1 Statement of the Problem

Corruption is high on the human rights and development docket. The UN General Assembly’s Agenda 2030 for sustainable development of 2015 asks all states to ‘substantially reduce corruption and bribery in all their forms’ and to return all stolen assets by 2030.¹ In their official contributions to this Agenda, the Human Rights Treaty Bodies have ‘identified mismanagement of resources and corruption as obstacles to the allocation of resources to promote equal rights’.² In fact, countries with high rates of corruption are the ones with a poor human rights record.³ For instance, the states ranked lowest on Transparency International’s Corruption Perceptions Index of 2017 are Syria, South Sudan and Somalia, all of which have massive human rights problems.⁴

Against this background, both practice and scholarship have pursued a ‘human rights-based’ approach to corruption.⁵ The key documents of the United Nations (UN) ground this approach on the assertion that corruption has a ‘negative impact’ on the enjoyment of human rights,⁶ that corruption ‘undermines’ human rights,⁷ that it has a ‘grave and devastating effect’ on the enjoyment of human rights,⁸ that ‘[c]orruption in government, institutions and society at large is a significant obstacle to the enjoyment’ of human rights⁹and that violations of human rights covenant rights are ‘facilitated where insufficient safeguards exist to address corruption of public officials or private-to-private corruption’.¹⁰Concomitantly, it is asserted that the human rights lens ‘provides a valuable normative framework’ to address corruption.¹¹ This assertion by the UN human rights institutions has been questioned, and the human rights-based approach has been criticized for its ‘lack of conceptual clarity’.¹²

Addressing this controversy, this article seeks to examine the legal quality of the assumed ‘link’ between corruption and human rights, the exact legal consequences of a human rights-based approach, its added value and its drawbacks. Importantly, we need to distinguish the vague idea of a ‘link’ between corruption and human rights from the sharper legal claim that under certain conditions a corrupt act (or the toleration of corruption) itself may constitute an actual violation of human rights.¹³I will investigate this latter claim through a positive and a normative analysis.¹⁴ The doctrinal question of positive law is: Can corrupt conduct be properly conceptualized as a violation of international human rights (part 2)? The normative question is: Should corrupt acts be conceptualized as human rights violations? My answer is that such a reconceptualization is legally sound as a matter of positive analysis, although very difficult doctrinal problems arise. The normative assessment is ambivalent, but, with all caution, I would say that practical benefits of the conceptualization outweigh the risk of reinforcing the anti-Western scepticism towards the fight against corruption (part 3). Part 4 examines the remedies against corruption-based human rights violations in the form of monitoring and enforcement. Part 5 concludes that the re-conceptualization of corruption not only as a human right issue but also as a potential human rights violation can contribute to closing the implementation gap of the international anti-corruption instruments but that expectations should not be overdrawn.

The proposal to infuse corruption with human rights aspects responds to the moderate success of the existing international anti-corruption instruments – at least 10 international and regional treaties with various additional protocols as well as soft law.¹⁵ Their emergence in the 1990s, in turn, was a reaction to the globalization of corruption itself, to the insight that instances of grand corruption, in particular, had inevitably acquired transboundary elements. The USA championed a treaty to criminalize foreign bribery and succeeded in persuading a large number of states within the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) to adopt an Anti-Bribery Convention in 1997.¹⁶The primary goal at the time was to eliminate the unfair competitive advantages of companies paying bribes in the new markets, especially of Eastern Europe. In 2003, the UN Convention against Corruption (UNCAC) was adopted, and, in September 2018, it counted 186 state parties.¹⁷

A leading authority on corruption mentions the following goals of international anti-corruption policy: first, to improve the functioning of the global markets; second, to promote economic growth; third, to reduce poverty and, fourth, to safeguard the legitimacy of the state.¹⁸ Anti-corruption has largely been merged with the good governance agenda¹⁹ and the development discourse. And because good governance, as well as development, is in turn nowadays often analysed through a human rights lens, this type of analysis suggests itself for anti-corruption too.

2 Can Corruption Be Conceptualized as a Human Rights Violation?

A Defining Corruption

Corruption is not a technical term; it is typically not considered a criminal offence in criminal codes around the world, and it also does not have a legal definition in international treaties. The most common definition is the one by the non-governmental organization (NGO) Transparency International, according to which corruption is the abuse of entrusted power for private gain. Such abuse may happen on the level of day-to-day administration and public service (petty corruption) or on the high level of political office (grand corruption). These terms do not mark a legal distinction but merely describe variations of the same theme. Often, a particular scheme of corruption permeates the various levels of public administration and thus links both forms of corruption. Because of the growing power of large corporations and non-state actors such as the Fédération Internationale de Football Association (FIFA), the abuse of obligations arising from private law, in a private law-based principal–agent relationship, is also increasingly qualified as corruption. The relevant criminal offences are active and passive bribery, criminal breach of trust, graft, illicit enrichment, and so on. In the private sector, offences are called ‘private-to-private bribery’ or ‘commercial bribery’ and may include anti-competitive practices and regulatory offences.

B Whose Human Rights?

