The word “fencing” comes from the verb “brandish” and this comes from the German verb “skermjam” which means to repair or protect.Fencing, organized sport involving the use of a sword, foil, or sabre for attack and defense according to set movements and rules. Although the use of swords dates to prehistoric times and swordplay to ancient civilizations, the organized sport of fencing began only at the end of the 19th century. It’s often called “physical chess” because of the similarity that each game affords only a few moves, especially few opening moves, but the first few moves can be arranged in a mind-boggling number of different combinations. Also, a good attack plan in either sport will be backed up by a second plan, in case the defender counters the first one, even a third or fourth. People who are good chess players, if physically fit, tend to make good fencers. Also, the sport brings together a wide range of people both genders, wide range of ages. It tends to be good company.Competitive fencing is one of the five activities which have been featured in every modern Olympic Games, the other four being athletics, cycling, swimming, and gymnastics.
There are three different blades in fencing
Epee– target area is full body and no priority; a double hit gives points to both fencers or teams. Points are scored by hitting the opponent with the point of the blade.
Foil– target area is chest only and there is priority*. Points are scored by hitting the opponent with the point of the blade while having priority.
Sabre– target area is upper body and there is priority. Points are scored by hitting opponent with blade while having priority.
Clothing
Protective clothing for fencing is made to the highest standard and is designed to look good and be practical.The rules lay down that the fencer must be dressed in white from head to foot, and the jacket must overlap the breeches by at least 10 cm at the waist. An ‘under-plastron’ should be worn under the jacket. This provides extra protection under the sword arm and part of the chest and back.Breeches must fasten under the knee, and long socks must cover the legs. Jackets for women have pockets for chest protectors, and these should always be used.
One glove is worn on the sword hand and this has a long cuff to cover the jacket sleeve at least halfway between the wrist and the elbow.
Early History
The earliest depiction of swordplay is a relief in the temple of Medinat Habu, near Luxor in Egypt, built by Ramses III about 1190 BCE. This relief must depict a practice bout or match, as the sword points are covered and the swordsmen are parrying with shields strapped to their left arms and are wearing masks (tied to their wigs), large bibs, and padding over their ears. Swordsmanship, as a pastime and in single combat and war, was also practiced widely by the ancient Persians, Babylonians, Greeks, and Romans as well as by the Germanic tribes.
The Romans brought sword combat to a highly systematic art that was taught to both their legions and their gladiators. Gladiators were trained in schools (ludi) by professional instructors (doctores). Beginners practiced with a wooden sword called a rudis. More-advanced training took place with weapons that were somewhat heavier than those used in actual combat.From the time of the fall of Rome through the Middle Ages, the practice of sword fighting continued unabated, although sword training became less uniform and began to reflect the ideas of the individual masters-at-arms. At this time, schools of sword fighting also developed a somewhat unsavoury quality, attracting members from the criminal element of society who wanted to learn the skilled use of weapons. Many communities found that the only way to deal with this problem was to outlaw fencing schools within their boundaries. For example, in London in 1286 King Edward I passed an edict that decried “the most unheard-of villainies” perpetrated by swordsmen and threatened swift justice for teaching sword-related skills. Despite such laws, fencing schools flourished.
FIVE MAIN RULES OF FENCING
Equipment
Fencing competitors must wear the necessary proper equipment, including a face mask, a fencing jacket, a pair of fencing pants to protect the legs and a fencing glove that covers the sleeve on the sword arm. Officials will check participants before each bout to make certain the equipment reaches all safety standards. Fencers must also wield approved weapons, whether a foil, saber or epee.
Scoring
Fencing utilizes a simple scoring system, awarding one point for each time a fencer touches his opponent with his weapon. Depending on the manner of competition, bouts may last five touches with a time limit of three minutes or 15 touches and a time limit of nine minutes, according to the rules of the U.S. Fencing Association.
Target
A fencer must touch his opponent in an approved target zone of the body to register a point, with the target changing depending on the weapon used. In epee fencing, contacting anywhere on the opponent’s body registers a touch. Sabre fencing limits the target zone to the torso, meaning anywhere above the waist. Foil fencing reduces it even further, restricting the target area to the trunk only and removing the arms and head from consideration.
Playing Area
Fencers compete on a long, narrow strip of material and must remain on the fencing strip at all times. The strip, or piste, must be 46 feet long and measure between 5 and roughly 7 feet wide. The strip contains a center line, two on-guard lines roughly 6 feet from the center line and two lines marking the rear limits of the strip roughly 23 feet from the center line.
Penalties
If a fencer steps beyond the strip’s legal side boundaries, the official will award 1 meter, or approximately 3 feet, of ground to the opponent on the restart. Stepping beyond the strip’s rear limit results in an awarded touch to the opponent. Officials may also award touches to the opponent if a fencer attacks with both hands, if a fencer doesn’t obey instructions or if a fencer displays poor sportsmanship or overly violent behavior.
Offensive
Attack: A basic fencing technique, also called a thrust, consisting of the initial offensive action made by extending the arm and continuously threatening the opponent’s target. They are four different attacks (straight thrust, disengage attack, counter-disengage attack and cutover) In sabre, attacks are also made with a cutting action.
Riposte: An attack by the defender after a successful parry. After the attacker has completed their attack, and it has been parried, the defender then has the opportunity to make an attack, and (at foil and sabre) take right of way.
Feint: A false attack with the purpose of provoking a reaction from the opposing fencer.
Lunge: A thrust while extending the front leg by using a slight kicking motion and propelling the body forward with the back leg.
Beat attack: In foil and sabre, the attacker beats the opponent’s blade to gain priority (right of way) and continues the attack against the target area. In epee, a similar beat is made but with the intention to disturb the opponent’s aim and thus score with a single light.
Disengage: A blade action whereby the blade is moved around the opponent’s blade to threaten a different part of the target or deceive a parry.
Compound attack: An attack preceded by one or more feints which oblige the opponent to parry, allowing the attacker to deceive the parry.
Continuation/renewal of Attack: A typical epee action of making a 2nd attack after the first attack is parried. This may be done with a change in line; for example, an attack in the high line (above the opponent’s bellguard, such as the shoulder) is then followed with an attack to the low line (below the opponent’s bellguard, such as the thigh, or foot); or from the outside line (outside the bellguard, such as outer arm) to the inside line (inside the bellguard, such as the inner arm or the chest). A second continuation is stepping slight past the parry and angulating the blade to bring the tip of the blade back on target. A renewal may also be direct (without a change of line or any further blade action), in which case it is called a remise. In foil or sabre, a renewal is considered to have lost right of way, and the defender’s immediate riposte, if it lands, will score instead of the renewal.
Flick: a technique used primarily in foil and epee. It takes advantage of the extreme flexibility of the blade to use it like a whip, bending the blade so that it curves over and strikes the opponent with the point; this allows the fencer to hit an obscured part of the target (e.g., the back of the shoulder or, at epee, the wrist even when it is covered by the guard). This technique has become much more difficult due to timing changes which require the point to stay depressed for longer to set off the light.
Defensive
Parry: Basic defence technique, block the opponent’s weapon while it is preparing or executing an attack to deflect the blade away from the fencer’s valid area and (in foil and sabre) to give fencer the right of way. Usually followed by a riposte, a return attack by the defender.
Circle parry: A parry where the weapon is moved in a circle to catch the opponent’s tip and deflect it away.
Counter attack: A basic fencing technique of attacking your opponent while generally moving back out of the way of the opponent’s attack. Used quite often in epee to score against the attacker’s hand/arm. More difficult to accomplish in foil and sabre unless one is quick enough to make the counterattack and retreat ahead of the advancing opponent without being scored upon, or by evading the attacking blade via moves such as the In Quartata (turning to the side) or Passata-sotto (ducking). Counterattacks can also be executed in opposition, grazing along the opponent’s blade and deflecting it to cause the attack to miss.
Point-in-line: A specific position where the arm is straight and the point is threatening the opponent’s target area. In foil and sabre, this gives one priority if the extension is completed before the opponent begins the final action of their attack. When performed as a defensive action, the attacker must then disturb the extended weapon to re-take priority; otherwise the defender has priority and the point-in-line will win the touch if the attacker does not manage a single light. In epee, there is no priority, the move may be used as a means by either fencer to achieve a double-touch and advance the score by 1 for each fencer. In all weapons, the point-in-line position is commonly used to slow the opponent’s advance and cause them to delay the execution of their attack.
Fencing is harder to pick up and start doing than many other sports. While you can pick up a ball and (more or less) start shooting baskets, learning the basic movements required to fence against another beginner can take a lot of practice.
After one and a half years of resignation, citing the personal reasons, Urjit Patel has now revealed the real reason of his resignation.
In his book Overdraft- Saving the Indian Saver, he has explained that “the moves to dilute the Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code” led the cause of his sudden exit from the central bank. Patel was served as the 24th governor of Reserve Bank of India since September 2016 to December 2018.
