The Indian Army

The Indian Army is the land-based branch and the largest component of the Indian Armed Forces. The President of India is the Supreme Commander of the Indian Army,and its professional head is the Chief of Army Staff (COAS), who is a four-star general. Two officers have been conferred with the rank of field marshal, a five-star rank, which is a ceremonial position of great honour. The Indian Army originated from the armies of the East India Company, which eventually became the British Indian Army, and the armies of the princely states, which were merged into the national army after independence. The units and regiments of the Indian Army have diverse histories and have participated in a number of battles and campaigns around the world, earning many battle and theatre honours before and after Independence.

HISTORY: The distinguished history of Indian Army dates back more than ten thousand years. The two grand epics of ‘Ramayana’ and ‘Mahabharata’ constitute the fundamental framework around which the edifice of Indian Army is built. The massive war ‘Mahabharata’, fought at Kurukshetra in north-central India, has left indelible imprints on the Indian psyche. Fought relentlessly for eighteen days in the quest of peace, the force level described in the Epic states 18 ‘Akshaunis’, seven with the ‘Pandavas’ and eleven with the ‘Kauravas’, amounting to nearly 400,000 assorted troops fighting on chariots, horses, elephants and foot soldiers.
Role:Indian Army is mandated to safeguard National Interests from External Aggression and Internal Subversion.

TASK:War Fighting to meet External Aggression.

Internal Security Management to include Internal Threats.

Force Projection.

Peace Keeping Operations or Military Assistance to friendly foreign countries.

Render Humanitarian Assistance, Disaster Relief and Aid to Civil Authorities.

Command. & Control
The President of India is the Supreme Commander of the Indian Armed Forces. As in all democracies, the Indian Armed Forces are controlled by the elected political leadership of the Nation – The Government of India. Executive control is exercised sequentially through the Union Cabinet, the Defence Minister, the Chiefs of Staff Committee (COSC) and the Chiefs of Army, Naval and Air Staff of their respective Services. The Ministry of Defence handles matters related to personnel, financial and resource management.

The primary mission of the Indian Army is to ensure national security and national unity, to defend the nation from external aggression and internal threats, and to maintain peace and security within its borders. It conducts humanitarian rescue operations during natural calamities and other disturbances, such as Operation Surya Hope, and can also be requisitioned by the government to cope with internal threats. It is a major component of national power, alongside the Indian Navy and the Indian Air Force

A sister is both your mirror – and your opposite.

Festivals are the celebrations of love the celebrations of being one of a crucial part of the family. Raksha bandhan is a major occasion which is celebrated all over India. It is the merriment of a very lovable bond between brothers and sisters.

Raksha Bandhan is the festivity of the innocent bond of love involving a brother and a sister. Raksha Bandhan is also called Nariyal Purnima or coconut full moon in the Western Ghats that consists of the states of Gujarat, Maharashtra, Goa and Karnataka. Here, Raksha Bandhan signifies the commencement of a fresh season for those reliant on the ocean.According to the ancient legend of Bhavishya Purana, once there was a fierce battle between Gods and demons. Lord Indra- the principle deity of sky, rains and thunderbolts who was fighting the battle on the side of Gods was having a tough resistance from the powerful demon King, Bali. The war continued for a long time and did not came on a decisive end. Seeing this, Indra’s wife Sachi went to the Lord Vishnu who gave her a holy bracelet made up of cotton thread. Sachi tied the holy thread around the wrist of her husband, Lord Indra who ultimately defeated the demons and recovered the Amaravati. The earlier account of the festival described these holy threads to be amulets which were used by women for prayers and were tied to their husband when they were leaving for a war. Unlike, the present times, those holy threads were not limited to brother-sister relationships.

rakhi is coming soon i am seriously excited for that  the sister prepares the pooja thali with diya, vermilion (kumkum), rice grains, sweets and rakhis. She worships the god and goddesses, ties a Rakhi on her brother’s wrist and wishes for their well-being. The brother in turn blesses the sister and promises to protect her from the evils of the world. He gifts something to her as a token of his love and affection. The rakhis and the sweets are bought and arranged usually prior to the Purnima. As per the ritual the family members get geared up for the rituals before time. Raksha Bandhan is not far away and many brothers and sisters are eagerly awaiting this auspicious festival.

No matter how much they fight with one another, they always stand behind them in support. Brothers and sisters fight with each other over trivial matters. In other words, they share a bond which is full of teasing and love.The family members dress up for this occasion, usually in ethnic wear. We see the markets flooded with colorful rakhis and gifts. Every year, fashionable and trendiest rakhis do the rounds of the market. Women shop for the perfect rakhis for their brothers and the men go out to buy gifts for their sisters.

It is one of their most important festivals. In addition, sisters and brothers wait eagerly for it all round the year. People celebrate it with abundant zeal and enthusiasm in India.

Raksha Bandhan Essay
Rakhi celebration

For the people of India it’s time to rejoice and feel excited as Raksha Bandhan the popular cultural festivals of India that speaks about the unconditional and most affectionate bond of love between brothers and sisters. Thus now when the festival of Brother-Sister love is approaching people of India are getting ready for a cheerful Raksha Bandhan celebration 2020

Picasso Sculpture

Most of us are familiar with the paintings and drawings of Pablo Picasso, but he also did many works in clay!

Picasso discovered ceramics in 1947 and continued creating ceramics until his death in 1973. His ceramic work stood out in his time due to its sense of freedom in brushwork, economy of line, and use of vibrant color.

Picasso produced more than 2000 ceramic pieces.

His pieces utilized new forms, techniques, and color that hadn’t previously been seen in ceramics.

Although ceramics are often deemed a craft, Picasso viewed the plates, jugs, vases, and other vessels he created as a type of canvas that curved. He playfully experimented with the union of decoration and form, and left his mark in the world of ceramic art.

Picasso turned to sculpture with particular rigor at several key moments in his career, using the medium as a testing ground for ideas that would catalyze crucial shifts in his practice at large. The sculpture Woman’s Head (Fernande) (1909), also on view, helped Picasso conceptualize the break of solid volume into shifting masses suggestive of varying perspectives, and served as a foundation for the development of Cubism.

Over the course of his long career, Picasso devoted himself to sculpture wholeheartedly, if episodically, using both traditional and unconventional materials and techniques. Unlike painting, in which he was formally trained and through which he made his living, sculpture occupied a uniquely personal and experimental status for Picasso. He approached the medium with the freedom of a self-taught artist, ready to break all the rules. This attitude led him to develop a deep fondness for his sculptures, to which the many photographs of his studios and homes bear witness. Treating them almost as members of his household, he cherished the sculptures’ company and enjoyed re-creating them in a variety of materials and situations.