Traditionally, bribery – the prototypical form of corruption – has been considered a ‘victimless crime’.²⁰ According to legal doctrine, the injured party is first of all the public. Can the bribe giver be considered a victim too? This does not seem to be the case where the victim takes the initiative to bribe and/or then blackmails the receiver. However, the briber may be victimized in many constellations of corruption. If the graduate of a public school has to pay the secretary a bribe to receive her diploma, or if she has to pay for additional private lessons from a teacher who indicates that she will not pass the examination otherwise, then she is a victim – not a perpetrator – at least in terms of human rights. Her consent to the illegal quid pro quo is the result of a desperate situation; the consent of the student (or of her parents) is not ‘free’ but, rather, is coerced.

In public procurement, the unsuccessful competitors are the potential victims if they are not awarded the contract due to extraneous criteria, at least if they have a concrete expectancy to the contract and not merely abstract prospects. Clients and end users are often also adversely affected by corruption in public procurement if they have to pay higher prices or if they receive a product that is not worth the money because funds have been diverted during the production process. From the perspective of social human rights whose proper fulfilment comprises the element of ‘affordability’ (such as the affordability of essential medicine as a component of the human right to health), the fact that bribery in procurement processes may make medicine more expensive could be seen as a human rights violation.²¹ Related questions are how corruption may affect the property and investor rights of the successful bidders. The assessment will differ depending on whether the bidder has won the tender through corruption or whether his investment has been tampered with later by corrupt acts of the host state. These questions will be discussed in section 3.C below.

In the political process, voters are adversely affected by candidates’ financial dependence on major donors if the candidates are politically indebted to the donors after the election and if voters are unaware of those vested interests. Overall, the examples show that human rights of various types of persons in manifold social settings might be concerned by corruption. The key question then is whether persons who are affected directly or indirectly are sufficiently individualized to be qualified as ‘victims’, and that question must be examined in each scenario and cannot be answered in the abstract.

C Which Human Rights?

The next question is which human rights are involved. This question is important because the idea here is not to propagate any (new) human right to a corruption-free society.²²Such a right is neither acknowledged by legal practice nor is there a need for it. Rather, corruption affects the recognized international human rights as they have been codified by the UN human rights covenants. In practice, social rights are most affected, especially by petty corruption. For example, corruption in the health sector affects the right of everyone to the highest attainable standard of health (Article 12 of the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights [ICESCR]); in the education sector, the right to education (Article 13 of the ICESCR) is at issue.²³

Liberal human rights may also be undermined by corruption; if a prisoner has to give the guard something in return for a blanket or better food, then the prisoner’s basic right to humane conditions of detention (Article 10 of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights [ICCPR]) is affected.²⁴ If, as most observers tend to think, the current surge in human trafficking is made possible and facilitated primarily by corruption that induces police and border guards to look the other way, then this affects the human right to protection from slavery and servitude (Article 8 of the ICCPR).²⁵ Obviously, corruption in the administration of justice endangers the basic rights to judicial protection, including the right to a fair trial without undue delay (Article 14 of the ICCPR).²⁶ Or the human right of association and the (labour) right to organize (Article 22 of the ICCPR and relevant International Labour Organization [ILO] conventions) may be affected by bribes offered by industry to the officials of a ministry of labour in order to facilitate the resignation of a union leader, as a labour complaint in Indonesia alleged.²⁷ In other cases of grand corruption and foreign bribery, however, the implications for human rights – such as the effect of nepotism on the right to equal access to public offices (Article 25(c) of the ICCPR) – are less clear.

D Violations?

The next question is whether it makes sense to speak of human rights violations. Only a few reports and governmental statements do so.²⁸In the predominant practice of the UN, only weaker vocabulary is used to make the connection, both in the strategic documents – such as the new reports of the Human Rights Council – and in the country-, issue-, or individual case-specific monitoring practice of the Treaty Bodies and the UN Charter-based Human Rights Council.²⁹

Typical for the prevailing approach is a 2010 judgment by the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) Court of Justice in a proceeding instituted by a NGO on corruption in the education sector of Nigeria. The Court stated that corruption in the education sector has a ‘negative impact’ on the human right to quality education, as guaranteed by Article 17 of the African Charter of Human and People’s Rights but does not per se constitute a violation of that right.³⁰ The Court viewed corruption, first of all, as a matter of domestic criminal and civil law, but not of international human rights law, and with which the domestic courts should deal. Corruption does not (or not in the first place) fall within the jurisdiction of the regional human rights court of ECOWAS, the Court said.³¹

In contrast, those domestic courts that have significantly shaped the legal contours of social human rights – namely, the Indian and South African constitutional courts – tend to assert, rather than explain properly, that and how corruption violates human rights. For instance, the Constitutional Court of South Africa held that ‘[c]orruption and maladministration are inconsistent with the rule of law and the fundamental values of our Constitution. They undermine the constitutional commitment to human dignity, the achievement of equality and the advancement of human rights and freedoms’.³² In a 2012 judgment, the Supreme Court of India held that ‘[c]orruption … undermines human rights, indirectly violating them’ and that ‘systematic corruption is a human rights’ violation in itself’.³³ From a legal standpoint, it is crucial whether a situation is qualified as merely ‘undermining’ human rights – for example, in a general monitoring report – or whether it constitutes a true rights violation that could be declared unlawful in individualized enforcement proceedings (see section 4 below).

