Behind the United States India is the second largest populated with English as its primary language and it has one of the fastest growing demographics of personal computer and Internet usage.Data is basically an information that is presented in raw and inorganised pieces which is stored by a computer in the form of text documents, files, software programs, etc.This information is collected for its analysis or reference. With social, economic, legal, corporate and governmental activities the flow of data is expanding in great speed.India is experiencing a major paradigm shift to using a multitude of technologies due to tremendous technological growth  And therefore in today’s economy, need for protection of such online data is of paramount importance which must be protected.Data protection is a process of protecting and safeguarding such vital information from either misappropriation, misuse, corruption or loss or from unauthorized access which can be concerned with an individual, enterprise or even a government.Along with such fields mentioned above protection of data must also be applied to personal data.Personal data generally refers to the information or data which relate to a person who can be identified from that information or data whether it is collected by any Government or any private organization or an agency.Such privacy laws, policies and procedures aim to minimise intrusion into one’s privacy caused by the collection, storage and dissemination of personal data. The significance of data protection is increasing with the amount of data created and processed.The general population is still primarily unaware of consequences related to identification theft.Subsequently, Data Protection Strategies are also assuring and ensuring us that the lost data can be recovered and restored, if any misfortune or misappropriation happens with the impugned data.

NEED FOR DATA PROTECTION LAW IN INDIA:

1.As we all know that right to privacy is now our fundamental right so for our protection we should have data protection law.

2.By bringing these laws we all will be aware  and can check on all unauthorised leaks, hacking, cyber crimes, and frauds. 

A very good example is case of Aadhar card leaks by Gujarat based websites who were found disclosing their adhere numbers as well as in Jharkhand where 1.6 million people’s aadhar card details were leaked.

3.It will help us in our growth and improvement of business process and will secure our digital payments.

4.It will also help us to restrict use of data by data colonising companies such as Facebook, Whatsapp 

Example: In case of Cambridge Analytical Scandal ,they allegedly involved collection of personally identifiable information of up to 87 million Facebook users attempt to influence voter opinion.

STEPS TO PROTECT DATA:

Data Collection:

The first step for data protection is to start with data collection itself.There must be strict data collection policy by the top authority.Data should be collected by the agencies authorised by the government.All the information collected should be of lawful purpose only.

Data Security and Storage:

All data captured should be kept upto date and accurate.It should applied appropriate technical and organizational measures.

Data Process:

Processing of data must be fair and lawful.Data shall be processed only when the consent of user is involved or if user or any one of its party is in contract.Data should be processed only for given purposes like if its for judicial proceedings, legitimate use for national interest or vital interest of subject.

Data Access:

The data access must follow NEED TO KNOW basis.There must be proper control that information should not go beyond the Indian territory.If it does then proper measures should be taken to ensure that information is protected outside India.

Indian Laws For Data protection:

In our constitution we does not patently have a law for data protection. However courts have implied this data protection law into existing fundamental rights that is under article 21 however its interpretation was fond insufficient to provide adequate protection for our data.

In the year 2000, our legislatures made efforts to embrace privacy issues relating to computer system under Information Technology Act(IT), 2000 which deals with the issues relating to payment of compensation (Civil) and punishment (Criminal) in case of wrongful disclosure and misuse of personal data and violation of contractual terms in respect of personal data.

UNDER IT ACT 2000 

SECTION 43:

This section provides protection against unsanctioned access of the computer  system and unsanctioned downloading, extraction and copying of data by imposing heavy penalty upto 1 crore.In which clause “c” imposes penalty unsanctioned  usage of computer viruses and clause “g” imposes penalty for for assisting these unsanctioned access.

SECTION 65:

This section is for someone who intentionally destroys or causes another to do as such shall also be charged with a penalty of imprisonment or fine up to 2 lakh rupees.

SECTION 66:

This section is for protection against hacking person hacking our data or giving us knowledge about our data to be hacked in future by giving information residing in a computer resource shall be penalised by imprisonment of three years or fine up to two lakh rupees or both on the hacker.

SECTION 70:

This section  provides protection against our protected system like computer system or network however in breach of this section will be liable for punishment of imprisonment which may extend to ten years and shall also be liable to fine.

