Day: June 17, 2020

4 fundamental laws of India every student should know

Students of a country are the most powerful and important resource for better development. Students create the future of a country. As important students are, they sometimes end up being exploited and denied of their rights.

It is very important for every student, specially college students to know their legal rights. Although, in India, there is no special right and provision is solely dedicated to students, but here are four very important laws in the Indian constitution that every student must know of the Indian Penal code.

Right to Information (Article 19 (1) (a)):

Right to Information (RTI) is an act of the Indian Parliament that makes the right to information a fundamental right for the citizens of India. This Right to Information was passed by Parliament on June 15, 2005, and came fully into force on October 12, 2005.

Under the RTI Act, any citizen of India can request information from any public authority and the authority will have to revert back at the earliest or within thirty days.

If the matter involving a petitioner’s life and liberty, the information has to be provided within 48 hours.

Right to Equality (Article 14):

Right to Equality (Article 14) of the Indian constitution give equality before the law within the territory of India. This law is applicable to anybody and everybody who is inside the territory of India including an Indian citizen, corporations, and foreigners.

Article 14 permits classification, so long as it is ‘reasonable’, but forbids class legislation. Classification of groups of people is considered reasonable when:

  • The classification is based upon intelligible differentia that distinguishes persons or things that are grouped from others that are left out of the group,
  • The differential has a rational relation with the objective of the act

Right to Education (Article 21A):

Right to Education Act (RTE), is an Act of the India Parliament which was made on August 4, 2009. This law describes the modalities of the importance of free and compulsory education for children between 6 and 14 in India under Article 21 (a) of the Indian Constitution.

RTE makes accessibility of education a fundamental right of every child between the ages of 6 and 14 and specifies minimum norms in elementary schools.

This law states that all private schools have to reserve 25 percent of seats to children (to be reimbursed by the state as part of the public-private partnership plan).

It also prohibits all unrecognised schools from practice and makes provisions for no donation or capitation fees and no interview of the child or parent for admission.

The Act also provides that no child will be held back, expelled, or required to pass a board examination until the completion of elementary education.

There is also a provision for special training of school drop-outs to bring them up to par with students of the same age.

Right to Life (under Article 21):

The Right to life (Article 21) says that nobody, including the Government, has to authority to end your life. Under this law, it is mandatory for the Government to take appropriate measures to safeguard life by making laws to protect you.

Right to Life also makes it necessary for the govt to take appropriate steps to protect you if your life is at risk.

Public authorities should also consider your right to life when making decisions that might put you in danger or that affect your life expectancy.

If a member of your family dies in circumstances that involve the state, you may have the right to an investigation.

Mystery behind Sushant Singh Rajput sucide may be revealed!!!!

On 14th June, the charming actor committed suicide in his own flat. At first report, there was not a single suicide not was there. Then after his nearby closest friend shekhar which is a well known in bollywood comes and saying there is a hypocrite panel behind this suicide.

As from the coming report from media, it is impossy the depression of sushant was dur to well established production houses like Yash Raj Films, Balaji Filmes, Salman khan films etc. These production houses ban this outsider actor from bollywood. A 1year ago there was a clash between sushant and suraj Pancholi at a part night of bollywood. There Salman Khan sort out the fight. And at last he settle down the heat. But after that He silently makes the things tough for Sushant.

After that incident Sushant signed 7 films, but unfortunately not even a single film comes on box office. From the sources, there was also a humour that every well known production house banned this talented star. But after that too, Sushant makes it into the very remembered film “CHICHORE”. He showed his master class performance in this one. And it was his last and the biggest hit in BOLLYWOOD.

Now many actors and producers are giving tribute to him. But now audience are aware and just trolling down this people. Many people are requesting Police to take the look up at social media too into this investigation. Police also claimed they will going to look up at all the points.

At last everyone just want Justice for Sushant Singh Rajput. Let the nepotism must be banished through all. Because it is really taking alot from us. It is not only in Bollywood, also in every field. This thing must be stopped. And people have to understand if they don’t give hope to a person who is in grief, then they should not also celebrate on their failure. And try to aware your surroundings, and whenever finds a man with depression, please let know about him.

Indo-China border dispute explained

There was never a border between China and India. In 1950 China invaded and took Tibet. The border between India and Tibet became the border between Indian and China. In the year 1914 there was a agreement between India and Tibet about the border line. But China never agreed to Indian claims. In 1962 India and China had a war. After that there were minor clashes which lasted in the year 1975 in which 4 Indian soldiers died.

Had China invaded the Indian territory or India did? How much territory had been occupied? The Line Of Actual Control(LAC) is not clearly defined and not demarcated. There is a disagreement where LAC lies. The region between this disagreement is known as Area Of Differing Perception (ADPA) which is also known as gray area.

There are three regions where the current dispute is going on namely Pangong Lake, Galwan valley and hot springs near Konga.

1. Pangong Lake: Both Indian and Chinese army went for patrolling in this region which covered about 10km. Those conversations had turned into conflicts. From the past few years India started building infrastructure by building roads which made easy for India to transport the troops. China claims that their LAC lies in Finger 4 whereas Indian claimed LAC lies in Finger 8. The region between these fingers is termed as gray region. The first dispute began on 5th May 2020 and Chinese troops travelled to finger 5 and eventually reached finger 4 on 10th of May. Over 5000 soldiers are between Finger 4 and finger 8 which covered about 8km. Both the governments agreed not use guns and bullets. That is why we have seen savage kind of beating which includes the rocks, sticks, iron rods and fists. Intially Indian government claimed that three soldiers were killed and which rose to 20 in number the very next day. Indian claims that 43 Chinese soldiers were killed but there is no official announcement from the Chinese government.