E Which State Obligations?

In order to determine whether there is a violation of human rights through corrupt state action, we have to examine the three kinds of obligations – namely, the obligations to respect, protect, and fulfil human rights. The obligation to respect is essentially a negative obligation to refrain from infringements. The obligation to protect primarily refers to protection from dangers emanating from third parties. The obligation to fulfil requires positive action by the state. The UN Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights divides the latter obligation into the three subcategories of facilitate, provide, and promote.³⁴

Next, we have to clarify exactly to which actor the obligations are attached. We must distinguish two points of contact in this regard: first, the specific corrupt conduct of an individual official that is attributed to the state due to the official’s status and, second, the general anti-corruption policy of the state as a whole as an international legal person. A corrupt act by an individual official may, depending on the context and the human right in question, potentially violate each of the mentioned dimensions of obligation. If, in the context of the implementation of a land-use plan, an official forcibly evacuates people who do not pay a bribe, then this may violate the right to housing (Article 11 of the ICESCR) in the negative dimension of the obligation to respect. If, for instance, the employee of a registration office refuses to hand over a passport without an additional bribe, then the right to leave the country (Article 12(2) of the ICCPR) may be violated in the positive dimension of the state obligation to facilitate.

1 Obligations of the State to Protect

In the following discussion, I will focus on the macro-level – on the state as a whole (not on individual officials). How must the lack of effective anti-corruption measures be qualified? The deficient implementation, application, and enforcement of effective anti-corruption measures essentially constitute an omission by the state. Because human rights give rise to the above-mentioned obligations to become active, omissions may violate human rights.³⁵ Concomitantly, effective anti-corruption measures may be considered a way to comply with one of the three facets of the positive obligation to fulfil (facilitate, provide, promote).

More relevant than the obligations to fulfil, however, are the facets of the obligation to protect human rights. In principle, these protective obligations are addressed to all three branches of government. They obligate the legislative power to enact effective laws, the executive power to undertake effective administrative measures, and the judicial power to engage in effective legal prosecution. The case law of the international bodies is not entirely clear in answering the question of whether obligations to protect – especially, the obligations to amend laws for closing legal gaps or to prosecute – are mirrored by individual rights of the victims.³⁶ The obligation to protect was developed in regard to dangers emanating from third parties, such as economic operators. The obligation to protect is thus suitable to provide additional human rights support for the criminalization of foreign bribery demanded by the OECD’s Anti-Bribery Convention.³⁷ State obligations to protect in regard to the activities of transnational corporations, grounded in human rights, are set out in the soft law of the 2011 UN Guiding Principles of Business and Human Rights.³⁸

The obligation to protect under human rights law not only requires the state to protect individuals from the acts of other private persons but also reduces structural human rights risks in which the state’s own officials are involved. For instance, in the case of police violence contrary to human rights, the European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR) demands that the state investigate and prosecute after such incidents.³⁹ Rampant corruption constitutes a permanent structural danger to numerous human rights of persons subject to the power of officials. Therefore, in cases involving the complete inaction of the state or evidently deficient anti-corruption measures, the state is responsible under international law for its failure to discharge its human rights obligations to prevent and protect.⁴⁰

The acknowledgement of the human rights obligations would significantly strengthen the specific preventive obligations under anti-corruption law. Chapter 2 of the UNCAC requires the states parties to adopt a series of preventive measures, ranging from the establishment of an anti-corruption body and the reorganization of public service to the enactment of codes of conduct for public officials, the reorganization of public procurement and the prevention of money laundering. From the perspective of general international law, these are obligations to prevent. Because the formulation of the UNCAC obligations is rather soft, it is hardly possible to hold a state party internationally responsible if it fails to fulfil its obligations or does so only poorly. But if we interpret the UNCAC obligations in conformity with human rights law (Article 31(3)(c) of the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties),⁴¹ it becomes apparent that the measures mentioned here must in fact be taken in an effective way in order to fulfil the obligations to protect and to fulfil (including to prevent) grounded in human rights law.⁴²

2 Procedural and Result-Independent Obligations

Cutting across the three dimensions of human rights obligations, procedural obligations arise from all the types of human rights. In the case law of the ECtHR, these constitute the ‘procedural limb’ of the rights under the ECHR. Within the scope of social human rights, they are referred to as ‘process requirements’.⁴³Here, one of their functions is to serve as an indicator for the fulfilment of the progressive obligation to implement, which is very difficult to measure. Procedural elements are also central to combating corruption. The human rights process requirements that are most relevant here most likely include planning obligations⁴⁴ and monitoring obligations.⁴⁵Transparency obligations are especially important. Not coincidentally, the best-known anti-corruption NGO in the world is called Transparency International. Transparency is also a fundamental principle of the UNCAC.⁴⁶Accordingly, the procedural obligations under the UNCAC, especially the disclosure and publication requirements, which can be an effective way to curtail corruption, are equally grounded in human rights.⁴⁷ Viewed in this light, failure to satisfy these obligations simultaneously constitutes a violation of the relevant human rights. A follow-up question is whether a corrupt state violates its obligations of protection and its procedural obligations only when and if individual acts of corruption are (or continue to be) in fact committed. In the context of the international obligations to prevent, it depends in principle on the specific primary obligation whether ‘prevent’ means that a state must in fact avert the undesirable result or whether the state is merely obligated to employ all reasonable and appropriate means in the sense of a due diligence obligation that is independent of the result.⁴⁸