SECTION 72:

This section provides protection against contravention of confidentiality and privacy of the data which means if any person tries to disclose any facts or proofs which are kept secured shall be punished with imprisonment which may extend to two years or with fine which may extend to one lakh rupees or both.

In the year 2006, the Rajya Sabha our legislature has also introduced a bill known as ‘The Personal Data Protection Bill’ on December 8th 2006 so as to provide protection to the personal information of the person which didn’t showed any further respond.

PERSONAL DATA PROTECTION BILL (PDPB) ,2019:

After so many data protection bills this new bill came up with great dim of light.This bill was introduced by the Minister of Electronics and Information Technology, Mr. Ravi Shankar Prasad, on December 11, 2019.This bill was most importantly made for the protection of personal data of individuals and side by side establishment of a Data Protection authority for the same.Before coming upto this bill in July  2017 the Government of India formed a committee of experts to study the issues related to data protection in the country.All the experts worked on this issue almost for a year and found that most of the population in our country gives personal details to these service providers which give them their free services and these details are usually stored on servers outside India’s boundaries, which worried the Government of India and in July 2018 they submitted a draft of this bill and requested feedback from the public, Ministers, stakeholders, and other industry experts.However on December 11,2019 they submitted a revised draft of the bill in the lower house of the parliament that is in Lok Sabha and also has been sent to joint parliamentary committee (JPC) for further thinking before taken up for passing.

There was widespread hope of passing this bill by 2019 which has now been postponed to become a law or act in 2020.

About the bill:

This bill was the first attempt to domestically govern mechanisms for personal data protection and also to set up Data Protection Authority in our country.

This bill also permits personal data processing without the consent like government providing benefits to the individual, for legal proceedings, and in medical emergencies.

This bill regulates three kinds of data :

1. Personal data (personal details like name, number, etc)
2. Sensitive Personal data (healthcare details shared with doctors,banking details)
3. Critical Personal data (not yet defined)

The most important advantage of this bill is that personal information can’t be collected, processed, and shared without their consent and only necessary data can be collected and used.The Bill also permits customers to move their data from one provider to another and allows users to know the number of companies with whom the data is shared.

Private organisations are also forced to limit their customers details.

According to this bill a very serious and tough penalties will be imposed on any organization sharing customers’ data without their consent will entail a fine of INR 15 crores or 4 percent of its global turnover.Similarly data breach or delays will lead to a fine of INR 5 crores or 2 percent of global turnover.

 Personal Data Protection Bill, gave rise after European Union’s General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) which aims at protection of an individual’s personal data globally and preventing it from misuse and misappropriation.

Example :Recently, Microsoft India launched free online courses to allow the relevant section of public who are concerned with such issues to understand the data compliance and other best practices concerning their privacy and security which help safeguard customer data.

NASSCOM along with Data Security Council of India (DSCI) has been advocating in India.

Conclusion:

Indian legal system still have to provide a proper data security and privacy protection laws to safeguard people in our country as well as to attract international clients. Data security is not only a legal requirement but a factor to compete globally.For our country’s future growth a secured information technology and other strong data protection laws are must.Our country must be aware that not only processed information regarding legal system but also sensitive information of individuals need to be protected.Failure to recognize these issues can negatively impact our country’s reputation.In addition like all other countries such as United States and United Kingdom laws, Canada, Japan, and the European Union are increasingly becoming stricter on data privacy and protection and defining what measurements must be taken to protect data.So to attract International countries aw well we all too should look upon these matters effectively by appointing privacy commissioner, establishing self regulating organisation etc.

A justified wage refers to an income level determined by market dynamics, work experience, education and skill. A justified wage is the wage level that is high enough to attract workers but low enough to enable employers to offer employment. The divergence between a justified wage and the legal minimum wage may depend on several factors including the state of the economy and level of unemployment.

• A justified wage is a fair level of compensation paid to an employee that takes into account both market and non-market factors.
• It is a wage that is often greater than the minimum wage, but which also allows employers to actively seek out and hire workers.
• The type of work, the skills demanded, experience, job duties, and the general state of the economy all come into play when establishing a justified wages.

Understanding a justified wage

A justified wage combines economic factors of supply and demand in the workforce with more social and culturally relevant inputs like work experience, education and skills training, and type of job. A wage is justified when it is seen as socially acceptable while at the same time economically feasible for both workers and employers.