Reasons for the Tussle
Former governor of the Central Bank says that, “Instead of buttressing and future-proofing the gains thus far, an atmosphere to go easy on the pedal ensued,” “Until then, for the most part, the finance minister and I were on the same page, with frequent conversations on enhancing the landmark legislation’s operational efficiency.” He adds that “there were requests for rolling back the February circular” and “a canard was spread” to discredit the rules, including by incorrectly suggesting that small businesses would suffer disproportionately.
NPA build up in UPA Regime
Urjit Patel blames for the piling up of NPAs to the UPA government. He writes that, “The government is responsible for ensuring adequate capital for banks that are under its ambit on sustainable basis. The dominant owner pre-2014 didn’t question risk controls in government banks even as it received significant dividends,” He also adds that, “There was a failure to acknowledge and rectify government banks’ inability to identify poor performing assets; and restructure and react quickly to improve recovery or cut losses.
Explaining the situation at that time, he writes, “A number of government banks did not have senior management in place, and governance suffered. This is a perennial shortcoming on account of bureaucratic inertia and political meddling. Ditto for the banks’ board of directors; it is common knowledge that this has traditionally been a placeholder for sinecure to political supporters,”.
Urjit Patel’s book has released today. In this he has mostly dealt with the policy matters and the stability of the banking system.
Women empowerment refers to making women powerful to make them capable of deciding for themselves. Women have suffered a lot through the years at the hands of men. In earlier centuries, they were treated as almost non-existent. As if all the rights belonged to men even something as basic as voting. As the times evolved, women realized their power. There on began the revolution for women empowerment.
As women were not allowed to make decisionsfor them, women empowerment came in like a breath of fresh air. It made them aware of their rights and how they must make their own place in society rather than depending on a man. It recognized the fact that things cannot simply work in someone’s favor because of their gender. However, we still have a long way to go when we talk about the reasons why we need it.
Need for Women Empowerment
Almost every country, no matter how progressive has a history of ill-treating women. In other words, women from all over the world have been rebellious to reach the status they have today. While the western countries are still making progress, third world countries like India still lack behind in Women Empowerment.
In India, women empowerment is needed more than ever. India is amongst the countries which are not safe for women. There are various reasons for this. Firstly, women in India are in danger of honor killings. Their family thinks its right to take their lives if they bring shame to the reputation of their legacy.
Moreover, the education and freedom scenario is very regressive here. Women are not allowed to pursue higher education, they are married off early. The men are still dominating women in some regions like it’s the woman’s duty to work for him endlessly. They do not let them go out or have freedom of any kind.
In addition, domestic violence is a major problem in India. The men beat up their wife and abuse them as they think women are their property. More so, because women are afraid to speak up. Similarly, the women who do actually work get paid less than their male counterparts. It is downright unfair and sexist to pay someone less for the same work because of their gender. Thus, we see how women empowerment is the need of the hour. We need to empower these women to speak up for themselves and never be a victim of injustice.
How to Empower Women?
There are various ways in how one can empower women. The individuals and government must both come together to make it happen. Education for girls must be made compulsory so that women can become illiterate to make a life for themselves.
Women must be given equal opportunities in every field, irrespective of gender. Moreover, they must also be given equal pay. We can empower women by abolishing child marriage. Various programs must be held where they can be taught skills to fend for themselves in case they face financial crisis.
Most importantly, the shame of divorce and abuse must be thrown out of the window. Many women stay in abusive relationships because of the fear of society. Parents must teach their daughters it is okay to come home divorced rather than in a coffin.
Women’s empowerment is the process of empowering women. Empowerment can be defined in many ways, however, when talking about women’s empowerment, empowerment means accepting and allowing people (women) who are on the outside of the decision-making process into it. Women’s empowerment is the most crucial point to be noted for the overall development of a country. Many people think that the days of women fighting for their rights are over but those people are wrong because one out of every three women have been public ally sexually harassed by random men they don’t know. Every day women are put down and told how to act and that they were asking for it if you wear that making woman feel that it is their fault, it is not. Many celebrities are all for girl power such as Liza Koshy and Lilly Singh (who has her own late night show and has won many awards and also raised money for #girllove and other charities) “This puts a strong emphasis on participation in political structures and formal decision-making and, in the economic sphere, on the ability to obtain an income that enables participation in economic decision-making.”Empowerment is the process that creates power in individuals over their own lives, society, and in their communities. People are empowered when they are able to access the opportunities available to them without limitations and restrictions such as in education, profession and lifestyle. Feeling entitled to make your own decisions creates a sense of empowerment. Empowerment includes the action of raising the status of women through education, raising awareness, literacy, and training. Women’s empowerment is all about equipping and allowing women to make life-determining decisions through the different problems in society.
Alternatively, it is the process for women to redefine gender roles that allows them to acquire the ability to choose between known alternatives whom have otherwise been restricted from such an ability.There are several principles defining women’s empowerment such as, for one to be empowered, they must come from a position of disempowerment. For example: A stripper no longer has to take off her clothes to get money and now is a receptionist for a respectable company. Empowerment stems from self respect. Furthermore, one must acquire empowerment themselves rather than have it given to them by an external party. Other studies have found that empowerment definitions entail people having the capability to make important decisions in their lives while also being able to act on them. Lastly, empowerment and disempowerment is relative to other at a previous time; therefore, empowerment is a process, not a product.
Women empowerment has become a significant topic of discussion in developmentand economics. It can also point to the approaches regarding other trivialized gendersin a particular political or social context.
Women’s economic empowerment refers to the ability for women to enjoy their right to control and benefit from the resources, assets, incomeand their own time, as well as the ability to manage risk and improve their economic status and well being.
While often interchangeably used, the more comprehensive concept of gender empowerment refers to people of any gender, stressing the distinction between biological and gender as a role.
Entire nations, businesses, communities and groups can benefit from the implementation of programs and policies that adopt the notion of women empowerment.Empowerment of women is a necessity for the very development of a society, since it enhances both the quality and the quantity of human resources available for development Empowerment is one of the main procedural concerns when addressing human rights and development.
Women’s empowerment and achieving gender equality is essential for our society to ensure the sustainable development of the country. Many world leaders and scholars have argued that sustainable development is impossible without gender equality and women’s empowerment Sustainable development accepts environmental protection, social and economic development,and without women’s empowerment, women wouldn’t feel equally important to the process of development as men. It is widely believed that, the full participation of both men and women is critical for development. Only acknowledging men’s participation will not be beneficial to sustainable development. In the context of women and development, empowerment must include more choices for women to make on their own. Without gender equality and empowerment, the country could not be just, and social change wouldn’t occur. Therefore, scholars agree that women’s empowerment plays a huge role in development and is one of the significant contributions of development.
The Indian Army is the land-based branch and the largest component of the Indian Armed Forces. The President of India is the Supreme Commander of the Indian Army,and its professional head is the Chief of Army Staff (COAS), who is a four-star general. Two officers have been conferred with the rank of field marshal, a five-star rank, which is a ceremonial position of great honour. The Indian Army originated from the armies of the East India Company, which eventually became the British Indian Army, and the armies of the princely states, which were merged into the national army after independence. The units and regiments of the Indian Army have diverse histories and have participated in a number of battles and campaigns around the world, earning many battle and theatre honours before and after Independence.
HISTORY: The distinguished history of Indian Army dates back more than ten thousand years. The two grand epics of ‘Ramayana’ and ‘Mahabharata’ constitute the fundamental framework around which the edifice of Indian Army is built. The massive war ‘Mahabharata’, fought at Kurukshetra in north-central India, has left indelible imprints on the Indian psyche. Fought relentlessly for eighteen days in the quest of peace, the force level described in the Epic states 18 ‘Akshaunis’, seven with the ‘Pandavas’ and eleven with the ‘Kauravas’, amounting to nearly 400,000 assorted troops fighting on chariots, horses, elephants and foot soldiers. Role:Indian Army is mandated to safeguard National Interests from External Aggression and Internal Subversion.
TASK:War Fighting to meet External Aggression.
Internal Security Management to include Internal Threats.
Force Projection.
Peace Keeping Operations or Military Assistance to friendly foreign countries.
Render Humanitarian Assistance, Disaster Relief and Aid to Civil Authorities.
Command. & Control The President of India is the Supreme Commander of the Indian Armed Forces. As in all democracies, the Indian Armed Forces are controlled by the elected political leadership of the Nation – The Government of India. Executive control is exercised sequentially through the Union Cabinet, the Defence Minister, the Chiefs of Staff Committee (COSC) and the Chiefs of Army, Naval and Air Staff of their respective Services. The Ministry of Defence handles matters related to personnel, financial and resource management.
The primary mission of the Indian Army is to ensure national security and national unity, to defend the nation from external aggression and internal threats, and to maintain peace and security within its borders. It conducts humanitarian rescue operations during natural calamities and other disturbances, such as Operation Surya Hope, and can also be requisitioned by the government to cope with internal threats. It is a major component of national power, alongside the Indian Navy and the Indian Air Force
Thirukural is one of the most prominent literary works in Tamil, known for its excellent and timeless elucidation of ways and values of life. The work itself is one of the oldest works of literature known to man, authored around 2000 years ago. To students in Tamilnadu, Thirukural is a primary literary work that is taught pretty much in every class all the way till higher education. The poems serve multiple purposes such as moral exposition to students, learning tamil itself, and even to understand the grammatical structure of ‘venpas’. The Thirukkural is an ancient non-religious literature that guides people on better living. Though written over 2,000 years ago by Thiruvalluvar in Tamil, the way of life advised by Thirukkural is still relevant today.
