India is celebrating seventy years of Independence, but still the female of our country are not independent and not living truly free. Women are live under realm of darkness and fear. It is indeed a cloudy reality of India.

What is Marital Rape? Marital Rape is defined as unwanted sexual intercourse between by a man and his wife (one’s spouse without the spouse’s consent). The lack of consent is the essential element and it is obtained force, threat of force, or physical violence, or when she is unable to give consent. Marital rape could be by the use of force only, a battering rape or a sadistic rape. It is a non-consensual act of violent perversion by a spouse against his spouses where she is physically and sexually abused. It is also known as spousal rape.

LAWS : It is an important case to be a concern, while on the one side our country is celebrating some glorious decisions in the legal arena from the Hon’ble Supreme Court of India like landmark judgments in the matter of ‘Adhaar Card Case’ , ‘Triple Talaq’ and ‘Ayodhya disputes’ creating new cornerstones for the judiciary; while on the other side to the general disappointment, the Central Government has given its view against criminalizing marital rape, saying doing so would ‘destabilize the institution of marriage’. Approximations have quoted that every 7-8 hours; a young married woman is burnt or beaten to death, or driven to suicide from emotional abuse by her husband. The UN Population Fund states that more than 2/3rds of married women in India, aged between 16 to 48 have been beaten, raped or forced to provide sex. In 2005, 6789 cases were recorded of women murdered by their husbands or their husbands’ families. However, indeed the increasing number of cases of spousal rape in our country, spousal rape is not defined in any statue/ laws. It is to be noted that while ‘Rape'” is defined under section 375 of the Indian Penal Code, there is no definition of ‘Marital Rape’ till now and there is no reorganization of marital rape under the ambit of Indian Law. It is disheartening that such a sensitive issue like marital rape is being dismissed by the highest courts of India by giving the view that “You are espousing a personal cause and not a public cause…This is an individual case.” In the running days, a survey indicates that between 12 and 16% of married women are raped by their husbands and the incidents of marital rape soars to 1/3rd to ½ among clinical samples of battered women. Sexual assault by one’s spouse accounts for approximately 28% of rapes committed. Women who became prime targets for marital rape are those who attempt to flee. Criminal charges of sexual assault may be activating by other acts. Marital rape is not an offence in India. Despite amendments, law commissions and new legislations, one of the most humiliating and acts is tiring not an offence in India.

Section 375 of the Indian Penal Code defines “Rape” A man is said to commit “rape” if he is against her will and the situations falling under any of the following seven illustrations: First— He should be against her will. Second — the man should be without her consent. Third — the man with her consent, when her consent has been obtained by putting her or any person in whom she is interested, in fear of death or of hurt. Fourth — the man with her consent, when the man knows that he is not her husband and that her consent is given because she believes that he is another man to whom she is or believes herself to be lawfully married. Fifth — It should be in her consent when, at the time of giving such consent, by reason of unsoundness of mind or intoxication or the administration by him personally or through another of any stupefying or unwholesome substance, she is unable to understand the nature and consequences of that to which she gives consent. Sixth — it can be with or without her consent, when she is under the age of adult. Seventh — when she is unable to communicate consent.

Violation of Article 14 of the Indian Constitution Article 14 of the Indian Constitution defines that India provides for equality before the law or equal protection of the laws within the territory of India. “The State cannot not deny with any person equality before the law or the equal protection of the laws within the boundary of our country.” Therefore, the Constitution gives assurance of equality to all, Indian criminal law disfavour against female victims who have been raped by their own spouse. At the time the Indian Penal Code was drafted in the 1860s, a married woman was not considered an independent legal entity. Rather, the woman was considered to be the chattel of her spouse. As an output, she did not constitute many of the rights now guaranteed to her as an independent legal entity, including the right to file a complaint against another under her own identity.