In a recession, the actual level of wages for this worker may drop to just above minimum wage due to the high level of unemployment and a stagnant economy. After the Great Recession, many investment banks justified lower wages due to slow economic growth. To learn more about investment banker wages, see: what drives investment banker salaries.

Justified wages for employees :

Companies may compare their employees’ salaries and work experience when determining a justified wage. For example, Meagan, a current employee, has 10 years’ experience and receives a salary of $65,000. Based on this information, management determines that Paul’s justified wage is $60,000 given that he has eight years’ experience. Management may also consider other factors when establishing a justified wage, such as what responsibilities the employee has and the revenue they generate. For instance, the amount of commission a stockbroker writes could justify his or her wage. Employees can help determine their justified wage during pay reviews by discussing how they add value to the company.

Justified wages for CEOs

When determining a justified wage for a CEO, the board of directors of a company typically considers:

• Leadership: What leadership skills does the CEO have? Does he or she have the ability to unite the senior management team and lead by example during times of transition? A CEO’s justified wage might be based on his or her ability to motivate employees.
• Strategic Ability: Does the CEO allocate resources effectively? Do they enter markets that enable the organization to grow and attract new customers? For example, the board of a multinational company may determine the justified wage of a CEO by his or her proven record of successfully entering foreign markets.
• Network: A CEO’s justified wage might be dependent on how effectively he or she can utilize connections. For instance, do they have the ability to lure senior executives from competitors? A CEO may have a higher justified wage if they have contacts that allow them to secure new suppliers and customers.

Fortune is a global media organisation situated in the USA. It publishes news relating to the business world in its magazine Fortune. Annually it also puts out a list of top 500 companies of the world which ranks them according to their revenue. This list is the Fortune Global 500. The more the revenue of a company the higher is its rank in the list.

This year the list is stopped by Walmart with revenue of $523,964 billion, followed by Sinopac  Group at number 2 with $407,009 billion revenue and State Grid at number 3 with $383,906 billion revenue. However the company which made maximum profit is Saudi Aramco whose profit is $86,270 billion.

There are many Indian companies in this list as well. Reliance industries Limited (RIL) is at number 96 which is the highest position ever earned by an Indian company. RIL has risen 10 ranks as compared to last year. Its revenue is $86,270 billion and profit $5,624.9 billion. In 2012 also RIL was in the top hundred at 99th position. It is interesting to note that RIL has been in the Fortune Global 500 list for the past 17 years.

The other Indian companies in this list Indian Oil Corp at 151, Oil and Natural Gas Corp (ONGC) at 190, State Bank of India (SBI) at 221, Bharat Petroleum Corp Limited at 309, Tata Motors at 337 and Rajesh Exports at 462.

The Global 500 list has companies from across 32 countries. This year the combined revenue of all companies amounted to $33.3 trillion and profit of $2.1 trillion. All the 500 companies in this list have accumulated 7 crore employees currently.

India is one of the fastest growing major economy in the world. Stealing the title of the slowing economy of China, this country has had an amazing journey to get to where it is today and with the right management it is very likely to become one of the world’s most powerful economy very soon. Not quite there yet. The total economy is still smaller in GDP terms than the economy of California. Over half of the native populations, nor works in agriculture and poverty is still very prevalent problem. Only open upload and throughout the past three decades it has seen unbelievable level of growth that has, among other things, hundreds of millions of people out of poverty. Completely understand how this country is going to get going. You must first understand where it has come from.