The anti-corruption obligations under human rights law mentioned above are best understood as result-independent due diligence obligations. This both corresponds to general human rights law⁴⁹ and establishes a parallelism to criminal law. Bribery and other offences that we summarize under the umbrella of corruption are, generally speaking, ‘endangerment offences’. This means that they criminalize conduct that endangers legally protected interests even if that conduct does not produce a specific harmful consequence. This is appropriate to the legal good that was traditionally the only one protected by the criminalization of corruption – namely, the integrity of the public service, because it is usually impossible to determine whether a tangible harm has in fact occurred. If the bribing of a public official does not entail that the briber is granted a doctor’s appointment faster than without the bribe, or if a briber does not receive a building permit exceeding the official’s normal discretion, then the bribes would, in a non-technical sense, be ‘unsuccessful’. Nevertheless, the trust in the public service has been undermined, and, for this reason, the unlawful agreement should be punished as bribery. In the courts, this rationale is referred to as follows: ‘Justice should not only be done, but should manifestly and undoubtedly be seen to be done.’⁵⁰ The situation here is different than for the obligation to prevent genocide, for example. In that case, the International Court of Justice (ICJ) held that ‘a State can be held responsible for breaching the obligation to prevent genocide only if genocide was actually committed’.⁵¹ This difference in assessment is justified because genocide is a result offence in terms of criminal law, as opposed to an endangerment offence.

Conversely, the obligation (also under human rights law) to combat corruption, as follows, for instance, from the UNCAC, does not require states to stop corruption entirely. The satisfaction of such a ‘negative’ obligation of result (and the measurement of such a result) would be impossible, given that the realization of a low level of systematic corruption is not a one-time success. It is, in contrast, easy to determine that a genocide, for instance, has not been committed. Consequently, this means that a state already violates its preventive and other procedural obligations under both anti-corruption law and human rights law if it fails to act, even if the level of corruption is low despite the laxity of the state. Conversely, a state is released from international responsibility if it takes reasonable protective measures, even if the state is not entirely ‘clean’.

F Corruption as a Violation of the Fundamental Obligations Set Out in Article 2(1) of the ICESCR

Under certain circumstances, corruption (both petty and grand) must notably be considered a violation of the ICESCR. As mentioned above, corruption – for example, in the police force and the judiciary − also affects human rights enshrined in the ICCPR. But this section concentrates on the ICESCR because the legal determination of a violation of this covenant is particularly challenging. Article 2(1) of the ICESCR, which sets out the fundamental obligations of the states parties, contains four components that are subject to monitoring by the treaty body, the Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (CESCR). Each component is a starting point for specific state obligations, including in the field of anti-corruption. Each of these obligations may become difficult or impossible to fulfil in the circumstances of grand or petty corruption.

The first element – the core obligation – is ‘to take steps’. These steps, according to the CESCR, must be ‘deliberate, concrete and targeted’.⁵² It is easy to see that the steps to be taken must include the elimination of obstacles to the realization of economic, social and cultural rights. Because corruption constitutes such an obstacle, states are in principle required by the ICESCR to take anti-corruption measures.⁵³ The Inter-American Commission on Human Rights, for instance, in its guidelines for national reporting, considers ratification of the Inter-American Convention against Corruption and the existence, powers and budget of a domestic anti-corruption authority to be structural indicators for national progress reports.⁵⁴

The second component of the implementation obligation set out in Article 2 of the ICESCR is that the state party must take these steps ‘with a view to achieving progressively the full realization of the rights recognized in the present Covenant’. This component obligates parties to grant a certain priority in the allocation of resources to the realization of human rights.⁵⁵ The misappropriation of public funds at the highest level violates this obligation because in such cases the financing of the standard of living of high-level public officials is given priority over the realization of social human rights.⁵⁶

The third element is to exhaust all possibilities the state has at its disposal (‘to the maximum of its available resources’). Primarily, the state party itself defines which resources are available and what the maximum is. However, according to the Limburg Principles, the CESCR may consider the ‘equitable and effective use of … the available resources’ when determining whether the state party has taken appropriate measures.⁵⁷ The component likewise gives rise to a prohibition against the diversion of resources that were originally dedicated to social purposes.⁵⁸ Indeed, embezzlement and insufficient measures against embezzlement divert funds from social budgets and, thus, breaches this state obligation.⁵⁹ Corruption further reduces the ability of governments to generate maximum resources, including through international cooperation, by making countries less attractive to donors and investment.⁶⁰ In their concluding observations on individual states, the various human rights treaty bodies regularly refer to the feedback loop between combatting corruption and devoting sufficient resources to the protection of human rights.⁶¹

