Artificial Intelligence is a pre-existing daily article. Artificial Intelligence, or AI, is the technology that enabling the machines to learn from experience and perform human-like tasks.

Ping-ponging between utopian and dystopian, opinions vary as to current and future applications, or worse, the consequences, of artificial intelligence. Without proper moorings, our minds often plunge into the waters of Hollywood, full of the evolution of robots, autonomous vehicles, and very little understanding of how AI actually works.

This is because AI itself describes a different technology, which gives machines the ability to learn in a “smart” way.

In our next series of blog posts, we hope you will enlighten us about these technologies and explain what really makes artificial intelligence, beautiful, clever.

How is artificial intelligence used?

Popular misconceptions tend to place AI on an island with robots and self-driving cars. However, this approach fails to recognize the state-of-the-art art app; to process large amounts of data generated daily.

Through the use of AI techniques in specific applications, the accumulation of comprehension and automation of tasks takes place to some degree and to a lesser degree.

To explore the mountains of man-made data, AI systems perform intelligent searches, translate text and images to find patterns in complex data, and then do what they read.

What are the basic components of artificial intelligence?

Many AI-converting technologies are common buzwords, such as “natural language processing,” “in-depth learning” and “speculative analysis.” Shortcuts that enable computer systems to understand the meaning of human language, learn from experience, and make predictions in sequence.

Understanding jargon AI is the key to conveying the power of dialogue about the real-world use of this technology. Technology disrupts, alters the way people communicate data and make decisions, and should be understood in terms of the basic principles by all of us. Machine Learning | Learning from experience

Machine learning, or ML, is an AI program that gives computer programs the ability to automatically read and develop experiences without being explicitly organized. ML focuses on the development of algorithms that can analyze data and generate predictions. In addition to being used to predict which Netflix movies you might like, or your Uber-based approach, machine learning is used in healthcare, pharma, and the health sciences industry to help diagnose diseases, interpret medical pictures, and speed up drug development.

In-depth Reading | Educational equipment

In-depth learning is a set of machine learning that uses artificial neural networks that learn by processing data. Syntical neural networks mimic biological neural networks in the human brain.

Multiple layers of artificial neural networks work together to find a single output of multiple inputs, for example, displaying a face image from a tile image. Machines learn about the strengths and weaknesses of the tasks they perform, requiring constant scrutiny and reinforcement for improvement.

Another way to learn in depth is speech recognition, which gives the voice assistant calls to understand questions such as, “Siri Siri, how does artificial intelligence work?”

Artificial Intelligence is a different topic

As we have learned, AI defines a set of different technologies. Individual technologies require detailed specifications. Staying up to date and understanding the differences in technology is a daunting task. Keep up to date with the latest updates and stay tuned to our upcoming posts.

Next, we will introduce Big Data and explore the use of intelligent solutions for designing, connecting, and monitoring big data set.

CBSE 10th result 2020: There has been a record high of over 5 per cent in the CBSE class 12 results this year. Last year, 91.1 per cent students cleared the exam which was about a four per cent increase from 2018 and the trend is expected to go upwards this year too.

CBSE 10th result 2020: The Central Board of Secondary Education (CBSE) will, on July 14, release the results for over 18 lakh students who appeared for the class 10 boards earlier this year. While the board exams are an important event, this year’s results are unique because of the special marking scheme. 

India’s biggest company Reliance industries held its 43rd Annual General Meeting virtually with Chairman and Managing Director Mukesh Ambani addressing shareholders. Ambani said the target for capital raise is now complete and RIL will now only look at adding strategic partners to its businesses. He also pointed out that RIL has kept its promise of becoming net debt-free ahead of schedule.

The key aannouncement’s are

-Google will invest Rs 33,737 crore for 7.7 percent stake in Jio Platforms.
– Jio is ready with a “world-class 5G solution” and field deployment could happen next year.
– Launch of Jio TV+ and Jio Glass
– Saudi Aramco deal has not progressed as per the original timeline, but RIL is committed to the deal
– RIL will approach NCLT with a proposal to spin-off the O2C Biz into a separate subsidiary
– RIL is working to induct global partners, investors into Reliance Retail in the next few quarters.
– Jio is partnering with Google to build a smartphone operating system

ISRO launches a free 5-day online course on ‘ Remote Sensing Applications in Agricultural and Water Management’. It is provided by the Indian Institute of Remote Sensing. If you have already registered for it, then here are the stables.