Thirukkural is composed of 1,330 kurals in 133 sections of ten each. A Kural is a couplet and each Kural is composed of 7 words spread across 2 lines [4 + 3 words]. The work on wisdom is divided into three major chapters – those that speak about virtue, wealth and love.
From a personal finance perspective, there are a lot of lessons that one could learn from the chapters on virtue and on wealth.
Imagine the relevance to the current financial turmoil in developed countries to the Kural No: 113; ‘nandre tharinum naduvigandhuaam aakathai andre ozhiya vidal’
It says: ‘Even when apparently giving gains, ways which are not truthful are to be abandoned.’
The sub-prime crisis can be quoted as an example of one such activity. The lenders who got carried away by the real estate boom tried to make the most of the situation and ended up going overboard due to their greed. They wound up lending money to lower value assets.
Those borrowing were also in the same mental frame to make the most of some one who is ready to lend to them. They disobedyed every fundamental law that dictates basic economics and as the act was devoid of any logic and the ways of the people involved was not fundamentally truthful, it lead to a global crisis costing trillions of dollars.
It should be highlighted at this point that, Indian banks did not suffer because of the wisdom of the Reserve Bank of India and the Securities and Exchange Board of India in not allowing them to take more risk than warranted by their core businesses.
The fall of the Western financial institutions could be compared to the get-rich-quick-schemes doing the rounds regularly now and then making lives miserable for all the greedy investors. Wealth created by the righteous means will not only serve those who earn the wealth but also their future generations.
It means: ‘Wealth (children, financial wealth, friends, charity and fame) earned by a person using fair means will protect not only the person but also his future generations.’
Thinking retrospectively, we can definitely remember those who earned their wealth by their own hard work and dedication. Only a few of the infamous are also remembered as their deeds are truly devastating.
The Thirukkural also talks about the role of the family’s head in managing money.
It means: ‘Producing, saving, protecting, regulating and equitably sharing is the way to powerful governance.’
The context can also be applied to any businessman or statesman too. The power of this wisdom can be understood by those who are in financial trouble. Most people fail miserably in managing their finances due to a lack of balance in these five factors mentioned above in the Kural.
Many of us, in today’s generation and in our parent’s generation have dedicated ourselves to earning more money only. Our parents did save most of their earning. This is missing with most of us today. As a country we hardly take efforts to protect our wealth – to monitor it and to make wealth work for us.
AMAZING FACTS ABOUT THIRUKURAL:
You can find 1330 poems with not even a single poem exceeding or decreasing 7 words.
It is the book translated to most number of languages after Bible.
It starts with the poem about God but still speaks about no religion.
It was initially rejected during the pandian sangam age because the senior poets considered the 2 lined poems not so highlighting. It is said that, avvaiyar recommended the thirukkural later and the rest is history.
Thiruvalluvar statue touching the sky in the tip of India- kanyakumari . So what’s so special about it? It’s 133 ft tall ( 133- number of poem topics – adigarangal penned by valluvar)
It covers everything in a human life. – virtue life, wealth, love and sex life.
Thiruvalluva malai – special book which has collection of dedicated to laud thirukkural and it’s author by various authors of various centuries.
Thirukkural is referred as ulaga podhumarai (world common Veda), vayurai vazhthu (word Veda), mupaal ( book of virtue, wealth and love, sex) and many more.
Valluvar kottam – A place in Chennai where you can find all 1330 Thirukkurals sculptured in stones.
First letter of thirukkural poem – அ, last letter of thirukkural last poem- ன். These are the first and last letters of Tamil language.
Festivals are the celebrations of love the celebrations of being one of a crucial part of the family. Raksha bandhan is a major occasion which is celebrated all over India. It is the merriment of a very lovable bond between brothers and sisters.
Raksha Bandhan is the festivity of the innocent bond of love involving a brother and a sister. Raksha Bandhan is also called Nariyal Purnima or coconut full moon in the Western Ghats that consists of the states of Gujarat, Maharashtra, Goa and Karnataka. Here, Raksha Bandhan signifies the commencement of a fresh season for those reliant on the ocean.According to the ancient legend of Bhavishya Purana, once there was a fierce battle between Gods and demons. Lord Indra- the principle deity of sky, rains and thunderbolts who was fighting the battle on the side of Gods was having a tough resistance from the powerful demon King, Bali. The war continued for a long time and did not came on a decisive end. Seeing this, Indra’s wife Sachi went to the Lord Vishnu who gave her a holy bracelet made up of cotton thread. Sachi tied the holy thread around the wrist of her husband, Lord Indra who ultimately defeated the demons and recovered the Amaravati. The earlier account of the festival described these holy threads to be amulets which were used by women for prayers and were tied to their husband when they were leaving for a war. Unlike, the present times, those holy threads were not limited to brother-sister relationships.
rakhi is coming soon i am seriously excited for that the sister prepares the pooja thali with diya, vermilion (kumkum), rice grains, sweets and rakhis. She worships the god and goddesses, ties a Rakhi on her brother’s wrist and wishes for their well-being. The brother in turn blesses the sister and promises to protect her from the evils of the world. He gifts something to her as a token of his love and affection. The rakhis and the sweets are bought and arranged usually prior to the Purnima. As per the ritual the family members get geared up for the rituals before time. Raksha Bandhan is not far away and many brothers and sisters are eagerly awaiting this auspicious festival.
No matter how much they fight with one another, they always stand behind them in support. Brothers and sisters fight with each other over trivial matters. In other words, they share a bond which is full of teasing and love.The family members dress up for this occasion, usually in ethnic wear. We see the markets flooded with colorful rakhis and gifts. Every year, fashionable and trendiest rakhis do the rounds of the market. Women shop for the perfect rakhis for their brothers and the men go out to buy gifts for their sisters.
It is one of their most important festivals. In addition, sisters and brothers wait eagerly for it all round the year. People celebrate it with abundant zeal and enthusiasm in India.
Rakhi celebration
For the people of India it’s time to rejoice and feel excited as Raksha Bandhan the popular cultural festivals of India that speaks about the unconditional and most affectionate bond of love between brothers and sisters. Thus now when the festival of Brother-Sister love is approaching people of India are getting ready for a cheerful Raksha Bandhan celebration 2020
Most of us are familiar with the paintings and drawings of Pablo Picasso, but he also did many works in clay!
Picasso discovered ceramics in 1947 and continued creating ceramics until his death in 1973. His ceramic work stood out in his time due to its sense of freedom in brushwork, economy of line, and use of vibrant color.
Picasso produced more than 2000 ceramic pieces.
His pieces utilized new forms, techniques, and color that hadn’t previously been seen in ceramics.
Although ceramics are often deemed a craft, Picasso viewed the plates, jugs, vases, and other vessels he created as a type of canvas that curved. He playfully experimented with the union of decoration and form, and left his mark in the world of ceramic art.
Picasso turned to sculpture with particular rigor at several key moments in his career, using the medium as a testing ground for ideas that would catalyze crucial shifts in his practice at large. The sculpture Woman’s Head (Fernande) (1909), also on view, helped Picasso conceptualize the break of solid volume into shifting masses suggestive of varying perspectives, and served as a foundation for the development of Cubism.
Over the course of his long career, Picasso devoted himself to sculpture wholeheartedly, if episodically, using both traditional and unconventional materials and techniques. Unlike painting, in which he was formally trained and through which he made his living, sculpture occupied a uniquely personal and experimental status for Picasso. He approached the medium with the freedom of a self-taught artist, ready to break all the rules. This attitude led him to develop a deep fondness for his sculptures, to which the many photographs of his studios and homes bear witness. Treating them almost as members of his household, he cherished the sculptures’ company and enjoyed re-creating them in a variety of materials and situations.
Picasso kept the majority in his private possession during his lifetime. It was only in 1966, through the large Paris retrospective Hommage à Picasso, that the public became fully aware of this side of his work. Following that exhibition, in 1967 The Museum of Modern Art organized The Sculpture of Picasso, which until now was the first and only exhibition on this continent to display a large number of the artist’s sculptures.
While I was were researching Picasso and his art, I stumbled upon this site called Mr. Picassohead. I decided to play around with it and found that you could create some interesting art in the style of Picasso, adding color and all development of Cubism.
Picasso Sculpture focuses on the artist’s lifelong work with sculpture, with a particular focus on his use of materials and processes. The exhibition, which features more than 100 sculptures, complemented by selected works on paper and photographs, aims to advance the understanding of what sculpture was for Picasso, and of how he revolutionized its history through a lifelong commitment to constant reinvention.
The exhibition is organized in chapters corresponding to the distinct periods during which Picasso devoted himself to sculpture, each time exploring with fresh intensity the modern possibilities of this ancient art form.
the spread of Corona Virus and strict lockdown in the entire nation, everybody is looking for – Work from Home options. However due to the shutting down of businesses, Companies are not in hiring instead they are laying off employees due to recession. Many home-based businesses can be started with very little money and very little experience. How do I know? Because I’ve been there and I’ve done it.
