TAJ MAHAL- ‘SYMBOL OF LOVE’

Taj Mahal is the symbol of purest love built by Shah Jahan in the memory of his late wife Mumtaz Mahal. The Taj Mahal is an ivory-white marble tomb on southern bank of river Yamuna in the city Agara in Uttar Pradesh, India. Mughal Emperor Shah Jahan commissioned to build the Mahal in 1632. It is a big tomb of 17 hectare or 42 acres which has a guest house, mosque and gardens surrounded around the complex. It took almost eleven years to complete the construction of the Taj Mahal. Even after the construction it took ten more years to improvise it and to design it.

This image has an empty alt attribute; its file name is istock-478831658.jpg

The beauty of this wonderful architecture attracts the eye of many tourists. Taj Mahal is also one of the wonders of the world.Even in 2007, it was the winner of the seven wonders of the world. Approximately seven to eight million tourists visit Taj Mahal every year to see its glory. Shah Jahan commissioned to build Taj Mahal in the memory of his loving wife Mumtaz Mahal who died giving birth to her fourteenth child. Taj Mahal has combined designs of Mughal architecture and Persian culture. The tomb is the central focus of the entire complex of the Taj Mahal. It is a large, white marble structure standing on a square plinth and consists of a symmetrical building with an iwan (an arch-shaped doorway) topped by a large dome and finial. Like most Mughal tombs, the basic elements are Persian in origin. The base structure is a large multi-chambered cube with chamfered corners forming an unequal eight-sided structure that is approximately 55 metres (180 ft) on each of the four long sides. Each side of the iwan is framed with a huge pishtaq or vaulted archway with two similarly shaped arched balconies stacked on either side. This motif of stacked pishtaqs is replicated on the chamfered corner areas, making the design completely symmetrical on all sides of the building. Four minarets frame the tomb, one at each corner of the plinth facing the chamfered corners. The main chamber houses the false sarcophagi of Mumtaz Mahal and Shah Jahan; the actual graves are at a lower level.

This image has an empty alt attribute; its file name is 6492155073_650d183236_b.jpg

Ever since its construction, the building has been the source of an admiration transcending culture and geography, and so personal and emotional responses have consistently eclipsed scholastic appraisals of the monument. A longstanding myth holds that Shah Jahan planned a tomb to be built in black marble as a Black Taj Mahal across the Yamuna river.The idea originates from fanciful writings of Jean Baptiste Tavernier, a European traveller who visited Agra in 1665. It was suggested that his son Aurangzeb overthrew Shah Jahan before it could be built. Ruins of blackened marble across the river in Moonlight Garden, Mahtab Bagh, seemed to support this legend. However, excavations carried out in the 1990s found that they were discoloured white stones that had turned black.

The Taj Mahal was designated as a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1983 for being “the jewel of Muslim art in India and one of the universally admired masterpieces of the world’s heritage”. It is regarded by many as the best example of Mughal architecture  and a symbol of India’s rich history.

DON’T SHOP, ADOPT PETS !

In this modern society, We are living in a society where all these modern luxuries and show off matters a lot to the new generation. From buying a phone which an individual cannot afford still they majorly buy instead of buying a normal phone just to show off in the public to wearing heavy stylish clothes which are not comfortable for them to wear still they opt them just to pretend the society. Maybe we are modernizing ourselves to fit in this unreal show off society but still we hurt the feelings of the animals who cannot speak or show what they feel like. They fall prey of us, ‘the so-called human beings’ in which humanity is no more left. People, majorly teenagers have found it fun to buy animals, keep them at home, treat them badly disrespect the freedom of pets.

This image has an empty alt attribute; its file name is 75463378.cms
Unfortunately, the new generation find it cool to buy dogs. We treat the dumb animals like property which we can buy and do whatever we want. We forget that they too have the right to live. They aren’t our property whom we just keep to show off or look cool in front of our friends, relatives or societies. Some buy pets just to proof people they are so humble and down to earth to buy and accept animals. These animals could be categorized as any of animal, either birds, cats, dogs, buffaloes or horses. They pretend to love them in front of society but at home they treat them bad. Serving bad food to the animals, serving stale food over past two days, the residue which is left after they finish the food. Not giving the proper diet to the animals which they require either it be tortilla for dogs or fodder for cows or horses. Regularly visit the doctors is never an initiative by humans who just buy pets but never adopts them.
Instead of buying a pet just to look and pretend cool, adopt a one of your society, city, locality. Love the animals with all of your heart and they will revert it back in love and affection. Dogs are the most loyal creatures even more than humans. The most faithful ones,even cats are friendly and loving. Keeping a regular schedule is one of the most important things you can do for your pet and for yourself. Your pet will know when they need to go out, take a nap, play or get ready for bed. This will help their temperament and will help you create a great relationship with your pet.
This image has an empty alt attribute; its file name is 106448658-1584473707554joy_t20_2gdnvj.jpg

If you really love creatures, don’t buy them, they aren’t any product, property or business whom you can buy with your money. They are the creature created by god with love. They also have the right to be treated well as human does. Treat your street animals as your own pet, adopt them as your pet not to pretend the world that you are down to earth but instead mean it and adopt, love them accordingly. Be there for them when they are not feeling well, take them to doctors for a visit, feed them regularly, provide them a shelter to live and love them. Play with them whenever you want, this will help them exercise and stay healthy. May it be any animal, just let them know that you love them and adore them, it will groom your relationship with your pets.

” In the loving memory of my dog “

-Muskan

Jallianwala Bagh Massacre

13 April, 1919 the unforgettable day in the history of India. For Punjab it is a traditional day and the most important festival, Baisakhi. The Baisakhi day of 1919 turned as a horror day in the history of India. Jallianwala Massacre also knowm as “Amritsar Massacre” left people petrified. Indian-British General Reginald Dyer ordered troops of Britain to open fire on the people gathered at the bagh that evening. Thousands people were gathered there for celebrating Baisakhi and others were peacefully protesting against the arrest and deportation of two national leaders, Satyapal and  Saifuddin Kitchlew. Through open fire at people they killed at least three seventy nine people leaving thousands of people injured at the place. Dyer and his troops entered and then blocked the main entry of the garden. They open fire on the people for ten-long minutes shooting the people at the entrance who were trying o save their lives.