Violation of Article 21 Marital Rape is also a violation of Article 21 of the Indian Constitution. Article 21 defines that “Protection of life and personal liberty No person shall be deprived of his life or personal liberty except according to procedure established by law. The Article forbids the deprivation of the above rights except according to a procedure established by law” The Supreme Court has interpreted this clause in various judgments to extend beyond the purely literal guarantee to life and liberty. Instead, it has held that the rights enshrined in Article 21 include the rights to health, privacy, dignity, safe living conditions, and safe environment, among others. The above conclusions clearly reflect that Section 375 of the IPC is an infringement of Articles 14 and 21 of the Constitution. It is time that Indian jurisprudence understands the inhumane nature of this provision of law and strikes it down.

Conclusion

Marital rape is not fully criminalized in our country. It certainly is an authentic type of wrongdoing against ladies and deserving of government’s consideration. Women who are raped by their husband are more inclined to various attacks and frequently endure long haul physical and enthusiastic issues. In this specific circumstance, marital rape is significantly more horrendous for a lady since she needs to remain with her aggressor ordinary. As the results of marital rape are truly high, there is obviously a dire requirement for criminalization of the offense of marital rape. Positive legitimate change for ladies by and large is going on in India, yet additionally steps are fundamental so that both lawful and social change happens, which would finish in criminalizing marital rape and changing the attitude about ladies in marriage. There are many loopholes in Protection of Women from Domestic Violence Act, as the Act does not straightforwardly talk against marital rape. On the brighter side sanctioning of a particular enactment against abusive behaviour at home has opened the entryway for an enactment criminalizing marital rape.

44 years ago, in 1975, India saw its darkest phase when then Prime Minister Indira Gandhi declared emergency across the country.

The emergency was issued by President Fakhruddin Ali Ahmed under Article 352(1) of the Constitution and lasted 21 long months beginning 25th June 1975 and going on until 21st March 1977. Here are some facts from the emergency period.

1974: A student agitation by the Bihar Chatra Sangharsh Samiti received the support of Gandhian socialist Jayaprakash Narayan, referred to as JP, against the Bihar government.

Meanwhile, in Patna, JP called for “total revolution,” asking students, peasants, and labour unions to non-violently transform Indian society. He also demanded the dissolution of the state government, but this was not accepted by Centre.

Another significant movement was the Nav Nirman movement in Gujarat, between December 1973 and March 1974.
Raj Narain filed cases of election fraud and use of state machinery for election in the Allahabad High Court. He had been defeated in the 1971 parliamentary election by Indira Gandhi.

This was for the first time that a Prime Minister was cross-examined in the Court.

Allahabad High Court found Indira Gandhi guilty and declared her election null and void and unseated her from her seat in the Lok Sabha.

Indira Gandhi challenged Allahabad High Court’s decision in the Apex Court.

Justice V. R. Krishna Iyer, on 24 June 1975, upheld the High Court judgement and ordered all privileges Gandhi received as an MP be stopped, and that she be debarred from voting.
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Politics and Nation
The darkest phase in Indira’s tenure as PM
Updated: 31 Oct 2019, 12:10 PM IST
Emergency!BCCL1/8Emergency!
44 years ago, in 1975, India saw its darkest phase when then Prime Minister Indira Gandhi declared emergency across the country.

The emergency was issued by President Fakhruddin Ali Ahmed under Article 352(1) of the Constitution and lasted 21 long months beginning 25th June 1975 and going on until 21st March 1977. Here are some facts from the emergency period.
The catalystsBCCL2/8The catalysts
1974: A student agitation by the Bihar Chatra Sangharsh Samiti received the support of Gandhian socialist Jayaprakash Narayan, referred to as JP, against the Bihar government.

Meanwhile, in Patna, JP called for “total revolution,” asking students, peasants, and labour unions to non-violently transform Indian society. He also demanded the dissolution of the state government, but this was not accepted by Centre.

Another significant movement was the Nav Nirman movement in Gujarat, between December 1973 and March 1974.
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The case that shook IndiaAgencies3/8The case that shook India
Raj Narain filed cases of election fraud and use of state machinery for election in the Allahabad High Court. He had been defeated in the 1971 parliamentary election by Indira Gandhi.