Picasso kept the majority in his private possession during his lifetime. It was only in 1966, through the large Paris retrospective Hommage à Picasso, that the public became fully aware of this side of his work. Following that exhibition, in 1967 The Museum of Modern Art organized The Sculpture of Picasso, which until now was the first and only exhibition on this continent to display a large number of the artist’s sculptures.

While I was were researching Picasso and his art, I stumbled upon this site called Mr. Picassohead. I decided to play around with it and found that you could create some interesting art in the style of Picasso, adding color and all development of Cubism.

Picasso Sculpture focuses on the artist’s lifelong work with sculpture, with a particular focus on his use of materials and processes. The exhibition, which features more than 100 sculptures, complemented by selected works on paper and photographs, aims to advance the understanding of what sculpture was for Picasso, and of how he revolutionized its history through a lifelong commitment to constant reinvention.

The exhibition is organized in chapters corresponding to the distinct periods during which Picasso devoted himself to sculpture, each time exploring with fresh intensity the modern possibilities of this ancient art form.

Wipro to Launch 5G Edge Services Solutions Suit in India

Wipro on Thursday announced to launch a 5G edge services solutions suite built on IBM technology that will enable seamless deployment of infrastructure in telecommunications, manufacturing, oil and gas and retail industries. The solution is designed to offer Wipro customers better data control, reduced costs, faster insights and actions, and more automated, secured operations.

A key module of the solution, primarily for the telecom ecosystem, provides a complete application suite to enable a secured gig economy around 5G-related services, the company said in a statement.

The 5G edge services solutions suite is designed to significantly enhance Wipro’s existing ‘Boundary Less Enterprise – Universal Edge’ portfolio.

The offering allows communications service providers and mobile tower operators to deploy their applications into dispersed edge devices.

“Our strong telecommunication domain capabilities coupled with leadership in cloud & infrastructure lifecycle and investment in the recently-launched ‘Wipro IBM Novus Lounge’ equips us well to deliver these industry-specific solutions,” said KR Sanjiv, Chief Technology Officer, Wipro.

Wipro is joining the IBM Edge Ecosystem, an initiative to help partners implement open standards-based cloud native solutions that can be deployed and autonomously manage edge applications at large scale.

Wipro’s solutions combined with ‘IBM Edge Application Manager’ and ‘IBM TRIRIGA’ is expected to address a range of concerns related to deploying and managing globally distributed services on devices, private edges and telecom operator’s Multi Access Edges.

The 5G edge services solutions suite integrates various edge computing solutions from IBM.

“The convergence of 5G and edge computing is set to spark new levels of innovation, and this, in turn, will fuel a broad ecosystem of providers to co-create for a growing set of edge opportunities,” said Evaristus Mainsah, General Manager, Cloud, Cloud Pak and Edge Ecosystem, IBM.

The two companies recently announced a collaboration to develop hybrid cloud offerings to help businesses migrate, manage and transform mission-critical workloads across public or private cloud and on-premises IT environments.

The recently launched ‘Wipro IBM Novus Lounge’ has been designed to accelerate client innovation and bring such industry-ready solutions from public and private clouds to the edge.

Case study: Sarla Mudgal vs Union Of India

Introduction 
It is a landmark judgement that held the practice of conversion of religion in order to secure a second marriage which is against the principle of justice and equity even when the first Hindu Marriage is undissolved.

Facts

The case consists of 4 petitioners under article 32 of the constitution of India. The first one was Kalyani, a NGO that works for needy people and the women who are distressed. This NGO works for their welfare and is headed by Sarla Mudgal.  Second petitioner was Meena Mathur, who married to Jitendra Mathur in 1988, one day Meena finds that her husband has converted to Islam and married to another women and her name is Sunita Narula and also known as Fatima. Sunita Narula is the 3 petitioner who states that Jitender after marrying her, under the influence of his first wife gave an undertaking he had reverted back into Hinduism and agreed to maintain his children and first wife. The fourth petitioner Geeta Rani married Pradeep Kumar as she was suffering from physical and mental violence by her husband. Later she finds out that her husband has been secretly converted into Islam and has had been married to another women in 1991.
Issues

Whether a person married under Hindu law, solemnize a second marriage by embracing Islam?

Whether such marriage would be valid, without dissolving first marriage under hindu law?

Whether the apostate is guilty of bigamy under section 494 of IPC?

Judgment

 Its judgment in 1995 laid down the principle of practicing second marriage by converting into Islam, without dissolving first marriage. This verdict discuss the issue of bigamy and it also discuss that practicing second marriage without being dissolved first marriage as this is not acceptable in HINDU MARRIAGE ACT 1955, and this is completely a violation of article 44 of Indian constitution and section 494 of Indian penal code. The court held that the first marriage has to be dissolved under the Hindu marriage Act, 1955. As it is said in the judgment that the man’s  first marriage would therefore still be valid and under Hindu law ,and the second marriage is solemnized  after his conversion that would be considered as illegal under sec 494 of  IPC.

This is how passive safety is important in automobile industry

Airbag systems are made up of three basic components the bag itself, the inflator unit, and the crash sensor. The bag and inflator are housed together in an airbag module. In most cases, the sensor is located in the passenger compartment facing upwards, so in the event of an accident it is detected immediately.

When the crash sensor deteriorates rapidly, it causes the inflator to produce nitrogen gas as quickly as it raises the bag, causing the bag to escape its condition. The most commonly used type of sensor is the electromechanical ball and tube structure. This type of sensor is made of a tube with a rotating machine and a metal ball on one of them held in place by a magnetic field. In the event of a strong enough blow, the ball is removed from its place, pulling down the tube and hitting the switch. Blowing the switch causes the electrical circulation that overflows the airbag to close. With the circuit closed, the inflator inserts to install an airbag.

Inside the inflation device is a small, solid propellant that is completely different from the types of antagonists used in rocket boosters. The propellant used in most airbags is a combination of sodium azide (NaN3) and potassium nitrate (KNO3). When these two chemical compounds react, they heat up rapidly and produce the nitrogen gas that fills the bag.