2. Galwan valley: It is situated at the height of 14000 km above the sea level. They occupied 2-3kms of Indian territory which also gave them direct access to the Northern India. The main advantage to Chinese troops lies in the height itself. They can attact the Indian troops from above. We can’t say that Chinese intruded in the Indian land in Pangong river because there wasn’t a clear LAC. But here there is a clear border line which was agreed by both governments. Chinese crossed the border line.

3. Hot springs near Konga: It is the least affected area among the three. Chinese got no use of this area.

Rajnath Singh once admitted in an interview that Chinese soldiers crossed border. PIB made sure that it was a fake news. Few say that China is trying to evoke the nationalist sentiment amidst COVID19 crisis. Few say that Chinese is against the infrastructure that had been developed by India by building roads. The majority say that the government made Ladakh a union territory and this had made China to do so.

There are no natural resources in that area and still China try to conquer that frozen deserted land to show its power and strategic position in the world.

Renaissance: A new Beginning

Renaissance is one of the most important periods when it comes to the chronological graph of English literature. Various theorists and historians have developed their own theories in terms of renaissance ideologies, style, fashion so on and so forth. This article aims at representing the shift and transformation that was brought about by the movement during the Renaissance period with the reference with reference to Stephen Greenblatt’s work. Greenblatt gives a vivid idea of the transformation that took place in the 16th century which brought about a fashion sense which made them realize that they could be transformed and fashioned in a way that would make a change.

The central thematic idea of this transformation is not the autonomy, but the perception. This change is quite difficult to express in a vivid manner because it is not only complex but the mode is dialectical. However, the simplest observation that one can make here is that the 16th century brought about a collective sense of self-consciousness among the people. Such self-consciousness had been once wide spread among the classical people but Christianity made a shift happen in the perspective which simply brought a growing suspicion of man’s power to govern.


Renaissance brought about a collective consciousness in terms of all kinds all social, political, psychological and economic domains which has completely changed the world since then.


Spenser in The Faerie Queene puts forward a sense of self-consciousness towards fashion which had never been seen in Chaucer’s poetry. Knight Calidore can be considered a representative who brought forward this consciousness in literature and the society at a larger scale.
Greenblatt also explains the kind of this sense of “fashion” and he mentions how even the figure of Lord Christ in the New Testament has been shown as a figure with a sense of fashion within himself. Apart from that, this fashion gives rise to considerable anxiety, self-doubt and acquires a new range of meaning.


The role of literature in bringing forward this transformation in the society has also been highlighted by Greenblatt. According to him literature functions as a driving mechanism that helps to bring about this sense of self-doubt and pushes further to re-imagine their sense of existence.
A common factor in all the significant figures of the sixteenth century is their depiction of mobility from different perspectives that ends up showing the similar sense of transformation.

There is no such thing as a “single history of the self” of the sixteenth century. In order to express the sense of self-fashioning of the period, Greenblatt gives a few more points in a detailed manner. Self-fashioning according to him involves submission to an absolute power, supposedly an external one (God or some sacred book or something like that).
Self-fashioning is achieved from something which apparently seems to be something alien/strange/hostile. When one authority or alien is destroyed, another one immediately takes place. Therefore self-fashioning can be presumed to be something which is achieved at the point of encounter between an authority and an alien.

– Suvasree Bandyopadhyay

Social Media: Boon or Bane

We live in a massive world. Humans are spread out all over the globe. On a very basic and natural level some of us are separated from others by a huge distance and in some cases by the oceans between us. Naturally this makes it impossible for us to connect with someone across the globe. But thanks to the level of technology and advancement this world is at, most of us have smartphones and a working wireless internet connection. With the help of all this, we are all connected with each other. Via the internet there is no part of the world we can not connect to while sitting in our bedrooms on our bed. If someone told us that this would be possible 50 years ago, we would call them stupid. And it would have been a justified response as the internet did not exist. 

All this is majorly possible with the help of social media. Social media is an internet based platform which helps people as well as communities all over the world connect with each other via texting, posting, commenting etc. Some of the popular social media sites are facebook, instagram, twitter, snapchat, etc.

In the past decade social media has taken over the world with ease. With the start of myspace to facebook to the latest most popular platform snapchat, the world is now socially connected.

Social media has not only helped people connect all over the world, but it has given people an open opportunity to express themselves, it has given people careers, has helped spread important messages etc.

While all of this seems great on paper, social media also has major upsetting downsides.

With giving a common man an open platform to share his views, opinions on a certain topic freely, social media has also given a hefty amount of power into the hands of an everyday man. As a world famous quote has said “With great power comes great responsibility”.  While some people have used this power responsibly and have worked for the greater good of the world, some people have used this power to spread hate, pass on private information and commit crimes like harassment, cyberbullying etc. The amount of reported cyber crime via social media has been increasing at an alarming rate every year. While precautions as well as certain rules and restrictions have been set into place to prevent such activities, these crimes and scams continue to happen. Also in some countries like India, the cyber security department is not as strong because of which some crimes often go unnoticed.

While causing harm over the internet and helping people connect online, social media has also made people disconnect offline. Often people rather than meeting up and talking in person connect on social media and talk through that. Which would be fine if it did not hide the true nature of someone, allow manipulation and thought out schemes.

Social media can be a plus as well as an effective negative for our generation depending on how we use it. If you use social media, in your hands lies a great power. A post on social media has a potential to reach millions and billions of people online. So what you do with this reach is in your hands. Use social media wisely and carefully and make sure to also connect with people in a natural way rather than just sticking to online.