This image has an empty alt attribute; its file name is 08THiStock-546193626.jpg


Jallianwala Bagh is situated in Amritsar city, Punjab India near the holy Golden Temple. It has a great significance of its own. After the World War 1, In February 1919, the British Government passed the Rowlatt Act where the acts allowed certain political cases to be tried without juries and permitted internment of suspects without trial. Due to this act, many national leaders were arrested including in Punjab. Mahatma Gandhi called one day general strike against the decision of the government. Many people were burnt, looted and killed brutally by the British Government.  After they ceased firing, the troops immediately withdrew from the place, leaving behind the dead and wounded.

After this terrible incident, martial law was imposed in Punjab which states that, Martial law involves the temporary substitution of military authority for civilian rule and is usually invoked in time of war, rebellion, or natural disaster. Abstract: When martial law is in effect, the military commander of an area or country has unlimited authority to make and enforce laws. Rabindranath Tagore abandoned the award which he received in 1915. Soon after this martial law, the people bean with Satyagrah led by Mahatma Gandhi and non cooperation movement. The government of India ordered an investigation of the incident (the Hunter Commission), which in 1920 censured Dyer for his actions and ordered him to resign from the military.

Thousand of people visit Jallianwala Bagh to the history of the place. The scars of the bullet are still embedded in the walls. The well in which hundred of people jumped to save themselves is still there. The remains of the people are dug inside the soil of Bagh. There is a museum to see the past, preserved antique material which was left by the dead people. There is one memorial in the memories of the people who dies in this terrible incident. The garden is surrounded y 7 acres of the land and is managed by the Jallianwala Bagh National Memorial Trust, which was established by Jallianwala Bagh National Memorial Act, 1951.The Flame of Liberty is represented by a central pylon. It is white and shaped like a flame. Engraved are faces of ‘martyrs’ and below are given their names.

A number of other plaques are seen inside the garden, one of which reads:

This site is saturated with the blood of thousands of Indian patriots who were martyred in a nonviolent struggle to free India from British domination. General Dyer of the British army opened fire here on unarmed people. Jallianwala Bagh is thus an everlasting symbol of non-violent & peaceful struggle for the freedom of India

5 PLACES TO VISIT IN SHIMLA

Thinking about mountains and forgetting Shimla is never possible. ‘The queen of hills’ and the heart of Himachal Pradesh is Shimla. Shimla lies in th laps of mountains is the capital of Himachal Pradesh in India. It is a beautiful hill station for tourists and grasps the ye of its every visitor. During the time of British India, it was the capital of British Burma in 1942 to 1945. Every year, thousands of tourists visit the place from all over the world to see the flora of this place. This place has its own mesmerizing beauty which no one can forget. Shimla is home to many architecture styles from Mughal to British time.

This image has an empty alt attribute; its file name is saturday-himachal-pradesh-snowfall-hindustan-covered-shimla_edae9882-65ec-11ea-b9c4-de60b7b69f97.jpg
  • THE RIDGE- Located in the heart of the ‘British Summer Capital’ , The Ridge is a wide open street located on the side of Shimla Mall Road. The Ridge has everything, from shops selling some exclusive artefacts to the spectacular view of the snow-capped mountain ranges set against an orangish hued sky. It is famous for a lot of things, but best known for shopping. This place is a delight for all kinds of tourists, and the old British establishments beckon visitors from all over to this centre of the beautiful hill station. The Ridge is the most recognised face of Shimla. It is often the most photographed part of the hill station covered with pine, firs, Himalayan Oak and Rhododendron trees. Shimla’s rich past is evident from the Gothic buildings standing in this part of the town.
  • KUFRI- Kufri in Shimla district, Himachal Pradesh is one of the most sought after holiday destinations, and more so for couples, because of its proximity to Shimla and relatively higher altitude which makes it a place with snow all through the winters. Kufri is just about 10 km from Shimla and is quite a retreat if you’re in Shimla and snow is something which excites you. While there’s not much to see in Kufri as such, but the panoramic views and temples after a bit of trekking are worth the time. Kufri itself is mostly treated as a spot for the tourists visiting Shimla and it is advisable to club sightseeing in Shimla or nearby areas like Chail, Mashobra, Naldehra or Narkanda  as well if you intend to visit Kufri. Also, Kufri is a relatively crowded and popular attraction as almost everyone visiting Shimla comes here.
  • MALL ROAD- The Mall Road in Shimla, located in the heart of the town, is the main street that is lined up with a myriad of restaurants, clubs, banks, shops, post offices and tourist offices. At the same time, the place boasts of the other exciting attractions that it houses, such as the Scandal Point and Kali Bari Temple. One of the busiest and more commercial areas of Shimla till date, this stretch is a mini-world in itself. The Shimla Mall Road is the one stretch, that truly celebrates the spirit of the hilltown, its tourist rush and valleys and hills covered with houses and hotels. The charm and beauty of the Mall Road can be enjoyed by groups of friends, families and honeymooners alike.
  • TATTAPANI- A popular tourist destination in Himachal Pradesh, Tattapani is a quaint village located 60 kms away from Shimla. Situated on the banks of river Sutlej, it treasures several attractions lying amid nature in its best form. It is famous for its Hot sulphur spring that is believed to have curative properties for health ailments like stress, joint pain, fatigue and other skin diseases. On asking the locals, you can always get to hear about the must-visit spots of the destination being – Shiva’s Cave. Located 3.5 km from the town centre, Shiva’s Caves are famous for its tales of miracles and fulfilment of vows and wishes of its devotees. You can also bask yourself in the adventurous sports of White River rafting, Zorbing, Skiing, Paragliding, Trekking and Camping in Tattapani.
  • Shimla Christ Church- The Christ Church in Shimla is the second oldest church in entire northern India and is a site of pure devotion as well as architectural beauty. The church, which took 11 long years to complete, stands as a reminder of the British colonisation in India. There is something unique and exciting about the Shimla Christ Church that makes it the favourite destination of people of all age groups. At night, the church literally glows when it is lighted up, while in winters, it dons the look of a magnificent castle. 
This image has an empty alt attribute; its file name is The%20Famous%20Ridge_1556257575.jpg