Airbags should send a very high speed to properly protect car occupants from hitting the interior of the car. In fact, when the airbag throws off its module it reaches 322km / h. The whole process of airbag bottles rises from the time the accident is discovered when the bag is completely above holds about one twenty five seconds. Seconds after the bag has completely risen, the gas inside the bag begins to slowly leak from the small holes. This allows people inside the car to have a room after the accident. In addition, after an airbag pulls on people around it they may notice that a toxic substance has been released. This material either talcum powder or corn starch is harmless and is used to keep air layers soft while stored in the module.

Can air layers cause damage?

Airbags should strike a balance between speeding fast enough to prevent occupants from colliding with the inside of the vehicle and robbing at high speed which results in injuries. To protect the occupants of the vehicles, the airbags must be tightened immediately so that under certain conditions the force of the inflation itself could cause injury to the occupants of the vehicles. Therefore, drivers and passengers in the front seat should take care to ensure that they are not placed in a position that could put them at risk of injury in the event of an airbag deploy.

The position of the driver in relation to the airbag is a very important factor in whether you are injured in the air bag service. Transportation Canada notes that the only equivalent of eight people in 2001 who suffered injuries caused by airbags was that they were too close to the air bag while operating

PROTECTION OF INTEREST OF HOME BUYERS

The law on real estate has not been properly organisaed in the past, which has left the home buyers in lurch, as they ended up paying their hard earned money in the hands of fraudulent builders. We analyse various options under prevailing laws: 

  • The Real Estate Regulation Act, 2016
  • The Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code, 2016
  • The Consumer Protection Act, 1986

PROVISIONS UNDER THE REAL ESTATE REGULATION ACT, 2016

RERA seeks to bring clarity and fair practices that would protect the interest of buyers and also impose penalties on errant builders. It enhances certain norms to enhance transparency in real estate sector. Gist of major benefits of RERA are as follows:

  • Standardized carpet area– in the absence of standard definition of carpet area, the builders followed biased policies and calculation method to their advantage. Sec 2(k) now defines carpet area to mean the net usable floor area.
  • Reduces the risk of insolvency– Earlier builders were free to divert the funds raised from one project to another or anywhere, in the absence of no end-use monitoring norms. But now, the builder is required to deposit 70% of the amount realized in a separated bank account to be withdrawn as per completion of project, and based on certificate of a civil engineer, architect or Chartered Accountant.
  • Rights in case of defected possession – in case of any structural defect or any defect in workmanship, quality, provisions or service is discovered within 5 years after the possession, such defect will be rectified by the builder at no extra cost within 30 days. Similarly, buyers have been given rights in case of false promises leading to refund + interest and compensation.  

PROVISIONS UNDER THE INSOLVENCY AND BANKRUPTCY CODE, 2016

Under the code the creditors are categorized into two types: Financial or Operational. Financial creditors includes person who have lent money to the debtor against the payment of interest, whereas Operational Creditors includes person who have established certain types of relationship with the debtor company such as the provision of goods and services, employment or Govt. dues. Therefore prior to the amendment “Home buyers” were treated as an orphan as, they were considered to be neither financial creditors nor operational creditors. The delay or default could however be intentional or unintentional such as funding issues, demand and supply situation, developer’s negligence, delay in land clearance, labour availability, ground water, land. Now after this amendment, the allottee1 of home buyers are termed as Financial Creditors.

The sums paid by the Home Buyers to a builder will be considered as financial debt. This enables home buyers to file petition u/s 7 of the code to start insolvency proceedings against a defaulting builder company. Further, according to section 238 of the IBC, if there is any inconsistency between IBC and another law then the IBC will prevail. In the light of same provision both the enactments i.e. RERA and IBC shall be read harmoniously to provide relief to the homebuyers and in case of inconsistency, IBC shall prevail over RERA enabling the homebuyers to approach NCLT without any hesitation.

PROVISIONS UNDER THE CONSUMER PROTECTION ACT, 1986

The widely used Consumer Protection Act had been best choice for the consumers to seek redressal of their disputes. However, the pecuniary jurisdiction has always been a matter of debate. Sometimes consumer courts were found to be highly burdened with the complaints, resulting into unreasonable delay in disposal of complaints.  This delay has not encouraged consumers to take up their disputes. The tendency of consumers is that whenever there is any urgency there must be fast remedy. The delay practice has made consumer courts at par with the civil courts. The object of creating special forum under special law has been defeated. Under the law exploring multiple options at a same time is not allowed, unless the additional remedy is a criminal proceeding starting from registration of FIR against the respondent for having committed a criminal offence. 

Pecuniary jurisdiction: District commission will have jurisdiction over the cases where the value of goods and services and the compensation claimed does not exceed Rs. 20 lakhs. State Commission shall have jurisdiction if value exceeds Rs. 20 lakhs but does not exceed 1 crore[1]. The National Commission will have jurisdiction where value exceeds Rs. 1 Crore.[2] However, with the amended Act, the jurisdiction has increased to Rs. 1 Crore, and 10 Crore as against Rs.

20 lakhs and Rs. 1 Crore respectively. 

Arbitration: An alternative

The consumers, particularly the home buyers started looking at arbitration as an alternative remedy. Arbitration is certainly a fast remedy and has proved to be effective in most of the cases. But in respect to disputes of home buyers, the arbitration clause is so twisted in favour of builders that the innocent home buyers cannot have say in appointment of arbitrator. The builders will usually appoint an arbitrator of their own choice; hence the controlling power is vested with the builder. Although, there has been an amendment in the Arbitration Act, 2015. The amendment has inserted 7th schedule which specifically prohibits appointment of related party as Arbitrator. So, be careful while drafting such clauses on Arbitration so that the contract can be enforced. This is generally a myth that the appointing party shall conduct the affairs of arbitration. Whereas the conduct of Arbitrator is regulated and the law puts various checks and balance so that the arbitrator does not deliver biased orders, in addition to decision of arbitrator called arbitral award can be challenged in certain situations, and if found week on the given parameters, the award can be set aside and not binding.

Therefore, with great initiatives of the current Govt. to promulgate new laws, buyers are expected to get effective remedies.  


[1] Section 17, Consumer Protection Act, 1986.

[2] Section 21, Consumer Protection Act, 1986.

Selfie-Esteem: The relationship between physical dissatisfaction with Adolescent Social Media and young women

Social media platforms such as Instagram and Facebook have become very popular in the lives of many people. With adolescents and young adults, especially young women, being the first users of such platforms, it is an important question whether the use of social media contributes to self-esteem, self-esteem, body image, and physical dissatisfaction. Researchers have begun to question the intensity of these questions, and recent studies have shown mixed results. The current article attempts to review these findings and provide possible explanations for the effects of social media use on physical dissatisfaction, with a focus on Instagram, Facebook, and other popular photo-based platforms.