What will you learn?

1. Concepts and fundamentals of agricultural water management and the role of Earth Observation (EO) in water management.
2. Satellite remote sensing of soil moisture and global products.
3. Unmanned Ariel Vehicle (UAV) and advanced remote sensing for agricultural water management.
4. Remote sensing of regional crop evapotranspiration estimation.
5. Remote sensing of irrigated crop area mapping and irrigation crop water requirements .

Eligibility and application process

1. This course by ISRO is scheduled from 3 August to 7 August 2020.
2. Those interested can register through <a href="http://&lt;!– wp:list {"ordered":true} –> <ol><li>This course by ISRO is scheduled from 3 August to 7 August 2020.</li><li>Those interested can register through elearning.iirs.gov.in .</li></ol> elearning.iirs.gov.in .
3. Personal details like address, education, and profession need to be entered into the form.
4. You are also required to upload a photograph and an identification proof.
5. Professional from the central or state governments, private organizations, NGO’s, as well as students and researchers engaged in water management aspects of agriculture can apply.

Things to know

1. There is no fee for the online course.
2. A certificate of completion will be awarded to participants who complete 70 percent attendance and score 40% in online examination.
3. You can access the videos for the session here.
4. No specific hardware/software is required to access the classes. However, good speed of internet connection will be helpful. A desktop/laptop with a webcam and microphone is preferred.

Talking about India there are about 6 lakhs villages in our country which leads to Mohalla and tolas in crores and consists of about 70 percent of the total population.[i]on every 1000 male there is about 949 females in the rural India. in that 949 females there are about 23% of females who menstruate. Menstruation and menstrual practices had to face in this modern era   many types of restrictions ranging from social to religious. These things create a big hurdle in proper management of maintain menstrual hygiene. in rural areas due to girls are not prepared and not having knowledge about the   menstruation they face many problems and challenges at many places where they work or where they study. While researching , I come to know  that few, non- accurate, or half completed  information  about menstruation is a great hurdle  in the way of personal and menstrual hygiene in the rural areas In villages females do not assess the sanitary pads and don’t have much knowledge about that. So, they mostly depend  on reusable cloth pads which they wash and use again In fact they feel comfortable in that .in spite of many developments in the field of water and sanitation in the rural areas women’s can be seen not maintaining the menstrual hygiene in a better manner . Women handle menstruation in other way when they are in or out the house; in homes, they dispose of menstrual waste in domestic wastes and in public toilets and simply dispose that by flushing them in the toilets without knowing that could result in choking which is a big case of being illiterate. So, educating them about the consequences of the environmental hazards and the diseases associated with it. enforcing of new techniques like incineration can help to control the waste. and, a drive should be created to focus the use of reusable sanitary things or the natural sanitary products created from materials like banana fibre, bamboo fibre, sea sponges, water hyacinth, and so on.

CHALLENGES: THE RURAL INDIA WITH REGARD TO THE MENSTRUAL HYGIENE HAS TO GO WITH SEVERAL CHALLENGES

Poverty : in villages there are lots of people who don’t have money to fed up two time meal to their family so we can think that from where they can think about the providing sanitary napkins to the mensuration member of the family that’s why the most of the females in the rural India opt for the dirty used clothes which is much harmful and is unhygienic in the nature but that is harsh reality that they could afford the branded sanitary napkins which might cost them more than having a meal in a day.

Illiteracy: in the rural India there is hardly any one which can teach and talk about the subject matter menstrual hygiene if we talk about the percentage that how many girl get a high school level education it will bring our administration and government in to a tough discussion which they boast about the development of the rural area .

Culture and beliefs: our diverse culture and the rural background can be a strong reason for the failure in this approach as we learn things from our previous generation and our coming generation will learn from us. from the very beginning the society had been using and treated these things as the matter of shame and they feel shy while even discussing things which is related to the medical concern. in India there is strong belief that these things are counted in the list of dirty dealings and this practice is continued in the rural areas of our country where things have not been changed out of many centuries.