CLAT as a Career Option


“A small story based on an incident that changed Debopriya’s life”

DEBOPRIYA : Oh mom! Look how our fellow men, the Kashmiri Pandits, are suffering in the valley! I wish they had received some fair justice!
MOM : Oh yes darling! Why don’t you try to serve for the humankind? You would too be able to provide a fair justice to them!
DEBOPRIYA : Mum what and how can I do for them?
MOM : Simple, become a lawyer and fight for their rights!
DEBOPRIYA : Yeah mom! You’re right! Thanks for showing me the right path! Love you mum!
MOM : Love you too my dear! Hope you achieve your success, Gob bless you my child!

**Debopriya cracked her CLAT exams from Ram Manohar Lohia National Law University, Lucknow. Now, she’s practicing law in the High Court of Allahabad, under the supervision of her Senior Advocate. **

Now you must be definitely pondering over the term CLAT and might be making guesses with its relationship with “Law “. To give you a sigh of relief, I will tell you what CLAT means and how is it going to help you in making your career.

CLAT – its expanded form is Common Law Admission Test, that is conducted annually by the 22 Law Universities (National Law Universities).

Eligibility –

  1. For LLB – a candidate must have secured minimum marks required in 12th standard, as per the category to which he/she belongs:
    • For General /OBC /Specially Abled Persons (SAP) and other categories- minimum 45% marks are required.
    • For SC/ST Category – minimum 40% marks are required.
  2. For LLM – aspirants appearing for CLAT LLM course should have secured a minimum percentage in qualifying examinations, such as LL.B/ BA LL.B/ any other equivalent exam. The marks again varies as per candidates category to which he/she belongs-
    • For General /OBC /Specially Abled Persons (SAP) and other categories: minimum 50% marks are required.
    • For SC/ ST category – minimum 45% marks are required.

CLAT as a career option and opportunities:-

Surely, CLAT is a good career option with vast amount of opportunities. For instance, think about a situation wherein you want to provide a fair justice to the innocent victims, but you’re unable to do so as you don’t have law degree. So, if you positively crack the CLAT exams, you would be able to become a lawyer in the near future. The following are the benefits of CLAT as a career option –
• LITIGATION- only a law degree is not sufficient to judge your calibers. In order to practice law in the courts, you should learn the basics under the supervision of Senior Advocates. Before joining the court, you have to clear a Bar Exam. Now, litigation offers you employment in both public and private sectors. You are free to choose any field of law, such as Constitution, crime, family law, tax etc.
• JUDICIAL/CIVIL SERVICE- this is one of the interesting jobs one can pursue after acquiring law degree. If you want a government job, you can opt for State Judicial Service Examination conduct by the State High Courts. Besides this, one may also opt for cracking Civil Services conduct by the UPSC.
• LAW FIRMS- you can also work in various renowned law firms that are basically big business groups, dedicated towards practicing law.
• CORPORATE COUNSEL- as a graduate, you can work with company or corporate entity as an in-house counsel, giving legal advices related to business.
• INTERNSHIPS-in order to gain some experiences about functioning of legal matters in the court, you should enroll yourself as an intern while you are pursuing your law studies. This will give a outline about how legal documents are documented.
• PROFESSOR- a law professor is a job that remain open for all those who are aspiring to teach law in colleges or universities.
• CLERK- as a legal clerk, one has to work as a legal assistant in various courts and under various judges.

What are you now waiting for? If you have fire in your belly, then of course go for CLAT and achieve a high flying success. All the best!

“ABOUT” SECTION OF FACEBOOK


If you are visiting a brand page for first time, you should know exact details of “about” section. The “about” section is similar to that of tutoring which provides the additional details. This section provides the details like location, phone number,DOB, etc. The first things visitors see upon landing on a facebook page is “about” section and updating the information in this section is very important.
Sometimes the users may not be aware of the exact usage of this section, there is an individual link called help which provides the exact terms and conditions which are designed by the facebook. By this everyone can easily understand those conditions.
For providing the details of this particular section, there is no requirement of prior preparation. The “about” section only provides the original details of an individual or a company and hence for giving out these personal details, preparation is not required.
College students can usually be hired on at relatively affordable rates. Hiring students early gives them a chance to learn the ropes of your company while they are still in school, so they can be at their full potential once they’ve graduated. But some employers make mistake of not considering the needs of college student recruits by making applications and pre-hiring assignments. This means providing unclear hiring requirements,requiring intense rounds of interviews, or offering all the wrong benefits for college students. Students always mention their education details in their “about” section which is helpful for the recruiters.
Sometimes we can also keep our “about” section private. For this we can make changes in the edit section,which will expand the section and allow you to choose who,if anyone ,sees the relevant information. To keep anyone from seeing it, click on “only me” under “who should see this”.
FaceBook also provides live option which can be irrespective of the “about” section and accounts whether it may be a private or a public account. There are certain steps which should be followed before going into live, like checking the internet connection and also notifying your followers, etc. Since FaceBook have been made virtual, it is very useful for the users to overcome their inconveniences.
FaceBook have been the best photo sharing app before the emerging of instagram. FaceBook have certain conditions for sharing the photos. The “about” section also gives out the best and all required information about an individual or a company.
The recruiters notices all your accounts in social media inorder to track the details of the particular employee. Whenever they view the “about” section, they can easily identify whether the individual suits their company or not. English which you use in the “about” section clearly indicates your proficiency in English.
FaceBook also allows to update the “about” section. Due to the growing technologies, all of the requirements were made online. Hence when we on the internet connection,all social medias indicate your presence as online or certain indications.

But when considering about the technology developed in online made us stay away from our members. Those members may be family, friends,etc. Hence we can easily conclude that this online mode has major disadvantages than the advantages.