After over a century of servitude to the British under colonial rule and many, many decades of assertive efforts, India claimed its independence in August of 1947. This often sore a sharp downturn in economic prosperity because while colonists were oppressive, an undeniably exploitative called their host nations, they did ensure that they were able to effectively extract every bit of economic value they could from their colonies, India. It had lunch well from past lessons and actually ran a pretty effective economy once they were free from colonial rule. India developed a very protectionist economy. Protectionism is the policy of a nation to favour the goods produced by the nation over those produced abroad. Now all nations, to some extent will have a level of protectionism. This can be seen in things like tariffs charged on the important role materials or import quotas, limiting the amount of foreign cars that can enter a country that, given you the severity and extent of these policies, will determine how protectionist an economy is. A small side note is that this issue of protectionism has been in the news a lot recently with the US and Chinese trade war. This is ultimately a back and forth of protectionist policies that will work to favor the products of their respective local countries rather than the imports from abroad by artificially raising the prices of foreign goods. With these import taxes, countries will do this for many reasons. Primarily, it will be to protect their local industries and jobs from cheaper foreign competitors with lower wages. Sometimes it will just be political chess feeding. And sometimes it’s just another geopolitical negotiating strategy. In India’s case, though, it had a very different reason to adopt this protectionist policy. India had experienced first hand what colonialism and early global trade had meant for the countries on the bottom of the industrial ladder, it decided that instead of potentially subjecting another nation to the same kind of hardship did experience it would rather just do everything itself. The way to achieve this was through a series of five year plans which to regular channel viewers or savvy students of history sounds like the type of economic planning associated with a certain type of economic system. To top this off, India effectively nationalized most of its major industries in the mid 1950s and onwards, and its biggest trading partner at the time of the Soviet Union, and it had typical Soviet Esque style laws around pretty much everything called the license Raj, which was pretty much just a big book of bureaucratic red tape for anybody that wanted to do anything in the economy. So India was a communist country. Well no, it had a lot of central planning characteristics of the communist nation. I did trade with Communist Nations, but it really wasn’t a communist nation itself. India still supported free trade outside of its core industries of the nation. If you want to open a restaurant and turn a profit, you could. If you want to work your way up the corporate ladder, you could. So long as you are here to licensing Raj, which was easier said than done, you were in business. So it kind of was just a weird mix of both the worst of communism and the worst of capitalism. Be honest, India in the early years of the Cold War tried really, really hard to stay neutral. Eventually, though, it did actually lean more towards the Soviet Union and 1971 India and Soviet Union signed the windows Soviet Treaty of friendship and cooperation, which was just a very public way of saying that they would keep on trading in cooperating as they had been for the decades beforehand. This was all well and good, but the country really didn’t do that much economically. It grew in line with similar communist economies in the region and remain primarily agricultural with aside emphasis. On government run heavy industry, but this was all about the change. 

Up until the 90s, the Soviet Union was India’s major trading partner. But then in 1991, the Soviet Union collapsed and with it India lost a majority of its trade and a large portion of its industrial support. 1991 was the slowest growth in the country had experienced since its independence. This was paired with a spike in oil prices that the growing economy relies so heavily on. All of this culminated in India facing the very real possibility of defaulting on its heavy debt burden. It found itself in in a last ditch effort to avoid the fates of economies in similar positions. At this time,Indian government reached out to the International Monetary Fund for a 1.8 billion dollar bailout loan. The International Monetary Fund is an international organisation that consists of 189 member country. And try to basically act as an intermediary to get everybody to do business with one another. It raises money by basically charging membership fees, two member states that will then use that money to lift up struggling economies like India in 1991. The International Monetary Fund is worth it for member states like the USA for example because it promotes global trade, monetary cooperation and sustainable economic growth. All things that are really important for a world power like the US. India, on the other hand, had up until this point shunned international trade, grasping onto their protectionist policies and state run enterprises. The International Monetary Fund agreed to loan India that money it so desperately needed. If India agreed to deregulate and open up its economy.

Since the agreement with the International Monetary Fund India has gone through a bold period of embracing free enterprise, it’s once government run industries have been prioritized. It’s very very strict. Trade policies have been relaxed, the country has opened itself up to business from around the world and the extremely limiting Licence Raj. That book of bureaucratic red tape that had rules about everything has since been thrown in the wood chipper. This was followed by an explosion in growth. India, the country has effectively doubled in size every five years since its turn around in 1991, which for a major economy is a growth rate that has only ever really been rivaled by nations like China and Japan, which is today the second and third largest economies in the world, respectively. These economic miracles are becoming more and more common around the world, though it has impacted large nations like the ones mentioned earlier. But many, many Eastern European and South East Asian countries seem to be going through these. Matthew industrial revolutions all together in a very short space of time.

