Brand awareness being the most unnoticed aspect of today’s society and its exuberance of purchasing goods that are pretentious to the human eye which indeed are not brand conscious. The precise measurement of the brand awareness is the underrated part of today’s branding and its features. Frankly, measurement can get you your next budget, your next promotion. And it’s amazing how many marketers think of, yeah, that’s the stuff I do at the end. Well, if you do it correctly, it can actually shape your strategy. The influential and money oriented tactics of marketing and measurement strategies are not going to cover a number of different things you should be measuring or you could be measuring, and you’re going to need to differentiate what you measure when. It’s the society who needs to be symmetrical and resolute about the extracted data. People who are oblivion of the terms and subjects relating to gross profit must be new to the advertising industry and they might be stumbled over the ideologies. The better or polished term to be in brief for brand awareness is brand lifting or brand uplifting which is the most important element in the bribed world that we are in today. In the past times people were not obsessing over brands , they were following the needs and necessities , if that’s what you’re using to justify all the effort that you’re going to put in here, what was your brand awareness before you started? Before we all started to have our brains preached about the brand awareness we were the people who were naive about all the complex terms were going through in the now world. So people’s brand awareness is key takeaway. If brand awareness is your goal, then measure it. It doesn’t mean estimate it. This is not how many angels can dance on the head of a pin. This is not like an unlikely scenario of boatloads of impressions, and that must have improved brand awareness. All the impressions doesn’t influence our marketing course but it’s the best data that we have that’s sort of analogous. As we call it , “third time’s the charm” the phrase doesn’t work in this scenario , because there’s a lot of bluffing in the brand awareness programs , three times more marketers are bluffing. They’re faking it. They are assuming that their brand awareness went up, bogus.
Author: News Updates
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Reward system- A tool for desired organisational performance
Introduction:
Reward is the benefits that arise from performing a task, rendering a service or discharging a responsibility. It is a system used by companies employees who achieve particular results are paid more or get more advantage. Every company has some forms of reward system, whether it is outspoken or not, it exists. If the organisation reward a certain kind of employee behaviour, good or bad, that is what company will get more of. Reward systems help in increasing performance and creating happier employees. The greatest management principal is that the things that get rewarded get done. All reward systems are based on the assumptions of attracting, retaining and motivating employees. Higher rewards will give higher satisfaction. This will lead to lower turnover and more job applicants. It is difficult to retain best performers in the organisation. Financial rewards is an important component of reward system, but there are other factors that motivate employees and influence the level of performance. So, higher rewards will motivate skilled employees to perform better.
Purpose:
A reward system puts together employees’ natural self- interests with organisation’s objectives and provides three types of management control benefits, informational, motivational and personnel related. First, reward should catch the employee’s attention and at the same time it works as a reminder for the person in charge of what results should be completed in different working areas. This is a good way to emphasize and convince the employees of which performance areas that are important and create goal congruence within the organisation and singals how the employees should direct their efforts . To motivate is the second control benefit. People sometimes need an incentive to perform task well and work hard. Last but not least we have personnel control benefit. Organisation give rewards for many different reasons . Ex: to improve recruitment and retention of offering a compensation package that is competitive on the market.
Current trends of reward system in India
The current trend is one of integrated reward approach. Reward system usually means the financial reward on organisation gives its employees in return for their labour. While the term reward system not only includes material rewards but also non- material rewards. The components of a reward system consist of financial rewards (basic and performance pay) and employee benefits, which together comprise total remuneration. They also includes non financial rewards (recognition , promotion, achievement responsibility and personal growth) and in many case a system of performance management. Pay arrangements are central to the cultural initiative as they are the most tangible expression of the working relationship between employer and employee.
Statement of the problem:
- Performance standards are too high or unattainable
- Ineffective implementation of the reward system
- Reward may not motivate every employee
- Change in objectives makes the reward system difficult
- Employee may not appropriate non- monetary rewards
- Reward system may not be cost-effective
- Expectancy level of the of an employee may increase with time
Review: Reward that an individual receives are very much a part of his/her motivation organisational desired performance can be achieved only from high- performing employees. High-performing employees can make other resources perform highly. Reward is a proven and established means of stimulating employees to perform exceedingly well. Study of all genres highlight that a poorly designed and implemented reward system can cause loss of morale among employee and this eventually can lead to organisational ineffectiveness. No organisation can really aim to be effective unless its reward system is effective.
Objective: The reward system is based on different aspects of an organisation. This may be of organisation, number of employees, designation of employees, etc.
Finding: Rewards provide information to the employees about their effectiveness in various situation.
Employee motivation is affected as better performance if likely to fetch higher reward.
Suggestion:
# Cultural influence must be considered towards the reward system.
# Reward system is subjected to consideration of many internal and external factors. Internal factors typically concern the organisation’s ability to pay and reward employees. External factors include demand and supply forces, inflation and customers. Such factors must be carefully analyzed for the effective results of a reward system.
Telangana cabinet meeting
After 2 months the telangana cabinet is hosting a meeting to confirm the new secretariat office design and discuss about current situations in Telangana
The meeting is going to be held on August 5 th in the presence of cm kcr,inspire they are planning to complete the new secretariat in one year
India’s Geography| Knowing India better
Mother Earth has been quite favourable to India, giving it a potential advantage in terms of economy, culture, climate, tourism, etc. although, unfortunately, this has neither been reciprocated nor has the potential been utilized.
India is an individual subcontinent
India is a distinct geographical unit bounded on the north by the ranges of the Himalaya and Karakoram, on the north-west by the mountains to the west of the Indus, on the north-east by the hills of Assam and Cachar, and everywhere else by the sea, forming a distinct subdivision within the continent. It’s not a surprise that this area is called the Indian Subcontinent.
India’s coastline mostly protected due to inaccessibility in the past
In ancient times, when no power attempted to assert full command of the sea, a country so largely surrounded by the ocean was inaccessible for the most part, and could be approached by land through its land territorial section only. The north-eastern hills and the gigantic Himalayan and Karakoram ranges present comparatively few passable openings and none easy of passage for considerable bodies of men. But the hills west of the Indus are pierced by many passes more or less open. The main land gates of India are on her north-western frontier, and this physical fact dominated her history for thousands of years, avoiding thousands of potential invasions. It was only when water navigation developed in European countries did India become a colony.