PUBG – AN ADDICTION

There are many video games, mobile games, play stations and computer games across the world but he most fascinating and famous is PlayerUnknown’s Battlegrounds also known as PUBG in brief. The game is inspired by a Japanese film of 2000 “Battle Royale”. In the game, one hundred players parachute to an island, try to save themselves and kill others. The last one surviving the games wins. It is a famous game all over the world today. PUBG collected the revenue upto $1.3 Billion in 2019 from all across the globe. It is played by mostly teenagers and adults. It was first launched in December 2017, by Microsoft Studios for PC. After looking at the spike in the demand of PUBG battleground, in 2018, PUBG mobile was launched, made available on google play store freely use for Android and iOS.

This image has an empty alt attribute; its file name is pubg-4-1070817.jpeg

After the launch of the game, many people got addicted to the game. Playing major day the game was a bad option for the studies and health. In many countries looking at the health situation of the teenagers and young adults PUBG was banned. PUBG Corporation has run several small tournaments and introduced in-game tools to help with broadcasting the game to spectators, as they wish for it to become a popular sport. The game has also been banned in some countries for allegedly being harmful and addictive to younger players. While the concept of health reminders was soon done away with, there is no saying that you should keep a watch on how long you play PUBG, or any other game for that matter. There are ways you can ensure that your gaming session is played in a healthy way and does not turn into a deadly addiction. Remember, gaming addictions and phone addictions are on the rise and more prevalent amongst teens and young adults. They might be considered harmless but they have a great deal of impact on your health. So, play your battle but with the concept of your health in your mind.

PUBG has become as an addiction to many students, teenagers and adults. There are several cases from many countries which has resulted in death of many young kids with heart attack cases of many. People usually engross in the game, they commit as they are the players playing and soon the engagement with the game leads to addiction in no time. Getting irritated when you cannot play the game, often showing depressive signs is the first and very visible signal of an addiction. Sitting still in a same position for a long time and also thinking about the game when you are far away from screen is an dangerous sign either the game playing at back off your mind or while you sleep it may attack you in your dreams. To able to concentrate with the studies and wastin time on the game and money is a bad sign.

Some people can get hooked for 8-10 hours and not get addicted, while for some, even playing for an hour can have bad effects. But, generally, the time duration which is considered safe enough is 1-2 hours every day. As long as your gaming habits do not take a toll on sleep and other commitments, it is safe for you. Anything else is borderline dangerous. So, try to commit yourself with the limit of the time. If this is also not working, the best and only way is to uninstall the application from your respective PC, mobile or laptop.

‘PLAY SAFE, BUT NOT ON THE STAKE OF YOUR HEALTH’

MUSKAN

Coronavirus Vaccine Update

COVID-19 has affected a large amount of people disturbing the lives of people be it health, business, daily chores, schooling of students and education. Many countries are on the way to make the vaccine but no vaccine is still ready to be passed to the people who are victim of the dangerous COVID-19. When a disease is new, the treatment takes time to be made, the vaccine is under progress in making for the coronavirus vaccine. Everyone is in the race of making the first vaccine. From USA to Iran to India everyone is trying their best with the best scientists, researchers and doctors.

Out of 110+ research groups, more than three groups are proceeding onto phase III clinical trials, which is considered to be the most critical and important one. Some leading competitors in the race are Oxford-Astrazeneca, CanSino BioTech and Moderna Inc, who are planning to conduct large scale trials in different countries. Apart from this, Imperial College of London, another vaccine group has started dosing patients with their novel vaccine in phase I. It is expected that we would have a vaccine ready by December 2020, but a lot more research is pending before we reach that stage.A low-cost steroid drug, commonly used to treat inflammation, Dexamethason emerged as the biggest saviour for patients suffering from critical symptoms of COVID-19 after it was observed that the medicine was able to cut down mortality rates in patients put on ventilator support, as well as by 1/5th in those hospitalized with other acute symptoms. The research has been backed by experts from the University of Oxford, who even suggested using the drug in hospitals across the world. While more studies are underway, researchers are very sure about the drug’s safety and working.

Pharmaceutical giant, Genmark won the approval to supply the antiviral medicine in the form of Fabiflu for COVID-19 treatment in the country, which is seeing a surge in cases every day. The company has also claimed that the medicine can be extremely effecting in treating positive patients who suffer from co-morbidities, such as diabetes and high blood pressure. The firm has fixed its price at Rs 103 per tablet.Remdesivir is another promising drug being used as an experimental drug to fight the novel coronavirus outbreak. Preliminary trials have shown that patients who were prescribed the direct-acting antiviral drug tend to recover faster than those who were given a placebo drug. However, since it again is an experimental drug, the results cannot be collated unless large scale studies are done.

Patanjali Ayurved’s Coronil, hailed by the makers as the first “100% cure” for COVID-19 ran into troubled waters after ICMR and Ministry of Ayush asked them to halt its promotion and surface studies of clinical trials first. Even as research regarding the same is still underway, the makers have assured that the ayurvedic formulation guarantees effective results, has a good recovery rate and trials have proven the same. Acharya Balkrishna also claimed that their potent drug, made out of Ayurvedic herbs such as Giloy and Ashwagandha were able to decrease the viral load in the body.