Revolution took place in England and started around 1760. The process took many decades and the nation wasn’t really a fully industrialised nation until the mid 1800s. The technology of steam and water power eventually overflowed into other European economies that slowly started to go through their own industrial revolutions, changing from primarily agricultural nations to industrialise nations. These early European revolutions to many, many decades to fully get to the point where they could be considered an industrialised nation though. But recently this process has become a lot faster. China went from a primarily agricultural nation to primarily industrial nation and then onto a primarily server space nation. All in the span of about 20 years. Thailand did the same in around 5 years. The process of industrialization is getting faster and faster for every economy that goes through the transition. And here is why. Back in the 1760s when the first steam powered textile factories were spring into existence, these factories literally had to reinvent the wheel. The best layout for a factory floral. Best ways. Design everything from box to assembly lines was a little bit of unknown. This inevitably slowed down the whole process just a little bit. In today’s world we already have the knowledge and how all this industrial business should be done. So nations making the transition from agriculture to industry don’t have to reinvent the wheel. Oftentimes they can just buy machinery directly off established nations to carry out their business effectively from the get go. And this brings us neatly onto the second point. But world is now a large, interconnected global economy, with large businesses looking for new opportunities. As soon as a nation shows promising industrialising itself. International support tends to flock to these new nations in the form of multinational investment. Normally this takes the form of investment into industries can take advantage of cheaper Labour of developing countries, which one could argue four or against, but it does mean though is that these nations get the investment they need to hit the ground running as an industrialised nation. India is already a very very large economy simply by virtue of its resources at the main population. An favourable environmental conditions. The nation is already the 5th largest country in the world. As of late 2019 and it has achieved this ranking while still having a majority of its population. Working in agriculture. But this is all changing uncertainty and the rising cost of doing business in China is making the global business community look for a new base of its industrial operations for low cost manufacturing, India is the ideal according to take the reins right number of reasons and these same reasons are like India is likely behind the biggest and most rapid economic boom yet. India is a former British colony and while the country is much better off now as a free and independent state, it did take some of the best bits Britain had with it, namely its laws and its language. Language is actually normally seen as a pretty big hindrance to the economy because of the vast array of dialect spoken within the country that makes internal business. It’ll be difficult, but it does have going for it though is the second largest English speaking population in the world, falling only behind the USA?

English is the language of international trade and business population being able to speak English is a huge plus for when India bully sticks out onto the ball today. For reference, in China, less than 80% of the population speak English, which does create frictions in international business and could potentially just making the easier option in the future. Already India has benefited from this finding the world home of service call centres, the stereotypical Indian call centre is kind of thing that we make fun events. But to the Indian economy it means relatively good paying jobs that can be done by people of any age and industry. It is worth 10s of billions of dollars. This is just one small example of an industry that India has been able to monopolise that other industrialising nations would not have had the opportunity to be cause of their language barrier. The other big consideration is the Indian legal system. India does have its own system of government, although it is a system that basically reflects a western democracy. India has a president as the head of state and upper and lower House of governments to pass laws and a ranked court system. This again doesn’t sound like a huge deal but to international businesses shopping around for a new base of operations. This is huge to companies having a legal system similar to the western home countries, where trade dispute will be settled fairly. Business contracts will be honoured and intellectual property laws will be enforced is a very, very big deal and it is not something that multinationals have confidence in with countries like China. Now it must be noted that Indian law is not all roses and sunshine, it does have its problems with corruption but corruption tends to be something that international corporations can deal with as long as all that other stuff stays intact to protect them.

But what this all means is that India is likely on the cusp of an unbelievable technique that it is in the same position that I was 15 years ago. But it has a few big things going for it that China did not. If India is able to capitalise on the. And business attractiveness of the country. It is likely that the countries economy will continue to double in size many times over. This does not only mean that India will soon give China USA a run for their money, but on a smaller scale it will also mean that living conditions for hundreds of millions will be dragged up along with this economic explosion.

A power outage (also called a power cut, a power out, a power blackout,  power failureor a blackout) is the loss of the electrical power network supply to an end user.

There are many causes of power failures in an electricity network. Examples of these causes include faults at power stations, damage to electric transmission lines, substations or other parts of the distribution system, a short circuit, cascading failure, fuse or circuit breakeroperation.