Earliest Human Civilizations
The northern plains being made fertile by Ganga and Indus combined with availability of water for other daily purposes led to the development of one of the earliest human civilizations in the world. And this laid the foundation of development of what we have today in the entire world – market, arts, farming, administration, etc.
Economic Advantages
Due to geographical position, China and India became the two most prosperous regions in the world with the highest living standards at around 0 BC. Economic activities like farming and places like markets were well established. Long coastline also created many natural ports and harbours. This led to the establishment of cities like Mumbai and Kolkata near the ports.
A Unique, but Diverse Culture
A very diverse geography is one of the primary reasons for diverse culture in India. We have desert, mountains, plains, coastal areas, plateau having diverse climatic conditions and natural resources which shaped regional habits and culture. Then a broad belt of hill and forest running from the Gulf of Cambay on the west to the mouths of the Mahanadi on the east, along with Vindhya and Satpura mountains and river Narmada separates north from south India. These barriers were difficult to cross in the ancient times which were clearly reflected by almost distinct culture between the 2 regions.
Influence on Climate
The lofty Himalaya Mountains form a barrier which prevents the cold winds of north Asia from blowing into India, thus protecting it from severely cold winters. It also traps the Monsoon winds, forcing them to shed their moisture within the sub-continent. India lies between 8 N and 37 N latitudes. The Tropic of Cancer passes through the middle of India, thus making the southern half of India in the Torrid Zone and the northern half in the Temperature Zone, which is responsible of different climate due to wind patterns, etc.
Tourism for Everyone’s Taste
As I mentioned before, India has everything. I have been to various European nations and the US and can say that if natural resources are better developed and made more accessible in India, then Himalayas can beat Switzerland, Thar Desert can take over Death Valley, Goa over famous beaches. Then we have forests and lagoons in Kerala, various lakes, rivers, etc.
In a nutshell, India’s location offers it with numerous advantages that can easily take it to the top. This is clearly reflected by the fact that the subcontinent was the most advanced region in the BC era – when nature was the primary source of development. But then the social structure, policies and various other things decelerated its growth.
India’s geographic advantages and its role in India’s grand strategy were clearly grasped by Lord Curzon of Kedleston, former Viceroy of India during the British Rule. Lord Curzon understood the geographic advantages of a state that ruled the subcontinent, truths that hold true today for an independent India. In Curzon’s 1909 essay “The Place of India in the Empire,” he wrote:
“It is obvious; indeed, that the master of India must, under modern conditions, be the greatest power in the Asiatic Continent, and therefore, it may be added, in the world. The central position of India, its magnificent resources, its teeming multitude of men, its great trading harbours, its reserve of military strength, supplying an army always in a high state of efficiency and capable of being hurled at a moment’s notice upon any given point either of Asia and Africa- all there are assets of precious values. On the west, India must exercise a predominant influence over the destinies of Persia and Afghanistan; on the north, it can veto any rival in Tibet; on the north-east and east, it can exert great pressure upon China, and it is one of the guardians of the autonomous existence of Siam. On the high seas it commands the routes to Australia and the China Sea.”
This article would definitely shed some lights on India’s immensely gifted geography and to people’s minds, in knowing India better.
Try every possible thing
Try everything you thought you couldn’t because trying such makes you try some other things. It’s not about excelling in only a specific sector. If you have a thought of teaching then go and give a try. Money will definitely come because we have lot of time. Trying isn’t that hard unlike trying to win. If you could get happiness in something then definitely go for it. At the end of the life no one remembers your job.
Try different jobs because same is always boring. Being comfortable makes you become lazy and tries to put in comfortable zone. Go for everything you like. If you love to act then give a try because you are not sure about next life. May be being constant makes you become even more constant. Take risk and try something you never thot of. Do both the things that you thought of and that you never thought off. Have a crazy life and try what not. Someday you gonna die even though you lead a comfortable life or a troublesome one. Taking trouble and being in trouble are forgettable.
Don’t have a memorable life because your memory will forget everything one day. Do many things that your mind couldn’t remember it. Try every possible thing until you forget to think of it.
folklore
Taylor Swift surprised everyone when she announced her 8th studio album folklore just 16 hours before its release on 24 July, 2020. This album she has shifted to indie music compared to past 3 pop albums. When she was announced album on her Instagram account she wrote this is the album “I have poured all of my whims, dreams fears and musings into”. And it is no surprise that it has broken several records.
It broke many streaming records and topped charts in many countries including UK, Canada, Australia. It had the biggest opening day on Spotify for an album by a female artist which earned her a Guinness World Record. According to Billboard “Taylor Swift breaks record for most Billboard Hit 100 Hits among women” surpassing Nicki Minaj who had 110 entries in the chart. Swift has 113 entries. It is the first time in Billboard history that an artist has debuted at number one on both Hot 100 and Billboard 200 in the same week.
These are some of the few records which this album has broken. Critically also this album is very well received. Though the album has 16 songs, the music video of Cardigan only was released on 24 July,2020. The video was directed by Swift itself. In this period of lock down when we are all confused as to what to do Swift used time so well as to give us an album so creative and mesmerising in all senses.
Risks setting up international clothing brands in India
India is known to be the second largest populated country where “the old and the new, the traditional and the modern, and the local and the international coexist—sometimes comfortably sometimes not “. Here is a list of risks that companies will have to face while setting up a clothing brand in India.
Tough competition from local brands:
International brands will be put in a situation to face a competition from both the local brands in India and the global brands in India. The local brand such as TATA opens outlets through their zudio stores where the products fit the modern trends that equals the global brands and with none of the products costing more that 15 dollars( INR 1300 approx). The report from the World Economic forum in January, 2019 says that India will become the third largest consumer market and quadrupled household spending by 2030. The TATA group have also started shifted their focus on the trend conscious globalised population are building models with value proposition with is much stronger than international brands. Therefore international brands might have to face the risk heavy competition and a lag in the market with local brands which follows similar strategies as primark.
Currency fluctuation :
India is a country that continues to experience a fluctuation in its currency value with decline in the rupee. India is facing this fluctuation in currency which has an impact on its economy due to Wider current account deficits(CAD), low foreign exchange reserve, high fiscal deficit and higher inflation. This is a risk for clothing brands since the companies will have to face a decline in their income due to this fluctuation and primark will also be put in a situation to pay more for the imported goods reducing their profit margin.