Administration failure : in spite of several government projects which has been running for the welfare and the development of the rural India the aim of real upliftment of these areas are still dream for many villagers in the country as most of the funds are out of reach for what they had been meant to utilize .

Poor practices /taboo: in villages there is old traditional system which is being followed from many years in fact centuries using the unhygienic dirty clothes can lead to several deadly disease.  use of cotton is also very common to stop the fluid in the villages coming towards the taboo the same is treated as an evil dirty things which not meant for discuss in the social platform and it could also be a reason to feel shy in these matter .

                                                    THE REALITY UNDER THE SURVEY:

In this section of my research paper I had tried to bring the real scenario about how the things are going into the village concerning menstrual hygiene. so, in the survey which had been conducted my me on the 15 females of the Sonkhar village, ramnagar, west champaran, Bihar on which 5 were adolescent. here I am going to tell about the experiences

In most of the cases the females were not ready to take part due to shyness. So, I managed 15 females for the survey .in this I had asked the several questions

Ques: you were ready or knowing that this could be happen to you when you got your first period?

12 out of the 15 females answered no to the question as most of them told that it was not known even from the parents and these things are treated so evil that none o them was informed from anybody.

Ques: How was the felling? did it hurt?

To this question all said yes as there was no information and the precautions were taken to handle the same. one Sangam Devi aged 28 said that it happened when she was serving the food in the bhoj (party) on the Holi eve then suddenly she felt pain in her abdomen and she couldn’t understand what was the fluid she felt around her private parts .it was sudden and surprising in the nature which makes them more uncomfortable.

Ques: Did you tell your mom / sister? how they reacted?

To this question 9 of them answered that they told their mother about the incident and her their mother in reply said that now you all are grown ups and it said that these things hurt a bit .3 out of them told to their sister elder to them and they reacted in the same manner like mother did.

Ques: What did you use in those days?

It was shocking to know that all 15 females which includes adolescents replied that it was clothes they use when they menstruate however 7 of them replied that since last few years, they had opted sanitary pads.

Ques: What is different in those days is it different from other days?

Meena Kumari a 17-year girl replied that these days are completely different as we are not allowed to enter in the kitchen, and we do not enter the worship room we are treated like we are unpure for these 5 days. most of them replied that due to pain and cramps whole body shivers and cause irritation.

Ques: Do you do anything to get relief from cramps like yoga?

Most of them answered no .one adolescent name aditi replied that she ate chocolates as it relives pain.

Ques: What things you want to appeal to the government/expect from government?

The majority answers that the cost of sanitary pads should be done so less that everyone could afford and as in our time there was no one to tell about these things so government should be creating a team for effective awareness about the menstrual hygie.

Everyone out there saying, Nature is healing and it is the revenge of nature that’s why we’re suffering this pandemic because we people were harming our mother ‘Earth’ and some posting that, let’s not pollute our planet, use of vehicles should be less and blah, blah… That’s completely okay if we’ll not safeguard our planet then who will.

But Maybe nature taught us the real meaning of freedom that we craved for in the past 2 months and we’re neglecting it.

Maybe she is making us realise the value of freedom of those birds and animals who are caged inside our homes and zoo.  Don’t they deserve this freedom, and after being caged in our homes in this pandemic, why we’re still not sensing this common message?

Maybe we can’t do less use of vehicles for less pollution and maybe we can, but there’s one thing we can surely do, ‘To release those innocents’, let them free and fly all around, the way we wanted in this lockdown and if still, we’re not realising this then nothing can make us sense their freedom.

This earth is their mother too, they do deserve this freedom.

In Enrica Lexie’s case, India’s long-await hasn’t caused any satisfactory result. Italy has command over it since the very beginning and eventually succeeded in its objective. on February 15, 2012, two fishermen sailing on fishing boat St. Antony shot off by two Italian marines, Massimiliano Latorre and Salvotore Girone in India’s contiguous zone. Which is positioned 20.5 nautical miles off the Kerala coast. This incident caused outrage and conflict of opinions over legal jurisdiction and immunity between the governments of India and Italy.