You can begin small, even part-time. And then you can grow them at your own pace. You can make excellent profits even with a very small home-based business. And if you want you can grow it into a much larger enterprise. So even if you don’t have much experience or savings, you too can start your own home-based business and become highly successful.
The key behind a successful business is finding out the DEMAND in the market depending on the situation and customer needs. With Corona Virus being the topic of this year, the demand for related products like hand sanitisers and disinfectants have surged more than these manufacturing industries could ever imagine.
But what can I do sitting at home? It all starts with an idea, hence here are the Top 7 business ideas that can be executed from home during covid-19 pandemic:
Tiffin / Lunchbox Service:
After the entire Nation shut down, many students who lived in hostels and bachelors who were dependent on outside food were left hungry and starving. At such times starting a Dabba Service will not only earn profits but also blessings from these people struggling to find home-cooked food.
In order to run Tiffin service successfully, you will require more than a passion for cooking. Furthermore, you will need good planning and management skills as well as flexibility to successfully handle any last-minute changes required by customers.
How successful your Tiffin service will be will depend mainly on having good reputation. For this business setup to succeed therefore, you must be able to meet the needs of your customers and have the ability to work well under pressure.
Things you require for a Successful Take-off:
Table cloths
Kitchen facilities
Tables
Tiffin boxes
Serving equipment
Utensils – silverware, glassware
Simple but healthy home-cooked meals preparation
Online Tuitions & Tutoring:
Schools and Colleges have shut down leaving a big stress among everybody. Students are concerned with completing their portion without their teachers. At such times the need for online assistance for education is at a rise.
Online tutoring is a profitable business. This industry is developing rapidly with advent of innovations, technologies and wide spread usage of the internet. Parents and students are comfortable with online tutoring websites for their personalized learning requirements.
Things you require for a Successful Take-off:
Start a face-to-face video conferencing.
Speak to each other with high-quality and excellent voice.
Write, type, erase and draw in distinctive colours on digital advanced whiteboard.
Text chat via instant messaging.
Upload and share files.
Alter message progressively with other person seeing what you are doing. Access the session from all devices.
Mask Stitching and Selling:
The world has changed. Not only has the world economy shut down, but people are also on edge. This is likely because we can’t leave our homes, and this can lead to isolation. Nowadays you cannot spot a single person on the streets without a mask covering their face.
If one is good at stitching at home, then this is a golden opportunity to not only earn money but also get creative. People are bored of the old plain mask and hence are looking for designer and customised masks. One can use their own imagination and entice people with your unique masks.
Things you require for a Successful Take-off:
Face Mask Cloth
Mask Inner Ear Loop threads
Paints, beads, needle works
Stitching machine or sewing machine
Needle and thread
Online Fitness and Yoga Coach:
The threat of coronavirus has left the fitness industry ailing and barely able to stand with smaller gyms on the verge of shutting down, larger chains contemplating huge losses and unemployment becoming a very real prospect for many thousands of trainers and support staff.
However, if you have a laptop and good functioning internet connection you can become a fitness coach for everybody missing the gym and looking for services from home. With people wanting to keep themselves fit and improving their immune system, Yoga trainers are high in demand.
Things you require for a Successful Take-off:
Create a virtual workshop using online studio software
clean background
remove clutter and distracting objects
place select “yoga” objects in frame if desired
Use a tripod if you can
Test to make sure that the camera can capture you in all your poses
Use impeccable, clear language (don’t rely on video)
Embrace imperfections! Be human and carry on.
Cake Baking for Special Occasions:
Are you the one that makes killer cakes for every birthday? Do you churn out to-die-for donuts? If you’re ready to turn your talents into a profitable bakery, you’ve come to the right place.
No matter what the situation, the show must go on. Cakes have been the symbol of any kind of situation since centuries. But with all CAKE SHOPS and bakeries shut, one cannot access them for special occasions. If you are a good baker, then this is your time to shine. Homemade cakes will be a hit and people will be assured about its safety.
Things you require for a Successful Take-off:
Mixers
Oven
Dough proofer
Bakeware
Tools for measurement
Ingredients as per flavour
Refrigerator
Bread slicer
Dough mix
Cardboard boxes
Piping bags
Dairy products
Display case
Gardening and selling Organic Fruits & Vegetables:
If you are interested in gardening at home and have enough space to grow more for everyone then organic farming is a great business idea. With today’s vegetables being produced with pesticides and chemicals
Growing a garden for profit is something that definitely needs to be kept simple. The reason is that if you try and do a whole bunch at once, then you won’t be great at any of it. If you pick a few simple and small things to start out with, then you can work to perfect those things and be much more successful.
I learned that the hard way because I wanted to sell EVERYTHING out of my garden. Well let me tell you, that is impossible without a team of employees. You just can’t do it well, so don’t try it.
Things you require for a Successful Take-off:
Put them in baskets
Order personalized boxes with your logo/brand name on them
Make signs that tell about your unique produce
Include a recipe card for how to cook with it
Organize the different colours in patterns
Put the containers on their sides so they appear to be “overflowing” with fruits or vegetables
Incorporate wheelbarrows, gardening tools, flowers, etc. into your display
Build your own shelves to sell from that stand out
Design a logo or picture to use for your new “business”
Take attractive pictures of your produce for your display
Use tablecloths or nice napkins that make it feel more high end and less dirty.
Customised T-shirts and Dresses Painting :
Whenever people think about starting a business, a t-shirt company is probably one of the first five ideas that come to their mind. Why? Well, t-shirt printing business looks like fun and cool. To some extent, they are right. Being your own boss, having own t-shirt designs, selling them with your brand label, having people supporting your work – that’s happiness. Isn’t it?
If you enjoy T-Shirt painting, then there is a whole lot of millennial generation ready to throw all their money at your unique art and designs.
Things you require for a Successful Take-off:
Plain t-shirts
Fabric paints
Tracing paper
Sunlight
Innovative and creative designs
Trendy drawings
All size t-shirts
So there you have it in a nutshell- First you need to decide where you are going to sell your produce. Then you can decide what you are going to sell.
Remember your business will grow if people are happy with what they buy from you. Make it look nice, and only sell the best you have.
Wipro on Thursday announced to launch a 5G edge services solutions suite built on IBM technology that will enable seamless deployment of infrastructure in telecommunications, manufacturing, oil and gas and retail industries. The solution is designed to offer Wipro customers better data control, reduced costs, faster insights and actions, and more automated, secured operations.
A key module of the solution, primarily for the telecom ecosystem, provides a complete application suite to enable a secured gig economy around 5G-related services, the company said in a statement.
The 5G edge services solutions suite is designed to significantly enhance Wipro’s existing ‘Boundary Less Enterprise – Universal Edge’ portfolio.
The offering allows communications service providers and mobile tower operators to deploy their applications into dispersed edge devices.
“Our strong telecommunication domain capabilities coupled with leadership in cloud & infrastructure lifecycle and investment in the recently-launched ‘Wipro IBM Novus Lounge’ equips us well to deliver these industry-specific solutions,” said KR Sanjiv, Chief Technology Officer, Wipro.
Wipro is joining the IBM Edge Ecosystem, an initiative to help partners implement open standards-based cloud native solutions that can be deployed and autonomously manage edge applications at large scale.
Wipro’s solutions combined with ‘IBM Edge Application Manager’ and ‘IBM TRIRIGA’ is expected to address a range of concerns related to deploying and managing globally distributed services on devices, private edges and telecom operator’s Multi Access Edges.
The 5G edge services solutions suite integrates various edge computing solutions from IBM.
“The convergence of 5G and edge computing is set to spark new levels of innovation, and this, in turn, will fuel a broad ecosystem of providers to co-create for a growing set of edge opportunities,” said Evaristus Mainsah, General Manager, Cloud, Cloud Pak and Edge Ecosystem, IBM.
The two companies recently announced a collaboration to develop hybrid cloud offerings to help businesses migrate, manage and transform mission-critical workloads across public or private cloud and on-premises IT environments.
The recently launched ‘Wipro IBM Novus Lounge’ has been designed to accelerate client innovation and bring such industry-ready solutions from public and private clouds to the edge.
Introduction It is a landmark judgement that held the practice of conversion of religion in order to secure a second marriage which is against the principle of justice and equity even when the first Hindu Marriage is undissolved.
Facts
The case consists of 4 petitioners under article 32 of the constitution of India. The first one was Kalyani, a NGO that works for needy people and the women who are distressed. This NGO works for their welfare and is headed by Sarla Mudgal. Second petitioner was Meena Mathur, who married to Jitendra Mathur in 1988, one day Meena finds that her husband has converted to Islam and married to another women and her name is Sunita Narula and also known as Fatima. Sunita Narula is the 3 petitioner who states that Jitender after marrying her, under the influence of his first wife gave an undertaking he had reverted back into Hinduism and agreed to maintain his children and first wife. The fourth petitioner Geeta Rani married Pradeep Kumar as she was suffering from physical and mental violence by her husband. Later she finds out that her husband has been secretly converted into Islam and has had been married to another women in 1991. Issues
Whether a person married under Hindu law, solemnize a second marriage by embracing Islam?