Water scarcity and environmental risk :
The World Business Council for Sustainable Development states that water does not just provide a sustainable and peaceful environment but it is very much essential for any kind of business to operate. All apparel industries are the users of the maximum amount of water for business and they will be under threat as water scarcity in India is seeing a depletion in its groundwater putting it’s primary businesses at stake. The textile and fashion industry requires large amount of water to convert from fibre production to finished products. Hence it is a great risk for clothing industry to invest in India as it is facing a big water scarcity. India is among the 17 countries has extreme levels of water scarcity with the northern part which has a plenty of business hubs facing severe ground water depletion.
The environmental scenario of India also pose risk to international clothing brands as India is facing a dramatic change in climate for past decade which has resulted in floods, storms, cyclones and other natural disasters. India is deemed vulnerable to climate change impacts, adding it to the countries in the global climate risk index.
Understanding Indian Consumer:
India is a very diverse country with a vast mixture in the consumer pool. The Indian market varies from region to region in terms of usage, preferences, brands, tastes etc. And this serves as a risk because it is impossible to cover the expectations of each region being a foreign brand and also unlike in UK and other countries where the sizes are numbered from 6,8,10-12, the sizes in India ranges from from small(s) below to XL(Extra large) and beyond. Therefore customization in clothing to fit Indian consumers also becomes a risk. This is important to be considered as a risk because as Mr. Biyani, the CEO, Future Group and Managing Director of Pantaloon Retail, India puts it “Indian Consumers, unlike people elsewhere, demand ideas and solutions that are uniquely Indian.”
Bureaucratic barriers and taxes:
International brands will have to face the challenges of rampant bureaucracy at all levels since Foreign investors generally face challenges while dealing with of dealing bureaucracy at federal, state and local government. Due to India’s poor infrastructure intricate tax payment systems ,complicated tax and slow legal system therefore there is a delay and a sharp learning curve. For example, in the year 2015 the government introduced a new service tax with only a notice of two weeks notice which left the company dangling to cope with the accounting software which was not updated for the change. Though India has opened its borders for international trade for the exporting and importing of goods there are several layers of bureaucracy which makes it inefficient and challenging to move goods. Though the government creates special economic zones like streamlined exporting, setting up market in India is a risk considering the fact that “the ground reality is still an uphill task”. Businesses which operate in India pay up-to 33 tax payments a year . And apart from this headline corporation tax companies also will have to pay sales tax, dividend tax, property tax, fuel tax, vehicle tax, VAT and excise duty. The world bank stated that India’s tax system is so complex that it accounted about 214 on average in the preparation and payment of taxes with the GST( Goods and services tax) being the most complex of them all as the second highest tax rate in the world among 115 countries.
Infrastructure risks :
Business functions and operations are built on the core service of infrastructure. In a country like India which has underdeveloped and insufficient infrastructure which includes poor warehousing facilitates, uneven distribution of electricity, no safety standards etc. There is a potential risk which can have an impact on businesses due to poor amenities, ignorance and corruption.
Economic and political risks :
Foreign investors generally do not have control over the external events in India which affects their investments and plans in the country. The major political and economic risks include quick and unpredictable changes with regard to foreign investment, import and ownership but slow government decisions due to unstable political scenario. International brands will have to face various issues which include :
1)cultural problems, delays or legal disputes due to local partners and suppliers
2)labour unrest and industrial action
3)disruption of normal business due to social and political unrest
4)corruption and bureaucratic inefficiency
5)unexpected delays and cost-overruns due to overlapping governmental jurisdiction
6)fluctuation in interest, inflation and currency rates.
The risks might seem like a big barrier for international clothing brands to begin their businesses in India but these are risks can be overcome with various strategies.
Rivers of Registaan(Rajasthan)
Rajasthanis biggest state in area with 5.5 percent population but only 1 percent water resources of the country. State is divided in to 13 watersheds and 59 sub-watersheds. Most of the Rivers originate from the Aravali hills and flow either in east or west. Those Rivers flowing in east merge with Yamuna. Those flowing in west fall into Gulf of Khambhat or lost in desert.
The state encompasses a huge area of the Thar Desert. As a result, there are very few rivers in the western part of the state. The Aravali Range acts as the water divider in the state of Rajasthan . This ancient mountain range has divided the river system of Rajasthan in two halves.
Chambal and Luni are the two main rivers of Rajasthan. Chambal is the only perennial river of the state, which enters Rajasthan at Chaurasigarh, after originating from the northern slopes of the Vindhya Range. This river flows along the eastern border between Rajasthan and Madhya Pradesh. Fed by its tributaries, Chambal flows northwards across the state and meets the Yamuna River.
Luni, one of the major rivers in Rajasthan, originates from the Aravali Range, 7 kilometer north of Ajmer. This is the only river that flows across the western part of Rajasthan. The river flows to Gujarat, where it drains at the Rann of Kutch. Luni is a seasonal river, which is also comparatively shallow than other rivers of the state. This river is also supplemented by many tributaries, which flow from the Aravali Range.
There are also other Rajasthan riversmm, which flow across the state. Most of these rivers are seasonal. Ghaggar is the intermittent stream, which flows through Rajasthan and disappears at the heart of the Thar Desert. Some of the other important Rajasthan
Rivers are Kali, Banas, Banganga, Parvati, Gambhiri, Mahi, Kakni, Jokham, Sabarmati, Katli, Sabi and Mantha.
Smaller streams and their tributaries drain the west and south of the Aravalli axis. Rivers Luni, Sukri, Banas, Sabarmati and Mahi are most significant. These streams are non-perennial in nature. On the eastern side of the watershed, the river Chambal is joined by the river Banas along with its main tributaries like Khari, Moshi and Morel on the left bank and Berach, Bajasen and Golwa on the right. The river Chambal ultimately joins the river Yamuna in Uttar Pradesh.
The inland drainage system is the most characteristic feature of the drainage system of Rajasthan which is that nearly 2 per cent of the area of the state. Nearly all this area lies west of the Aravalli range. In this part Kanti basin, Sota and Sahibi basin, Barah basin of the Luni basin are found in large number of separate drainage basins. The desert tract in the western part soaks all the water of these rivers.