In fact, grand corruption deprives the state of resources in an ‘inequitable’ way. This is evident when funds are directly misappropriated from the government budget. This also occurs in the case of excessive infrastructure projects or ‘white elephants’ and the exaggerated purchase of military equipment. When developing buildings, roads, airports, and so on of an inferior quality, the funds intended for construction materials can easily be diverted by high-level employees of the government purchasers. Petty corruption likewise indirectly deprives the state of resources by discouraging tax compliance.⁶²The affected persons do not see why they should have to pay the government twice – once through taxes and once directly to corrupt public officials. Even an extremely inflated budget appropriation for the government’s public relations work may already be inequitable if the members of parliament approving the budget know that the budget item is being used to divert funds, typically by way of accepting inflated invoices from consulting companies paid by government agencies, whereupon the consultants transfer the money back to the private accounts of the ministry officials (kickbacks). It must be decided from case to case when the obligation to use all available resources as set out in Article 2(1) of the ICESCR has been violated.

The fourth component of the fundamental obligation set out in the ICESCR is to employ ‘all appropriate means’, to which I will come back in section 2.J below. Whenever the state party fails to comply with any of these obligations,⁶³ it is in non-compliance with the covenant. In the final analysis, the CESCR could, lege artis and as a way of continuing its own practice and that of the state parties, use the existing monitoring procedures to make the authoritative determination that a state that pursues an evidently deficient anti-corruption policy in the face of rampant corruption is violating its fundamental obligation arising from the ICESCR.

After childhood, introducing oneself to a teenage lifestyle sounds so thrilling, full of opportunity. Yet the more pleasurable it looks from the outside, the more terrifying it becomes from the within. Delighted only for those who know how to treat things skilfully without getting influenced by the teenagers around. Terrified for others who make themselves hate their peers and turn their lives unbearable.

So let talk about life of teenage:

A teenager’s experience appears to evolve every day. It’s the worst phase of your experience to be a adolescent in certain respects. This is the period of your life in which you seek to describe who you are not only to those around you, but even to yourself. The teens are grappling with appearance, gender identification, self-confidence, and lots of emotional issues.

One minute a adolescent appears to be involved in a new activity, a topic at school, or a form of music, just to totally change their gears to the next. Before their teenage years, these teens concentrated on learning, playing, and getting their parents’ permission. Yet today, as teenagers move towards becoming young adults, the previous aspirations are supplemented by a hunger for freedom.

When we reach adolescent years, both males and females are going through difficult periods. With men, they are going through improvements in their bodies and speech. We encounter conditions involving hormones, and other “masculine” substances. People are thoroughly brainwashed into thinking they must be tall, strong and attractive with as much muscle strength as possible and as little overweight as possible.

Yet I believe the focus of teen struggles falls more on females. There is such a desire in the culture and in our everyday lives for females to be the perfect, 5′ 10,” 100 pounds, white, blue-eyed, big-haired model.

They are frequently overwhelmed with videos and ads to become someone that they can’t really be. Teenagers are also depressed. They forget they are always not isolated, because everyone is supporting them: their mother, their teachers or their peers.There are challenges with the life of a teenager but I believe they are essentially part of evolution and maturity. Which does mean all these issues aren’t genuine challenges, so it’s just the manner they are managed.

Parents and teachers are sometimes unable to cope with them because they do not realize and know teens, particularly their desires, concerns or various moods, in a short period. Parents do not understand that being adult and more accountable is always very challenging, so teens must first fix their problems. So, they ‘re rude and insulting, antisocial or insane. They aren’t any longer self-confident.

FRIENDS: 

Friendships and relationships may be challenging to obtain, develop , and sustain. Problems like gossip, rumours, and manipulation can destroy lives in a moment. 

Like many colleges, rumor spreads faster than a disease.  

Sometimes I believe teenagers’ lives begin in the emotional way. 

We want to be loved by a girl or a boy.Our friends are more important than everyone. They have got similar problems and they understand us. But we have to solve our problems on our own. We want to be free, we want to do what we think is right. 

PEER PRESSURE : 

There are a number of items that might distract or encourage a adolescent to do the wrong thing. 

Peer pressure will quickly drive teenagers into drinking, sex, and drugs. Many teens realize it’s inappropriate, but they seem that they’re doing these things to match in and be popular. Luckily, though, most teenagers know how to do things by saying no.

I think some of the hardest issues teenager face are what’s “acceptable” and what’s “expected.” 

Teenage years are a time when the sole decision of right and wrong is based on what we see and hear. Peer pressure is more and more present, and the need to “fit in” can outweigh the “right” decision.

DRUGS:

Another issue is drugs that are sometimes used by teens currently. 

Many who take these medications don’t realize why it’s a dangerous idea and that they can damage their life.

This dilemma can be overcome with the help of teachers, parents or even peers who will try to hold them safe from the dangerous ones. For certain instances, teenagers are affected by the people who waste their leisure time doing negative things.

Sexuality is another of nowadays problems of the teenagers and not only. They are interested on this thing and sometimes becomes more important than family or school. If they have a sexual life they should protect themselves from AIDS or another disease. 

In my opinion, those are the most important and the most serious teenagers problems.

 Most of us look and act completely fine but everyone is going through something mental health problems.

