An examination can be conducted via oral, written, or digital medium. However, it can be a stress for students, and some students get afraid and anxious just by hearing the name of exams. This is because they have the pressure to perform well in the examination.

Examination’ is derived from the Latin word “examinare” which means ‘to test something’. The English word ‘examination’ refers to a formal study of one’s proficiency level in knowledge or skill.

The first commonly known instance of examinations taking place occurred in China. It was the first time standardized testing of aptitude level was introduced. This model was later adopted by England and Europe. It proved quite beneficial in terms of military recruitment and certification. Later, this practice was applied in all fields of knowledge. Its importance is felt quite adequately in the strength it granted to each field. By withstanding tests and exams, a field was deemed respectful and worthy of pursuit.

Examinations are quite crucial in assessing one’s abilities. They are a means by which a person’s knowledge of their respective field can be assessed. They serve as a rite of passage, allowing students to discover their talents and skill. Exams are a necessary evil of sorts. They ensure that a person is quite capable of performing their assigned tasks in their professions. For instance, the public would prefer the justice system were governed by an educated judge instead of an illiterate one.

• Examinations are tests that aim to determine the ability of a student.
• Examinations — the only way to judge the achievement of students.
• In the present system percentage of marks puts great pressure and tension on students.
• Entrance tests are held for admission to Universities and Colleges.
• In the present system, probable questions are drawn up and their answers mugged up — examinations do not test the real merit.
• Semester system, monthly or weekly tests should be introduced — this would improve the system and lessen the tension and stress.
• But teachers — the examiners — should be just and honest and impartial.
• The gradation system instead of the percentage system can also be a better system.
• At the Public Service Examinations, examiners should sit together, discuss every question, and the requirement of an answer for determining the percentage. Checks and counter checks are necessary for the process.
• Examinations will have to go on — the system has no replacement for the present.

 

Citizenship Amendment Bill, passed in the Lok Sabha, states that if a person belonging to Hindu, Jain, Sikh, Buddhist, Parsi, or Christian community or one who has migrated from Afghanistan, Bangladesh, or Pakistan (on or before 31st Dec 2014) is no longer an illegal immigrant to the nation. Each of the categories mentioned above would receive Indian Citizenship. Citizenship Amendment Bill (CAB) later became the Citizenship Amendment Act (CAA) in December 2019.

Exceptions:

• The Act does not apply to tribal areas of Tripura, Mizoram, Assam, and Meghalaya because of being included in the 6th Schedule of the Constitution.

• Also, areas that fall under the Inner Limit notified under the Bengal Eastern Frontier Regulation, 1873, will also be outside the Act’s purview.

Why has the CAA been criticized by opposition parties?

India’s major opposition parties highlighted that the law is discriminatory as Muslims are not included in the list of immigrant communities that may benefit from the Act.

The opposition indicated that Muslims constitute around 15% of the Indian population, and the act excludes immigrants from that community. Therefore, it was criticized for being uneven.

The Indian government clarified that Muslims were not persecuted in the Islamic countries of Pakistan, Afghanistan, and Bangladesh. The government said that the Act specifically provides relief to persecuted minorities; Therefore, Muslims were not included in the list of beneficiaries.

Conclusion

There were also widespread protests in the northeastern states of India. The protesters are of the opinion that these illegal immigrants will break the economic, social, and political fabric of the northeastern states. They can also be a threat to the employment opportunities of residents living in these areas. Its objectives and reasons clearly stated that such refugees who have entered India before 31 December 2014 need special statutory arrangements for their citizenship-related subjects. The Ministry of Home Affairs has not yet notified the rules that will make the Act operational. There are several petitions against the Act which are to be heard in the Supreme Court in January 2020.

E.LALITHA 

 

The digital economy is the economic activity that results from billions of everyday online connections among people, businesses, devices, data, and processes. The backbone of the digital economy is hyperconnectivity which means growing interconnectedness of people, organisations, and machines that results from the Internet, mobile technology, and the internet of things (IoT). The digital economy is taking shape and undermining conventional notions about how businesses are structured; how firms interact; and how consumers obtain services, information, and goods.