The river Luni which rises at Ana Sagar at Ajmer is the only significant water course in this area is and flows towards the southwest for a distance of about 32 km through the districts of Jodhpur, Barmer and Jalor in the semi-arid tract west of the Aravalli range., the river has a small catchment area of about 32 sq km at the source at Talod Road. A small tributary joins from the Pushkar valley and the basin of the river widens. Near Ajmer, the river flows down the Aravalli slope and after 10 km flows towards the southwest. This river drains the total catchment area of about 34,866.40 sq kilometers. It recieves many smaller hill torrents from the western slope of the Aravalli range, like Lalri, Ghuhia, Bandi, Sukri, Jawai, Jojri and Sagai, all joining on the left bank. Up to Balotra the water of river Luni but lower down it becomes more and more saline till the river drains near the Rann of Kutch. The river Luni increases in width at Jodhpur district rather than deepening the bed. This is because the floods develop so quickly due to the nature of rainfall that the river has no time to rub the bed. The River Luni spills over the country and occasionally damages the railway line to which it actually runs parallel from Luni Junction to Gole during the rainy season.
The southern and the eastern part of Rajasthan, south, southeast and east of the Aravalli range receives more than 80 cm rainfall and has some important streams. The river Chambal is the largest stream and is joined by some tributaries like the Banas, the Kali Sindh, and the Parbati. The river Chambal is a perennial river while its tributaries might occasionally turn completely dry and exhibit their stony beds. The river Chambal rising from the northern flanks of the Vindhyan scarps near Manpur (884.4 m) in the south of Mhow runs for about 325 km through a long narrow and steep gorge which overhangs the valley on both the sides rising about 60 m to 90 m above the valley floor. The river falls at 505 m near Chaurasigarh to Kota. The river Chambal is joined by its first major tributary – river kali Sindh near Monera village. Another tributary Parbati joins about 48 km downstream. Taking a straight course for about 212 km, it bends southeast at Pinahat and flows to join the river Yamuna near Muradganj, after a total run of about 965 kilometres. For a length of about 153 km the river flows entirely in Rajasthan. the river forms the boundary between Rajasthan and Madhya Pradesh from Palia to Pinahat for about 241 km. it forms the boundary between Madhya Pradesh and Uttar Pradesh Before joining the river Yamuna in Uttar Pradesh. In Rajasthan two other tributaries Kurai and Banas join the Chambal river on the left bank.
The Banas river flows through the heart of the Mewar Plains. Its chief tributaries are Berach, Kothari, Khari, Dhoond and Morel. The river Banas rises from the catchment area lying between Kankroli and Nathdwara and flows towards the east as far as Mandalgarh and further it flows towards the northeast up to Tonk where it again turns towards the east and finally this river turns at right angles and flows south to join the river Chambal. The upper reaches of this stream are hilly and have good rainfall.
Other Rivers Originating in Rajasthan:
Banganga River – originates from Bairath in Jaipur district, flows through Ramgarh, Dausa and Baswa about 164 km and enters Vair tahsil Bharatpur and then into Agra district of Uttar Pradesh.
Sukel River – Originates at hills of Jalor and falls in Rann of Katchh.
Jakham River – Originates at Chhoti Sadri in Chittorgarh district, Rajasthan.
Som River – Originates at Bichhawara (Jhadol) in Udaipur district, Rajasthan.
Kantli River – Originates at Khandela hills in Sikar district, Rajasthan.
Kakney River – Originates at Kotri hills in Jaisalmer district, Rajasthan.
Kothari River – Originates at Dewas (Jhadol) in Udaipur district, Rajasthan.
Sabarmati River – Originates at Padrara (Gogunda) hills in Udaipur district, Rajasthan.
Explained snippets – This Word Means: Horse trading
This expression rushed back into currency as soon as it became clear that Karnataka had produced a hung Assembly on Tuesday. What is the political behaviour that it describes?
The Cambridge Dictionary describes horse trading as shrewd, often difficult, discussions among people or organisations trying to make a business arrangement, where each tries to get something more favourable to them. The origins of the expression lie in the nineteenth century, when the traders of horses were seen to be especially crafty or calculating. In modern British English, it refers to unofficial negotiations that involve hard bargaining and give-and-take, and various degrees of compromise, and carries a general sense of disapproval.
In the Indian context, horse trading has been commonly used since the mid-1980s when political defections became frequent, and MLAs and MPs were approached to act outside expected party positions and help rivals sometimes form governments. It usually involved loaves and fishes, the lure of office, and is seen as political corruption.
Aya Ram, Gaya Ram
This most eloquent evocation of the politics of horse trading is a contribution of Haryana to the Indian political lexicon. But horse trading is far from just being just a Haryana phenomenon.
In 1967, when the first non-Congress governments were formed in India, the Haryana MLA Gaya Lal managed to switch to, and back from, the United Front thrice in 15 days — one crossover happened within just nine hours. When he finally rejoined the Congress, Congress leader Rao Birender Singh produced him at a press conference and announced, “Gaya Ram is now Aya Ram.”
While entire cabinets have defected in Haryana, several states have seen the phenomenon of floor-crossing. In the so-called JMM bribery case, the minority government of P V Narasimha Rao survived in 1993 after Jharkhand Mukti Morcha MPs supported the government, allegedly in return for cash. While Rao was ultimately acquitted, the long-running scandal raised a lot of awareness about the phenomenon of elected representatives switching political loyalties, often for dubious reasons.The 52nd Amendment, which came into force in 1985 when Rajiv Gandhi was Prime Minister, inserted the Tenth Schedule in the Constitution, popularly known as the ‘anti-defection law’, which laid down a process for the disqualification of legislators on grounds of defection. A provision in the law that is relevant to the situation in Karnataka prohibits the breaking away of any section of legislators smaller than two-thirds of the strength of their party in the House. The anti-defection law has generally been seen as providing stability to the government by preventing shifts of party allegiance. However, a summary of the draft working paper of the Law Commission on simultaneous elections to Lok Sabha and state Assemblies circulated last month lists, among its possible recommendations, that “in order to prevent a stalemate… in the case of Hung Parliament/Assembly, the rigour of ‘Anti-Defection law’… be removed as an exception”.
JOINT LIABILITY
INTRODUCTION
The law concerning to ‘Joint Liability’ is contained in Sections 34-38 of IPC, 1860. Other sections relating to joint liability are Section 120A and B which lays down criminal conspiracy and punishment for it, section 149 relating to “unlawful assembly”, Section 396 dealing with “dacoity with murder or grievous hurt” and section 460- “Persons jointly concerned in lurking house trespass by night causing death or grievous hurt by one of such persons.”
Joint Liability is also known as ‘constructive liability’. Constructive Liability in criminal law means the liability of a person for an offence which he has not actually committed.
WHAT IS JOINT LIABILITY?