This was for the first time that a Prime Minister was cross-examined in the Court.

Allahabad High Court found Indira Gandhi guilty and declared her election null and void and unseated her from her seat in the Lok Sabha.

Raj Narain (center)

Debarring IndiraAgencies4/8Debarring Indira
Indira Gandhi challenged Allahabad High Court’s decision in the Apex Court.

Justice V. R. Krishna Iyer, on 24 June 1975, upheld the High Court judgement and ordered all privileges Gandhi received as an MP be stopped, and that she be debarred from voting.
Internal disturbanceAgencies5/8Internal disturbance
The goal of the 21-month-long Emergency in the country was to control “internal disturbance”.

Indira Gandhi justified her steps in terms of national interest, primarily based on three grounds.

India’s security and democracy, rapid economic development and upliftment of the underprivileged and intervention of powers from abroad which could destabilise and weaken India.
The Gandhi Government laid out some rules for the journalists across the country and they were told about “guidelines” to follow.

All the newspapers in the country were asked to take permission before publishing any anything by the Press Advisor.
The Gandhi Government laid out some rules for the journalists across the country and they were told about “guidelines” to follow.

All the newspapers in the country were asked to take permission before publishing any anything by the Press Advisor.

Human rights violations
Several other human rights violations were reported from the time, including a forced mass-sterilization campaign spearheaded by Sanjay Gandhi, the Prime Minister’s son.

The Emergency is one of the most controversial periods of independent India’s history.

The months preceding the declaration of the Emergency were fraught with economic troubles — growing unemployment, rampant inflation and scarcity of food. The dismal condition of the Indian economy was accompanied by widespread riots and protests in several parts of the country. Interestingly, the hitherto simmering borders of the country were rather quiet in the years preceding the Emergency. “As if to compensate, there was now trouble in the heartland, in parts of the country which, for reasons of history, politics, tradition, and language, had long considered themselves integral parts of the Republic of India,” writes historian Ramachandra Guha in his book, ‘India after Gandhi.’ The trouble began in Gujarat, spread to Bihar and from there to several other parts of Northern India. While the streets were raging against Gandhi’s governance, another challenge came to the doorstep of the prime minister in the form of a petition filed in the Allahabad High Court.

pradhan is the post which is also called mukhiya in some parts of india like bihar and odisa . it is the post which is very respected and it is up to panchayat level . a person has to fight election like member of parliament and member of legislative assemblies in wich the people of that panchayat directly cast thier thier vote in the favour of the personwhom they want to see as thier representative . so this clear its a legally elected body who ovwelooks a panchayat . now lets talks about the pradhan pati what wrong with this name ? actually the constitution has garnted equal rights to both mwn and women and given the reservation to the womens to balance the system of equality. so the seats in the panchayat elections are reserved for the womens to do welfare and equally give the rights to the females . in this situation the male or the husband of that elected reprentative take the actual charge and the role of the actual womwn pradhan is limited or restricted to signing any documents . all the works are done by the husband of that pradhan this culture is primarily known as the PRADHAN PATI . Though the panchayati raj system originally envisioned empowering women, over the years the husbands of elected women and sarpanches have made a mockery of the rules. Gandhi has criticised the way the vision of women’s empowerment in the panchayati raj system has been given a short shrift. “Thirty years ago when Rajiv Gandhi announced it, the idea was to get women into the mainstream. 33 percent of all sarpanchs would be women. That was a brilliant idea. But women allowed themselves to be used as tools. New institutions like ‘pradhan pati’ and ‘sarpanch pati’ came up. They even became legitimised as district magistrates allowed husbands to sit in panchayat meetings. Pradhan patis would run the show while women stayed in ghunghats.”Gandhi said the problem stems from two factors. “One is overpopulation. In an overpopulated society violence does increase and it’s always aimed at the weaker. So, it is always going to be one caste against other, one class against other. Our job is to empower women rather than change the mindset of men which is not possible at this point.” What the government can do in this regard is empower the women.