Power failures are particularly critical at sites where the environment and public safety are at risk. Institutions such as hospitals, sewage treatment plants, and mines will usually have backup power sources such as standby generators, which will automatically start up when electrical power is lost. Other critical systems, such as telecommunication, are also required to have emergency power. The battery room of a telephone exchange usually has arrays of lead–acid batteries for backup and also a socket for connecting a generator during extended periods of outage.

Finally the supreme court decision of exams will be announced tomorrow,the MHRD and national disaster management has given permission for exams,the UGC is planning to conduct exams by sep 30th

states like Delhi and Maharashtra has cancelled final exams but UGC mentioned without exam there is no certificates,and supreme court decision is pending for the conduction for final exams

Competency mapping identifies an individual’s strengths and weaknesses. The aim is to enable the person to better understand himself or herself and to point out where career development efforts need to be directed.

Competencies are derived from specific job families within the organization and are often grouped around categories such as strategy, relationships, innovation, leadership, risk-taking, decision-making, emotional intelligence, etc. So far as the way to go about for competency mapping is concerned, the first step is job analysis, where the company needs to list core competency requirements for the job concerned. The next step should be development of a competency scale for the job on the parameters previously identified.

The actual mapping of employees can be a self-done exercise or done by others like superiors. It can also be done by using the 360-degree method where peers, first reports and customers also rate the employee.

Competency approach to job depends on competency mapping. Competency Mapping  is a process to identify key competencies for an organization and/or a job and incorporating those competencies throughout the various processes (i.e. job evaluation, training, recruitment) of the organization. A competency is defined as a behavior (i.e. communication, leadership) rather than a skill or ability. 

Competency is your ability to do something successfully or efficiently. Therefore, competency mapping is simply a process of matching your competence with the job role and/or organization. Furthermore, it is also about matching people to the job role and hence used even in selection.

Definition: Competency mapping is the process of identifying the specific skills, knowledge, abilities, and behaviors required to operate effectively in a specific job or organization. Competency maps are often also referred to as competency profiles or skills profiles.

Some of the major practical applications of competency mapping include :

Job Evaluation: By analyzing the key skills to required to do a job a simple job evaluation can be prepared. It can help in allocating existing or new resources to the specific job based on the evaluation process

Project Planning: What key tasks can be performed by what resources ject can easily be identified through the mapping process and helps in project planning.

Performance Management:

A competency mapping exercise results in preparing Competency Framework, which in turn helps in allocating desired proficiency for the job vs current proficiency to do the job. By analyzing any gaps the performance management can be seamlessly conducted

Job analysis: By identifying the key behaviors required to perform each job role, competency mapping is really useful in preparing job analysis. Not to be confused by Job description step in competency mapping process where the job roles analyzed for allocating competencies and behaviors.

Succession Planning : The analysis of competencies required for a leadership role and mapping them with proficiency shown by potential leaders a clear roadmap for succession planning can be created.

Any developmental need can also be ascertained by mapping the critical competencies with the current proficiency level demonstrated by an individual vis-à-vis the required proficiency level for the position.

Recruitment: By identifying key skills required to do the job and also developing a competency-based interviewing process the organizations can benefit by hiring the most suitable resources while it helps in all stages of the recruitment process.

Individual development plan: Any gaps in desired and current proficiency levels help in developing individual development and learning roadmap for individuals and even job roles and categories.

The discovery of the legendary city of Dwaraka which is said to have been founded by Sri Krishna, is an important landmark in the validation of historical relevance of Mahabharata. It has set at rest the doubts expressed by historians about the historicity of Mahabharata and the very existence of Dwaraka city. It has greatly narrowed the gap of Indian history by establishing the continuity of the Indian civilization from the Vedic age to the present day. The discovery has also shed welcome light on second urbanization in the so-called ‘Dark age’, on the reestablishment of dharma, on the resumption of maritime trade, and use of Sanskrit language and modified Indus script.