Let’s see who will win the race by finding the cure for Coronavirus. Whosoever finds but it will be very helpful for the world and people would soon recover.

WHY READING IS IMPORTANT?

The best way to divert is reading. Reading articles, textbooks,novels, magazines can help to reduce your stress and divert your mind in many ways. Reading helps in development of mind in many ways. Read anything which you want, it can be your text books or any novel if you are a novel lover, whatever you feel like reading or you think is good. Regular reading can enhance your skills to speak, to present yourself to the world and behave in society. It gives you skill how to talk, walk and wear in public and helps in behaviour and attitude changes. There are many adults in today’s world who can not even read properly and yes it is bad and scary at the same time. Either it be a minimum prescription by the doctors or a project activity the young adults of our country find it difficult to read. To prevent yourself from these embarrassing situations one should read regularly. These things can prevent you from having a healthy communication with people.

In the work sector also, every company wants their employee to be a good reader and many ask reading as a advanced skill for the job. It can provide you with many good opportunities in the job. Reading enhances your skill to present yourself to your interviewer and places good impression on others. Reading is important asit develops mind. The mind is a muscle. It needs exercise. Understanding the written word is one way the mind grows in its ability. Teaching young children to read helps them develop their language skills. It also helps them learn to listen. Everybody wants to talk, but few can really listen. Lack of listening skills can result in major misunderstandings which can lead to job loss, marriage breakup, and other disasters – small and great.

Books, magazines and even the Internet are great learning tools which require the ability to read and understand what is read. A person who knows how to read can educate themselves in any area of life they are interested in. We live in an age where we overflow with information, but reading is the main way to take advantage of it. It helps you connecting with the world. Internet tells you about the new discoveries around the world. Reading also creates a creative world for the readers which non readers can never experience. Reading is fundamental in developing a good self image. Non-readers or poor readers often have low opinions of themselves and their abilities. Many times they feel as if the world is against them. They feel isolated and behavior problems can surface. They can perform poorly in other subjects because they cannot read and understand the material.  Often the reader tends to “give up.”

Our ancestors said, “The pen is mightier than the sword.” These writings have changed the destiny of many men and women across the world.The flow of ideas cannot be stopped. We need to read and research to build on the good ideas and expose the bad ideas before they bring destruction. 

Henceforth, the art of Reading is necessary for everyone of any age. It develops you as good human and help you reach heights. Make reading a habit and you would end up loving it more.

REMOVAL OF ARTICLE 370- ‘THE HISTORICAL DECISION’

On August 2019, The Government of India took its historical decision by declaring that Jammu and Kashmir will be no more a special state.  Article 370 of the Indian constitution states out a special status to the state of J&K . It also limits the Indian parliament’s power to make laws for the state. In effect, the special status, which is described as temporary allows the state of Jammu & Kashmir to have its own constitution, its own flag and take decisions except for any matter that is related to defense and foreign affairs. The temporary provision was included in the constitution on 17 October, 1949.

After the abolishment of Article 370 and 35A, any Indian can buy, sell or settle down in Jammu and Kashmir and it will also perform as any other state of the country.
According to the Government, the root cause of terrorism flowing at the valley is Article 370 and 35A, because the citizens of Jammu and Kashmir doesn’t want to allow other citizens from several parts of the country to indulge and stay in their society. It gets easy for the terrorists to setup their hubs and manipulate innocent kids. The provision, inserted through a special Presidential order in 1954, also gives the state Assembly powers to determine the recipients of state grants, the right to purchase land and property in the state, as well as settling permanently in the region. Other than this, the legislative Assembly of Jammu & Kashmir can use the provision to restrict rights of any person not classified under “permanent resident” of the state.
Mr. Amit Shah stated “Article 370 was a temporary provision; how long can a temporary provision be allowed to continue” while, Interior Minister Amit Shah introduced the measure in parliament amid massive protests from the opposition as well as regional parties in J&K. Opposition parties have condemned the government’s proposal, calling it “undemocratic.”
Following is link for the statements made by  Minister of Home Affairs of India Mr. Amit Shah on Article 370 and 35A-
https://www.livemint.com/news/india/full-state-status-will-be-restored-to-j-k-at-appropriate-time-amit-shah-in-rs-1564981600854.html
Pakistani terrorist groups always target India with their brutal plans and disturbing the peace of the country. These terrorist groups wash the minds of our fellow mates in Kashmir valley which cause destruction in the valley. Many students who want to study but aren’t able to because of the circumstances. Its a good opportunity for them to flourish and make their future bright.
This image has an empty alt attribute; its file name is kashmir-article35A-AP.jpg

One has to understand where this provision derives its powers from. When it was introduced in 1957, the state constituent Assembly raised the demand, which was then inserted on the recommendation of the President. The clause was introduced due to compromises which the Union had to make at that time. The time and context have to be understood,” said Dam.

Other experts, however, disagree and say that since there is a valid state legislative Assembly in the state, which also has constituent powers, any changes to Article 35A can be done by it.

Many people in the valley has also protested for the one as according to them their rights and freedom are taken away by the government. To avoid the destruction by the civilians and strikes and stone pleating by the people government immediately appointed the Indian Army there. The internet services were shut at that point, even the jammers were imposed in the places to avoid any contact with others. The shops were shut and no normal activity was taking place in the valley.

Every side has positive and negative aspects. The future will decide whether the decision taken by our government is right or not. But, we can surely commend, this will stop Pakistan from doing its dirty politics and there will surely be a downfall in terrorist activities.

ANALYSIS OF FALSE CONFESSION

WHAT IS A CONFESSION?