“Social media is not real life,” said Essena O’Neill, a 19-year-old Australian Internet star who quit social media in November 2015 to prove that social media is a way for self-promotion. Essena has been a star on Instagram, Tumblr, YouTube and other social media platforms, with more than 600,000 followers on Instagram alone (McCluskey, 2016). As soon as he was silent, his followers and friends were in a commotion. They called the Australian man and accused him of deliberately closing his social media accounts in order to attract more attention and attention. His followers, friends and acquaintances began posting blogs and videos in response to Essena’s withdrawal from social media, with some even sending death threats.

In the same week Essena left Instagram, The Guardian’s Mahita Gajanan (2015) asked some young women about their self-esteem and confidence and their experience with social media. His discovery was in line with Essena’s; most of the women interviewed felt insecure. Many young women have reported staring at the number of “likes” they get, fearing that they don’t look good with their photos, think people think they look different on social media than in real life, and ask what aspects of their lives people can get the glory of. It was a common theme for women to spend a lot of time thinking about what image they should upload, upload a picture and constantly look at their page to see calculations such as, “which in turn increases their self-esteem.” Although many women are aware of these practices, they are consumed by their need to enter social media and strive to disrupt their habits. Many young women have reported that they live their lives through social media and view media presence as more important than real life. This focus on social media sources and subsequent compulsive behavior may contribute to physical satisfaction. To date, however, the findings of the study have been mixed, and the exact relationship between social media behavior and physical dissatisfaction is unclear.

The Influence of the News

The use of social media in particular has grown significantly in the last decade and continues to be a problem. The Pew Research Center shows that 71% of 13- to 17-year-olds use Facebook, 52% use Instagram, and 41% use Snapchat in 2015. Young girls using social media platforms are more frequently used than their male counterparts; 61% of girls use Instagram compared to 44% of boys. This increase in social media use, particularly Facebook and Instagram, could negatively affect adolescent girls and young women in terms of their self-esteem and physical satisfaction (Lenhart, 2015).

Some researchers have suggested a link between physical dissatisfaction and eating disorders with exposure to fashion magazines or television shows for women (Grabe et al., 2008; Levine & Murnen, 2009). These studies examined the emergence of media forms and body image to show that there may be a link between looking at small body images and dissatisfaction with her body. Another study by Becker and colleagues (2011) shows that media effects can occur even externally. The authors have learned whether direct and indirect media exposure (e.g., television, videos, CD players, MP3 players, internet access, phone access) is associated with pathology diets in young Fiji girls. They found a link between direct media exposure (e.g., personal media exposure) and mass media exposure (e.g., media exposure to people in the same peer group) on pathology diets in Fiji girls. Although there are limitations, such as the question of whether the findings can be documented in general (Becker et al, 2011), this study suggests that at least in this case, social networks play an important role in media interactions and dietary pathology, which may increase media interactions and physical dissatisfaction.

However, these findings should be taken with the knowledge that some investigators did not find a link between viewing media-based images and physical dissatisfaction. Holmstrom (2004) conducted a meta-analysis on pre-existing literature and focused on general media exposure and body dissatisfaction, body image and dietary pathology. Holmstrom focused on 34 subjects that used the media as an independent variant and a dissatisfaction with body image as the reliability and size of the overall result were minimal. Surprisingly, research has shown that women report that they feel better about their bodies after looking at excessively fat photos and have no change in body image after looking at thin bodies. These findings undermine the relationship between the image and the media and suggest the need for further investigation.

A recent meta-analysis by Ferguson (2013) enhanced the work of Holmstrom (2004), Grabe and colleagues (2008) and other researchers, and included the findings from 204 studies. The main point Ferguson honored was the publication of choice; precisely, that significant statistical results are likely to be published and empirical findings are non-existent, by a meta-analysis of a collection of biased findings. Ferguson (2013) did not find a relationship between media and physical satisfaction for men, however, there was a high, but very small, increase in women, especially for those with a desire for body image problems. Overall, meta-analyzes have encouraged researchers to be more secure in their studies of the relationship between social media and physical dissatisfaction because of the magnitude of the impact effect, the design limitations of the study, and the bias bias.

In a Summary

The popularity of the media, especially the media, in its youth makes it a powerful force for good. The findings discussed above provide the basis for future research and open up important discussions on how the use of social media can influence physical dissatisfaction. However, a lot of research is related, and the mechanisms for triggering possible relationships are still unknown. Most of the findings may apply to one person and may not be available to the general public. More work is needed in the future to distinguish between possible annoyances such as peer pressure and image editing. Scientists have identified specific areas to focus on, such as the need to specify moderate formulations (i.e., whether the result may be foodborne illness, physical dissatisfaction, etc.) and design a comprehensive study based on the limitations of previous research (Holmstrom, 2004; Ferguson, 2013). All in all, apart from the mixed findings and limitations of previous studies, previous research seems to note the relationship between social media and physical dissatisfaction, even though the nature and strength of the relationship remains unknown.

LEGAL RIGHTS OF ANIMALS AGAINST CRUELTY

INTRODUCTION

Legal concepts of animal cruelty reflect the morality of our society regarding the rights of animals. These concepts especially expose dominant behaviour towards animal exploitation. Omissions in the law which permit abusive animal treatment without legal penalty or threat to prosecution indicate the unquestioning support of such abuse by society. However though our society has acknowledged the need for laws on animal protection, animal welfare is usually not the main focus of these laws. Too often the underlying reason for such legislation is a public interest in shielding property or in avoiding malicious and suspicious activities.

The terminology of anti-cruelty statutes, the implementation of such laws in court, and particular regulatory provisions resulting in the absence of legal prerequisites for practices such as animal laboratory experiments all lead to an obvious conclusion: animals may cherish some levels of immunity, but they do not have rights under the constitution. Unless the legislation acknowledges more than the human interests in avoiding animal cruelty, animals would have no right to be safe from human inhibited pain and suffering.

HISTORY

The very first scriptures of Hinduism, The Vedas (originating in the second millennium BCE), teach all living beings ahimsa or nonviolence. Killing an animal in Hinduism is considered a breach of the ahimsa and cause for bad karma, his prompted many Hindus to adopt vegetarianism. However, Hindu principles do not require vegetarianism and allow the sacrificing of animals in sacred rituals and ceremonies.