Dwaraka is a coastal town in Jamnagar district of Gujarat. Traditionally, modern Dwaraka is identified with Dvaraka, mentioned in the Mahabharata as Krishna’s city. Dwaraka was a port, and some scholars have identified it with the island of Barka mentioned in the Periplus of Erythrean Sea. Ancient Dwaraka sank in sea and hence is an important archaeological site. The first clear historical record of the lost city is dated 574 A.D. and occurs in the Palitana Plates of Samanta Simhaditya. This inscription refers to Dwaraka as the capital of the western coast of Saurashtra and still more important, states that Sri Krishna lived here.
There are many mythical tales woven around the city of Dwarka. The most prominent myth is associated with the ‘hero of the Dwapara’; Lord Krishna who is believed to have held his kingdom here. Dwarka in the ancient times was known as Anarta which had been Lord Krishna’s terrestrial empire. Dwarka consisted in islands like Antar dwipa, Dwarka Island and the mainland of Dwarka. The city had been the capital city of the Yadava clan which ruled over the place since many years. In the great epic Mahabharata Dwarka is mentioned as Yadavas’ capital city consisting in many other neighboring states such as Vrishnis, Andhakas, Bhojas within its jurisdiction. The most important chiefs of Yadava clan inhabiting Dwarka included Lord Krishna, who was the king of Dwarka, then Balarama, Kritavarma, Satyaki, Akrura, Kritavarma, Uddhava and Ugrasena.

According to the most popular legendary tale, Lord Krishna migrated to Kusasthali; the name by which Dwarka was known in the ancient times in order to evade the continual harassing raids done on Mahura by Jarasandha; Kansa’s father in law. Jarasandha wanted to avenge the death of Kansa, the wicked cruel uncle of Krishna whom the lord had killed and thus was attacking Mathura time and again.

When he came back to Dwarka along with his clan of Yadavas, he ordered Lord Vishwakarma to build a city for his kingdom. Answering his order, Lord Vishwakarma told that the city can be built only if Lord Samudradevi offered them some land. Lord Krishna then prayed to Samudradeva who responding to the prayer providing them with land up to 12 Yojna and soon after the celestial constructor Vishwakarma built the city of Dwarka in a short span of only 2 days. The city was called ‘Suvarna Dwarka’ because it was all clad in gold, emeralds and jewels which were used to construct the houses in lord Krishna’s ‘Suvarna Dwarka’. It is believed that Lord Krishna’s original residence was at Bet Dwarka from he administered the entire Dwarka kingdom. Legend further adds that after Lord Krishna departed from his mortal body, the city went under the sea with Samudradeva taking back what he had given once upon a time.

The Temple of Dwarkadhish is believed to have been set by Vajranabha; grandson of Lord Krishna, in order to pay tribute to the great lord. The religious significance of Dwarka is associated with other myths too. One such myth points out the Dwarka is the spot where Lord Vishnu had demolished the demon Shankhasura.

Archaeological history:

The first archaeological excavations at Dwaraka were done by the Deccan College, Pune and the Department of Archaeology, Government of Gujarat, in 1963 under the direction of H.D. Sankalia. It revealed artefacts many centuries old.

The objective of the excavation was to know the antiquity of the site, based on material evidence. In the offshore excavation, the ASI’s trained underwater archaeologists and the divers of the Navy searched the sunken structural remains. The finds were studied, dated and documented. On land, the excavation was done in the forecourt of the Dwarakadhish temple. Students from Gwalior, Lucknow, Pune, Vadodara,Varanasi and Bikaner joined in to help the ASI archaeologists.

Findings at Dwarka excavation site:

The underwater excavations revealed structures and ridge-like features. Other antiquities were also found. All the objects were photographed and documented with drawings – both underwater. While underwater cameras are used for photography, drawings are done on boards – a transparent polyester film of 75 micron fixed with a graph sheet below. The graph sheet acts as a scale. One or two divers take the dimensions and the third draws the pictures. The Public Works Department routinely conducts dredging in these waters to keep the Gomati channel open. This throws up a lot of sediments, which settle on underwater structures. Brushes are used to clear these sediments to expose the structures.

* Explorations yielded structures such as bastions, walls, pillars and triangular and rectangular stone anchors.
* A semi-spherical single-hole stone which might be the base for flagpost.
* L-shaped edges of stones for proper grip and arresting wave action on bastions.
* Seals, inscriptions, which have been dated to 1500 BC.
* Pottery, which have been dated to 3528 BC.
* Stone sculptures, terracotta beads, bronze, copper and iron objects.
Marine archaeological explorations have thrown light on a number of structures of different shapes, stone anchors and other artefacts. The exploration has found sandstone walls, a grid of streets and remains of a sea port, some 70 feet beneath the sea. The evidence points to the fact of the existence of a city some 9,000 years ago.