Whether such marriage would be valid, without dissolving first marriage under hindu law?
Whether the apostate is guilty of bigamy under section 494 of IPC?
Judgment
Its judgment in 1995 laid down the principle of practicing second marriage by converting into Islam, without dissolving first marriage. This verdict discuss the issue of bigamy and it also discuss that practicing second marriage without being dissolved first marriage as this is not acceptable in HINDU MARRIAGE ACT 1955, and this is completely a violation of article 44 of Indian constitution and section 494 of Indian penal code. The court held that the first marriage has to be dissolved under the Hindu marriage Act, 1955. As it is said in the judgment that the man’s first marriage would therefore still be valid and under Hindu law ,and the second marriage is solemnized after his conversion that would be considered as illegal under sec 494 of IPC.
Advertising has been defined as the most powerful, persuasive, and manipulative tool that firms have to control consumers all over the world. It is a form of communication that typically attempts to persuade potential customers to purchase or to consume more of a particular brand of product or service. Its impacts created on the society throughout the years has been amazing, especially in this technology age. Influencing people’s habits, creating false needs, distorting the values and priorities of our society. Furthermore, the main aim of advertising is to ‘persuade’ to consumer in order to generate new markets for production. Language is the most powerful tool\key used for advertising to grabbing the attention of the customers.
However, on the other hand, advertising has had a positive effect as a help of the economy and society. In the business market, the main and principal key to get profit is by the active consume of a product in the marketplace. Nevertheless, firms have taken advantage of that and have created false needs to consumers. According to Leiss, “The only true need, it would appear, are for nourishment, clothing, and housing.” In other words, he states that people can live without television, internet, IPod, and so forth. But the impact of commercials have made people feel the necessity of something else than food and shelter.
Commercials works through the human emotions and vanity and it appeals toward the psychologically domain turning into a temptation for weak mind people. For instance, if a person is at home watching T.V., very comfortable and suddenly, a commercial promoting any kind of food and drink comes up, that person will be hungry and thirsty in a couple of minutes. The advertising influenced his mind, provoking an involuntary reaction to do what the commercial induced him to do.
People have certain types of wants and needs, and they are perfectly capable to discover it for themselves. People today just need food, clothing and shelter everything else is superfluous and additional stuff. Advertising are able to create demand that would not exist just by manipulating people’s min and emotions. Advertising is master in manipulate reality and fantasy, by creating “magic show.” It is true that advertising has been a powerful mechanism that distorts our whole society’s values and priorities. On the other hand, advertising educate people about several issues. In political terms, it moves mass of people and persuade them to vote for a candidate. And, of course, in terms of economy, contributes in the development through the consumption of the costumer.
Advertising is used to promote goods, services, images, and anything else that advertisers want to publicize. It is becoming a major part of mass media. At times, we may view it positively; at other times we may just skip or ignore it. In order to attract audience, advertisers use various techniques on their advertisement to make people aware of the firm’s products, services or brands. Although the methods used by advertisers are infinite, they have a common goal: to persuade those who may become their customers to buy their products. An excellent advertisement will create a deep impression on its potential customers. The impact of advertising on our society is a fiercely debated topic, and has been ever since the conception of advertising in its most basic form. There are negative and positive social and economic impacts upon society from advertising in its various forms.
In today’s world, advertising reaches and influences teens in both negative and positive ways. Teens are bombarded with ads through television, teen magazines, radio, and the internet. Advertisers know teen’s buying power and their willingness to spend their money. Many companies even hire teens to be “consultants” and trendspotters. They want to know what teens are thinking and their likes and dislikes. Advertisements are found everywhere in today’s world. They have a big impact on what the consumer buys. Commercials are often aimed towards children and teens because they will ask their parents to buy the product. Another reason teens are targeted by advertisers is because they have money to spend and are willing to buy unnecessary products, especially if it is the latest and greatest. Teens feel that they need the newest electronics, clothing, and other luxury items.
Advertising promoting public welfare has a positive social impact upon society. It has been used to increase awareness in society about particular issues, and in doing so becomes a form of education. Anti drug advertising such as “It’s OK to say NO” and the “STAND” anti smoking campaign are just two examples of how society uses the advertising industry as a means to promote public welfare.
The power of advertising should be used in a way which should not have negative influence on the people’s mind.
Airbag systems are made up of three basic components the bag itself, the inflator unit, and the crash sensor. The bag and inflator are housed together in an airbag module. In most cases, the sensor is located in the passenger compartment facing upwards, so in the event of an accident it is detected immediately.
When the crash sensor deteriorates rapidly, it causes the inflator to produce nitrogen gas as quickly as it raises the bag, causing the bag to escape its condition. The most commonly used type of sensor is the electromechanical ball and tube structure. This type of sensor is made of a tube with a rotating machine and a metal ball on one of them held in place by a magnetic field. In the event of a strong enough blow, the ball is removed from its place, pulling down the tube and hitting the switch. Blowing the switch causes the electrical circulation that overflows the airbag to close. With the circuit closed, the inflator inserts to install an airbag.
Inside the inflation device is a small, solid propellant that is completely different from the types of antagonists used in rocket boosters. The propellant used in most airbags is a combination of sodium azide (NaN3) and potassium nitrate (KNO3). When these two chemical compounds react, they heat up rapidly and produce the nitrogen gas that fills the bag.
Airbags should send a very high speed to properly protect car occupants from hitting the interior of the car. In fact, when the airbag throws off its module it reaches 322km / h. The whole process of airbag bottles rises from the time the accident is discovered when the bag is completely above holds about one twenty five seconds. Seconds after the bag has completely risen, the gas inside the bag begins to slowly leak from the small holes. This allows people inside the car to have a room after the accident. In addition, after an airbag pulls on people around it they may notice that a toxic substance has been released. This material either talcum powder or corn starch is harmless and is used to keep air layers soft while stored in the module.
Can air layers cause damage?
Airbags should strike a balance between speeding fast enough to prevent occupants from colliding with the inside of the vehicle and robbing at high speed which results in injuries. To protect the occupants of the vehicles, the airbags must be tightened immediately so that under certain conditions the force of the inflation itself could cause injury to the occupants of the vehicles. Therefore, drivers and passengers in the front seat should take care to ensure that they are not placed in a position that could put them at risk of injury in the event of an airbag deploy.
The position of the driver in relation to the airbag is a very important factor in whether you are injured in the air bag service. Transportation Canada notes that the only equivalent of eight people in 2001 who suffered injuries caused by airbags was that they were too close to the air bag while operating
The law on real estate has not been properly organisaed in the past, which has left the home buyers in lurch, as they ended up paying their hard earned money in the hands of fraudulent builders. We analyse various options under prevailing laws:
The Real Estate Regulation Act, 2016
The Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code, 2016
The Consumer Protection Act, 1986
PROVISIONS UNDER THE REAL ESTATE REGULATION ACT, 2016
RERA seeks to bring clarity and fair practices that would protect the interest of buyers and also impose penalties on errant builders. It enhances certain norms to enhance transparency in real estate sector. Gist of major benefits of RERA are as follows:
Standardized carpet area– in the absence of standard definition of carpet area, the builders followed biased policies and calculation method to their advantage. Sec 2(k) now defines carpet area to mean the net usable floor area.
Reduces the risk of insolvency– Earlier builders were free to divert the funds raised from one project to another or anywhere, in the absence of no end-use monitoring norms. But now, the builder is required to deposit 70% of the amount realized in a separated bank account to be withdrawn as per completion of project, and based on certificate of a civil engineer, architect or Chartered Accountant.
Rights in case of defected possession – in case of any structural defect or any defect in workmanship, quality, provisions or service is discovered within 5 years after the possession, such defect will be rectified by the builder at no extra cost within 30 days. Similarly, buyers have been given rights in case of false promises leading to refund + interest and compensation.
PROVISIONS UNDER THE INSOLVENCY AND BANKRUPTCY CODE, 2016
Under the code the creditors are categorized into two types: Financial or Operational. Financial creditors includes person who have lent money to the debtor against the payment of interest, whereas Operational Creditors includes person who have established certain types of relationship with the debtor company such as the provision of goods and services, employment or Govt. dues. Therefore prior to the amendment “Home buyers” were treated as an orphan as, they were considered to be neither financial creditors nor operational creditors. The delay or default could however be intentional or unintentional such as funding issues, demand and supply situation, developer’s negligence, delay in land clearance, labour availability, ground water, land. Now after this amendment, the allottee1 of home buyers are termed as Financial Creditors.
The sums paid by the Home Buyers to a builder will be considered as financial debt. This enables home buyers to file petition u/s 7 of the code to start insolvency proceedings against a defaulting builder company. Further, according to section 238 of the IBC, if there is any inconsistency between IBC and another law then the IBC will prevail. In the light of same provision both the enactments i.e. RERA and IBC shall be read harmoniously to provide relief to the homebuyers and in case of inconsistency, IBC shall prevail over RERA enabling the homebuyers to approach NCLT without any hesitation.