Nowadays it seems like everyone is having sex which has become a huge issue for teens to pressure themselves about. If you haven’t had sex yet you a loser but if you’ve had sex, everyone looks at you differently and silently judges you. 

It’s too hard to be a teenager that several of us think we could just skip this segment, and get it all figured out. The reality, though, is that you can’t run through. You’ve got to get through this phase and eventually come out safe and satisfied.

In an ideal high school world everyone would be happy with the way they look and wouldn’t force themselves to become something else. None of us would have attempted to suicide because we would all have unexpected support for each other

We, teenagers have to bind together and strive for these things to happen and we all just have to push through our issues. If we just keep pushing and hoping we will come out on the other side victorious.

We are never going to have everything figured out, not even when we are adults, so we just have to except that and remember this chapter will end. We will move on. High school is not the end of us, it’s the introduction to real life, and real life is what matters.

The Bishnoi faith is a religious offshoot of Hinduism founded on 29 principles, most of which promote environmental stewardship. Bishnois strictly forbid the harming of trees and animals. The religion was founded by Guru Maharaj Jambaji in 1485 AD in the Marwar (Jodhpur) desert region of western Rajasthan, India. Jambaji witnessed the incessant clear-cutting of trees during times of drought to feed animals, only to see them die eventually as the drought continued. He also recognized the importance of trees within his local ecosystem (keeping animals alive) and banned cutting down green trees and killing birds or animals. Jambaji’s spiritual reverence for nature led to a tradition of harmony with the local ecology: in the middle of an arid desert region, the Bishnois are famous for cultivating lush vegetation, caring for animals, and collecting drinkable water.

In 1730, almost 300 years after Guru Jambaji’s 29 principles were recorded, the maharajah (king) of Jodhpur wanted to build a new palace. He sent soldiers to gather wood from the forest region near the village of Khejarli, where Bishnoi villagers had helped foster an abundance of khejri (acacia) trees. When the king’s men began to harm the trees, the Bishnois protested in anguish but were ignored by the soldiers, who were under royal orders.

Amrita Devi was a female villager who could not bear to witness the destruction of both her faith and the village’s sacred trees. She decided to literally hug the trees, and encouraged others to do so too, proclaiming: “A chopped head is cheaper than a felled tree.” Bishnois from Khejri and nearby villages came to the forest and embraced the trees one by one to protect them from being cut down. As each villager hugged a tree, refusing to let go, they were beheaded by the soldiers. This voluntary martyrdom continued until 363 Bishnoi villagers were killed in the name of the sacred Khejarli forest.

Once word got back to the King about this activity he rushed to the village and apologized, ordering the soldiers to cease logging operations. Soon afterwards, the maharajah designated the Bishnoi state as a protected area, forbidding harm to trees and animals. This legislation still exists today in the region.

In memory of the 363 Bishnois, who died protecting their dear trees, a number of khejri trees are planted around the area, which is still notably lush and rich with animal life. The Bishnoi sacrifices became the inspiration for a much larger Chipko movement that is still growing today, in which villagers physically embrace trees to save them from logging.

The dedication of the Bishnoi community to protect their land and their wildlife has also led to the creation of a vast protected wildlife reserve. Unlike better-known and more popular reserves, like Ranthambore, Sariska and Keoladheo in Rajasthan alone, the wildlands of Bishnoi do not come under the protection of the government. This is wholly a community-driven preservation project, and it shows. You’ll find animals, both endangered and otherwise, living in harmony with the Bishnois. The bond between humans and nature here is something sorely missed in the world, but you get to experience it first hand here.

A peek into ordinary village life in Bishnoi
A tour of Bishnoi shouldn’t be left without visiting one of the village homes of the people. The people are warm and welcoming, offering a hot cup of tea as they show you how they live their day-to-day lives, so different from what most of us are used to. Think earthen ‘refrigerators’ that use the properties of clay to keep its contents cool, rustic hand-operated millstones that grind flour and the opportunity to sit down with a family and discover their unique rituals and remedies.

The chance to spot endangered and endemic species
Bishnoi may not be a government-operated wildlife preserve, but centuries of harmony between the Bishnoi community and the animals that call this place home means that you get the chance to spot some rather interesting species. With a keen-eyed driver as your guide, you’ll get to see animals like the rare and beautiful blackbuck and the massive Nilgai as you make your way through Bishnoi. Large families can be seen grazing and resting on the slightly forested and grassy plains that lie right by the roads.

The opportunity to see rare migratory birds
One of the biggest draws of Bishnoi, apart from its fascinating community and the Khejarli village monument and temple, is the water reservoir of Guda Bishnoiyan. The Guda Bishnoi Lake is a big watering hole for migratory birds that fly during the winter from the north. It is one of the handful of spots where these birds rest before scattering about to different areas further south, so you’ll find an incredibly diverse range of birds here. Siberian cranes, Demoiselle cranes and Sarus cranes can be seen, along with more common bird species in the area, like the coot.