India’s first National Animal Welfare Act, the Prevention of Cruelty to Animal Act or the PCA Act (1960), forbids animal cruelty, with exceptions to animal treatment for medicinal or experimental purposes. Consequent legislation has imposed controls and limitations on the use of domestic animals, livestock transport, animal slaughter, animal experimentation and employment of performing animals. General requirements for breeding and usage of animals for research have been set by The Breeding of and Experiments on Animals (Control and Supervision) Rules, 1998. According to the amendment of 2006, animals “lowest on the phylogenetic scale” must be used for experiments. 95% statistical assurance in using the minimum number of animal species and justification should be given for not using non-animal substitutes. Use of living animals in medical education experiments is banned by amendment of 2013. In 2014, ban was imposed on all cosmetic testing done on animals and the import of animal-tested cosmetics products, with this India became the 1st country in Asia to bring out such change.

HOW THE LEGAL RIGHTS OF ANIMALS AGAINST CRUELTY ARE PROPOUNDED?

Animal cruelty is wilful harming, abusing and neglecting of an animal. It is subjecting any animal to cruel mistreatment. Some forms of animal cruelty consist of deliberately placing animals in conditions that harm them, frighten them, and terrorize them.

A precedent was released in 2014 by the Supreme Court of India. It extended the shield of Article 21 of the constitution of India, which safeguards human life and liberty, to all animals. The court said, “Having an inalienable right to live in a safe and clean environment, not to be battered, kicked, bitten, tortured, pried by humans with alcohol or forced to stand in small enclosures amid bellows and crowd groans.”[1]

SOME LEGAL RIGHTS

  1. Article 51A (g) of Constitution of India: It is the fundamental duty of every citizen of India to have compassion for all living creatures.
  2. IPC Sections 428 and 429: To kill or maim any animal, including stray animals, is a punishable offence.

3. Section 11(1) (i) and Section 11(1) (j), PCA Act, 1960: Abandoning any animal for any reason can land you in prison for up to three months.

4. Rule 3, of PCA Act (slaughterhouse rules) 2001 and Ch.4 Food Safety and Standards Regulations, 2011: No animal (including chickens) can be slaughtered in any place other than a slaughterhouse. Sick or pregnant animals shall not be slaughtered.

5. ABC Rules, 2001: Stray dogs that have been operated for birth control cannot be captured or relocated by anybody including any authority.

6. Section 11(1) (h), PCA Act, 1960: Neglecting an animal by denying her sufficient food, water, shelter and exercise or by keeping him chained/confined for long hours is punishable by a fine or imprisonment of up to 3 months or both.

7. Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972: Monkeys are protected and cannot be displayed or owned.

8. Section 22(ii), PCA Act, 1960: Bears, monkeys, tigers, panthers, lions and bulls are prohibited from being trained and used for entertainment purposes, either in circuses or streets.

9. Rule 3, Slaughterhouse Rules, 2001: Animal sacrifice is illegal in every part of the country.

10. Section 11(1) (m) (ii) and Section 11(1) (n), PCA Act, 1960: Organizing of or participating in or inciting any animal fight is a cognizable offence.

11. Rules 148-C and 135-B of Drugs & Cosmetics Rules, 1945: Cosmetics tested on animals and the import of cosmetics tested on animals is banned.

12. Section 38(J), Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972:Teasing, feeding or disturbing the animals in a zoo and littering the zoo premises is an offence punishable by a fine of Rs. 25000 or imprisonment of up to three years or both.

13. Section 9, Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972: Capturing, trapping, poisoning or baiting of any wild animal or even attempting to do and disturbing or destroying eggs or nests of birds and reptiles or chopping a tree having nests of such birds and reptiles or even attempting to do so constitutes to hunting so is punishable by law, with a fine of up to Rs. 25000 or imprisonment of up to seven years or both.

14. Section 11(1) (d) Prevention of Cruelty to Animals, (Transport of Animal) Rules, 2001 and Motor Vehicles Act 1978: Displaying or carrying animals, either in or on a vehicle, in any manner or position that causes discomfort, pain or distress, is a punishable offense under the two Central Government Acts.

CONCLUSION

The claim that animals are not supposed to be mistreated rely upon the same moral values, which offer human beings several fundamental rights. There are not simply a utilitarian criterion for respecting those rights. For example, we don’t accept slavery, even though slaves as oppressed persons are not able to confront people holding rights. It would be safer, at least economically, to hold slaves in the field according to a utilitarian viewpoint. This gross inequality is reprehensible, and the law acknowledges it. Animals, however, are not humans. There are also absurd associations between the exploited people and animals. Today, the notion that animals should have civil rights seems progressive and radical. Therefore, law in all fields importantly take an active part in encouraging animal rights.

REFERENCES

https://www.strawindia.org/laws-that-protect-animals-in-india.aspx

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animal_welfare_and_rights_in_India

[1] https://www.macleans.ca/society/why-animals-should-be-given-the-same-legal-rights-as-humans/

Reservation; Is it fair to all?

Reservation is a fiend that is present in the Indian system for ages now. Right from the education sector till jobs and recruitment, reservation is everywhere. In simple terms, reservation in India is all about reserving access to seats in the government jobs, educational institutions, and even legislatures to certain sections of the population.

Also known as affirmative action, the reservation can also be seen as positive discrimination. Reservation in India is a government policy, backed by the Indian Constitution (through various amendments).

What is the principle of reservation in India?

The two main motives to provide reservation as per the Constitution of India are:

1.   Advancement of Scheduled Castes (SC) and the Scheduled Tribes (ST) OR any socially and educationally backward classes of citizens (E.g.: OBC) OR economically weaker sections (EWS) – Article 15 (4), Article 15 (5), and Article 15 (6),

2.   Adequate representation of any backward class of citizens OR economically weaker sections (EWS) in the services under the State. – Article 16 (4) and Article 16 (6)

The extent of Reservation in India

In India, reservation is provided in:

1.   Government Educational Institutions (like IITs, IIMs etc.) – as per Article 15 – (4), (5), and (6)

2.   Government Jobs (like IAS, IPS etc.) – as per Article 16 – (4) and (6)

3.   Legislatures (Parliament, and State Legislature) – as per Article 334

Before 2019, the reservation was provided mainly based on social and educational backwardness (caste). However, after the 103rd constitutional amendment in 2019, economic backwardness is also considered.