Also according to them this was one of the most important and busy ports during historical and medieval periods.

Dwarka was supposed to have been built on six blocks, two on the right bank and four on the left. All the six sectors have protective walls built of dressed stones of sandstones. Whatever has been traced so far conforms to the description of Dwarka in the Mahabharat to a large extent. For example, the enclosures may correspond to the Antahpurs (harems) of the texts.

Similarly, the large number of stone anchors is indicative of overseas trade. The large ships were anchored to the sea, whereas the small ones were near to the warehouses on the Gomati, part of which has been submerged.

The layout of the excavated city, the spread and the location of fort walls and bastions match the descriptions mentioned in Harivamsha, a prologue to Mahabharata. Harivamsha described the city of Dwarka in minute details. According to it, the area of Dwarka was 12 yojanas. It was connected to the mainland by a strip, which is visible even now, in low tide. The city excavated is of the same size.

What really happened to Dwarka?

The rise in the sea-level in Dwarka is a scientific truth. Studies have proved that the sea considerably and suddenly rose to submerge the city. Harivamsha describes the submerging of Dwarka saying Krishna instructed Arjuna, who was then visiting Dwarka, to evacuate the residents of the city as the sea was going to engulf the city. “On the seventh day (of Krishna saying this), as the last of the citizens were leaving the city, the sea entered the streets of Dwarka.”

According to experts, there could have been three reasons why the sea entered the land. One, a change in the level of seabed, two, a massive earthquake and three, sudden increase in the level of sea water. Of the three, the last is the most plausible. If it was a change in the level of seabed, some remains of the “tearing off action” on the shore would be visible, which is absent. Earthquake can be ruled out as the structures have not collapsed because of the shake. The third reason is most acceptable as a similar phenomenon had occurred in the shores of Bahrain, around the same time, as some recent findings indicate. It is to be noted here that considerable work has been done on shore and offshore underwater excavations in Bahrain, which has indicated a deep and regular trade and other relations between the western coast and the coasts of the present-day Bahrain region.

Dwarka, as of today is still one of the best-studied underwater sites in India.

It is indeed surprising that the history associations, archaeologists and historians have taken little notice of the findings at Dwarka. In its early days, the project received UNESCO support and several foreign marine archaeologists also offered help. However, the government’s indifference to the project has kept them away. Unlike several other land excavations, the underwater excavations can be done only with total government help. Several levels of permissions are needed. While land excavations are demanding in labor, the underwater explorations need machinery and equipment. Skillful divers, who are trained to look for meaningful objects are required too.
an Indian, Dwarka is not a mere archaeological site, nor is it a proof. Indians have all along believed Mahabharata to be a historical narration. But the excavations are a national heritage, a symbol of pride, an honor that is shared by all who are born in this land of Bharata. It is a call for action on Dwarka.

Delhi government recently announced the Delhi Electric Vehicle Policy to remote usage of electric vehicles in Delhi. For this the government is providing three major incentives

• The government providing subsidy on electric vehicles. For vehicles like e rickshaw two wheelers and freight vehicle the subsidy will be around ₹30,000 and ₹1.5 lakh subsidy on electric cars. And there will be no capping on e-auto rickshaws.

• The government has also made it scrapping of old petrol or diesel cars easier. It has decided that if you scrap sell your petrol or diesel car to buy new electric car then more subsidy will be given.

• For commercial vehicles government has decided to give low interest loans. Additionally the registration and road tax fee will also be waived off.

Along with giving incentives to the e-vehicles, it has also been decided that pollution cess an extra road tax will be put on non electric vehicles. All these decisions have been made to combat air pollution which is a big problem for Delhi. Also, the government sees it as an opportunity to help revive the economy which currently is suffering due to COVID-19. It has also been planned that by 2025 the delivery services will have 50% e-vehicles which will by the year 2050 be using only e-vehicles. By the end of 2020 there will be 1000 state run e-buses in Delhi and in the next three years it will increase to 50% of total. For the successful initiation of e-vehicles it is necessary to set up charging stations. does it has been decided to put up 200 charging stations at every 3 km in Delhi.