Section 34 of Indian Penal Code states the provisions regarding joint liability. “When a criminal act is done by several persons in furthers of the common intention of all, each of such persons is liable for that act in the same manner as if it were done but for him alone.”
In other words, an act which is criminal in nature and multiple persons involves in performing that act which is pre-determined with an intention common in nature, then liability for commission of such act lies upon all those persons involved in the equivalent manner.
ILLUSTRATION: X, Y, and Z agree to kidnap and kill ‘C’. All three will be held liable equally even if X makes an attack resulting in death of C.
Following essential conditions of Joint Liability are denoted in this section-
1. An act criminal in nature has been done.
- An act which is offensive in nature and is sanctioned or punishable by the law.
2. Several persons were involved in commission of act.
- Further criminal act, act must be performed by more than one person. Thus, there must be two or more persons in commission of an act resulting in joint liability.
Kishore Chand v/s State of Himachal Pradesh[1] – when two persons have caused two different offences with different purpose, then section 34 cannot be applied.
3. Common intention and criminal knowledge of several persons was involved in commission of such act.
- There must be common purpose and intent of the persons involved in an act. Also, mere common intention is not a crime, there must be commission of such act(s) in continuance of common intention.
Darbara Singh V. State of Haryana[2]– Deceased was scything grass in a field where four persons attacked him with arms causing death. The trial court convicted the accused under sections 302 and 34. It was held by S.C. that the accused and the deceased were the rivals making criminal intention clear. There were 13 injuries infused by several weapons on the body of the deceased which indicates 2 or more person were involved.
4. Every person involved in commission of act is liable for it in the same manner as done by him/her alone.
- Commission an offence by several persons in a pre-arranged or premediated plan, each of such persons shall be held liable and no one can take the plea that one is less responsible in comparison to others in such an act.
Wasim Khan v/s State of U.P.[3]– it was held, where other offenders have been acquitted, one offender can also be held responsible for the same for his/her conduct and consciousness of guilt.
Meaning of ‘common Intention’
Common Intention is multiple people having the same or equal intent or purpose in result of an act. Therefore, in a predetermined and a premediated plan to commit an act in persistence to same motto, then the act after commission is said to be ‘common intention’ in performance of an act.
Gurdatta Mal V. State of U.P.[4]– It is leading case of ‘common intention. It was held that if two conditions for joint liability are fulfilled, then all accused persons would be liable for common intention and participation in an act for murder.
Meaning of ‘Pre-arranged plan’
Any act which is pre-planned or framed by the offenders to cause mishap is a pre-arranged plan. It may be done just before instigating an offensive act or a time ago.
M.A. Abdulla Kunhi and others V. State of Kerala[5]– Accused persons were attacking the deceased, where a friend of accused was also standing who also tried to attack deceased by the sword but was barred by some people from attacking the deceased. It was held that, he also intended to cause the death of deceased along with other accused therefore stands liable for an act. This comes under Joint Liability.
Meaning of ‘Meeting of mind’
It implies when offenders are aware about the criminal knowledge and of an offence and they give consent for perform it. This makes a clear impression about their intention to cause an act with knowledge about its effects.
State of U.P. V. Ashok Kumar Srivastava[6] – Death of a lady was caused by burning which was a dowry death. Decided there was common intention to cause the death of lady by burning. This comes under Joint Liability.
CONCLUSION
In the system of collective liability, at least two individuals are involved, the greater number of persons may be up to infinite amounts. Numerous individuals are liable to collective criminal liability on the grounds of an unlawful act carried out jointly by them or are more or less connected to an act. In cases of joint liability, it is not mandatory for a quantum penalty to be given equal to all accused persons. Equal punishment can also be given on the grounds of the unfair role played by the specific victim, but one thing is clear that both individuals have engaged in the criminal act. It is a contribution to an act that makes all the accused collectively responsible.
[1] [1991] 1 S.C.J. 68, 76
[2] 1992 SCR (2) 586
[3] 1956 SCR 191
[4] AIR 1965 SC 257
[5] AIR 1991 SC 452
[6] 1992 SCR (1) 37
Kindness can change the world:
“Wherever you are, do your little bit of good; it’s those little bits of good put together that overwhelm the world”
Do you recall a moment when you were good to someone, or was anyone nice to?
While reading this you should have realized certainly that empathy impacts both the recipient and the experiencer making a positive effect to both.
“Kindness is a language which the deaf can hear and the blind can see”Mark Twain
Kindness = basic goodness = benefit to the world = benefit to oneself.
Without the kindness of strangers you wouldn’t have food on the table or a roof over your head. Don’t forget that we are all interdependent. We can’t experience anything without each other.
By developing an attitude that you are contributing to the interdependence of all life forms, you will benefit, others will benefit, and ultimately the whole world will benefit.
We have succes and prosperity beyond imagination in our full, complex, modern country. We have excellent authors, talented thinkers, influential representatives of the nation, professors, doctors, intellectuals and intelligence. Promotion is far from over!
Yet despite our successes, we are no closer to stability and protection than we were 50 years earlier.What is missing?
What’s missing in our world today is kindness and compassion to all life beings.
The simple fact is that the world does not really require more prosperous individuals. Yet it definitely wants more peacemakers, healers, and all sorts of lovers.
Everyone has ideas about how to change the environment, but in their own lives nobody wants to practice kindness.
To create an environment of prosperity we must first build harmony within ourselves.
As we cultivate compassion, we adjust for the better — and our environment does likewise.
On a simple level, kindness is fairly easy; once you see anyone in a positive light, you want to be nice to them of course.
But what about those who you don’t see favorably:
• Strangers
• Enemies
• Foreign cultures
• Aggressive dogs
Kindness will help you, and it all starts with just small change today. So don’t fret, you won’t need to give your life savings away to a stranger on the street.
When we change, even minimally, we sometimes don’t realize the giant effect this has on our entire lives. Our mind work in the exact same way — if we infuse even a tiny bit of mindfulness, we will be able to transform our mind and our life in an enormous manner.
When you look at the world through a lens of kindness, non judgement and compassion, you would see good people. People just like you — people who want to be happy.
The actions of every living being are motivated by the desire for happiness, even people who do bad things; they don’t always know the sickness that inhabits their minds.Peace and stability does not result from the abolition of autocratic forces or the resolution of wars between nations. This can happen as mankind lifts its consciousness above terror and hate.
I have always claimed that Harmony is a Think Apart. The intentions come from loving feelings about oneself and others.