Apart from the reservation quota, additional relaxations like upper-age relaxations, additional attempts, and lower cut-off marks are also provided for various reservation categories.

A vacancy reserved for SCs or STs or OBCs cannot be filled by a candidate other than an SC or ST or OBC candidate, as the case may be.

As seen from the above table, about 60% of seats are reserved in India – for various sections like ST, SC, OBC, and EWS – for Government jobs and Higher Education Institutions. 3% of seats are also reserved for differently-abled persons across all categories.

This also means that only 40% of seats are available under merit. In the merit seats, not only the general category candidates but all other categories like SC, ST, OBC, and EWS can also compete.

History of Reservation System in India – Rectifying the Historical Injustice

To an extent, reservation as a policy is pursued by the State to correct the historical injustice done to certain castes by the so-called “upper castes”. The caste system prevailed in India had alienated many “lower castes” from the mainstream – hindering their development. To a great extent, the repercussions are still felt.

Original Constitution of India has provided reservation only for quota in legislatures – that too only for 10 years until 1960 (article 334). Subsequent amendments to the constitution extended the period of reservation for quota in legislatures.

Provisions of reservations in Educational Institutions and Government Jobs – article 15(4) and Article 16 (4) – were too created employing Constitutional Amendments later. No period is given for the validity of the reservations mentioned in article 15(4) and Article 16(4).

The initial reservations were only for SC and ST [article 15(4) and Article 16(4)]. OBCs were included in the ambit of reservation in 1991 [Article 15(5)]. In 2019, Economically Weaker Sections are also included [article 15(6) and Article 16(6)].

SC/ST Reservation

The objective of providing reservations to the Scheduled Castes (SCs), Scheduled Tribes (STs) in services is not only to give jobs to some persons belonging to these communities. It aims at empowering them and ensuring their participation in the decision-making process of the State.

Besides, the state is also keen to end practices such as untouchability.

Scheduled Castes (SC) are given 15% quota in jobs/higher educational institutions while Schedule Tribes (ST) is given 7.5% quota in jobs/higher educational institutions.

Reservation is provided not only concerning direct recruitment but also for promotions for SC/ST category (Article 16(4A)).

There is no concept of ‘creamy layer’ for SC/ST reservation. This means that irrespective of the income status or the government posts held by the parents, children of SC/ST parents will get SC/ST Reservation.

OBC Reservation

Reservation for Other Backwards Classes (OBC) was introduced based on the Mandal Commission Report (1991). The quota for OBCs is 27% in government jobs and higher educational institutions.

However, there is a concept of ‘creamy layer’ to the OBC reservation. Only those from OBC who comes under Non-Creamy Layer would get OBC reservation.

The creamy layer concept brings income and social status as parameters to exclude some of the privileged members of OBC from the extent of reservation. This concept also keeps a check to ensure that the benefits of reservation do not get extended to subsequent generations.

EWS Reservation

The Central Government of India recently introduced the EWS Reservation. 10% quota is provided for the Economically Weaker Sections (EWS) among General Category candidates in government jobs and educational institutions. This is done by adding clauses for the same in the Indian Constitution (103rd Constitution Amendment Act, 2019).

Should India need reservation (now)?

The government must provide equality of status and opportunity in India.

Reservation is one of the tools against social oppression and injustice against certain classes. Otherwise known as affirmative action, reservation helps in uplifting backward classes.

However, reservation is just one of the methods for social upliftment. There are many other methods like providing scholarships, funds, coaching, and other welfare schemes.

The way the reservation is implemented and executed in India is largely governed by vote-bank politics.

Indian Constitution allowed reservation only for socially and educationally backward classes. However, in India, it became a caste-based reservation instead of class-based reservation.

Initially, the reservation was intended only for SC/ST communities – that too for 10 years (1951-1961). However, it got extended ever since. After the implementation of the Mandal Commission report in 1990, the scope of the reservation was widened to include Other Backward Communities (OBCs).

The benefits of the reservation were successively enjoyed only by a few communities (or families), excluding the truly deserving ones. Even 70 years after independence, the demand for reservation has only increased.

Now, with the introduction of economic criteria for reservation, in addition to the caste-criteria which already existed, things have become more complicated.

Unequal’s should not be treated equally, but is reservation the only solution?

There is no doubt that unequal’s should not be treated equally. However, is the current system of unequal treatment perfect? Is it creating more injustice? Is it the only way out in a welfare-nation? It’s time to introspect.

Reservation based entirely on economic criteria is not an all-in-one solution, though family income can be one of the parameters. Also, it’s time to fix a period for the reservation system – rather than extending it to eternity.

Denying India, the service of the meritorious candidates, who see them being overtaken by others with lesser academic performance or brilliance, is also a crime and injustice.

Aren’t there any alternative mechanisms to uplift the marginalised so that everyone gets equal opportunities? How is affirmative action done in other countries?

A reform in the reservation system of India is the need of the hour. However, as the subject of reservation revolves around a lot of votes, parties are reluctant to disrupt the existing system.

 Implications of the Judgement of the Supreme Court:

  • After this judgement, the members of the SC and ST communities, as mentioned in the Presidential List under Article 341 and 342 of the Constitution of India, will be presumed to be backward on account of their castes.
  • Such communities will be given reservation in job promotions without the need of any data to act as a proof of their backwardness.

M Nagaraj vs Union of India, 2006: In this judgement, the Supreme Court ruled that if the state wishes to make a provision for reservation in promotions for SCs/STs, it must:

  • Collect quantifiable data showing backwardness of a particular class.
  • Prove inadequacy of representation of that class in public employment.
  • Prove that such a reservation in promotion would not affect the overall efficiency of public administration.

There is no second question that all castes/classes should be adequately represented in government services. However, which percentage can be called adequate – without compromising the merit or efficiency of the administration?

Is the current level of reservation adequate? Or is it less? Or has it already compromised the merit? What do you think?

Developing a habit of patience

The term patience is taken from the Latin word pati which implies pain, suffering, bear. Patience is the ability to stay patient when waiting on an result you expect or desire. So patience is a struggle for most of us. Getting the opportunity to endure waiting, uncertainty, or irritation without being irritated or angry is very challenging.We should keep full power of our thoughts or desires and act confidently in the face of challenging or stressful circumstances. 

Nevertheless, becoming diligent in today’s environment is already becoming challenging due to the instant technological developments we get into habit that enable us to acquire knowledge and absorb almost everything we want-right away. Then why should someone even be patient enough to wait for anything.