PROVISIONS UNDERTHECONSUMER PROTECTION ACT, 1986
The widely used Consumer Protection Act had been best choice for the consumers to seek redressal of their disputes. However, the pecuniary jurisdiction has always been a matter of debate. Sometimes consumer courts were found to be highly burdened with the complaints, resulting into unreasonable delay in disposal of complaints. This delay has not encouraged consumers to take up their disputes. The tendency of consumers is that whenever there is any urgency there must be fast remedy. The delay practice has made consumer courts at par with the civil courts. The object of creating special forum under special law has been defeated. Under the law exploring multiple options at a same time is not allowed, unless the additional remedy is a criminal proceeding starting from registration of FIR against the respondent for having committed a criminal offence.
Pecuniary jurisdiction: District commission will have jurisdiction over the cases where the value of goods and services and the compensation claimed does not exceed Rs. 20 lakhs. State Commission shall have jurisdiction if value exceeds Rs. 20 lakhs but does not exceed 1 crore[1]. The National Commission will have jurisdiction where value exceeds Rs. 1 Crore.[2] However, with the amended Act, the jurisdiction has increased to Rs. 1 Crore, and 10 Crore as against Rs.
20 lakhs and Rs. 1 Crore respectively.
Arbitration: An alternative
The consumers, particularly the home buyers started looking at arbitration as an alternative remedy. Arbitration is certainly a fast remedy and has proved to be effective in most of the cases. But in respect to disputes of home buyers, the arbitration clause is so twisted in favour of builders that the innocent home buyers cannot have say in appointment of arbitrator. The builders will usually appoint an arbitrator of their own choice; hence the controlling power is vested with the builder. Although, there has been an amendment in the Arbitration Act, 2015. The amendment has inserted 7th schedule which specifically prohibits appointment of related party as Arbitrator. So, be careful while drafting such clauses on Arbitration so that the contract can be enforced. This is generally a myth that the appointing party shall conduct the affairs of arbitration. Whereas the conduct of Arbitrator is regulated and the law puts various checks and balance so that the arbitrator does not deliver biased orders, in addition to decision of arbitrator called arbitral award can be challenged in certain situations, and if found week on the given parameters, the award can be set aside and not binding.
Therefore, with great initiatives of the current Govt. to promulgate new laws, buyers are expected to get effective remedies.
Social media platforms such as Instagram and Facebook have become very popular in the lives of many people. With adolescents and young adults, especially young women, being the first users of such platforms, it is an important question whether the use of social media contributes to self-esteem, self-esteem, body image, and physical dissatisfaction. Researchers have begun to question the intensity of these questions, and recent studies have shown mixed results. The current article attempts to review these findings and provide possible explanations for the effects of social media use on physical dissatisfaction, with a focus on Instagram, Facebook, and other popular photo-based platforms.
“Social media is not real life,” said Essena O’Neill, a 19-year-old Australian Internet star who quit social media in November 2015 to prove that social media is a way for self-promotion. Essena has been a star on Instagram, Tumblr, YouTube and other social media platforms, with more than 600,000 followers on Instagram alone (McCluskey, 2016). As soon as he was silent, his followers and friends were in a commotion. They called the Australian man and accused him of deliberately closing his social media accounts in order to attract more attention and attention. His followers, friends and acquaintances began posting blogs and videos in response to Essena’s withdrawal from social media, with some even sending death threats.
In the same week Essena left Instagram, The Guardian’s Mahita Gajanan (2015) asked some young women about their self-esteem and confidence and their experience with social media. His discovery was in line with Essena’s; most of the women interviewed felt insecure. Many young women have reported staring at the number of “likes” they get, fearing that they don’t look good with their photos, think people think they look different on social media than in real life, and ask what aspects of their lives people can get the glory of. It was a common theme for women to spend a lot of time thinking about what image they should upload, upload a picture and constantly look at their page to see calculations such as, “which in turn increases their self-esteem.” Although many women are aware of these practices, they are consumed by their need to enter social media and strive to disrupt their habits. Many young women have reported that they live their lives through social media and view media presence as more important than real life. This focus on social media sources and subsequent compulsive behavior may contribute to physical satisfaction. To date, however, the findings of the study have been mixed, and the exact relationship between social media behavior and physical dissatisfaction is unclear.
The Influence of the News
The use of social media in particular has grown significantly in the last decade and continues to be a problem. The Pew Research Center shows that 71% of 13- to 17-year-olds use Facebook, 52% use Instagram, and 41% use Snapchat in 2015. Young girls using social media platforms are more frequently used than their male counterparts; 61% of girls use Instagram compared to 44% of boys. This increase in social media use, particularly Facebook and Instagram, could negatively affect adolescent girls and young women in terms of their self-esteem and physical satisfaction (Lenhart, 2015).
Some researchers have suggested a link between physical dissatisfaction and eating disorders with exposure to fashion magazines or television shows for women (Grabe et al., 2008; Levine & Murnen, 2009). These studies examined the emergence of media forms and body image to show that there may be a link between looking at small body images and dissatisfaction with her body. Another study by Becker and colleagues (2011) shows that media effects can occur even externally. The authors have learned whether direct and indirect media exposure (e.g., television, videos, CD players, MP3 players, internet access, phone access) is associated with pathology diets in young Fiji girls. They found a link between direct media exposure (e.g., personal media exposure) and mass media exposure (e.g., media exposure to people in the same peer group) on pathology diets in Fiji girls. Although there are limitations, such as the question of whether the findings can be documented in general (Becker et al, 2011), this study suggests that at least in this case, social networks play an important role in media interactions and dietary pathology, which may increase media interactions and physical dissatisfaction.
However, these findings should be taken with the knowledge that some investigators did not find a link between viewing media-based images and physical dissatisfaction. Holmstrom (2004) conducted a meta-analysis on pre-existing literature and focused on general media exposure and body dissatisfaction, body image and dietary pathology. Holmstrom focused on 34 subjects that used the media as an independent variant and a dissatisfaction with body image as the reliability and size of the overall result were minimal. Surprisingly, research has shown that women report that they feel better about their bodies after looking at excessively fat photos and have no change in body image after looking at thin bodies. These findings undermine the relationship between the image and the media and suggest the need for further investigation.
A recent meta-analysis by Ferguson (2013) enhanced the work of Holmstrom (2004), Grabe and colleagues (2008) and other researchers, and included the findings from 204 studies. The main point Ferguson honored was the publication of choice; precisely, that significant statistical results are likely to be published and empirical findings are non-existent, by a meta-analysis of a collection of biased findings. Ferguson (2013) did not find a relationship between media and physical satisfaction for men, however, there was a high, but very small, increase in women, especially for those with a desire for body image problems. Overall, meta-analyzes have encouraged researchers to be more secure in their studies of the relationship between social media and physical dissatisfaction because of the magnitude of the impact effect, the design limitations of the study, and the bias bias.
In a Summary
The popularity of the media, especially the media, in its youth makes it a powerful force for good. The findings discussed above provide the basis for future research and open up important discussions on how the use of social media can influence physical dissatisfaction. However, a lot of research is related, and the mechanisms for triggering possible relationships are still unknown. Most of the findings may apply to one person and may not be available to the general public. More work is needed in the future to distinguish between possible annoyances such as peer pressure and image editing. Scientists have identified specific areas to focus on, such as the need to specify moderate formulations (i.e., whether the result may be foodborne illness, physical dissatisfaction, etc.) and design a comprehensive study based on the limitations of previous research (Holmstrom, 2004; Ferguson, 2013). All in all, apart from the mixed findings and limitations of previous studies, previous research seems to note the relationship between social media and physical dissatisfaction, even though the nature and strength of the relationship remains unknown.
The Code was enacted in 2016 following decades of recommendations suggesting improvements to the previous insolvency regime, which was fragmented, fraught with delays and resulted in poor recoveries for creditors. [1]
The insolvency resolution process in India has in the past involved the simultaneous operation of several statutory instruments.
These include the Sick Industrial Companies Act, 1985, the Securitisation and Reconstruction of Financial Assets and Enforcement of Security Interest Act, 2002, the Recovery of Debt Due to Banks and Financial Institutions Act, 1993, and the Companies Act, 2013.[2]
Broadly, these statutes provided for a disparate process of debt restructuring, and asset seizure and realization in order to facilitate the satisfaction of outstanding debts. [3]
As is evident, a plethora of legislation dealing with insolvency and liquidation led to immense confusion in the legal system, and there was a grave necessity to overhaul the insolvency regime.
All of these multiple legal avenues, and a hamstrung court system led to India witnessing a huge piling up of non-performing assets, and creditors waiting for years at end to recover their money. [5]
The Bankruptcy Code is an effort at a comprehensive reform of the fragmented regime of corporate insolvency framework, in order to allow credit to flow more freely in India and instill faith in investors for speedy disposal of their claims. [4]
The Code consolidates existing laws relating to insolvency of corporate entities and individuals into a single legislation.