“Why reading books is beneficial for all of us?”

Books are a huge source of information. You can get knowledge about different things and topics by reading various types of books.

Books are very helpful for each and every one of us. Reading a book has numerous benefits. You never actually get bored while reading books. Hence, everyone should adopt the habit of reading books as this habit has no side effects.

So, I have listed below a few advantages of reading books :

● Books give us knowledge about the world, our environment, rich history and geography of our city, state, country and the entire globe. We get to know about our ancestors, mythological stories and also about the varied culture and tradition of our society through books.

● When you read a book, you get a chance to live a completely new life. You start imagining yourself in place of the characters mentioned in the book. Hence, you get an opportunity to live different characters in the fictitious world.

● Books help to improve your mental health. Reading your favourite book will help to reduce your stress. It will also help in fighting depression. You will feel better once you finish reading the books. It changes your mood and brings positivity in your thoughts.

● When you read different types of books your vocabulary becomes better. You get to learn so many different words by reading books written in several languages. This certainly helps to upgrade your writing and speaking skills.

● Books help to strengthen your imagination skills. They boost your creative power. This improvement in your creativity skills definitely proves to be useful in real life.

● Reading books also helps to enhance your concentration. You get so deeply involved while reading a book that you forget the rest of the world and you only focus on the story or the information provided in the book.

● Books are like our companion. They never leave you alone. They always support you and provide the necessary help like your real friends. They help to forget your sorrows and pain just like your friend does.

● Books provide you with unlimited fun and entertainment and that too for free. By reading books of different genres, you stay amused with the beautiful stories, poems and well-researched information written in them.

● Books teach you good human values. They increase your confidence and help to improve your overall personality. You start believing in yourself and this belief helps you to overcome problems in your real life.

● Reading books undoubtedly provides you with knowledge about innumerable things. But apart from providing the required knowledge, books make you aware of real life. You get to learn so many different skills by reading a book. You gain an understanding of how things work in real and how people actually are. Books can help you to deal with people of different personalities as you become well equipped with the necessary skills.

So whenever, you are feeling frustrated or are tired to do anything, then all you need to do is just take a break from your work, keep your mobile phone down and grab a book from the shelf and start reading it. This will make you calm and give you peace of mind. You will feel energised and refreshed, after which you can happily resume your work.

The Importance of Cyber Security awareness in Third World Countries

Importance of cyber security awareness in the third world countries
With the emergence of technology as one of the major driving tools in the field of organizational developments, a plethora of technical advancements have taken place across the world. Each development in any field comes with certain flaws in terms of its security policies or error in economic methodologies which need to be addressed and rectified with effective methods in order for the system to develop further.

Importance of cyber security

Cyber security has emerged to be an effective tool in protecting the privacy of the enormous amount of data stored on computers and other devices by the government, industrial organizations, financial, corporate and medical organizations. Computer security hence has become a major methodology in the field of cyber security. Sensitive/personal or confidential data needs to be secured for it may have negative consequences once leaked. Unauthorized and unethical access to these information may lead to several harmful repercussions due to which cyber security awareness is
important for every individual irrespective of profession, gender or societal position in today’s world.

However, a very common misconception happens to exist due to which many people consider cyber security to be something that only elite and rich industrial personalities need to deal with. Specifically in the third world countries like India, Bangladesh people barely talked about this for years. Therefore, the need for every individual residing in a society to have a basic knowledge about cyber security came into existence after years of research and experimentation in this field by hundreds of experts.

Ethical hacking and its importance

Although the word hacking constantly pops up with an image of some unethical and illegal activities in minds, there is a whole legal methodology which enables and increases data security and privacy. Companies and organizations literally hire ethical hackers in order to ensure their personal data privacy.

It took a huge amount of cybercrimes to create a sense of awareness about the importance of ethical hacking in people. Chiefly the third world countries always lacked awareness of the importance of such things but on an optimistic note, there are enormous amount of websites and organizations that exist to make people aware about these things in a simple yet convincingly logical way.

Bug Bounty awareness

With the growing rate of cybercriminals, a fearful need to protect important data is becoming more and more essential for the organizations to grow in a harmless way. With the bug bounty program, ethical hackers tend to help with finding the vulnerabilities in the system before the unauthorized access is made by cybercriminals.

A bug bounty program consists of several (somewhat risky) steps to ensure the dismissal of the probable illegal and unauthorized access to the private data of an organization.

Jobs and opportunities in India

After U.S and China, the highest numbers of internet users are from India with over 370 million mobile subscriptions with internet connection.

The growing rate of dependency upon technology has made it essential to ensure data privacy. This has led to a demand for cyber experts in India which has created a new domain of experimentation and research among the youth of the country. It has become a significant and important part of the education system in India. The rate in which pursuing a career in cyber security in India has increased makes the growing necessity of cyber experts clearly evident. Another reason why India is one of the major countries in need of cyber experts is its population. A huge number of people have access to internet which leads to the increasing cybercrime rate, eventually causing a dire need of cyber experts who can help to create an improved and better scenario for people to survive.

– Suvasree Bandyopadhyay

INDIA-CHINA STANDOFF as border dispute flares up with first fatal clash since 1975

With Nepal’s parliament formally to approve a revised map of the country, including three areas it disputes with its giant neighbour India. The redrawing of the map covers a relatively small region high in the Himalayas but it has stirred tensions between two of the world’s biggest powers, India and China. The Nepal-India territorial dispute is seen as a direct contributing factor to the recent flare-up on the Sino-Indian border. A military stand-off between India and China on their disputed border in the Himalayas has escalated into deadly clashes.

What happened in the clash?