However, completing our target or sustaining good partnerships or maintaining calm mind patience often plays a major role in our existence. Something worth doing takes a great deal of energy, commitment and effort to achieve on schedule with the aid of patience alone.I still reinforce the point that you should first fully understand it in order to properly overcome or fix a issue. Which is why you have to know that the initial level of patience derives from before you understand how to become more compassionate.

Your childhood is the initial root of patience. 

In later life the coping style you learned as a child is generally the same. If you realized that fighting and crying forced your mom and dad to give in forcefully and let you “win it” you undoubtedly started with an initial low patience.

From the other side, whether your mom or dad is strict yet supportive, when confronted with difficulty, they definitely established a new mind frame and hopefully began with a higher degree of tolerance beginning.  When you grow older and matured through adulthood, the maturity you now have is determined by your experiences with others. 

Patience is important for success and you can make a lot of effort to learn this “ability.” And if in all areas of your life you want to be successful you should make every effort to become a more patient person.

Here are the main benefits you`ll get by becoming more patient:

Patience and perseverance have a magical effect before which difficulties disappear and obstacles vanish.  – John Quincy Adams

  1. Reduces stress levels and make you happier and healthier person:Once we have learned to control our emotions, we would naturally be in a stronger state to cope with all the stressful and challenging circumstances of our life without getting frustrated with grace and poise.

2.  Results in better decision making:When we are patient, we can treat any problem confidently because we will look at the circumstance with the massive because constructive sinerio and assess the benefits and drawbacks. The risks of having a huge error are so low so we will not do things in a hurry.

3.    Helps develop understanding, empathy and compassion.If you are patient yourself, you are inherently more understanding and caring for others. Patients have the opportunity to evaluate what they are going through, so they are willing to decide what it means to resolve challenges so that they appreciate people better. It contributes to stronger, more satisfying connections with families, mates, children and employers.

4.   Helps you understand and appreciate the process of growth.As described earlier it takes time and energy to accomplish something worthwhile. As the old saying goes, “Rome wasn’t constructed in a day.” This all takes time to prepare, develop, analyze and calculate and it requires courage to take time.

Tips to develop patience:

These strategies will help you mold yourself into a more patient, easy-going person.

  • Take a day where you make patience your goal for the entire day. :

This lockdown is the perfect chance to cultivate the discipline of patience. Just make a deliberate attempt to take your time to reflect about what you do, be conscious to stay in the moment. At the end of the day, consider all the times you’ve made better decisions, get along with others, and really appreciate what occurred. Prepare to do it on a regular basis. Much is needed to develop patience like physical exercise.

• Slow down.

Most people struggling with patience can never answer this question.

 “Why are you in such a hurry?”

If you have the tendency to rush around and try to hurry things up, want things done immediately and can’t wait for things to take their natural course, STOP. Take several deep breaths before you act or make a move. For example, if you’re in a long lineup at the grocery store or in heavy traffic, make the decision to pause and not get worked up. Do some isometrics, listen to the radio, or just enjoy the view. Getting impatient won’t make things move along any faster, so why get worked up for nothing?

• Practice delaying gratification.When you choose to have the dessert, have a second beer, or purchase your tenth pair of red trainers, pause and think about it first. Perhaps after all, you don’t need or want all of them that much. You can save yourself a little time or add calories. •

Practice thinking before you speak. 

At times, we distort the first idea that comes into our minds without realizing the implications. If we are patient, hesitate and go through what we intend to convey, we will avoid hurting or insulting anyone.

  •  Increase Your Self-Confidence

Impatience typically raises its ugly head when you feel let down, or when you don’t feel in control, or maybe you feel like your hands are tied. You want anything to change NOW, but you really don’t want to be willing to do something to move it quicker. A individual with a high degree of confidence would embrace the condition as it is; they will not combat it or protest about it. They ‘re going to deal on it, rather.

To become more patient, know that patience and confidence go hand in hand. Throughout life, you have to choose and select your battles. Yes, there are occasions where you have to take a firm stance and move against the wind, but in much of the day-to-day instances, it’s not only healthier, but also simpler to go with the flow of events and have the courage to cope with life when it unfolds.

  •  Put On Your “Positive” Glasses

Patience is more about understanding and the way you react at circumstances. 

For example, if you miss a bus, don’t dwell on negativity, but consider positive things like walking outside or loving fresh air. So consider having a good outlook to everything you do; you’ll discover that you’re not only going to alleviate stress, but you’re going to be a much happier person.

Always turn a negative situation into a positive situation. ― Michael Jordan

  • Understand & Counteract Your Triggers

Impatience is something that is triggered. This trigger is different for everybody but it has the same purpose. To become more patient try to “understand“ what your trigger is. What is that thing that you think about or feel right before you lose it? Maybe your trigger is when someone screams at you? or if someone calls you a certain name?Reality is that the trigger — the first step to overcoming it is to recognize it and seek to expose the deep-rooted anxiety that allows this trigger to occur in the first place. 

If you realize what the trigger is, you will try to overcome it by using relaxing activities or strategies if you sense the trigger is building up. 

For certain situations, the release of holed-up is impatient.

  • Relive stress and anxiety:

There are many ways to release this pent up stress and anxiety inside of you, But the methods I like the best include:

• Exercising Regularly

• Taking Time For Short Meditation Sessions

• Doing Breathing Exercises

• Practicing “ME” Time where you daily track where you are in the day, how you feel, why you feel how you feel, what is triggering any negative feelings and being compassionate to yourself and treating yourself with love. Use this time to help yourself like you would a really dear friend who has had a tough day. Self-love goes a long way.

  • A Few Motivational Quotes About Patience

Apparently, this isn’t a “tip” of its own, but I consider quotes to be so effective. Here are some of my favorite quotes on patience that may help you know that this “ability” isn’t anything new, but a calm individual has always been respected and has been known as a good person across human history.

1 A man who is a master of patience is master of everything else. -George Savile

2 Patience is a necessary ingredient of genius. -Benjamin Disraeli

3 It is hard! But what cannot be removed becomes lighter through patience. -Horace

4 He that can have patience can have what he will. -Benjamin Franklin

5 I have just three things to teach: simplicity, patience, compassion. These three are your greatest treasures. -Lao Tzu

Appeal made to Delhi High Court about widows being denied pension during the COVID-19 lockdown.

The Delhi High Court on Tuesday has given a notification in a request recorded looking for directions to discharge the amount of benefits for the Widows in the midst of COVID-19 pandemic.