Confession doesn’t carry any definite meaning in definition given by ‘Sir James Fitzjames Stephen’ in his ‘A Digest of the Law of Evidence’. According to him, “a confession is an admission made at any time by a person charged with a crime stating or suggesting the inference that he committed a crime”. Thus, in Stephen’s definition an admission amounts to confession if the person accused or incriminated, firstly, states that he committed the crime or secondly, makes a statement by which he does not clearly admit the guilt, yet from the statement some inference maybe drawn that he might have committed the crime. But this definition was unaccepted by jurists.

The confession is nowhere defined in the Indian Evidence Act but the interpretation of admission given under provisions of Section 17 of IEA also applies to confession in an alike method, i.e. provisions for confession occur under the heading of admission. Section 17 signifies that, an admission is a statement, [oral or documentary or contained in electronic form], which suggests any inference as to any fact in issue or relevant fact, and which is made by any of the persons, and under the circumstances, hereinafter mentioned.

While ‘statement’ is a genus, ‘admission’ is a species of statement and ‘confession’ is a species of admission.  A confession, if voluntarily and truthfully made is an important piece of evidence and is an ‘efficacious proof of guilt’. If it is found that the confession was made and was free, voluntary and genuine, there would remain nothing to be done by the prosecution to secure conviction.

Case Laws:

Pakala Narayan Swami V. Emperor

Lord Atkin examined and held that “A confession must either be admitted in the context of any offence or in relation with any substantial facts which inaugurate the offence with criminal proceedings. And an admission of serious wrongdoing, even conclusively incriminating fact is not itself a confession”.

Palvinder Kaur V. State of Punjab

The Supreme Court elevated the Privy Council decision in Pakala Narayan Swami case and substantiated their arguments over two reasoning- Firstly, the definition of confession only comes to endure when the statements conferring the admission that he is either liable for any offence or the admission is probating all the facts which establish the offence. Secondly, when the statement has distinctive qualities and contains such a mixture of confessional statements which conclude to the discharge of the person making the confession, then such statements doesn’t amount to a confession.

WHAT IS A FALSE CONFESSION?

Individuals at large are condemned for murders, assaults and homicides yet one may have been barely sentenced for the offence he really didn’t commit. It may sound bizarre but this practice is widespread. Evidence generated through a confession is effective but erroneous.

A false confession is a statement which claims an admission of guilt for commission of crime by a person who hasn’t committed it. In other words, false confession is acceptance of culpability for an offence against the law whereby confessor is not responsible for it. Such a confession which is bogus can be coaxed through coercion, or under mental duress, or due to incompetency of accused. A false confession can said to be an involuntary statement proving guilt for a crime under threat or mental constraint such as anxiety.

In spite of exceptional preparation done for how to behave in direct meetings with an accused person, police can’t separate better than a layman whether suspects are lying or coming clean in front of them. Suspects in confinement routinely give up their self-defensive rights to stay shut and to counsel especially if they are blameless. This is a reason why law has created a series of rules in Indian Evidence Act,1872 under sections 24 to 26 which states confessions when irrelevant or involuntary confessions.

Section 24 of Indian Evidence Act excludes confessions caused by certain inducements, threats and promises. Section 25 deals with confessions made by an accused and excludes confession made to police officer as those confessions are considered involuntary as police officer to secure confession uses shortcut method by putting the arrested person into third degree so that arrested person confesses. Section 26 prohibits proof against any person of a confession made by him in the custody of a police officer, unless it is made in the immediate presence of a magistrate.

CAUSES OF FALSE CONFESSIONS:

Police Interrogation:

Some of the tactics taught to, and then used by, police officers include:

1) The use of false evidence to cause a suspect to believe that there is enough evidence to convict them without a confession

2) Using different psychological tactics based on whether the suspect is considered an “emotional” or “non-emotional” suspect

3) Using bait questions such as, “Why would we find your fingerprints at the crime scene?”

4) Leading a suspect to accept that it is in their best interest to give a confession by convincing him/her that the benefits of confessing are relatively high while the costs are relatively low

 5) Accuse the suspect as if they already have substantial evidence against them by using props such as large case files, fingerprint cards, and video tapes, etc.

 6) Causing a suspect to believe that a co-suspect has already confessed and implicated them in the crime or that a witness has seen and identified them.

Serious Illness and Substance Abuse:

In excess of 75% of those with mental illness who proffer a false confession also have a co-occurring substance abuse problem. In fact, many of these mentally ill individuals are using illicit drugs at the time of their false confessions to “self-medicate” being that they are not taking their prescription medications.

KINDS OF FALSE CONFESSIONS:

VOLUNTARY FALSE CONFESSION

There are a variety of explanations why people volunteer to make false confessions — such as a pathological need for attention particularly in high-profile incidents mentioned in the news and media; a conscious or involuntary tendency for self-punishment to expiate feelings of remorse for past transgressions; an inability to differentiate fact from fiction due to a failure in perception control, a typical characteristic of serious mental illness; and a desire to shield the actual perpetrator.

COMPLIANT FALSE CONFESSIONS

Contrary to voluntary false confessions, compliant false confessions are those in which suspects are induced to confess to a crime they did not commit through interrogation. In such situations, the defendant responds with a plea demand to exit from a difficult situation, prevent penalty, or receive a conditional or possible reward.

INTERNALIZED FALSE CONFESSIONS

In the third type of false confession, innocent but pliable suspects, told that there is undoubted evidence of their involvement comes to cede not only in their behaviour, but also to believe that they may have committed the crime in subject and often false memories are fabricated in the process. Also, many fake cases surrounding confession involve the use and apparent manipulation of fabricated evidence ruse.

CASE LAW:

Birey Singh vs. State

Under the Evidence Act the confession can only be taken into consideration as against the others. A rule of caution has been adopted by all Courts that A should not be convicted on the basis of B’s confession without material corroboration. In the face of the distinct possibility that the others might have been falsely implicated, it would not be correct to convict them without material corroboration. Unless the Court is in a position to say that the others have not been falsely named in the confession, there would always remain a doubt which would prevent the conviction of the others. If they are to be convicted, that doubt must be removed by the production of evidence indicating the connection of the others with the crime. One cannot be said to be one’s own enemy, and one would have no reason to accuse own self falsely of a crime. One may not lose anything by implicating others falsely, but the same cannot be said of accusing own self falsely.