The Indian Army Tuesday confirmed At least 20 people have died in clashes between Indian and Chinese in Galwan Valley along the disputed Himalayan border running along the Ladakh area of Kashmir. It is the first fatal clash since 1975 and the most serious since 1967.

Fighting broke out on Monday evening when an Indian patrol came across Chinese forces on a narrow ridge. During the confrontation an Indian commanding officer was pushed and fell into the river gorge. The confrontation came after tensions bubbled up in recent months over a new road India built in Ladakh, along the Line of Actual Control which divides the sides.

That angered China, which deployed troops and built infrastructure of its own in disputed territory, bringing the two sides’ forces in closer proximity and heightening the risk of clashes.

The latest build-up on the China-India border has come as a surprise to many, not just in New Delhi but all over the world. Why would China choose to antagonize India at this point in time? China’s relationship with the United States is on a downward spiral and Beijing is already drawing flak from the international community over the coronavirus crisis, facing new challenges in cross-strait relations and the South China Sea, and in the middle of an unprecedented social unrest, particularly in Hong Kong. What could be China’s motive or intentions behind triggering or intensifying the present crisis with India?

China’s top leadership has been tight-lipped about the development. Unlike during the Doklam stand-off of 2017, China’s state media too has been rather restrained in its coverage of the incident, with just a handful of articles.

In India, the current crisis at the border is mostly seen as a continuation of China’s post-pandemic “assertive foreign policy” across the world and also as a fallout of the overall souring of China-India ties in the recent past. The India-Nepal border row seems to be the main plot, which has acted as a catalyst raising tensions along the disputed border between China and India.

In India, focus has been turned to the Durbuk- Shyok-Daulet Beg Oldi Road (DSBDBO) along the Galwan River — which runs parallel to the LAC and improves India’s access to the Karakoram Highway — as the possible trigger point for the latest blaze between China and India. But discussions on the Chinese internet indicate that China remains much more concerned about the newly constructed 80-kilometer stretch from Dharchula to Lipulekh (the gateway to Kailash-Mansarovar, a site for Hindu pilgrimage in Tibet), completed on April 17.

Tensions have been escalating since late April, when China sent thousands of troops into the disputed territory along the Line of Actual Control (LAC), bringing artillery and vehicles. The Chinese government, which has been more assertive in building infrastructure in the area, is anxious to frustrate any effort by India to upgrade its own military installations.

What is the history of the dispute?

India and China fought a war in 1962 over their contested border in the Himalayas. The war ended with a truce and the formation of a de facto boundary, known as the Line of Actual Control.

No official border has ever been negotiated, the region where the clashes occurred is hostile terrain, at high altitude and sparsely populated, running through the Ladakh region bordering Tibet, home to a Buddhist-majority population. It is a popular tourist destination.

What is the Line of Actual Control?

The LAC is a rough demarcation line separating Indian-controlled territory from Chinese-controlled territory. The exact location of sections of the line, particularly in the western Ladakh region, have remained in dispute. Efforts between the two countries to clarify the LAC have stalled in the past two decades, according to Indian media.

What do the two sides want?

Both countries have sought to establish their claims to territory, by heavily militarising the region. Both have built roads, airstrips, outpost stations, and other infrastructure, such as telephone lines. Troops conduct regular patrols along the disputed border. China claims more than 90,000sq km in the eastern Himalayas and another 38,000sq km in the west, both of which are disputed by India.

What next?

The conflict has enormous geopolitical consequences for the world. China and India are the two most populous nations on earth, and both are nuclear powers. They are led by governments run strongly along nationalist lines, and whose militaries are seen as markers of national status and pride.

Both parties have been working towards de-escalation in recent weeks but the loss of life makes the situation even more complicated and precarious.

Dreams:Into the Unconscious

They can be pleasing and peaceful or even dreadful nightmares, they come and go, they can be strange and irrelevant, we remember some dreams and we forget the others. There is no single relevant theory behind the cause of dreams, many psychologists, oneirologists and experts hold different hypothesis based on their respective studies. They can be some ideas which have creeped their way out from the subconscious or emotions or even images. They say in our life we spend a total of 6 years dreaming.

It is clearly yet not known in which area of the brain do our dreams really originate, many theories and speculations are their more or less similar but yet to be confirmed true. Our mind is like a maze and one of god’s most extravagant creation.

These are some of the theories which have been curated based on the hypothesis done by researchers.

Based on different religions–

All the diverse cultures be it Hinduism, Buddhism or Christianity have their own theories behind the purpose of dreams.eg- According to Hinduism dreams are one of the three states along with sleeping and walking state while Judaism states that dreams are part of this world where we gain new experiences and hence dreams can be interpreted.

Jung and Freud–

On the other hand we had two great experts from the field of psychology that is Sigmund Freud and Carl Jung who had contrasting views on the reason behind dreaming, Freud stated that they sprout out from the unconscious and he states that dreams are the royal road to the unconscious. Dreams show your unconscious desires as well. While Jung states that dreams have messages and can solve many problems, they hold the key to many emotional and personal problems.

Other Theories–

There is no real underlying reason based on our dreams according to many experts, they have no connection to our past memories, thinking process or our thoughts and neither connected with any past incident which moved us, They are just a part of our sleeping cycles.

But many scientist state the complete opposite that is our anxieties, desires, wishes and fears are reflected in our dreams.

ASH(Activation -synthesis Hypothesis)–

One of the other theories is activation-synthesis hypothesis which states that there is no real message or purpose behind the dreams which we experience rather they pull out irrational or random thoughts, emotions and memories which are formed into electrical brain impulses and hence we get dreams.