Way Forward 

 Digital revolution must include communities and regions that were previously not part of
information and communication technology (ICT) advancement. 

 Sectors must be opened to new digital business models through reductions in regulatory
restrictiveness. 

 For countries to reap the digital dividend, there must be space for new digital competition,
experimentation, and entrepreneurship 

 Removing red tape that burdens digital entrepreneurs with unnecessary costs 

 Technological innovation is a boon for India, the only thing that matters is how much it is allowed to
change the economy.

  Government must formulate a new electronics policy, software product policy, and a framework for
data security and protection. 

 The focus needs to be on creating technology that is affordable, developmental, and digitally
inclusive. 

 The idea of setting up special innovative zones for start-ups must be explored. 

 Ensure a simpler tax compliance regime in order to further India’s Global ranking in ease of doing
business. 

 The need for internet and mobile application training aimed at less educated and the low-income
groups.

  Conclusion 

The digital economy could be an important vehicle for change and could dramatically expand
India’s role and influence in the global economy and become a powerhouse of digital innovation

E.LALITHA 

 

Dowry is an ancient culture. It has ever been an essential part of a marriage. It means money, in cash and kind, which is brought by a bride to her husband’s house. It was meant to help the newly-wedded couple set up a new home and live happily. Thus dowry was all right then. Even now, there is no wrong in giving dowry willingly and when it is within reach of the parents of the bride. But it is a curse when it is heartlessly pulled from them.

 Humanity is regarded as a biological entity by the environment as directly dependent on the natural world. Many vital resources on earth have to be exhausted if there is already deteriorating atmospheric chemistry and dangerous growth of human populations. Natural environments irreversibly destroy the foundation of a safe climate. All living things that live on this earth come under the environment. Whether they live on land or water they are part of the environment. The environment also includes air, water, sunlight, plants, animals, etc. Moreover, the earth is considered the only planet in the universe that supports life. The environment can be understood as a blanket that keeps life on the planet safe and sound.

If present growth trends in world population, industrialization, pollution, food problems and resource depletion continue unchanged, the limits to growth on this planet will be reached within the next one hundred years. The most probable result will be a rather sudden and uncontrollable decline in both population and industrial capacity.

International Agents and the Environment:

Since 1990 the World Bank and other international agencies have a formulated environment-related support programmes, i.e., programmes supporting development, while supporting the importance of the environment in economic development. The WB supports the sustainable development view.

First, it has highlighted the need for assessing all those projects which are expected to generate adverse environmental effects.

Secondly, poverty is found to be the major cause of environmental damage. The reason is that the poor people heavily depend on the environment.

The WTO has recognised the trade-off between trade and the environment and that environmental concerns could lead to protectionism. In spite of this the WTO supports the objective of SD and has been involved in assisting multilateral environmental agreements and increasing the awareness of links between trade and the environment.

The UN Conference on Environment and Development in June 1992—the Rio Earth Summit—leached agreements among 150 countries on reducing global warming by limiting atmospheric emissions by the year 2000 to their 1990 levels.

 President Ram Nath Kovind on April 6 appointed Justice NV Ramana as the 48th Chief Justice of India (CJI), accepting the recommendation made by his predecessor SA Bobde, who is due to retire on April 23. Justice Ramana, 63, who will take oath on April 24, will remain in office until August 26, 2022. It will be the longest tenure for a CJI in nearly a decade. Born on August 27, 1957, in an agricultural family in the Ponnavaram village in Krishna district of undivided Andhra Pradesh, Justice Ramana was a student leader during the nationwide Emergency in 1975. He lost an academic year too during his days as a student activist.

Justice Ramana worked as a journalist for a regional newspaper for two years before enrolling as an advocate on February 10, 1983.