The Code has unified the law relating to enforcement of statutory rights of creditors and streamlined the manner in which a debtor company can be revived to sustain its debt without extinguishing the rights of creditors[5]:-
1) The scheme of the Code marked a sea change from the previous regime. In respect of corporate entities, the Code introduced a creditor-in-control regime (with a focus on empowering financial creditors), a time-bound resolution process and reduced scope for judicial intervention, and established institutions such as the Insolvency and Bankruptcy Board of India, insolvency professionals and information utilities.[6]
Since the implementation of this new regime, the constitutional validity of various provisions of the Code has been challenged before various High Courts, and the Supreme Court.
Applicability
The Code provides creditors with a mechanism to initiate an insolvency resolution process in the event a debtor is unable to pay its debts. The Code makes a distinction between Operational Creditors and Financial Creditors. [7]
A Financial Creditor is one whose relationship with the debtor is a pure financial contract, where an amount has been provided to the debtor against the consideration of time value of money (“Financial Creditor”).
Recent reforms have sought to address the concerns of homebuyers by treating them as ‘financial creditors’ for the purposes of the Code. [7]
By a recently promulgated ordinance, the Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code (Amendment) Ordinance, 2018 (“the Ordinance”), the amount raised from allottees under a real estate project (a buyer of an under-construction residential or commercial property) is to be treated as a ‘financial debt’ as such amount has the commercial effect of a borrowing.[7]
The Ordinance does not clarify whether allottees are secured or unsecured financial creditors. Such classification will be subject to the agreement entered into between the homebuyers and the corporate debtor.
In the absence of allottees having a clear status, there may be uncertainty about their priority when receiving dues from the insolvency proceedings. [7]
An Operational Creditor is a creditor who has provided goods or services to the debtor, including employees, central or state governments (“Operational Creditor”). A debtor company may also, by itself, take recourse to the Code if it wants to avail of the mechanism of revival or liquidation. [7]
In the event of inability to pay creditors, a company may choose to go for voluntary insolvency resolution process – a measure by which the company can itself approach the NCLT for the purpose of revival or liquidation. [7]
What was the judicial approach to the Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code?
SERIES OF JUDICIAL PRONOUNCEMENT
With almost more than two years since the introduction of the Code, there have been various challenges in the effective implementation of the Code. However, constructive interpretation by the judiciary coupled with effective amendments to the Code has helped in eradicating most of these teething issues. [8]
Some of the key judicial pronouncements are discussed below:
The Insolvency and Bankruptcy Board of India which is the regulatory and supervisory body in charge of the IBC, has done a commendable job in proactively spreading awareness and regulating the space. [9]
Many important judgments were pronounced throughout the year, including certain landmark cases, where in the Supreme Court has tried to ensure that the spirit of the Code is given primacy over procedural requirements. [9]
Suspended Board of Directors of Corporate Debtor Entity are entitled to access the resolution plan and other related documents:-
In a significant judgments delivered on January 31, 2019, the Hon’ble Supreme Court of India decided on an important aspect with respect to the rights of the suspended board of directors of the Corporate Debtor Entity to receive and access the resolution plan and other related documents, whose case has been admitted by the Adjudicating Authority under the relevant provisions of the Code. [10]
Facts of the Case:
In respect of Mr. Vijay Kumar Jain, Director of Corporate Debtor (‘Appellant’) vs. Standard Chartered Bank and Ors. (As ‘Financial Creditors’), the NCLT had approved the appointment of Resolution Professional (‘RP’) to conduct Corporate Insolvency Resolution Process of Corporate Debtor Company i.e. Ruchi Soya Industries Limited (‘RSIL’). [10]
The appellant, being a member of the suspended board of RSIL, was given notice and agenda for the first meeting of Committee of Creditors (‘CoC’) and was permitted to attend the meeting of CoC. The appellant alleged that he was not granted permission to participate in subsequent meetings of CoC. [10]
As a result, the appellant filed a miscellaneous application before the NCLT to allow his participation in the subsequent meetings of CoC. The appellant also executed a Non-Disclosure Agreement (‘NDA’) to keep information received through participation in the CoC meeting strictly confidential and even undertook to indemnify RP. [10]
However, NCLT vide its order dated August 1, 2018 dismissed the said application of appellant with liberty to the appellant to attend the COC meetings, but not to insist upon the CoC or RP to provide information which is considered as confidential by the CoC or RP. [11]
Against the said order of NCLT, the appellant filed an appeal before the Appellate Tribunal, which recognized the right of appellant to attend and participate on the CoC meetings but Appellate Tribunal vide its order dated August 9, 2018 [12] denied the prayer of the appellant to have access to certain documents including sensitive resolution plan.
The appellant aggrieved by the order of the NCLAT, filed an appeal before the Hon’ble Supreme Court of India. [13]
Apex Court Observations and Findings:
On advertising relevant provisions of the Code and arguments of parties to the dispute, the Supreme Court opined that notice of each meeting of the CoC will have to be given to the suspended board of directors of the corporate debtor entity. [14]
The Supreme Court further noted that the statutory scheme of IBC makes it clear that though the suspended board are not members of the CoC, yet, they have a right to participate in each and every meeting held by the CoC and also have a right to discuss along with members of the CoC, resolution plan that are presented at such meeting. [14]
The Supreme Court further observed that Section 31(1) of the Code make it clear once the resolution plan is passed by the Adjudicating Authority, it shall be binding on the corporate debtor together with guarantors and other stakeholders. [14]
This being the case, it is clear that the erstwhile board of directors, which consists of persons who may have given personal guarantees for the debts owed by the corporate debtor, will be bound by the resolution plan, and therefore, have a vital stake in what ultimately gets passed by the CoC’s.[14]
The Supreme Court also made it clear that so far as confidential information is concerned, RP can take an undertaking in the form of NDA from suspended board of directors of the corporate debtor entity with an objective to maintain strict confidentiality in regard to resolution plan and other related documents. [14]
Further, according to Regulation 39(5) of IBBI (Insolvency Resolution Process for Corporate Persons) Regulations, 2016, the RP shall forthwith send a copy of the order of the Adjudicating Authority approving or rejecting a resolution plan to the participants and resolution applicant. The term ‘Participants’ includes members of the erstwhile Board of Directors of Corporate Debtor. [14]
Thus in view of the above, the Supreme Court allowed the appeal and set aside the impugned order of the Appellate Tribunal. [14]
What was the result of Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code in the present scenario? Also cite relevant case laws.
IBC came into being repealing SICA (Sick Industrial Companies Act), SICA was repealed with effect from 1 December 2016. [15]
To know the background of IBC, it is important to know more about SICA and why it failed to prevail as a law. [15]
This is the exact rationale for the existence of The Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code in India which has been into effect since 2016. [15]
To know the background of IBC, it is important to know more about SICA and why it failed to prevail as a law. [15]
The journey from SICA to IBC
The SICA, 1985:-
The name SICA, itself connotes the reason for its actuality. India witnessed an atmosphere of rampant industrial sickness in the 1980s in furtherance of which the Government of India came up with key legislation i.e. the Sick Industrial Companies Act to combat the issue. [15]
Widespread industrial sickness affects the economy in a number of ways, thus The Act came into being to spot the sick or potentially sick companies owning industrial undertakings and take speedy remedial measures for their revival or in a scenario where there is no such measure, close such units. [15]
This was an action to get the locked up investment in such industrial units released and use them in a more productive manner. SICA was repealed and replaced by the Sick Industrial Companies (Special Provisions) Act of 2003, which diluted certain provisions of SICA and filled certain gaps. [15]
One of the main changes to the new law was that, in addition to combating occupational diseases, it also aimed to reduce the growing incidence by ensuring that companies do not use a medical certificate simply to evade legal obligations and access concessions granted to financial institutions to receive. [15]
The comprehensive performance of the Act did not live up to the expected results and thus, IBC was notified as on 28th May 2016 and the repeal of SICA came into full effect from December 1, 2016. [15]
IBC Kicks In
Mistakes of the past were taken in view and The Insolvency and Bankruptcy code came into being with a wider scope and aiming to resolve the issues via more effective provisions and implementation. It is an act to consolidate and amend the laws having reorganization and insolvency resolution issues as the subject-matter. [15]
The provisions of the Act shall apply to the following in case of insolvency, liquidation, voluntary liquidation or bankruptcy; [15]
“An Act to consolidate and amend the laws relating to reorganisation and insolvency resolution of corporate persons, partnership firms and individuals in a time bound manner for maximisation of value of assets of such persons, to promote entrepreneurship, availability of credit and balance the interests of all the stakeholders including alteration in the order of priority of payment of Government dues and to establish an Insolvency and Bankruptcy Board of India, and for matters connected therewith or incidental thereto.
Whether the expression “and” occurring in section 8(2)(a) may be read as “or”?