CONCLUSION

Confessions have always been perceived as the ultimate afterword when a case is on the edge of being completed. They are recognized as no less than a spotless piece of evidence for hurling the suspect in the detention centre for staying years. Confessions play a great role in shaping the judgment. However, such a conjecture is not up to the mark always. False confessions substantiate the last sentence. Confessing to an offence one didn’t commit is unintelligent and one will get inquisitive to know the answer. The answer can be seen as an amalgam of psychology and law. It can be best described as a psychological product leading to legal corollary with a deleterious impact on the victims. False confessions can be seen as a subclass of wrongful conviction.

[1] (1939) 41 BOMLR 428

[2] https://blog.ipleaders.in/confessions-under-the-indian-evidence-act/

[3] Criminal Appeal No. 41 of 1952

[4] AIR 1953 All 785

[5]https://indiankanoon.org/docfragment/901939/

INDIA BANS 59 CHINESE APPS

On 29 June,2020 the government of India took a surprising decision to boycott China followed by the first step to ban 59 Chinese apps. Indian government surprised everyone at late night and put the ban. According to Section 69A of the IT Act empowers the Government to block any content in the interest of defense of the country. This move underscores that the cyber world and Internet are part of geopolitics, and not some distant matter left to techies. We must have a robust cyber-peace or war policy that addresses our national security concerns and presents a well-thought through, rights-respecting policy, in sharp contrast to an authoritarian regime like China.

The Indian government banned the social media platforms such as tik tok, Helo and We Chat. The shopping sites such as Shein and clubfactory has also suffered for their sudden demise in India. Even Shareit and cam scanner which has a lot of popularity in country.These were the more prominent apps that have been blocked amid rising tensions between India and China following clashes at the border two weeks ago. This is not a good sign for China as other countries can also react to this and can ban the applications in their respective countries. This is a huge loss for China in losing their profits and can fall for losses. The statement from the Ministry of Electronics and IT (MeitY) said it had received complaints from various sources, including several reports about the misuse of some mobile apps for stealing and surreptitiously transmitting users’ data in an unauthorized manner to servers outside India.

Here’s the complete list of the apps banned:
1. TikTok
2. Shareit
3. Kwai
4. UC Browser
5. Baidu map
6. Shein
7. Clash of Kings
8. DU battery saver
9. Helo
10. Likee
11. YouCam makeup
12. Mi Community
13. CM Browers
14. Virus Cleaner
15. APUS Browser
16. ROMWE
17. Club Factory
18. Newsdog
19. Beutry Plus
20. WeChat
21. UC News
22. QQ Mail
23. Weibo
24. Xender
25. QQ Music
26. QQ Newsfeed
27.Bingo Live
28. SelfieCity
29. Mail Master
30. Parallel Space
31. Mi Video Call – Xiaomi
32. WeSync
33. ES File Explorer
34. Viva Video – QU Video Inc
35. Meitu
36. Vigo Video
37. New Video Status
38. DU Recorder
39. Vault- Hide
40. Cache Cleaner DU App studio
41. DU Cleaner
42. DU Browser
43. Hago Play With New Friends
44. Cam Scanner
45. Clean Master – Cheetah Mobile
46. Wonder Camera
47. Photo Wonder
48. QQ Player
49. We Meet
50. Sweet Selfie
51. Baidu Translate
52. Vmate
53. QQ International
54. QQ Security Center
55. QQ Launcher
56. U Video
57. V fly Status Video
58. Mobile Legends
59. DU Privacy

Many people around the country are happy, though many of them are even not happy with the decision of the government processing this way to fight against China. After the Official statement passed by the government on the social media platforms, people started making memes and came in support of the decision whether it be a common man, celebrity or opposition itself. Everyone is in support of this decision. China should understand they need to keep calm and try to improve the situation or it will get even worse for them.

As per the reports of ANI, China is strongly concerned, verifying the situation: Chinese Foreign Ministry spokesperson Zhao Lijian on India banning Chinese apps. Their reaction to the situation tells it all they themselves are worried about the crises their country will fell for after these bans. The maximum users of Tik Tok is in India and the maximum revenue they collet is also from India. After this BJP government’s eye is on not givin powerups to the Chinese companies settled in India. It is soon going to be bad time for China. Soon be Careful.

India’s First Coronavirus Vaccine

As we know the spike of rates are increasing everyday for corona virus all over the world. Thousands of people are tested positive for coronavirus everyday and hundreds of them die and we still don not have any proper vaccine ready for this virus. The total rates in India are 629000 people who are tested positive for coronavirus, among which 380000 people have recovered and 18213 people are dead. Every country is trying its best to produce vaccines as soon as possible and so is our country. As per new reports, the first vaccine of India is likely to launch on the very important occasion for India Independence Day 15 August 2020.

BBV152 COVID vaccine is likely the vaccine for which the top researchers of the country are working on. Many institutes across the country are selected for the trial of people for Covaxin. The Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR) fast-tracking efforts to develop Covaxin in partnership with Bharat Biotech International Limited.”The vaccine is derived from a strain of SARS-CoV-2 isolated by ICMR-National Institute of Virology, Pune. ICMR and BBIL are jointly working for the pre-clinical as well as clinical development of this vaccine,” the ICMR said in a letter to the institutes.The final outcome will depend on the cooperation of all clinical trial sites involved in this project, the ICMR told the institutes, advising them to speed up approvals related to clinical trials and ensure that subjects are enrolled starting this week.