Recently, Permanent Court of Arbitration acknowledged the functional immunity of the two marines accepting the plea of Italy that they were working on a mission on behalf of the Italian government and gave Italy the jurisdiction over the matter, regardless of the fact that, the incident happened in India’s contiguous zone and the victims were the Indians. Due to the non-existence of any unilateral and bilateral and treaty between India and Italy, the Italian marines shouldn’t have gotten away in the name of immunity. This decision has set the menacing precedent for all the countries will now be enacting specific laws to give immunity to the military and paramilitary personnel. This will be troublesome for contiguous States. Albeit, the International  tribunal for the law of the Sea,  ruled that the marines are entitled to compensate India for the loss of life, physical harm, material damage to property, and moral harm, India still seeks for more than just monetary restitution for the unjustified killing of its citizens on mere doubt that the boat was a pirate skiff. Now it is to be seen how Italian court will act against the marines under the criminal law. India as a responsible state accepted the decision made by PCA by the virtue of Article 51 of Indian constitution which mandates it to uphold and respect the International law. Now that India has no jurisdiction over the matter anymore it must not show any leniency in securing the justice for Pink and Valentine if Italian court go to the extreme to support the killers.

Divya Patni

Everyone can perfom Yoga

Many yoga studios and local gyms offer yoga classes that are open to all generations and levels of strength. It’s fun to walk into a room full of young people, athletes, middle-aged mothers, older men, and solid foods and bodybuilders. Everyone can feel welcome and included and, unlike other games or classes focused on niche clients, yoga tends to offer open arms. Whether you like “Om” or can’t stand the word “yogi”; whether you are 92, 53, or even 12, yoga can help you.

This is how it encourages our health

Yoga is not just about working out, it’s about a healthy lifestyle. Yoga practice allows students to find peace in a world dominated by chaos. The peace and quiet that comes from training that focuses on loving everyone.

Breathing habits and deep meditation on Yoga help to promote inner transformation from the to-do list, the needs of children and spouses, financial worries, and relationships struggling in something less than the problems you face. Yoga helps relieve stress and distort the mind, helping you to stay focused.

Different faces of yoga

One of the benefits of yoga is that you can choose a yoga style tailored to your lifestyle, such as hot yoga, power yoga, relaxing yoga, baby work yoga, etc. Whether you prefer to practice at home, in a private session, while watching a DVD or a studio or gym, there are many options to suit your goals and needs.

If you are a beginner of yoga, hatha yoga, which focuses on the basic exit at a relaxed pace, it can be good for you. If you want to increase energy by using more of your body’s resistance, energy yoga may be right for you. When you are ready for a deep practice, Bikram, also called “hot yoga,” may be what you are looking for. In Bikram yoga, room temperature is maintained at about 105 degrees Fahrenheit [105 ° C], leading to the elimination of toxins from the human body through increased sweat production. No matter your fitness level, fat percentage, or health history, yoga has your own style.

Strength advantages and flexibility of Yoga

Yoga’s focus on strength training and flexibility is an incredible benefit to your body. The postures are meant to strengthen your body from the inside out, so you don’t just look good, you feel good, too. Each of the yoga poses is built to reinforce the muscles around the spine, the very center of your body, which is the core from which everything else operates. When the core is working properly, posture is improved, thus alleviating back, shoulder, and neck pain.

The digestive system gets back on track when the stretching in yoga is coupled with a healthy, organic diet, which can relieve constipation, irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), and acid reflux. Another one of the benefits of yoga is that stretching and holding postures also causes muscles to lengthen, which gives the body a longer, leaner look.

Allover Power of Yoga

Isometric exercise is one of the best ways to build spinal strength. Isometric, dubbed “the same” and “the same length,” simply translates holding one position without moving. The power of yoga uses isometric exercises and other exercises designed to make the spine and back strong. Flexibility and firmness from the depths of your heart, so it is important to train this area of ​​the body. Also, you can increase the strength and health of your whole body. A high temperature is often used in this practice to help keep the tissues warm and to release more toxins from the body.