REM–

REM(rapid eye movement) sleep is said to consist of the most intriguing dreams and these are the kind of the dreams you experience which generally wake you up or which you can easily recall. Even animals dream and most of the mammals also experience REM sleep which is used to compare with the sleep patter and dream pattern of humans.Neurological Theories-

There's No Such Thing As a Universal Symbol in Dreams

Neurological Theories

Continual Activation Theory-

The continual activation theory has been given by Jie Zhang and it states that due to brain activation and synthesis one gets dreams. According to Zhang during the process of sleeping the memory is transferred from temporary memory to long term memory. This theory is a combination of Hobson’s activation synthesis hypothesis and Solm’s theory.

  • ASH(Activation -synthesis Hypothesis)-

One of the other theories is activation-synthesis hypothesis which states that there is no real message or purpose behind the dreams which we experience rather they pull out irrational or random thoughts, emotions and memories which are formed into electrical brain impulses and hence we get dreams.

I would like to quote “You are never to old to set another goal or to dream a new dream”.

Koffie

If you are wondering what is  koffie, it is actually the previous name of the drink which is most consumed in world that is coffee. Before making its debut to the english people the dutch called the drink koffie. Discovery of this amazing drink was actually by an accident, In Ethiopia a goatherd found that his goats became strangely energetic after eating berries from a specific tree. It is also said that a person in Yemen when chewed these berries he found  these very much bitter, then he tried roasting the seeds so that it tastes better but it became hard and then he boiled it in water so as to soften it. This developed a brown liquid which had a very good smell. As he drank it, his fatigue was gone .

What is it about coffee that people like it so much?  There are many reasons that a person likes coffee and also there are many varieties of coffee. Coffee is a subjective thing , everyone has their own taste. Instant coffees are many people’s go to drink , as it is easy to make and nevertheless gives the freshness and energy just to kickstart your work.  Many people prefer  brewed coffee as it keeps the flavor and the aroma of  the coffee beans intact. Coffee is a drink with a high amount of antioxidants that is good for our health and both types of coffee has the same amount , but if you ask the baristas( the person who serves coffee) they would always prefer brewed coffee, they call it ground coffee as they think its the original coffee. The major difference between them is that they are made of two different beans, Robusta and Arabica. Robusta is the one used in the instant coffee, these are cheap and have more amount of  caffeine. Arabica is the one which is used in brewed coffee they are lighter and have a more complicated taste.

There many more  types of coffee which is a little bit different from these two for example espresso where the coffee beans are roasted for more time than for brewed coffee and can also be made by robusta beans. People prefer this as it takes less time for preparation but does captures the essence of coffee. Latte is another type of coffee derivative which has steamed milk and some amount of foam being put on a short of espresso. Latte is really good for health, it is said that it helps to burn fat more efficiently than other drinks. Cappuccino is a Latte which has more amount of foam, this drink was very popular in Europe for a very long time, people used to drink it with their breakfast.

What’s more is if you add chocolate to the coffee it becomes mocha, and an ice cream coffee is called Affogato , if you replace the foam with chocolate sprinkles in an espresso then it is called  flat white.  Not only that if you like cold things more, coffee  is present there too. cold coffee with whip is frappuccino, without whip and nitrogen bubbles its a nitro and many more. From the time it was discovered people never stop experimenting with coffee to make it something which would be different. The last one which I am sure you may not have heard of is the Irish coffee which has whiskey in a black coffee.. don’t you think  that people are now trying really weird combinations!!!

As you have seen coffee is really a versatile drink , its health benefits are also innumerable, but anything consumed beyond a limit is dangerous. If you see when drinking coffee becomes a habit, then we get addicted to it and cannot live without drinking it for a single day. Many people drink it to stay up all the night this can make a person insomniac that is not good for health. For a healthy life one should always eat right thing and in adequate amount, and have at least 7-8 hours of sleep, That means  coffee should be consumed in a proper amount which should not hamper the sleep cycles.

Other wise enjoy your cup of coffee……

MECHANISM OF DIFFERENT TYPES OF ANTIBIOTICS

Antibacterial Drugs are classified according to their site of action which are as follows :

CELL WALL SYNTHESIS INHIBITORS
There are 3 different mechanisms by which anti-cell wall drugs work and thus they are also classified as following:

  1. First classification involves the drugs that directly interact with Penicillin-Binding-Proteins (PBPs) and inhibit the transpeptidase activity which in turn inhibits the attachment of newly formed peptidoglycan subunit to the pre-existing one.
    This is the main mechanism of β-lactam antibiotics. These antibiotics include Penicillin (penams), cephalosporins, Penems, Carbapenems, and monobactams.
    These antibiotics bind to the penicillin-binding proteins which are enzymes present in the bacterial cell wall. Different β-lactam antibiotics bind in a different way. After the antibiotics bind to the enzyme, it changes the morphological response of the bacteria to the antibiotic.
  2. Second classification involves the drugs that bind to the peptidoglycan subunit, blocking different processes.
    The important class of compounds called as glycopeptides are mainly involved in this mechanism of anti-cell wall antibiotics.
    Vancomycin and Teicoplanin are the major examples of glycopeptide antibiotics.
    Vancomycin kills only gram-poitive bacteria whereas Teicoplanin is active against both. The overall mode of action of glycopeptides antibiotics is blocking transpeptidation i.e. similar to β-lactam antibiotics, they also inhibit the transpeptidase activity, and transglycosylation i.e. they being large in size attach to the peptidoglycan subunits thus creating a blockage which does not allow the cell wall subunits to attach to the growing peptidoglycan backbone.
  3. Third classification involves the drugs that block the transport of peptidoglycan subunits across cytoplasmic membrane.
    The main example of such type of drugs is bacitracin, which is a simple peptide antibiotic originally isolated from Bacillus subtilis.
    The mode of action of these class of drugs is blocking the activity of specific cell membrane lipid carriers which act as the attachment surface for peptidoglycan precursors and help in their movement from cell cytoplasm to exterior of the cell. This activity of lipid carriers is inhibited by bacitracin like drugs and they finally prevent the incoroporation of those precursors into cell wall thus inhibiting its biosynthesis.