It seems like our intuition is like, “Why would we want to invest in something which would cost us a bomb?” We actually get more happiness than we expect out of experiences. But just like anything you could pay money to that gives you happiness, that’s not a thing, that’s like something you experience. So going on vacation, or spending some time in an awesome art gallery, or going to Europe to check out the wonderful paintings there, or going to a concert. Even something short like going out to eat , Those are the kinds of things that are experiences and they’re not going to stick around. You’re not going to have time to adapt to them. Contemporary art or perpetual sugar coated words can suffice anyone’s affection but what stays in the history is the remarkable story that you’ve made so far.

All the impulsive buys a human tends to make are the peak stage of their urge to get things done at the end of the day. Sometimes all the purchases you make when you are trying to heal yourself as a therapy would actually come in handy to make you believe that money is some part of the happiness it isn’t the whole part and parcel of the happiness These are about these experiential purchases makes us really happy. Finally, it seems like we really look forward to these experiential purchases in a way that we might not. And just the fact that you’re a person that tends to do that, that tends to think about your future experiential purchases, that might make you happier than tending to be a materialistic person that tends to think about your next material purchases.

In the olden days, man was quite uncivilized. He covered his body with leaves of trees or used to live naked. But with advancement of time and technology they became civilized and cultured. The result was that dress became a part and parcel of life. A fashion may be defined as a manner in which a thing is done or made. In common talk, it means following up to date style. Fashion changes every day. Fashion became so ugly in every 6 months that we have altered after every period of time. Fashions are highly short lived and dynamic. They change as seasons change during the year. Now a day’s dress has been given great importance. Boot cuts are trendy and liked by girls very much. Shirts and pantaloons worn by girls make them look like boys. With the advent of space people of different countries are coming closer. It results in interchanging of dress and clothes with foreign countries. Fashion changes with time like sometimes girls like to wear tight clothes that look exactly like boys in their pantaloons and shirts. Sometimes people like to wear loose clothes. However, people have become fashionable. This smartness is also seen in villages also. In villages people used to dhoti and kurta but with change in fashion also appear in sick and spam dress. Fashion no doubt enhances the charm of women and great attraction to male students. Fashion however, has their own toll to take.

Fashionable dresses are not comfortable at all times. There are several cases when tight dresses are torn to pieces. Some dresses are not medically suited to the body. They cause allergy or skin troubles.

Fashions among students are not only limited to dresses but to so many things like new rubber paper band, tic tok heels, sling bags, sporty look shoes and many more. But the sad part of this fashion is that poor people can’t afford these expensive dresses, suits, accessories. Even sometimes middle class people also have to spend from their savings to purchase these highly standard things.

Fashion keeps on changing with changing habits of eating, social customs, ceremonies and the like. With these changes sometimes people came under debt and had to incur great losses. Fashion of everything changes like draped saree dupatta was earlier in trend now it has come back. In fact, fashion adds a charm and romance to life. Life would have been dull and dreary if things had always remained unchanged.

Introducing sex education in schools is an important issue. National curriculum focus on cultivating proper understanding education of sex related issues with special focus on teenage pregnancies, drug addiction and adolescent sex education. A survey has been conducted by the ministry of women and child development that depicted more than 53% of children in India are sexually abused. Sex education issue has become debatable issue. Many people feel that such delicate issues should be left to the parents and parents feel embarrassed to talk openly with their children in this regard. Sex is still a taboo in Indian society. We can’t even speak this word openly in front of 4 people. But it’s a part of life. It is believed that teaching our children about sexuality can break down pre existing notions of modesty. But with increase cases of unwanted pregnancies, HIV AIDS and other sex related disease, it is important that sex education shou8ld be given in schools and colleges. With time of puberty changes, some physical and mental changes start appearing in children and they found it strange to cope up with the changes. So it is very important for them to provide sex e3ducation.suvey indicate that on an average every urban student watches television for 2 hrs daily. Some sex scenes shown on some foreign television channels, vulgar language shown in Indian cinema also create negative impact on them. The small screens stimulate the youngsters sexually. Thus in absence of knowledge about sex they commit mistakes which result into unwanted pregnancies, HIV positive cases and other sexually transmitted diseases. In India, the cases of unwanted pregnancies are reported much higher in comparison to other developed countries.

There has been a rise in incidents of physical abuse of children. Children fall victims and they keep silent and live with the trauma throughout their lives.sex education also provide our younger’s to resist abusive behavior and provide them forum for expressing their fears and feelings openly. In this world children are the most vulnerable section of society so they need to be taught the difference between good and bad touch in order to protect themselves from child abuse. This sex education helps adolescents to come in healthy terms with their sexual identities and overcome feelings of guilt and shame. During adolescent age children begin to see the world in a mature way.

School life became an integral part of every child. Along with academic subjects children must be given sex education in schools only because school is the second home where children learn bad or good habits. While imparting sex education the boys and girls should be divided into two groups and taught separately. A lady teacher should teach girls and a male one should teach boys so that there must be no embarrassment and they should be able to learn. They will freely clear their doubts and proper care should be given to the contents of the topic which is to be discussed.

It is high time for sex education to be introduced in the educational curriculum. It will create a liberal thinking among youths.