Chapter III of Indian Penal Code, 1980 defines punishment for various offences. Section 53 of the Indian Penal Code sets out different kinds of punishments which are awarded to convicts for crime by the courts. These are imprisonment for life, rigorous or simple imprisonment, forfeiture of property, fine and death penalty (also known as capital punishment). Yes, capital punishment is a legal penalty in India. It is an integral part of criminal justice system in India but it is highly debated. All the punishment is based on the same proposition i.e. there must be penalty wrongdoing and the person who has done wrong should suffer for it also it is a common belief that inflicting punishment on wrongdoers discourages other from doing wrong. But with the increasing strength of human rights movement all across the world, the existence of capital punishment is questioned as immoral and extreme. In spite of many organizations protesting for the nullification of death sentence, it is still being executed in different countries. The profounder of death penalty argued that it will act as a deterrent against crimes in the society and it is economical than keeping the convicts behind the bars. On the other hand, some might argue that, punishment in present context must be more reformative than retributive. The UN in its Charter of Rights has declared death penalty or capital punishment as a crime against humanity and had also asked its member countries to put an end to it. One of the member countries of the UN – India, still carries out capital punishment in “rarest of the rare” cases even though the Constitution of India has stated that the government has no right to take the life of any person as per article 21. A majority of countries in the world has now abandoned the use of the death penalty but the world has not yet amicably come forward against its use.

However, the number of countries carrying out the death penalty is declining and it is possible that worldwide opinion and pressure will gradually influence all countries to abolish this practice. Capital punishment in current scenario of the country trend towards abolition of the death penalty as it has emerged over recent decades.  It will trace the development of capital punishment as a human rights issue in the international forum, and examine recent challenges to the death penalty in India. Death, life imprisonment, simple or rigorous imprisonment, fine and forfeiture of property. In contemporary India, death sentences are only reserved for the rarest of rare case.

However, there is no guideline or structure to define these “rarest of rare” cases. Whenever a Punishment is awarded for the wrong doing there are two main reasons for inflicting such punishment; 1.) One is that the person who committed the wrong must suffer for it. 2.) And, the other one is that inflicting punishment on wrongdoer acts as an example for others. In India deciding the case for death penalty is based on doctrine of “rarest of the rare test” which was stated in the case of Bachan Singh V. State of Punjab. Which means that death penalty will only be awarded in rarest of rare cases only . Further, in the case of Macchi Singh & Others V. State of Punjab the Three Judge Bench followed the decision of Bachan Singh and stated that only in rarest of rare cases when collective conscience of community is in such a way that it will expect the holders of the judicial powers to inflict death penalty then it can be awarded if the murder is committed in an extremely brutal, revolting or dastardly manner so as to arouse intense and extreme indignation of the community. 2.) When a murder of a member of a Scheduled caste is committed which arouse social wrath. 3.) In case of “Bride Burning” or “Dowry Death”. 4.) When the crime is enormous in proportion. 5.) When the victim of murder is ● An Innocent child ● A vulnerable Women or a Person rendered unaided by mature epoch or illness. ● once the injured party is an individual in relation to whom the slaughterer is in point of authority or reliance. Apex court in the case, Macchi Singh v. State of Punjab expanded the finding laid down in Bacchan Singh. Hereunder are certain observations made by the court; “capital punishment can be awarded only in the case of gravest crimes. Circumstances of the offender must be taken into consideration before pronouncing a death sentence”. Jagmohan vs state of UP was the first case dealing with the question of constitutional validity of capital punishment in India. India retains death punishment for a number of serious offences.

Death penalty is no doubt unconstitutional if imposed arbitrarily, capriciously, unreasonably, discriminatorily, freakishly or wantonly, but if it is administered rationally, objectively and judiciously, it will enhance people’s confidence in criminal justice system. thus, the conclusion in the present circumstances of the country, it is required to retain death penalty in rarest of the rare cases. Because if it doesn’t deter the crime, then why do people still seek for commutation and pardon?

What is cyberbullying?

 Cyberbullying is bullying that takes place over digital devices like cell phones, computers, and tablets. Cyberbullying can occur through SMS, Text, and apps, or online in social media, forums, or gaming where people can view, participate in, or share content. Cyberbullying includes sending, posting, or sharing negative, harmful, false, or mean content about someone else. It can include sharing personal or private information about someone else causing embarrassment or humiliation.

Some cyberbullying crosses the line into unlawful or criminal behavior.