“Unconditional love flows through specific channels of respect, integrity, purpose, meaning, value, response-ability, forgiveness, kindness, and compassion — and these form the foundation of our new, naturally ethical lives,”
Kindness is not something that needs a lot of hard work. It originates from the simple act of not hurting anyone.
It means evaluating fewer, however pressured you might be to do so.
The ego is swift to assess when it is humiliated and wounded, and it retaliates in retaliation.
Kindness, though, bites her lip. It does not aim to be correct, but instead to maintain the peace of mind.
You achieve little by giving others a piece of your mind, rather than causing tension and alienation. Childhood provides several advantages, including enhanced joy and a strong spirit. It speeds down the ageing cycle and strengthens partnerships and interactions that ultimately enhance your wellbeing.
People claim that compassion is unique to those with religious faith because of their spiritual vows. Kindness does not allow you to be religious or even spiritual. Demonstrations of love are demonstrated in the greatest companion of man, the horse. Cats display love, too, and are respected for their emotional bond.
Kindness broadens the scope of reference of your experience and becomes a sign of appreciation and others.
This affects the giver rather than the beneficiary and has associations with increased intellectual, emotional and physical well-being. An important lesson in empathy includes telling yourself: ‘Why can I afford to be the receiver of this? ‘When it doesn’t feel good, stop the actions.
“Hurt is hurt, and every time we honour our own struggle and the struggles of others by responding with empathy and compassion, the healing that results affects all of us,” avows author and social researcher Brené Brown in Rising Strong.
I wish to leave you with a passage from Mother Teresa’s poem titled Anyway, in which she states: “People are often unreasonable, illogical and self-centred; forgive them anyway. If you are kind, people may accuse you of selfish, ulterior motives; be kind anyway.”
Allow kindness to become the natural and spontaneous response to every situation, with this increased ability to respond compassionately, true success will follow.
LAW
Definition of law is a rule of conduct developed by the government or society over a certain territory. Law follows certain practices and customs to deal with crime, business, social relationships, property, finance, etc. The Law is controlled and enforced by the controlling authority. The law is significant for the general public for it fills in as a standard of lead for residents. It was likewise made to accommodate legitimate rules and request upon the conduct for all residents and to support the value on the three parts of the legislature. It keeps the general public running. Without law, there would be a disorder, and it would be survival of the fittest and every man for himself — not a perfect way of life for generally part.
Law is important because it goes about as a rule concerning what is acknowledged in the public arena. Without it, there would be clashes between social gatherings and networks. We must end them. The law takes into consideration simple reception to changes that happen in the general public.
Society is a ‘web-relationship,’ and social change implies an adjustment in the arrangement of social relationship. There is social relationship comprehended as far as standard procedures with social connections and associations. In this way, the term, ‘social change’ is utilized to demonstrate alluring varieties in the social establishment, standard procedures, and social association. The significance of law is because it incorporates adjustments in the structure and elements of the general public.
Importance of law
1..Significance of law is that Law assumes a significant circuitous job concerning social change by moulding an immediate effect on society. For instance: A law setting up is a mandatory instructive framework.
2. Another importance of law in society it that again, law interfaces as a rule in a roundabout way with essential social establishments in a way comprising an immediate connection among law and social change. For instance, a law intended to restrict polygamy.
3. Another importance of Law in society is that it plays an operator of modernization and social change. It is likewise a pointer of the idea of societal unpredictability and its specialist issues of joining — further, the fortification of our confidence in the deeply rooted panchayat framework. The nullification of the authorable practices of unapproachability, kid marriage, sati, endowment, etc. are ordinary delineations of social change. It is being realized in the nation through laws.
4. Law is a successful medium or organization, instrumental in realizing the social change in the nation or any locale precisely. In this way, we revive our conviction that law has been crucial in presenting changes in the societal structure and connections and keeps on being so.
5. Importance of Law is that it positively has gone about an impetus during the time spent on the social change of individuals. Wherein the weakening of standing imbalances, defensive measures for the feeble and defenceless segments, accommodating the honourable presence of those living under dangerous conditions and so forth are the famous models in such manner. The social change includes an adjustment of society; its financial structure, qualities, and convictions, and it’s monetary, political, and social measurements additionally experience alteration. Be that as it may, social change does not similarly influence all parts of society.
6 Another significance of law in society is that while material changes realize quite a bit of social change, for example, innovation, new models of generation, and so on. Different conditions are likewise fundamental. For instance, as we have talked about it previously, lawful restriction of unapproachability in free India has not succeeded as a result of insufficient social help.
The Relationship between Law and Society
Scholars have generally kept up that there are sure expansive perspectives on substantive criminal law. One lot of such imperatives concerns the sorts of conduct that may honestly be disallowed. Is it legitimate, for instance, to condemn a particular kind of activity because of a great many people in a single’s general public view it as indecent? The other arrangement of requirements which concerns what is required to build up criminal duty that is an obligation, autonomously of the substance of the specific resolution whose infringement is being referred to.
Statutory framework mirrors all the vitality of life inside in any general public. Law has the unpredictable imperativeness of a living life form. We can say that law is sociology described by development and adjustment. Standards are neither made nor connected in a vacuum, then again they made and utilized consistently for a reason. Guidelines are expected to move us in a specific heading that we accept that is great, or preclude development in bearing that we receive awful.
Individuals make social guidelines from the general public. It is the discipline of social dissatisfaction trails and noncompliance of the social principles. There is no positive punishment related to the infringement of standards aside from banishment or shunning. Then again, the law is implemented by the state. The goal of law gets a request from the general public to individuals of the society. It can advance and create a type of security in regards to what’s to come. The state makes laws. Non-compliance of state laws welcomes the punishment, which is authorized by the administration by the intensity of the country. What isn’t enforceable isn’t law.
NETFLIX, something we are all guilty of
When’s the last time you saw a movie in theatres? How about the last time you watched a movie or show on Netflix? If you’re like most consumers, you’ve done the second thing more often. Even as movies bring in record amounts of money at the box office, Netflix grows its number of subscribers by around 10% a year and now has an estimated more than 59 million subscribers in the U.S. alone. There’s no doubt Netflix is the definitive modern media company, and its impact is felt in several industries. It’s what experts call the Netflix Effect. The habit of watching television series has greatly evolved in recent years among young adults. In the 1990s, young people dedicated much of their time to watching terrestrial television, directly broadcast by traditional television networks. Nowadays, young adults often watch series on digital platforms such as Netflix or Amazon Prime Video. Back in the day, you’d wait a whole week for the next episode of your favourite TV show. Now we can watch the whole series in one sitting — and many of us do. With the advent of streaming platforms like Netflix, Amazon and Hulu, binge-watching has become the new normal. But this new habit of watching hours of back-to-back television could take a toll on us — particularly when it comes to sleep.