Challenges facing with microservices

Automating the components 

Debugging

Configuration management

Different types of test for microservices

Unit testing

Acceptance test

Performance testing

Microservices vs Application interfere system

Microservices are an architectural style for web applications, where the functionality is divided up across small web services, APIs are the frameworks through which developers can interact with a web application

Design patterns for microservices 

It is divided into five patterns

Decomposition patterns

Decomposition of the application according to 

Subdomains of application

Business capability

Integration patterns

API gateway

Database patterns

Database per service

CQRS(Command Query Responsibility Segregation)

Images

Observability patterns

Performance matrix

Health check

Cross-cutting concern patterns

Circuit breaker 

Principles behind microservices

Independent&autononomous service

Scalability

Availability

De centralization

Isolation from failure

Companies using microservices

Amazon

Amazon’s “service-oriented architecture” was largely the beginning of what we now call microservices

Google

Google built systems that share many characteristics with microservices

Netflix

The microservices architecture allowed Netflix to greatly speed up development and deployment of its platform and services

How do microservices communicate?

Generally, microservices communicate using HTTP (hypertext transfer protocol)

Introduction

Fundamental rights are those rights which are essential for intellectual, moral and spiritual development of citizens of India. As these rights are fundamental or essential for existence and all-round development of individuals, they are called ‘Fundamental rights’. These are enshrined in Part III (Articles 12 to 35) of the Constitution of India.

These include individual rights common to most, such as equality before the law, freedom of speech and freedom of expression, religious and cultural freedom, Freedom of assembly (peaceful assembly), freedom of religion (freedom to practice religion), right to constitutional remedies for the protection of civil rights by means of writs such as Habeas Corpus, Mandamus, Writ of Prohibition, Certiorari and Quo Warranto.

Fundamental rights apply universally to all citizens, irrespective of race, birthplace, religion, caste or gender. The Indian Penal Code, Code of Criminal Procedure and other laws prescribe punishments for the violation of these rights, subject to the discretion of the judiciary. Though the rights conferred by the constitution other than fundamental rights are also valid rights protected by the judiciary, in case of fundamental rights violations, the Supreme Court of India can be approached directly for ultimate justice as per Article 32. 

There are six fundamental rights recognised by the Indian constitution:

1. Right to equality (Articles. 14-18)
2. Right to Freedom (Articles. 19-22)
3. Right Against exploitation (Articles. 23-24)
4. Right to Freedom of Religion (Articles. 25- 28)
5. Cultural and Educational Rights (Articles. 29-30), and
6. Right to Constitutional remedies (Articles. 32-35)

ENFORCEMENT OF FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS  

The right to constitutional remedies is present for enforcement of fundamental rights.

Right to constitutional remedies (Articles 32 to 35) empowers the citizens to move to a court of law in case of any denial of the fundamental rights. For instance, in case of imprisonment, any citizen can ask the court to see if it is according to the provisions of the law of the country by lodging a public interest litigation. If the court finds that it is not, the person must be freed. This procedure of asking the courts to preserve or safeguard the citizen’s fundamental rights can be done in various ways. The courts can issue various kinds of writs protecting the rights of the citizens. These writs are:

• habeas corpus
• mandamus
• Writ of Prohibition
• quo warranto
• certiorari

This allows a citizen to move to court if they believe that any of their Fundamental Rights have been violated by the State. Article 32 is also called the citizens’ right to protect and defend the constitution as it can be used by the citizens to enforce the constitution through the judiciary. Dr. B. R. Ambedkar declared the right to constitutional remedies “the heart and soul” of the Indian constitution. When a national or state emergency is declared, this right is suspended by the government under article 359.

Under article 32 Supreme court acts as a guarantor and defender of the fundamental rights. Furthermore, it is originally under the Supreme Court’s jurisdiction power to issue the writs. By virtue of Article 32, an aggrieved Indian citizen has the right to file a fundamental right enforcement action directly at the Supreme Court. In Ramesh Thappar v. State of Madras, AIR 1950 SC 124, the Supreme Court ruled that a petitioner can go straight to the Supreme Court to enforce his rights without having to go to a High Court first.

Thus, it means that a person can directly approach the Supreme court for the remedy instead through the way of appealing.

Also, it is important to note that article 32 can be invoked only to get remedies related to fundamental rights. Thus, it cannot be there for any legal or constitutional right. For these rights, there are different laws available.

The High Courts of India, also have the jurisdiction to entertain matters on enforcement of Fundamental Rights. Article 226(1) of the Indian Constitution provides as follows:

Notwithstanding anything in Article 32, every High Court shall have powers throughout the territories in relation to which it exercise jurisdiction to issue to any person or authority, including in appropriate cases, any Government, within those territories, directions, orders or writs including writs in the nature of habeas corpus, mandamus, prohibitions, quo warranto and certiorari, or any of them, for the enforcement of any of the rights conferred by Part III and for any other purpose”

The scope of the High Court’s jurisdiction is much wider than that of the Supreme Court. However, unlike the Supreme Court which has jurisdiction over the whole of India, territorial jurisdiction limits the scope of the High Court.

CONCLUSION

The fundamental rights created under the India Constitution are necessary for a democratic society. Articles 32 and 226 are very vital provisions, as they give citizens the medium through which they can enforce their fundamental rights, and seek appropriate remedies.  They protect and act as a guardian of fundamental rights of the citizens enrished in part III of the Constitution.