As a lawyer, he practiced in the High Court of Andhra Pradesh, Central, and Andhra Pradesh Administrative Tribunals, and the Supreme Court of India in civil, criminal, constitutional, labor, service, and election matters.

He has specialized in constitutional, criminal, service and inter-state river laws, according to the website of the National Legal Services Authority, set up on November 9, 1995, to provide free legal aid to eligible candidates and organize Lok Adalats for the speedy resolution of cases. The CJI is its Patron-in-Chief.

Justice Ramana has also functioned as Additional Standing Counsel for the central government and Standing Counsel for Railways in the Central Administrative Tribunal (CAT) at Hyderabad, besides serving as Additional Advocate General of Andhra Pradesh.

• Recent Development:
  • In 2019, the SC ruled that the office of Chief Justice of India (CJI) comes under the purview of the Right to Information (RTI) Act, 2005.

 

Northeast India, one of the most beautiful regions of India, is also known as the “Seven Sisters”. It includes Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Manipur, Meghalaya, Mizoram, Nagaland, and Tripura states. Northeast is connected to the rest of the country by a narrow stretch of land between Bhutan and Bangladesh, and surrounded by an extremely sensitive frontier with Chinese-occupied Tibet and a 1600 km long border with Myanmar.

Every year thousands of children from these states travel all over the country for higher education and Delhi university in the capital state of the country is one of the favorite spots for it. And this institute also makes sure that they help them settle. One Northeast multi-cultural show is also one of those efforts to help students showcase their talent and cultural diversity. Mask Dance from Meghalaya, Pung Cholom & Basanta Ras Leela from Manipur, Satriya nritya from Assam, Naga Dance from Nagaland, and Bamboo Dance from Mizoram was part of the show.

The population of eastern India [northeast India in our vocabulary] includes a large population of tribal and minority people who speak languages closely related to languages of Southeast Asia rather than to the languages of India proper, and their cultures in many ways resemble the cultures of neighboring Southeast Asian peoples. Just as the southern boundary of China does not make a cultural or linguistic division, the eastern border of India does not mark off a cultural or linguistic area. Eastern India thus is an area where Southeast Asian highlanders come in contact with a highly stratified lowland society based on caste.

The Citizenship Amendment Act protests have been going on in India’s North East, especially in Assam, since 2016. Assam’s civil society, the largest farmers’ organisation, student organisations, pressure groups, teachers, writers, actors, indigenous people’s rights organizations, tribal people’s rights organisations, all have been opposing the Bharatiya Janata Party’s sinister design, along with other states in India’s North East.

                                               

                                                                                                                         E.LALITHA

 

At present we very often come across the words criminalization of politics. The meaning of the term is quite known to educated people and newspaper readers. When politics or political power is used by self-interest-seeking persons for pecuniary gains or various other advantages such as to get a special position in administration or to rise to the higher stage of administration which is normally not feasible. So criminalization of politics means to use politics or political power for nefarious gains. To gain something not legal or normal has been called a crime. Here the word crime is used in politics in a special sense. 

India can vaingloriously claim itself as the world’s largest democracy, but can’t hold up to claim to be the greatest democracy of ideal representatives. Because, there is a constant and audacious increase over the years in the number of candidates in the elections, whether for Parliament or the state assemblies with criminal cases against them.

The ADR ( Association for Democratic Reforms) analysis shows that the candidates facing criminal charges had more chances of winning as compared to those with a clean record and this raises the question as to why Indians elect criminal politicians? It is usually said that people vote for criminals out of fear. Indian voters elect criminals due to the benefits of the divine they would receive from them since the politicians would have huge discretionary power over the implementation of policies that enable the distribution of benefits to the public

Criminalization of politics in India includes political control of the police, state money, corruption, weak laws, lack of ethics, values, vote bank politics, and loopholes in the function of the election commission. Having a weak rule of law in India is the main reason that has led to an increase in alternative forms of dispute resolution.