Although, its route of administration is mostly oral or intramuscular, bacitracin is also known to show its effects when used as topical ointments like Neosporin.

INHIBITORS OF PROTEIN SYNTHESIS
Protein Inhibitors can be divided into 2 parts:

  1. Inhibitors binding to 30S subunits
    • Aminoglycosides bind to the bacterial ribosome, after which they cause tRNA mismatching and thus protein mistranslation.
    This occurs by mismatching between codons and anticodons, which synthesize proteins with incorrect amino acid. This mistranslated protein, along with correctly translated proteins move into move into the periplasm where most of the mistranslated proteins are degraded and some of them are inserted into cytoplasmic membrane. This causes disruption of the membrane, ultimately killing the bacterial cells.
    • Tetracyclines are bacteriostatic and block the binding of tRNAs with the ribosome during translation thus inhibiting protein synthesis. Most of the tetracycline class of drugs are broad spectrum and are active against wide range of bacteria.
  2. Inhibitors binding to the 50S subunit
    • Macrolides are the large class of naturally produced secondary antibiotics. They are basically broad spectrum, bacteriostatic antibiotics. Their main mode of action is blocking peptide chain elongation and they inhibit the formation of peptide bond.
    Patients allergic to penicillins are recommended erythromycin which is a macrolide.
    • Lincosamides include lincomycin and clindamycin. Though they are structurally different but functionally similar to macrolides. They are specifically known to inhibit streptococcal and staphylococcal infections.
    • Chloramphenicol also inhibits peptidyl transferase reaction inhibiting peptide bond formation. It was the first broad spectrum antibiotic and is very much active against a broad range of bacterial pathogens but is very toxic and can cause side.

INHIBITORS OF MEMBRANE FUNCTION
Biological cytoplasmic membranes are basically composed of lipids, proteins and lipoproteins. The cytoplasmic membrane acts as a selective barrier which allows the transport of materials between inside the cell and the environment.
A number of antibacterial agents work by targeting the bacterial cell membrane. They basically are involved in the disorganization of the membrane. Polymyxins and Lipopeptides are the main anti- cell membrane agents.

NUCLEIC ACID SYNTHESIS INHIBITORS
These drugs inhibit nucleic acid synthesis function by either of the following:

  1. Interfere with RNA of bacterial cell
    Antibacterial drugs of this mechanism are selective against bacterial pathogenic cells.
    For example: The drug rifampin, belonging to the drug class rifamycin blocks the bacterial RNA polymerase activity. It is also active against Mycobacterium tuberculosis and thus id used in the treatment of tuberculosis infection. It also shows side effects.
  2. Interfere with DNA of bacterial cell
    There are some antibacterial agents that interfere with the activity of DNA gyrase.
    The drug class fluoroquinolones show this mechanism. They are borad spectrum antibacterial agents. Some examples of drugs in fluoroquinolone family are Ciprofloxacin, Ofloxacin, Moxifloxacin, etc

INHIBITORS OF METABOLIC PATHWAYS
There are some antibacterial drugs which act as ANTIMETABOLITES and inhibits the metabolic pathways of bacteria.
• The sulfonamides block the production of dihydrofolic acid.
This blocks the production of purines and pyrimidines required for nucleic acid synthesis by blocking the biosynthesis of folic acid. Their mechanism of action is bacteriostatic and they are broad spectrum antibacterial agents. Though humans also obtain folic acid but these drugs are selective against bacteria.
Sulfones are also structurally and functionally similar to sulfonamides.
• Trimethoprim is used in the same folic acid synthesis pathway but at a different phase, in the production of tetrahydrofolic acid.
• There is another drug, Isoniazid which is an antimetabolite only selective against mycobacteria. It can also be used to treat tuberculosis when used in combination with rifampin and streptomycin.

INHIBITORS OF ATP SYNTHASE
There is a class of drug compounds called as Diarylquinolones that are specifically active against mycobacterial growth. They block the oxidative phosphorylation process and finally leading to reduced ATP production which either kill or inhibit the growth of mycobacterial species.

How to find whether a website is fake or genuine

There are over 1.74 billion website on net today .Unfortunately,the internet is full of fake websites also .The evolution in the internet have make convenient to shop ,bank and interact with people all around the globe .But it has also open the ways for Cyber crime. Criminals through a practice called phishing, fraudsters copy a legitimate site and bait customers to provide them personal information.For instance -Debit or credit card numbers,Passport Number.Once customer provide them data they can make use of it to buy and to transfer money which eventually lead to loss of all the money in your bank account.

It can be difficult to detect whether a site is fake or scam sites .Fraudsters are very clever and create a very convincing sites and these phishing sites tend to look original .Criminals can easily target the customers who doesn’t pay attention to small details and trick them easily into provide them sensitive information .

Here are some signs through which one can determine whether a website is fake or genuine .

Ask yourself how you reach here ?

First and foremost ask yourself a question how you get to the site .Through link on email or social media sites.Reason being emails or social media sites are the most effective way criminals used to track customers .Never click on the link given instead simply google it.