The Netflix Effect
People justify spending time in the evening in front of a television or computer for many reasons. A lot of people want to relieve stress from a hard day at work or just take some time to slow down for the night. Everyday households with a Netflix account can sit down in front of a television, start watching a series and escape from reality. But suddenly, hours and hours have gone by and the one episode the household sat down to watch has now become many episodes. This problem of people losing track of time while watching series television shows is being called the “Netflix Effect.” People find that they cannot just watch one episode of a show because they have to find out what happens next. Then people find that they cannot just watch one season of a show because they were left hanging and need to find out what happens next. After hours and hours have passed sitting in front of a television or computer, some households are now asking whether or not watching Netflix is a positive way to relieve stress or if it is taking up most of their free time.
According to reports, teens, adults, and even children are being impacted by the “Netflix Effect.” The disadvantages for teens who binge-watch television include slipping grades, being late to work or class, not going outside to be active thereby gaining weight, and closing themselves off from having a social life.
Netflix and Chill
Online video streaming and Netflix have become popular among college crowds. Now that I am a college student and living in a college community, I can see firsthand the effect these online streaming networks have on friends and fellow students. There is not a real definition for the term “Netflix and Chill.” The understood meaning goes something like this: invite someone of the opposite sex over, pick a random show from Netflix, start watching the show, and then…
Conclusion
In conclusion, Netflix has become something that affects many lives in many areas. This new idea of binge-watching television or online series is robbing people of valuable time that they can never get back. Average households are dealing with the “Netflix Effect” while colleges deal with the “Netflix and Chill” concept of dating, and workplaces struggle to get their employees to work. But, watching Netflix does not have to turn into something negative. Netflix can be a good stress reliever and create family fun time. It is a great source for watching movies or even catching up on some of the favorite shows. The challenge is about finding enough self-control to create a healthy balance between relaxation and wasting time. Watching Netflix, like anything, just needs to be done in moderation.
CRIMINALIZING MARITAL RAPE
WHAT IS MARITAL RAPE?
Marital Rape implies to unsolicited intercourse by a man with his wife misappropriated by force, intimidation of force, or bodily violence, or when she is unable to give consent. It is a non-consensual act of violent distortion by a husband against the wife where she is physically and sexually abused. Marital Rape alludes to the consummation between a man and a woman, who is lawfully acknowledged as a couple, where the woman does not give assent for such intercourse. Marriage, as examined prior is an irreproachable bond in which the man and a woman promise to live respectively in bliss just as in torment by welcome the blemishes of one another.
Despite the fact that marital rights are the most widely recognized and offensive type of masochism in the Indian culture, it is very much taken cover behind the iron drape of marriage. While the legal definition shifts, marital rape can be characterized as any undesirable intercourse or entrance misappropriated (vaginal, butt-centric, or oral) acquired forcibly, the danger of power, or when the spouse cannot assent. Regardless of the commonness of marital rape, this issue has gotten moderately little consideration from social scientists, specialists, the criminal justice system, and the bigger society all in all. The term rape has been imitated from the word rapio, which means to seize.
Marital Rape otherwise called ‘Spousal Rape’ or ‘Inmate Partner assault’ is an assault submitted by one companion against the other.[1] To comprehend the difficulties of Marital Rape one should initially comprehend the distinction between Rape and Marital Rape as both the terms have various implications and can’t be utilized reciprocally.
The marital rape exemption can be traced to statements by Sir Mathew Hale, Chief Justice in
England, during the 1600s. He wrote
“The husband cannot be guilty of a rape committed by himself upon his lawful wife, for by their mutual matrimonial consent and contract, the wife hath given herself in kind unto the
husband, whom she cannot retract.”
In the present day, studies indicate that between 10 and 14% of married women are raped by their husbands: the incidents of marital rape soars to 1/3rd to ½ among clinical samples of battered women. Sexual assault by one’s spouse accounts for approximately 25% of rapes committed. It is a conscious process of intimidation and assertion of the superiority of men over women.[2]
India, even after being advancing with a pace into the modern-day timeline haven’t criminalised marital rape. Despite amendments, law commissions and new legislation, one of the most humiliating and debilitating acts is not an offence in India.
Section 375, Indian Penal Code has provisions to rape in India, its exception clause- “Sexual intercourse by a man with his wife, the wife not being under 15 years of age, is not rape” reverberate very ancient sentiments.
VIOLATION OF FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS
Marital rape is an extensive problem for a woman that has occurred for centuries all over the world. Regardless of this fact, marital rape has been mainly ignored in the rape and domestic violence literature’s, this problem has received comparatively little attention from social scientists, legal practitioners, the criminal justice system, and the society as a whole but after examining the need for reforms in the legal system regarding the punishment of various crimes against women and especially married women, various countries have recognized this as a crime with severe penalties.
At the very outset, a law can only stand if it is in consonance with the Indian Constitution. The dereliction in perceiving Marital Rape as criminal offence prima facie violates the fundamental rights of a woman.
Article 14[3] of the Indian Constitution ensures the Right to Equality as a fundamental right of citizens. The Marital Rape Exception proves to be unconstitutional as contravenes the Right to Equality. The exception marks a clear dichotomy between women as wives and non-wives which ascertains as to who can bring criminal charges against a man for rape. In a male-dominant or patriarchal society of India any law concerning rights of women, being a right accessible to fewer section of women or the whole female population is exceedingly difficult and challenging to be reformed. Article 14 of Indian Constitution expresses ‘Equality before law’ but it collapses on its own provision when question comes about protection of women rights. Indian Government and the Judicial system conceal their failure to perform functions under the blanket of Customs i.e. Marriage is a sacrament. The Supreme Court in its interpretation of Article 14 held that, the classification made under this article must pass the ‘test of reasonableness’ that can only be achieved if the classification has a rational nexus to the object that the legislation in question seeks to achieve.[4] However, this interpretation when kept in juxtaposition with Section 375 implies that the entire rationale behind Section 375 stands vanquished when the Marital Rape Exception is upheld. This is thus interpreted because the solitary intention of Section 375 is to protect the integrity and dignity of women from sexual offenders and the purpose of this section is not performed when marital rape is not acknowledged by the eyes of law.
