents, about 3–4 times greater chance of an accident, when mobile phones (either handheld or with a “hands-free” kit) are used while driving due to distraction.
Children have the potential to be at greater risk than adults for developing brain cancer from cell phones. Their nervous systems are still developing and therefore more vulnerable to factors that may cause cancer.
The FDA (7) have suggested steps to reduce the exposure to radiofrequency energy:
Reserve the use of cell phones for shorter conversations or for times when a landline phone is not available.
Use a hands-free device, which places more distance between the phone and the head of the user.
The leading causes of Child Labour in India are social inequality, lack of education, and poverty. According to UNICEF’s report, children from the impoverished and rural parts of the world have no available alternatives such as teachers and schools.
Many rural communities lack adequate school facilities and the availability of schools. The low paying economy blooms with low cost, easy to hire, and child Labour. Besides the unorganized Agricultural sector, child Labour exists in unorganized assembly, unorganized retail works, and unorganized trade sectors
Other factors of child Labour include the size of the informal economy, the inability of most Indian industries to scale up, lack of modern technologies, and the structure and inflexibility of the Indian market.
Bonded child Labour
Children are employed due to social obligation, or loans and debts made by the families. Usually, children are forced to employ their families in brick kilns, stone and quarries, and agricultural sectors.
The children of the migrant workers and those that belong to the marginalized sections and Dalits in the society are pledged to work in small production houses and factories in the urban areas. Child Labourers on the bond are usually subjected to physical, emotional, mental, and sexual abuse, even leading to death.
In Orissa, the people of the lower section of the society sell their daughters belonging to eight to 10 years of age, as maidservants to the clear their debts.
Lack of implementation of Laws
The Child Labour (Prohibition and Regulation) Act, 1986, was the only enacted provision by the Indian Constitution against child Labour and its atrocities. Other provisions stated by the Indian Constitution are:
Article 24 of the Indian Constitution states that no child below the age of fourteen shall employ in any hazardous employment or factory but not in non-hazardous industries.
Article 39(f)) of the Indian Constitution states that children and young adults are to be protected against moral and material abandonment or any forms of exploitation.
Various other Laws and the Indian Penal Code, such as The Factories Act,1948, The Mines Act,1952, the Juvenile Justice (Care and Protection) of Children Act-2000, and the Child Labour (Prohibition and Abolition) Act-1986 seek to prevent the practice of child Labour in India.
Unfortunately, these laws and regulations lack active and proper implementation and enforcement.
The widespread problem of Child Labour:
Child Labour is quite relevant in India due to poor schooling opportunities and the country’s high poverty rate. Child Labour is relevant in both rural as well as urban regions of the country.
As per the 2011 census report, the total population of the age group between 5-14 years is 259.6 million in India. Almost 3.9 percent of the total child population that is 10.1 million children in the country work either as the primary worker or as a marginal worker.
Reports state that almost 40 percent of child Labour occurs in the field of precious stone cutting. Child Labour exists in industries such as zari and embroidery, mining, dhabas, restaurants, tea stalls, and even at homes as domestic Labour.
The civil authorities and organizations need to work in unison to free child Labour under extreme conditions.
How do we know they are neurotic? Please, this is a very serious question. Neurotic – what does that mean? A little odd, unclear, confused, slightly off-balance? Unfortunately, most of us are slightly off-balance. No? You aren’t quite sure! Aren’t you off-balance if you are a Christian, a Hindu, a Buddhist or a communist? Aren’t you neurotic when you enclose yourself with your problems, build a wall around yourself because you think you are better than somebody else? Aren’t you off-balance when your life is full of resistance – me and you, we and they, and all the other divisions? Aren’t you neurotic in the office when you want to be better than another?
So, how does one become neurotic? Does society make you neurotic? That is the simplest explanation – my father or mother, my neighbour, the government, the army, everybody makes me neurotic. Are they all responsible for my being off-balance? And when I go to the analyst for help, poor chap, he’s also neurotic like me. Please, don’t laugh; this is exactly what is happening in the world. So why do I become neurotic? Everything in the world, as it exists now, the society, the family, the parents, the children, have no love. Do you think there would be wars if we had love? Do you think there would be governments that consider it is perfectly all right for you to be killed? Such a society would not exist if your mother and father really loved you, cared for you, looked after you and taught you how to be kind, how to live and how to love. These are the outer pressures and demands that bring about this neurotic society. There are also the inner compulsions and urges within ourselves, our innate violence inherited from the past, that help to make up this neurosis, this imbalance.
So this is the fact: most of us are slightly off-balance, or more, but it is no use blaming anybody. The fact is that one is not balanced psychologically, mentally or sexually – in every way, we are off-balance. The important thing is to become aware of it, to know that one is not balanced, not how to become balanced. A neurotic mind cannot become balanced, but if it has not gone to the extremes of neurosis, if it has still retained some balance, it can watch itself. One can then become aware of what one does, what one says, what one thinks, how one moves, how one sits, how one eats – watching all the time but not correcting. If you watch in such a manner, without any choice, then out of that deep watching will come a balanced, sane, human being. Then you will no longer be neurotic. A balanced mind is a mind that is wise, not made up of judgments and opinions.
Eduindex News 
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