Conclusion

Every country’s fate depends upon its politics. Abraham Lincoln says, “ Democracy is a government of the people, by the people and for the people”. But now, the rule of law can only be found in books. Criminals, powerful people, the machinery have formed such a dangerous cocktail that is now proving to be poisonous for society. Corruption and criminalization of politics are ruining the roots of democracy.

 

India is notorious for its complex tax system it is almost impossible for new businesses and startups to understand the direct and indirect tax systems, this problem gets even more aggravated when constant changes are made to taxes with each financial year but things change with the new goods and services tax commonly known as GST.

GST is abbreviated as Goods and Service Tax. It is a very good step taken by our government of India to make a developed country. This system is launched by our honorable Prime Minister Mr. Narendra Modi on 1st July 2017. GST is the one tax system that is really helpful for the people. The main aim of this tax system is really helpful for the people. The main aim of the tax is to reduce black marketing and make it easy for business people to analyze tax.

There are mainly three taxes in GST

Central Good and Service Tax (CGST)
State Goods and Service Tax (SGST)
Integrated Goods and Service Tax (IGST)

GST is divided into two types one is goods and service tax that is abbreviated as SGST and central and service tax which is abbreviated as CGST. Transport of goods comes under integrated goods and service tax which is abbreviated as IGST.

There are four slabs in the GST system. They are 5%, 12%, 18%, 28%. These slabs are divided based on how essential the goods are? Many items of daily need like milk, bread, butter, and health facilities have been exempted from GST. The prices of some items have reduced like coffee, eating in restaurants, confectioneries while prices of some items have increased like cars, air traveling

GST has brought a major change in the indirect taxation system. It is beneficial for consumers, traders, and also the government. Though it has few drawbacks, it should not be the reason to demean a system that has many long-term advantages. In my opinion, GST is a historic move by our government that has brought major changes in our taxation system by implementing one Nation one tax. The GST is obviously not a panacea for all ills of India’s economy. It is nevertheless a revolutionary and long-pending reform. It promises economic growth and jobs, better efficiency and ease of doing business, and higher tax collection. We hope that its imperfections and potential pitfalls will be sorted out as we roll it out.

 

Cybersecurity means protecting data, networks, programs, and other information from unauthorized or unattended access, destruction, or change. In this era where the use of computers has become commonplace, cybersecurity is a major concern. The rapid development of technology and the availability of the internet to most of the public, has become commonplace, cybersecurity is a major concern. The rapid development of technology and the availability of the internet to most of the public, has broadened the pathway of cybercrime.

There is a different form of Cyberattacks like viruses, Malware, spyware, phishing, ransomware, fraud, etc. Clicking infected web pages, malicious websites, links or unintentionally downloading a dangerous program also allows hackers to gain illegal access to other computer systems. According to a report, India Steel ranks higher than Global peers as there are 54% Malware and ransomware attracts in India as compared to 47% globally. Yahoo also acknowledges that in India 3 billion accounts were breached in 2013.

Cybersecurity is equally important for local, state, and central governments as these organizations maintain a huge amount of confidential data and records concerning the country and its citizens. Yet several government organizations face difficulty in protecting data because of inadequate secured infrastructure, limited funding, and lack of security awareness. Stealing of confidential data or sensitive information, digital by terrorists from government organizations, as well as digital spying can lead to serious threats on a country. For this reason, cybersecurity is of paramount importance for government organizations also and is a vital asset to the nation

Cybersecurity offers a variety of career paths depending on the level of experience you have and your area of expertise. You can be an analyst/engineer, network administrator, programmer, or data analyst and many more other positions available depending on your area of interest and experience. Some jobs a required while others are possible as long as it relates to your field in the security field such as computer science or finance. If you’re looking for a career that will pay well, then cybersecurity is the right choice for you because it’s relatively new and will only continue to grow.