Bharti Biotech’s application for clinical trial, accessed by NDTV, reveals that the estimated duration of the trial is one year and three months. The sample size of the study is 1,125 people between 12 and 65 years. Out of the 12 institutes picked BY ICMR, seven are yet to establish an “Ethics Committee” to oversee the trial.The Phase 1 is planned for completion in 28 days, which would meet the August 15 deadline. It is not clear how the vaccine can be made available for public use with just the results of the first phase.No vaccine has yet been approved for commercial use against COVID-19. More than a dozen possible vaccines from over 100 being developed globally are being tested on humans. Some have shown potential in early-stage trials.

With drug manufacturers across the world scrambling to develop a vaccine for Covid-19, the disease caused by the novel coronavirus, Ahmedabad-based Zydus Cadila said it has received approval from the Drugs Controller General of India (DCGI) to conduct human studies for its coronavirus vaccine candidate.The potential vaccine showed a “strong immune response” in animal studies, and the antibodies produced were able to completely neutralise the wild type virus, Zydus said in a statement. Sources have said that the company submitted data of clinical trials on animals to the DCGI, in which the vaccine candidate was found to be successful with respect to “safety and immunogenicity”. After this Zydus Cadila was given the approval to begin human trials. It will be great to see who resolves the case of coronavirus vaccine at the first. Every country is still working over it but still many vaccines are showing positive results for the vaccines and some are not.

Why Traveling is Important

Traveling is the best part of one’s life and the best way to find a way from the busy schedule. Traveling is all about exploring new places, cultures, cuisines, rituals and styles of living. We also travel because distance and difference are the secret toxic of learning and creativity which one cannot observe by sitting at home. Traveling in itself has advantages, as it makes one forget his or her worries, problems, frustrations and fears. This helps by broadening your horizon to move in new directions, unplugging from the pulls and pushes of daily life. Traveling the world is a different way to entertain yourself, roam the world to explore the thing, find the new culture about different places and enjoy the life to fullest.

Traveling gives the perfect opportunity to try out new,exciting and authentic delicacies from different parts of the world. Introducing you to unique flavors which you have neither tasted nor heard off and leaving you startled .Traveling without experiencing the local food is not complete in anyway. We all love traveling, leaving our comfort zone, sightseeing, meeting new people and creating endless amount of unforgettable memories. Yet, the best part of all is the food. Traveling provides you with a wide range of authentic flavor that you would be missing out if you did not travel to different corners of the world. 

Culture often refers to the characteristics that are formed through language, history, geography,and family values. Learning about culture is enriching for the mind and soul. It can reinforce the whole experience and offer totally different perspectives. Discovering a new culture is learning something new which can be an exciting and thrilling experience that one cannot forget. Meanwhile let us not forget one is being exposed to different people , languages, cuisines, beliefs, traditions and customs. We can conclude that this can be a humbling and a learning experience that can become more social, flexible, open minded and independent .So if you have not done so yet, step out of your comfort zone and travel to experience a whole new world and its diversities. You come across new people, new cultures and new travel spot of the world.

It helps relieving the mind and reduces the stress level. Traveling undoubtedly is a best option for those who believe in leading a healthy life. Those who  travel are less likely prone to health issues as they are more active. The benefit of traveling begins well before the trip does. Traveling includes physical activity which promotes heart health by lowering the blood pressure and even preventing a stroke. Traveling broaden your horizons and boost up brain health sharp, healthy and creative. It is been scientifically proven that traveling reduces stress levels. This can help detoxify all your negatives and makes you active both physically and mentally and leaving you feeling healthy and rejuvenated. During traveling you  are endorsed to do things which you never thought you would do. Doing this just goes to improve and prove yourself how amazing you are.

Traveling enables us to build friendships and connections with people from various places across the world. Establishing connections and building a network overseas is one of the smartest thing you can do in today’s era. This can be such an enriching part of travel. We may meet with people for one day but we do appreciate these people for a lifetime whenever the memories are revived. Exploring a new place opens doors to establish new friendships and relationships that would have never been acquired without traveling .

Why Fitness is Important?

Fitness is the best blessing to the human life by god. One must always remain and fine. Fitness plays a vital role in our lives. If you are fit, only you will be able to do work and progress in life. Many people misguides themselves fitness by making muscles, six pack abs and weightlifting or running like athletes. Though, the people can do these things are certainly fit. The main meaning and in depth meaning of Fitness is physical, mental and emotional well being of one. The major reason people nowadays are unfit is due to imbalance of these main characteristics. These three qualities in a person makes a person fit and take care about one’s fitness.

The impact of mental health is so much that it can put a person in danger. The signs of being emotionally or mentally unfit is visible to the doctors in form of their physical appearance. The symptoms are easily visible proving the person is fit or unfit for the job. Staying unfit is like inviting the problems to the place itself. Stress is one of the factor which causes a lot of mental strain, specially in youth many people goes through stress, anxiety and infections in ulcers, heart attacks, digestion problems, etc.

Being fit is less likely for you come through heart attacks or blood pressure problems. Blood circulation is important for people to stay fit and have a healthy life and staying health conscious is wonderful. The heart is a muscle and if it is not exercised it will not be healthy. When you are fit, your heart is less likely to develop the many heart diseases found in so many people today. Walking is said to be the ultimate way to remain fit, with 2000 steps per day great for exercising the heart and keeping those joints supple. Running is not necessary to stay fit. If one cannot run regularly you can simply walk or jogging is even better. It helps to strengthen muscles or joints and makes you body active. You will notice the day you work out or exercise you will feel much active as compared to the days you don’t work out.

The energy is more amazing and you can feel the inner strength of yourself. It gives us a sense of purpose and reduces feelings of lethargy and depression. When you get out and about on your walk you will see or meet other people and this social interaction is also necessary to keep you feeling good about yourself and your life. Staying fit has many benefits and keep you more alive than the certain days.