A bench of the Chief Justice D.N. Patel and Justice Prateek Jalan has given notification to the Delhi Government and asked for its reaction. The request has been recorded by Mr. Harpal Singh Rana, a social specialist through his Advocate Mr. Akhil Rana looking for bearing to the respondents to discharge the amount of widow beneficiaries quickly after due confirmation of those retired people whose pension has been retained and is stopped uniquely on some imaginary grounds. Mr. Akhil while appealing to the Court presented that the Widow annuity has been retained giving an obscure explanation that the location of the retired person was not found. Around 12000 women had denied pension during the lockdown. The women are also being denied the financial assistance for their daughter’s marriages.

The appeal expressed that “the Parameters/Condition for the Widow Pension and Financial help for marriage of the Widow’s little girl are not consistence with one another.”

The court has given notification and listed the issue for 26th of August

COVID: A boon in disguise for Indian education system?

Over the past few years,India has developed in many sectors be it health, hospitality, tourism, education etc and has tried to incorporate technology wherever possible. Although being novice in this India has shown significant improvements. One of the major area being education. It has been almost 10 years since schools and colleges are emerging towards the era of smart learning, using laptops, mobile phones and other gadgets.

2020 has been a very difficult and tough year for everyone, being in lock down, going through a pandemic, facing economic problems, mental issues and what not. In the beginning all the schools and colleges were closed, no classes were conducted, no assignments, no exams, nothing. But as time passed a new era emerged, educational institutes started conducting online classes. This was a great initiative by the authorities but was it well thought?

Students were asked to take classes over the internet, but not everyone has a great internet service. Students living in big cities were able to do so but those who lived in small cities, villages or backward areas faced so much problem. Both students and teachers were not that tech-savvy that they could incorporate the change in this teaching pattern. Internet was not the only problem, sitting in front of a gadget for hours had a bad effect on the health of the students as well, including behavioral impact such as depression, aggressiveness etc. Also, not everyone has the privilege of affording such expensive gadgets. Under this shadow of COVID-19 the lives of millions of students have temporarily been just about their homes and their screens.

It’s not all about the classes. What about exams? What about the degree? For this, many institutes have taken online exams but it was not a complete success everywhere, as it depended on internet availability. Recently, UGC gave a guideline that final year exams will be conducted in July. UGC is The University Grants Commission of India, it is a statutory body set up by the Government, it is charged with coordination, determination and maintenance of standards of higher education. Students challenged this UGC guideline in Supreme Court by signing a petition and the dates have been moved till September. Asking the students to give exams in a traditional way is not the solution. Then what is? No student is asking for a degree without the final evaluation, but the basis of evaluation should be modified. It can be on the basis of previous exams or assignments and projects.

Corona virus has awaken the whole world in many ways, it has made people realize the value of nature, a healthy lifestyle etc. Along with this it has also made us realize that Indian education infrastructure is not yet ready for online studies. It is challenging but not impossible to achieve. We already know the shortcomings, we just need to work on them like technological improvement and making it easily accessible across the country.

Appeal made to Delhi High Court about widows being denied pension during the COVID-19 lockdown.

The Delhi High Court on Tuesday has given a notification in a request recorded looking for directions to discharge the amount of benefits for the Widows in the midst of COVID-19 pandemic.

A bench of the Chief Justice D.N. Patel and Justice Prateek Jalan has given notification to the Delhi Government and asked for its reaction. The request has been recorded by Mr. Harpal Singh Rana, a social specialist through his Advocate Mr. Akhil Rana looking for bearing to the respondents to discharge the amount of widow beneficiaries quickly after due confirmation of those retired people whose pension has been retained and is stopped uniquely on some imaginary grounds. Mr. Akhil while appealing to the Court presented that the Widow annuity has been retained giving an obscure explanation that the location of the retired person was not found. Around 12000 women had denied pension during the lockdown. The women are also being denied the financial assistance for their daughter’s marriages.

The appeal expressed that “the Parameters/Condition for the Widow Pension and Financial help for marriage of the Widow’s little girl are not consistence with one another.”

The court has given notification and listed the issue for 26th of August

250 LAWYERS WRITE TO HC CHIEF JUSTICE DEMANDING PHYSICAL HEARINGS

More than 250 Advocates, including 4 assigned Senior Lawyer, have kept in touch with Bombay HC Chief Justice Dipankar Datta looking for resumption of physical hearings with wellbeing precautionary measures or to begin ordinary becoming aware of issues through the current arrangement of video-conferencing (VC) or even a half and half framework including both physical and virtual.

The letter marked Senior Lawyers B A Desai, Yusuf Muchhala, Rajani Iyer and Arif Bookwala among 250 others including Ashok Yende, Sunip Sen, Pradeep Rajgopal, Kamal Khata, Zohair Zaidy, Mohamed Arshad Haindaday and Manoj Shirsat said the court staff are as of now in the list of basic services to be qualified to go by local trains and the best is offering its services to them too and physical hearing might be continued and the legal advisors who can’t attend to be given “a choice to show up for all intents and purposes.”

The letter demands the Chief Justice to consider setting up “mobile VC offices” for Mumbai suburbs and satellite towns as was finished by the Telangana HC and to set up offices in “various rooms in the HC including the premises of bar association and libraries.”

The lawyers calling attention to that not all legal counselors have the fundamental foundation to lead matters through VC or approach it might want bar affiliations be snagged into train advocates on advanced documenting and VC hearings. The letter likewise said that the “current circumstance is hampering removal of pending prosecution which is thus… adding to the current monetary emergency.” The signatories additionally stated, “digital connectivity is additionally not steady.’

They bring up that the “extraordinary circumstance where each organization is attempting to convey… Court as a justice dispensation institution and is no exemption… court working has been seriously confined during the pandemic.” Unable to work at its full quality the HC has been leading procedures by means of VC and as of late multiplied its days. The letter said the “temporary arrangement” is “lacking to meet the immense needs and tremendous case load on the justice administration system.”

Desai later stated, “As I would like to think the virtual hearing has an intrinsic component of infringement of natural justice, in light of the fact that numerous procedures in lower court and in councils are in Marathi and parcel of attorneys, not knowledgeable with advanced innovation are off guard.” He likewise said “courts should look for recorded entries to cut court time devoured by oral hearings.”

Some who have not marked the letter said with suburban trains, the city’s life-line, not completely functional, would render the interest of physical hearing, hard to really actualize.