The Court held that the expression “and” occurring in section 8(2)(a) may be read as “or” in order to further the object of the statute and/ or to avoid an anomalous situation – once the operational creditor has filed an application, which is otherwise complete, the adjudicating authority must reject the application under Section 9(5)(2)(d) if notice of dispute has been received by the operational creditor or there is a record of dispute in the information utility – So long as a dispute truly exists in fact and is not spurious, hypothetical or illusory, the adjudicating authority has to reject the application – A “dispute” is said to exist, so long as there is a real dispute as to payment between the parties that would fall within the inclusive definition contained in Section 5(6). [16]
2) Surendra Trading Company Vs. Juggilal Kamlapat Jute Mills Company Ltd. & Others- Supreme Court:
The time limit prescribed in IBC, 2016 for admitting or rejecting a petition or initiation of CIRP under proviso to sub-sec. (5) of Sec. 9, is directory. [17]
The question before the NCLAT was to whether time of fourteen days under section 9(5) given to the adjudicating authority for ascertaining the existence of default and admitting or rejecting the application is mandatory or directory. [17]
NCLAT hold that the mandate of sub-section (5) of section 7 or sub-section (5) of section 9 or sub-section (4) of section 10 is procedural in nature, a tool of aid in expeditious dispensation of justice and is directory. [17]
Further question (with which supreme Court is concerned) was as to whether the period of seven days for rectifying the defects under proviso to sub-section (5) of Section 9 is mandatory or directory. The aforesaid provision of removing the defects within seven days is directory and not mandatory in nature. [17]
3) Essar Steel India Ltd. Vs. Reserve Bank of India-
RBI is authorized to direct any banking company to initiate insolvency resolution process- Gujarat High Court. [18]
A long-drawn legal battle for Essar Steel ends with this Supreme Court judgment. In one of the most discussed cases under IBC i.e. the case of Essar Steel Limited, the Supreme Court delivered its judgment which would probably be the final judgment of the case. Key highlights of the Essar Steel Supreme Court judgment are as follows: [19]
The requirement of completing the corporate insolvency resolution process within 330 days from the insolvency commencement date as introduced by the 2019 Amendment Act was held as non-mandatory. [19]
CoC can delegate its administrative powers or power of negotiation with the resolution applicants to a smaller committee (sub-committee) since such acts would be ultimately required to be approved and ratified by the CoC. [19]
Prospective resolution applicant has a right to receive complete information as to the CD, debts owed by it, and its activities as a going concern and as such it cannot suddenly be faced with “undecided” claims after the resolution plan submitted by it has been accepted. [19]
To put an end to uncertainty, parameters were laid down for limiting the scope of interference of Adjudicating Authority and Appellate Authority with the commercial decision taken by the requisite majority of CoC. [19]
The Supreme Court has re-emphasized the primacy of the commercial wisdom of the CoC in relation to resolution of the corporate debtor as well as difference in treatment of unequally placed creditors based on its earlier decisions in Swiss Ribbons and K. Sashidhar cases. [19]
Why are the judgments of the Insolvency and Bankruptcy cases pending with court?
The judgments of the cases are pending with the Court due to the Causes for the delays which range from frivolous challenges by operational creditors and promoters to basic issues like shortage of judges. [20]
There is no stipulated time-line for operational creditors to challenge the rejection of their claim, shortage of members at the bench, allowing intervention by promoters at the admission stage and long gaps between conclusion of hearing and passing of written orders are all causing delays,” said Sapan Gupta, national head banking and finance practice at Shardul Amarchand and Mangaldas. [20]
To be fair, delays are not a peculiarly Indian phenomenon. Many advanced countries struggle to provide quick, high-quality justice to citizens. But in India the scale of the problem is unprecedented. Focusing on capacity alone won’t reduce delays. [21]
A pervasive reason for the delays is adjournments. Many advanced countries struggle to provide quick, high-quality justice to citizens. But in India the scale of the problem is unprecedented.[21]
Conclusion
In conclusion, the Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code, 2016, is a progressive legislation that is intended to improve the efficiency of insolvency and bankruptcy proceedings in India. The new legislation provides for the early detection of financial distress and a time bound process for resolution. [22]
However, many details on the IBC’s implementation need to be worked out in the regulations, and its success will depend to a large extent on how quickly a high quality cadre of insolvency resolution professionals will emerge and on whether the time bound process for insolvency resolution will be adhered to in practice. [22]
The IBC has taken its first steps to regularize the insolvency process in India. It has amended over 11 legislations in India, bringing about one of the most significant changes to commercial laws in India in recent times. However, the 22 months of this nascent legislation have been ridden with controversies and speedy resolutions. [23]
It has also become a very important tool for banks to regularize multitudes of non-performing assets plaguing the country’s economy. Within 7 months of the enactment of the IBC, the Reserve Bank of India released a list of 12 companies which held about 25% of the gross non-performing assets of the country.[23]
With more than 11% of all loans in India being terms as bad loans, the IBC has become the need of the hour. The IBC has brought a plethora of changes to insolvency laws in India and aims to reduce the amount of bad loans that has saddled the economy over the last few years. [23]
We are beginning to see this through various companies successfully concluding their insolvency process. The first successful case of a CIRP was that of Bhushan Steel wherein TATA Steel agreed to purchase Bhushan Steel for Rupees Thirty-Two Thousand Five Hundred Crores. [23]
With many more insolvency resolution processes in the pipeline, only time will tell if the IBC will prove to be a successful tool with its objective of streamlining the insolvency process in India. [23]
1) Bankruptcy Law Reforms Committee, The Interim Report of the Bankruptcy Law Reforms Committee (2015).
2) Rule 2.1.1. of RBI Master Circular – Prudential Norms on Income Recognition, Asset Classification and Provisioning – Pertaining to Advances defines an NPA as ‘An asset, including a leased asset, becomes non-performing when it ceases to generate income for the bank. A ‘non-performing asset’ (NPA) was defined as a credit facility in respect of which the interest and/ or installment of principal has remained ‘past due’ for a specified period of time.
3) It must be noted that creditors having outstanding debts continue to have the right to approach an appropriate forum like civil courts or arbitral tribunals for recovery of debts which would be a contractual right of recovery.
4) As cited in the “Abstract” of “Emerging Jurisprudence on Corporate Insolvency” by Shipra Sayal Institute of Law, Nirma University, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India.
5) As cited in the “Introduction” Para of “A Primer on the Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code, 2016” by Nishith Desai Associates:- The Legal and Tax Counseling Worldwide.
6) As cited in the “Introduction” para of “Understanding the Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code, 2016:- Analysing the developments in jurisprudence” by “Vidhi Bankruptcy Research Programme” at the Vidhi Centre for Legal Policy and the Legal Division of the Insolvency and Bankruptcy Board of India.
7) As cited in the “Applicability” Para of “A Primer on the Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code, 2016” by Nishith Desai Associates:- The Legal and Tax Counseling Worldwide.
8) As cited in the “4th Para ,viz, Series of Judicial Pronouncement” of “Series of Judicial Pronouncement – Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code, 2016” written by Rushabh Ajmera on TaxGuru.
9) As cited in the “Introduction” Para of “Insolvency and Bankruptcy Hotline:- ANALYSING 2018 THROUGH THE LENS OF THE INSOLVENCY CODE” written on January 17, 2019 by Nishith Desai Associates.
10) As cited in the “4th Para” viz, Series of Judicial Pronouncement” of “Series of Judicial Pronouncement – Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code, 2016” written by Rushabh Ajmera on TaxGuru Website India 11 months ago.
11) As cited in “NCLT pronounced order on August1, 2018”.
13) As cited in “Facts of the Case Para” of “Series of Judicial Pronouncement – Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code, 2016” by Rushabh Ajmera 11 Months ago on TaxGuru India Website.
14) As cited in ” Apex Court Observations and Findings Para” in “Series of Judicial Pronouncement – Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code, 2016” by Rushabh Ajmera 11 Months ago on TaxGuru India Website.
15) As cited in “IBC (Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code, 2016) – The Bankruptcy Law of India” written by Vidushi Trehan, LL.M from Symbiosis Law School, Pune , Intern at Khurana & Khurana, Advocates and IP Attorneys.
16) As cited in “Brief about decision para” in ” “and” occurring in section 8(2)(a) may be read as “or”- Mobilox Innovations (P) Ltd. Vs. Kirusa Software (P) Ltd.- Supreme Court” written by IBC LAWSon September 21, 2017.
17) As cited in “Case Name: M/S. Surendra Trading Company Vs. M/S. Juggilal Kamlapat Jute Mills Company Limited and Others” written by IBC LAWS on September 18, 2017
18) As cited in “RBI is authorised to direct any banking company to initiate insolvency resolution process- Essar Steel India Ltd. Vs. RBI- Gujarat High Court” written on July 17, 2017 by IBC LAWS.
19) As cited in “The Insolvency And Bankruptcy Code In 2019 : Recent Amendments And Key Judgments” written by Mayur Shetty and Chintan Gandhi of Rajani Associates on 12th March 2020.
20) As cited in “Delay becomes the norm in insolvency & bankruptcy cases” by Joel Rebello & Saikat Das, ET Bureau on Aug 15, 2019 at 11:25pm.
21) As cited in “Hidden factors that slow our courts and delay justice” written by Arghya Sengupta.
22) As cited in “Insolvency And Bankruptcy Code” written on 12 September 2017 by Samvad Partners.
23) As cited in “2016: Overview Of The Insolvency And Bankruptcy Code, 2016” written by Namrata Bhagwatula , Senior Associate on 20 September, 2018.
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