The Indian Constitution provides Right to Life as a fundamental right to its citizens. Article 21[5] states that “No person shall be denied of his life and personal liberty except according to the procedure established by law”. In Maneka Gandhi v. Union of India,[6] the Supreme Court
perspicuously stated, “Article 21, is not merely a physical right but it also includes within its ambit, the right to live with human dignity”. The Exception 2 of Section 375 fails to provide women the right to live with human dignity as husbands are not discouraged to engage in non-consensual sexual acts with their wives. Such iniquitous acts of the husbands take a toll on the mental health of a woman thus negating her life of dignity.
In the wake of the Maneka Gandhi judgment, the Supreme Court has incorporated various other rights under Right to Life which consists of right to health, right to a safe environment, right to safe living conditions and right to be informed among other rights. One of the major establishments was made by the Supreme Court in the judgment of Justice K.S. Puttaswamy v. Union of India and others[7], in which the Honourable Court held privacy to be a fundamental right under Article 21. Right to Privacy thus entailed, “Decisional privacy reflected by an ability to make intimate decisions primarily consisting of one’s sexual or procreative nature and decisions in respect of intimate relations”. This again directs to the infringement of a woman’s right of not being able to make intimate decisions for herself. In Bodhisattwa Gautam v. Subhra Chakraborty[8], the Supreme Court was crystal clear in saying, “Rape is a crime against basic human rights and a violation of the victims’ most cherished of fundamental rights, namely, the right to life enshrined under Article 21 of the Constitution”. Yet the Exception negates this very pronouncement by not recognizing marital rape.[9]
CONCLUSION
Marital Rape stands to be one of the most horrific forms of crimes against women in a family. Women mostly choose not to come up with their sufferings because of the patriarchal subjugation and the lack of facilities for them to be economically independent. The ever-existing patriarchy embedded in the minds of the society pays no heed to the abuse faced by women. This mindset proves to be crucial in letting the law makers provide plethora of unreasonable defences to not provide any penalties for this crime. Rape is not simply a physical ambush; however, it is dangerous of the entire persona of the person in question. The law did not conceptualize it as an offense against the individual of the woman, one that pulverizes her opportunity; rather, it considered rape as an instrument for defending a man’s property from the sexual conflicts of other men. Along these lines, the demonstration of rape inside marriage was not perceived as an offense as a woman was viewed as the property of the spouse, and a man could not be seen to abuse his own property.
Marital rape can be observed in families of all types irrespective social class, level of education, economic reasons and so on. Women in rural areas lack the considerably basic awareness that such an act is a wrongful one and are forced to believe that it is a part and parcel of marriage. This is another reason why even the research data cannot be fully relied upon because of the untold stories of these unaware women.
While the Marital Rape Exception continues to be central to the struggle faced by the supporters and feminist activists but problems such as gathering reliable evidence especially in cases where there are no physical injuries and proving that consent of the wife was not taken, still exists. Relying on the sole testimony of the woman with no concrete evidence or where evidence is negligible leads to the rise of false allegations against men to which there exists no damage control.
[1] Marital Rape, (July 31,2020) http://rapeinfo.wordpress.com/2008/05/25/marital-rape/
[2] #MoreThanJustBrides, Blog, (July 31, 2020) http://www.marthafarrellfoundation.org/blog/morethanjustbrides/
[3] INDIA CONST. art. 14.
[4] Saurabh Chaudhari v. Union of India (2004) 5 SCC 618.
[6] AIR (1978) SC 597.
[7] (2015) 10 SCC 92.
[8] (1996) 1 SCC 490.
[9] N. Tandon & N. Oberoi, Marital Rape — A Question of Redefinition, Lawyer’s Collective, Mar 2000, 24.
#Indian Railways in times COVID – World’s largest ‘Double-Stack’ Container tunnel.
By Udbhav Bhargava
Construction of the world’s largest electrified tunnel has completed yet another phase, having finished cutting through the rocks of Aravallis. The tunnel is part of the Western Dedicated Freight Corridor Project near the Sohna, Haryana of the Indian railway. This connects Haryana districts Mewat and Gurgaon, and negotiates a steep gradient on the Aravalli range up and down slope. Over the next 12 months, plans are to train electrical goods with double-stack containers via it.
What are double-stack containers?
A double-stack container is a wagon for rail transport on which two containers can be stacked. Such containers allow greater freight movement and are critical assets on the railway ‘s commercial hot-routes, such as those connected to ports and container terminals.
WDFC OF RAILWAYS
Western Dedicated Freight Corridor (DFC) is a large, under construction gauge corridor that will connect India’s national and business capital Delhi and Mumbai. To increase freight movement rates, DFC will differentiate freight and passenger traffic. The WDFC will cover 1,483 km of electric double-lane track from JNPT to Dadri, passing via Vadodara, Ahmedabad, Palanpur, Phulera and Rewari.
ARAVALLIS – THE OLDEST ROCKS
In order to construct the world’s first electrified double-stack container tunnel, engineers had to blast through 2,500 to 500-million-year-old proterozoic rocks. The last blasting was done on 24th of July. It means that the excavation work for the one-kilometer tunnel is complete, and now it is complete. To answer questions pertaining to geological stability, the tunnel is safe and stable as it is caved through 2,500 to 500 million-year – old proterozoic rocks, primarily quartzite, schists and slates of Alwar / Azabgarh groups of Delhi rocks which have a high bearing capacity, according to the concerned authorities.
BIGGEST TUNNEL IN INDIA
The D-shaped tunnel has a 150 square meter cross-sectional area to accommodate double lines with higher overhead equipment to allow double-stack container movement on the freight corridor. Cross-sectional area wise, it is one of India’s biggest rail tunnels.
Structural specifications
The tunnel measurements are 14.5 meters in width and 10.5 meters in height in a straight section, and 15 meters in width and 12.5 meters in height to provide additional clearance as the curve is negotiated. The tunnel height is 6.5 meters, and the minimum touch wire height is set at 5.2 meters. The country’s first electrified tunnel is built using the modern Austrian Tunneling Method (ATM), in the form of a ‘horse shoe’. Given the coronavirus pandemic, research in DFCCIL (Dedicated Freight Corridor Company of India Limited) is advancing at a rapid and resolute rate. According to the announcement, the Eastern, excluding some sections, and the Western DFC are scheduled for completion in June 2022.
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