Obesity is also a greater cause in nowadays routine, to overcome heart strokes or fat related issue one must exercise regularly and keep yourself fit and healthy. Maintain a proper lifestyle and follow a regular lifestyle to keep yourself alive and active. It also make you feel bad about your body image. When you are fit and healthy, you will always be more confident and happier as you tend to seek out people and activities that help you enjoy life. Stay healthy and active and live your life to fullest.

SUICIDE- ‘The highest rates of death’

The highest rate of death is caused by Suicide all across the world in many parts of the globe. People generally young adults find it the most easy way to end up their lives without even thinking about their loved one and the people whom they will leave behind them. The impact their death will put over the society, friends and most importantly their families. Death by suicide is an extremely complex issue that causes pain to hundreds of thousands of people every year around the world. According to the reports by World Health Organisation (WHO) every year approximately eight-hundred-thousand people die after committing suicide. Every person die every forty second.

Maximum suicide is caused by the disturbance of mind, people either suffering from anxiety or depression. The people find suicide as a easy option to end up their lives instead of living with the world. Their mind overpowers their will and pour negative thoughts in brain.This makes it one of the leading causes of death globally. Around twice as many die from suicide as from homicide. Suicide is more common than homicide across most countries in the world – often as much as ten to twenty times higher.If you suspect that a family member or friend may be considering suicide, talk to them about your concerns. You can begin the conversation by asking questions in a non-judgmental and non-confrontational way. Take them to the doctors and psychiatrist who can help them heal their problems and keep a regular check on the patients and help with proper medications.

There are many ways to show the sign of suicidal attempts. Having the thoughts of committing suicide, looking for the ways to kill oneself.Acting anxious, agitated, or reckless, Sleeping too little or too much, Withdrawing or feeling isolated, Showing rage or talking about seeking revenge and Displaying extreme mood swings. Any of the symptom can show the suicidal signs. If any of your known is going through such a state a doctor is truly required for help. Start talking to the people suffering through it. Be kind to everyone, you don’t know what one is going through. People can be fine in front of you, but what they are going through can affect them when they are alone. Inside them, a volcano is being formed which will burst if not controlled before. Love everyone, spread love and enjoy every bit of it.

While the link between suicide and mental disorders (in particular, depression and alcohol use disorders) is well established, many suicides happen impulsively in moments of crisis. Further risk factors include experience of loss, loneliness, discrimination, a relationship break-up, financial problems, chronic pain and illness, violence, abuse, and conflict or other humanitarian emergencies. The strongest risk factor for suicide is a previous suicide attempt.

There are many organisations in the world who help these people and people with disorders. One of that is presented by World Health Organisation. WHO’s approach to suicide prevention is known as LIVE LIFE.This approach is the basis on which comprehensive multi sectoral national suicide prevention strategies should be developed. Help the people who needs your help. Be calm with everyone and kind to everyone whether you are close to someone or not. You don’t know what the person is going through inside and outside.

KEDARNATH FLOOD- “NATURAL DISASTER OR MAN MADE DISASTER?”

On 17 June 2013, a major destruction caused when a flood came down overflowing the banks of Chorabari lake in Uttarakhand. The flood caused destruction of houses, buildings, temples and everything. The flood contained heavy rocks, slits and water and destroyed everything which came in its way. It took lives of many people living in the valley. It was a heavy loss of the lives of people and too for property and buildings. Thousands of people died, many were rescued and a lot went missing. Many kids left orphan, many parents lost their children in this tragedy. The pain of people could never be covered. This natural calamity left people in tears, government helpless and everyone devastated.

In Uttarakhand, between 13 June to 17 June, the stated received immense of rainfall which led to melting in the Chorabari glacier and the eruption of the Mandakini river. The flood even affected the boundaries of the state of Himachal Pradesh and Western Nepal in huge amount.  The heavy rainfall caused massive flash floods and landslides resulting in the death of residents and tourists as well as extensive damage to property. Reportedly the worst hit was the Kedarnath valley popular for the 8th century temple dedicated to Lord Shiva. The flood left behind a death toll of more than 5000. Ecologist Chandra Prakash Kala notes in a report that “the approximate cost of damaged bridges and roads was $285 million, dam projects worth $ 30 million and loss to state tourism worth $195 million.”

Thousands of pilgrims visit the place every year, it is a holy place for both hindus and sikhs, the temples of kedarnath, badrinath, yamunotri are of great importance. Hemkund Sahhib Ji the holy place for sikhs is a sacred place which invites many tourists and pilgrims every year. The upper Himalayan regions of Himachal Pradesh and Uttarakhand are difficult to access due to the difficult snow-clad terrain. But a good number of pilgrims make the trip every year due to these religious sites. Despite the natural causes for this flood, also the unplanned and haphazard construction, mismanaged tourism and related activities including intensive mining in this fragile ecosystem are some of the reasons that made to name this natural disaster partly as man-made that increased the intensity and magnitude of damages.In order to meet with the rising demands of religious tourism, the state government built an intricate network of roads, hotels, lodges and carried out other construction activities into the remote mountainous regions of the Himalayas. However, it is also true that the unexpected timing of the rainfall and the unusual amount of it also did not leave enough time for the pilgrims to evacuate, thereby increasing the magnitude of the impact.

After this tragedy, Indian Air Force (IAF) resuced almost 50,000 people from the valley. 5748 people died in the floods and 4550 villages were affected including Himachal Pradesh and Western Nepal. 3,886 people are still listed as missing and authorities assume that they were swept away and drowned.

However, the state government was forced to cancel it on account of the damage caused to roads and bridges. After 100 days of deafening silence the pilgrimage route to Kedarnath was finally opened on October 5, but only a small number of pilgrims were allowed at a time. However, religious tourism continued to remain affected for the next couple of years. It is worth noting though that despite the damage caused and the fear instilled by the floods, faith of the pilgrims was restored when they realised that though most parts of Kedarnath town had undergone a catastrophe, what remained untouched was the Shiva temple built in the 8th century AD.