 

 We live in an age where many of us are privileged enough to enjoy technology-driven amenities or to acquire education from a proper school, or satisfy our hunger thrice a day. But, there are still some children out in the world who have not even relished a fraction of such comforts. Every coin has two phases as with the innocence of childhood. One is enjoying his burgers in McDonald’s while the other is thinking whether he will get the bread tonight. One is playing with PS at his home while the other is toiling under the sun. One is driving to the school in a brand-new Mercedes while the other is still struggling with counting the marbles. Children are the blooming flowers in the garden of humanity. Childhood is the depiction of innocence, love, and pure bliss. This innocence and childhood must never be stolen from any child.

CAUSES OF CHILD LABOUR:

Lack of social security, hunger, and poverty are the fundamental drivers of child labor. The expanding gap between the rich and poor people, privatization of fundamental organizations, and the neo-liberal monetary strategies are causes of significant areas of the population remaining out of business and without essential needs. This antagonistically influences kids more than some other age groups. A significant concern is that the real number of child workers goes un-distinguished. Laws that are intended to shield youngsters from unsafe work are ineffectual and not executed accurately.

MEASURES TO STOP CHILD LABOUR:

Elimination of poverty, the abolition of child trafficking, and compulsory and free education and training can help diminish the issue of child labor. Strict implementation of work laws is additionally a basic requirement with the end goal to counteract abuse by organizations. Amendments in the present child labor laws are required to actually take control of the situation. The base of the age of fourteen years should be expanded to something like eighteen. Then only we can put an end to the continuous harassment faced by our kids and help them have a bright future not only for themselves for the nation as a whole.

Conclusion:

Child labor is one of the broad social issues that require getting resolved on an urgent basis. This step is incomplete without the support of parents as well as the government. Kids carry a flourishing prospect of any developing nation. Thus, they should be a considerable concern of all the citizens.

Children should get an appropriate chance to grow and develop inside the contented surroundings of school and family. People should not use them for their earnings or for-profit motive. Children have the full right to live their personal life with proper education.

 

Plastics are a man-made disaster that will stay with us for thousands of years to come. Also, our life has never been plastic-free. Every aspect of our lives includes plastics in it, whether it’s entertainment, medical, travel, work, or just home. But it won’t be fair if we don’t acknowledge the fact that plastic has also been a boon for economic development in the world. It has been a wonder material for many industries.

A truly wonderful and magical material, plastic was invented in the year 1907 by Leo Hendrick Bakeman in New York, United States of America. This wondrous material was made from phenol and formaldehyde in a cheap and easy method. Ever since this revolutionary invention, the world as we knew it has changed. Plastic replaced many materials in industries. Plastic is so widely used around the world because of its following properties:

• Plastic is a hard material
• Plastics are a highly dense material
• Its tensile strength is high
• It is resistant to heat and high temperatures
• It is a non-conductor of electricity and heat
• It is light in weight
• The production of plastic is cheap and simple

 

Vallabhbhai Jhaverbhai Patel, popularly known as Sardar Patel, was a leading pathfinder in the Indian history of the freedom struggle. He was appointed as the First Deputy Prime Minister of India. He was a barrister and also served for Indian National Congress.  He is considered as the founding father of the “Republic of India” where he played a pivotal role in integrating the provinces freed from British Rule. He also took part in the Quit India Movement, which shook up the British that ultimately led to the freedom of India.

Given below are ten lines on Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel, which students are aspiring to write competitive exams can use and for making speeches.

1. Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel was one of the dynamic and famous leaders of the country.
2. He was on 31st October 1985 in a small village in Gujarat.
3. Patel was a freedom fighter and participated in many freedom struggles against the British brought authorities.
4. He was a close associate to Mahatma Gandhi, and he joined the Indian National Congress.
5. Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel was jailed many times because he participated in the freedom struggle.
6. Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel is better known as the  Iron Man of India.
7. Patel was elected for the post of Home Minister soon after India got independence and he went to become the Deputy Prime Minister too.
8. He was a dynamic leader who had a firm belief in Unity, and he was one of the leaders who brought the people of the country together.
9. He played a significant role in the Integration of the country after Independence.
10. Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel was one of the leaders who was conferred with the Bharat Ratna award.