The most common places where cyberbullying occurs are:

• Social Media, such as Facebook, Instagram, Snapchat
• Text messaging and messaging apps on mobile or tablet devices
• Instant messaging, direct messaging, and online chatting over the internet
• Online forums, chat rooms, and message boards, such as Reddit
• Email
• Online gaming communities

Cyberbullying can be done in different forms over the various online platform, some of the cyberbullying examples are given below for a better understanding of what is cyberbullying or anti-bullying: 

• Humiliating/embarrassing content posted online about the victim of online bullying,
• Hacking of account
• Posting vulgar messages
• Threatening the victim to commit an act of violence
• Stalking
• Child pornography or threats of child pornography

Facts of cyberbullying

  Statistics of cyberbullying which helps in discovering that bullying in schools kids is at the majority. To understand what is cyberbullying and how to stop bullying first let’s get to know some facts of the cyberbullying:

• 1 in 4 kids have been bullied more than once and in total 43% of the kids have fallen prey to cyberbullying or anti-bullying
• India ranks at number 3 in the list of online bullying cases as per the survey conducted by Microsoft in 2012 in 25 countries
• 70% of the cyberbullying or anti-bullying activities happen over facebook
• Usage of mobile phones by almost 80% of the teens makes it a common and most popular medium for anti-bullying 
• It has been believed by the 81% of youth that getting away with online bullying is easy as compared to traditional bullying
• 90% of teens agree that have ignored the cyberbullying while some of the youth has taken a step to stop bullying
• Girls are more preferred victims of cyberbullying as compared to boys
• Victims of cyberbullying or anti-bullying are 2 to 9 times more prone to committing suicide

Cyberbullying laws in india

There is no specific legislation that provides for the specific cyberbullying laws in India however provisions such as Section 67 of the Information Technology Act deals with cyberbullying in a way.

Section 67 of the act prescribes punishment for publishing or transmitting obscene material in electronic form for a term which may extend to five years and also with fine which may extend to ten lakh rupees.

Other than Section 67 of the IT Act following are the provisions of the cyberbullying laws in India:

• Section 507 IPC : The section states that if anyone receives criminal intimidation by way of an anonymous communication then the person giving threats shall be punished with imprisonment for up to two years. By virtue of word anonymous the offense of anti-bullying and cyberbullying is included in this section.
• Section 66 E of IT Act :  The section prescribes punishment for violation of privacy. The section states that any person who intentionally violates the privacy by transmitting, capturing or publishing private pictures of others shall be punished with up to three years imprisonment or fine up to three lakhs.

Cases of cyberbullying:

• Shreya Singhal vs. union of India, Writ Petition (criminal) No. 167 of 2012. 
• Vishaka vs state of Rajasthan AIR 1997 SC 3011.
• Mewa Ram v. A.I.I. Medical Science AIR 1989 SC 1256

 “the doctrine of ‘equal pay for equal work’ is not an abstract doctrine. Equality must be among equal, unequal people cannot claim equality.”

•  Consumer Education and Research Centre v. Union of India AIR SC (1995) 922 para [10]

What is cyberbullying?

 Cyberbullying is bullying that takes place over digital devices like cell phones, computers, and tablets. Cyberbullying can occur through SMS, Text, and apps, or online in social media, forums, or gaming where people can view, participate in, or share content. Cyberbullying includes sending, posting, or sharing negative, harmful, false, or mean content about someone else. It can include sharing personal or private information about someone else causing embarrassment or humiliation.

Some cyberbullying crosses the line into unlawful or criminal behavior.

The most common places where cyberbullying occurs are:

• Social Media, such as Facebook, Instagram, Snapchat
• Text messaging and messaging apps on mobile or tablet devices
• Instant messaging, direct messaging, and online chatting over the internet
• Online forums, chat rooms, and message boards, such as Reddit
• Email
• Online gaming communities

Cyberbullying can be done in different forms over the various online platform, some of the cyberbullying examples are given below for a better understanding of what is cyberbullying or anti-bullying: 

• Humiliating/embarrassing content posted online about the victim of online bullying,
• Hacking of account
• Posting vulgar messages
• Threatening the victim to commit an act of violence
• Stalking
• Child pornography or threats of child pornography

Facts of cyberbullying

  Statistics of cyberbullying which helps in discovering that bullying in schools kids is at the majority. To understand what is cyberbullying and how to stop bullying first let’s get to know some facts of the cyberbullying:

• 1 in 4 kids have been bullied more than once and in total 43% of the kids have fallen prey to cyberbullying or anti-bullying
• India ranks at number 3 in the list of online bullying cases as per the survey conducted by Microsoft in 2012 in 25 countries
• 70% of the cyberbullying or anti-bullying activities happen over facebook
• Usage of mobile phones by almost 80% of the teens makes it a common and most popular medium for anti-bullying 
• It has been believed by the 81% of youth that getting away with online bullying is easy as compared to traditional bullying
• 90% of teens agree that have ignored the cyberbullying while some of the youth has taken a step to stop bullying
• Girls are more preferred victims of cyberbullying as compared to boys
• Victims of cyberbullying or anti-bullying are 2 to 9 times more prone to committing suicide

Cyberbullying laws in india

There is no specific legislation that provides for the specific cyberbullying laws in India however provisions such as Section 67 of the Information Technology Act deals with cyberbullying in a way.

Section 67 of the act prescribes punishment for publishing or transmitting obscene material in electronic form for a term which may extend to five years and also with fine which may extend to ten lakh rupees.

Other than Section 67 of the IT Act following are the provisions of the cyberbullying laws in India:

• Section 507 IPC : The section states that if anyone receives criminal intimidation by way of an anonymous communication then the person giving threats shall be punished with imprisonment for up to two years. By virtue of word anonymous the offense of anti-bullying and cyberbullying is included in this section.
• Section 66 E of IT Act :  The section prescribes punishment for violation of privacy. The section states that any person who intentionally violates the privacy by transmitting, capturing or publishing private pictures of others shall be punished with up to three years imprisonment or fine up to three lakhs.

Cases of cyberbullying:

• Shreya Singhal vs. union of India, Writ Petition (criminal) No. 167 of 2012. 
• Vishaka vs state of Rajasthan AIR 1997 SC 3011.
• Mewa Ram v. A.I.I. Medical Science AIR 1989 SC 1256

 “the doctrine of ‘equal pay for equal work’ is not an abstract doctrine. Equality must be among equal, unequal people cannot claim equality.”

•  Consumer Education and Research Centre v. Union of India AIR SC (1995) 922 para [10]

By Udbhav Bhargava

The virus has proved itself to be infectious economically as it is biologically. The present scenario of the coronavirus pandemic is a perfect example that portrays how disease outbreaks can cripple modern economies resting on the foundation of globalization by causing a multi-sectoral chaos, the repercussions of which are global, making their presence felt even in countries not affected from the virus.

In the Indian context, enforcement of containment measures and nation-wide lockdowns has resulted in a significant deprivation of workforce in almost every sector, industrial, tourism, hospitality, automotive, finance, power, construction, or healthcare and has rendered several public amenities like hospitality, malls, multiplexes, supermarkets, hotels, resorts, etc. impracticable dealing an enormous loss to the economy. Force majeure acts as a ray of hope for these hard-hit business ventures.

Usually, a force majeure clause involves discrete events that would qualify as force majeure events, requirements that must have been met for such force majeure clause to apply to the agreement, and the implications of any force majeure occurrence. The clause can be inclusive of new unforeseen events that render the performance impossible or kills the subject matter of the contract. From a contractual context, force majeure provides a party with immediate relief from meeting its contractual obligations when a force majeure incident occurs.

While the lex loci, Indian Contract Act, 1872 lacks specific mention of the concept, section 32 (Enforcement of a contract contingent on an event) and 56 (Frustration) contain reference to this concept. In case of commercial contracts, parties concerned have strictly abide by what is written in the contract as mandated by the court with respect to definition of Force Majeure event. They should be aware and take care of how such an intervening event satisfies the definition of Force Majeure event as per the contract. The procedure of notifying the other party includes giving a detailed notice specifying the occurrence of a Force Majeure event, impact of the event and suspension of underlying obligations till the continuation of the event. 

If the contract is silent on it, parties can rely on section 56, that talks about performance rendered impossible by a supervening event. Here, impossibility, as laid down in Satyabrata Ghose vs Mugneeram Bangur and others following judgments, must be construed in strictest manner possible. It means commercial difficulty per se not an impossibility and unviability in terms of price or onerousness in operation would not constitute any impossibility.