Review the result

While visiting the site make sure firstly to read someone reviews about the site on quora or similar forums.Do not trust on the reviews so easily .Go through several forums and even explore their last activities on social media handles . One can also read customers feedback and check the website connection type .A https is a more secured sites rather than site having http designation.Hence ,more trustworthy .This is because most of the fake sites do not go through the process of having https connection type.But we should not rely on this only we should verify it further.

Inspect domain name

A lot of illegitimate websites use domain name as the reference to brand name .But it’s not brands officially site .It’s red signal that something is fishy.AdiDas etc.

Usually most of the shopping site don’t use .org or .biz domain extensions .Be cautious it might be a fake site.

Low prices

Sites offer sometime good discount , if you find that a site is having very low prices with heavy discount more than 50-70%.

Illegitimate sites use heavy discount as a bait for hungry shoppers. Be alert.

Spelling or Grammar mistake

Search for spelling or grammar mistake .Every browser have in built spelling checker and thus there can’t be any justification for spelling mistake.It the website has lot of grammatical mistake .This can be only happen when someone has in hurry built a site to trap the people in intention of making quick profit.

Opt only for secure payments option

Pay only through safe refundable payment option such as credit card or paytm.It’s a red signal if shopping website accept pay via bank transfer.Never opt for non -refundable payment option .

Google safe browsing

Google Safe Browsing is a service offered by Google’s security team built to identify illegitimate websites across the web and tell users of potential harm. They reveal details about the threats they detect and the warnings they show to users.

As the cyber crime reportedly is increasing .Be alert and go through the details of site carefully .

Please comment tour thoughts in the comment below and have a wonderful day.

Yoga – The art of mind and soul.

Yoga is the mixture of physical, mental and spiritual practices and discipline which was originated in India. The most essential purpose of yoga is to bring together the body, mind and spirit into a whole. Yoga leads an individual to a healthy lifestyle, good eating habits, better mental attitude and positive approach towards the world. The exercises performed during yoga will enhance an individual’s fitness and also benefit in mental well being.

The most common methods of yoga are the physical postures known as asanas and breathing techniques known as pranayama. Yoga teaches an Individual how important your body is and how you can improve your body’s flexibility and make it more strong. As the person starts to understand and value its body, the individual gets more connected with his body. Yoga makes sure a person is evolved for constant progress and has not time to get involved in other thoughts which could lead to anxiety and depression. This leads to a better approach towards the life.

Who can practice yoga?

Every person can perform yoga. There is always a suitable way for an individual to practice yoga, whether they are old or young, injured, fit or unfit, supple or inflexible, male or female. You just need to find the right mentor for you.

Physical benefits of yoga

  • Improved posture
  • Better sleep
  • Increased natural energy level and vitality
  • Greater flexibility, strength and stamina
  • Better balance
  • Stronger immune system
  • Pulse and respiratory rate decreases
  • Blood pressure decreases
  • Cardiovascular efficiency increases
  • Respiratory efficiency increases
  • Cholesterol decreases
  • Cleansing and regulating of all the body’s systems  

Mental benefits of yoga

  • Calm and clarity
  • Greater confidence and generally more positive mood
  • Sense of inner well-being and ‘centredness’
  • Increased awareness of body and movement
  • Counters depression and anxiety
  • Ability to concentrate improves
  • More self-acceptance
  • Increased social skills

Different types of Yoga.

There are many types of Yoga, today let’s discuss one of the most important type of yoga which is Bhastrika.

The Sanskrit word “bhastrika” means “bellows” mostly employed by blacksmiths to melt metal. Like the bellows fan the hearth similarly Bhastrika Pranayama surges the flow of air into the body to supply heat at both the physical and subtle level–stoking the inner fire of mind and body. When this pranayama is done regularly it tends to remove blockages from the nose and chest. It is suitable for asthmatic patients and removes inflammation of the throat. Bhastrika increases the gastric fire. Pranayama improves appetite and digestion capacity. Bhastrika, when practised with Kumbhaka Pranayama, can generate heat within the body and keep it warm in rainy and weather .

Starting position: Do preliminary conditioning in Sukhasana or the other meditative posture. Sit on a firm chair with an upright backrest, if unable to take a seat on the ground . Keep the body above the waist straight and therefore the spine erect. Eyes can be kept closed.

How to do Bhastrika Pranayama?

The Sequence of steps:

Take in a deep breath and exhale forcefully through the nose, with none strain.
Immediately, breathe in with the same force.
Inhale and exhale repeatedly, deeply and thoroughly, using the diaphragmatic muscles with vigour. The abdomen moves out during inhalation, while the diaphragm descends. The converse happens while exhaling.
The above movements should be slightly exaggerated. A strong nasal sound will accompany such breathing. The process should be rhythmic and controlled, maintaining the speed as per capacity.
Do ten cycles to finish 1 round of Bhastrika Pranayama.

Best practice: Practice 3 rounds/session, with pause in-between rounds. Bhastrika Pranayama should be practised on an empty stomach, after evacuation within the morning.

Few limitations : Heart ailments, hypertension, high BP, fever, vertigo, pregnancy, intestinal disorders, spinal abnormalities and eye ailments, e.g. like a detached retina, glaucoma.

Benefits of Bhastrika Pranayama:

Favourable effect on the respiratory and digestive system.
Drains excess phlegm from the lungs.
Provides oxygen to the blood increasing the vitality of all the organs and tissues
Strengthens and tones the abdominal region.
Calms the mind
Energizes the entire body and mind.
Now that the question of what’s Bhastrika pranayama & its benefits are answered – Do try it out and luxuriate in this monsoon season with radiant health.

So as we come towards the end we can say that yoga is the medicine to every problem. From physic attributes to the inner peace, yoga takes care of everything. Yoga is not something you do for a day but it is a life long commitment to enjoy a healthy and beautiful life.