“Has Panchayats in our country ever thought that there should be no poor left in our country. If one village brings out five persons out of poverty in a year, what a big change will come in the country”

Prime Minister Narendra Modi in an event called for an end to the practice of “husbands of women sarpanches” or “sarpanch pati” exercising undue influence on the work of their wives elected to power.

At an event to mark the National Panchayati Raj Day here, Mr. Modi hailed the contribution of women to the functioning of panchayats. He urged panchayat members to work with a five-year vision with concrete plans to bring about positive changes in their villages.

Mr. Modi urged panchayat members to instil pride about the village. He said issues such as education of children and vaccination for them should be paid special attention. Mr. Modi asked panchayat members to motivate government officials to spend at least one hour a week with the school-going children.

He gave away the Annual Devolution Index (States) Awards and e-Panchayat awards and congratulated the zila parishads and gram panchayats which were being felicitated on the occasion.

the fraud has been always seen by changing its nature from a different type to different type in the 90 the modes ewre mostly te physical but after the introduction of electronic facility in the 20th century the humans has devloped different types of the techniques related to the fraud . due to accessebiluty of the banking fqcility in the current world keeping in hand the smart phones . it is absolutely true tht the technologies had given us so freedon and made our work easy but at the same time it has been saw that its creating a big loss to the people hwen it goes in wrong hand and where guilty mind lies .

talking about the new trends of frauds throuhgh the electronic means which includes

net banking fraud

app fraud- phne pay , paytm, olx , quikr etc

fraud on call

data hacks

The Unified Payments Interface or UPI has made transferring money very simple, thanks to the rising popularity of apps like Google Pay, PhonePe, and others. But while UPI is fostering a new way of digital payments, it has also opened up new ways to trick unsuspecting users. I found out just how common such scams on UPI are thanks to my father’s recent interactions on OLX, where he wanted to sell his bike.

The scam unfolded like this– My father, who lives in a small town in Uttar Pradesh received a call from someone who claimed to be from a nearby city, and said was keen to purchase the listed motorcycle. He also offered to pay Rs 10,000 in advance and promised to pay the rest of the amount in cash within two days when he would come to pick it up.

This person did not want to see the bike and persisted to pay the advance, even when assured that my father would not make a deal with anyone else in that period. The caller continued to badger my father to send his UPI address so the amount could be transferred. This raised enough suspicion for my father to cut him off.https://065b80b7c89cf5066931acd4099ca854.safeframe.googlesyndication.com/safeframe/1-0-37/html/container.html

Watch out! Don’t fall for fraud calls or SMS for Paytm KYC

A week later, he refreshed the listing and within an hour, he received a call and the same thing followed. My father was now sure that it is some kind of fraud, but could not understand how giving up his UPI ID alone could result in a scam. He called me to look into the matter and when I searched for ‘UPI fraud OLX’ on Google, there was plenty to show how such scams were being executed.

However, I soon found out that it was not the only way that people were being conned. I myself received a call in the office where the caller claimed that I have pending cashback in my PhonePe account. “Do you want me to ‘pay’ the amount or do you wish to ‘decline’ it,” the caller said. Obviously, he did not have the answers to my questions like– “Since when did cashback needs to be accepted,” and “Why the cashback is on hold,” and “Why have I got cashback in the first place?”

The person even sent a payment request on PhonePe with three options as usual — “Pay”, “Later”, and “Decline”.

How the fraud happens

What follows after you tell the fraudster your UPI ID is that user gets a payment request. The scammer might have promised to transfer the money for the item you have listed on the classified site, but instead sends a request demanding money from you.

The scammer tells you that he has sent the money, please accept this ‘request’. He says that in order to receive the money you will have to tap on the ‘Pay’ button, while tapping on ‘Decline’ will result in cancellation of the said transaction.

However, the receiver in a UPI transaction does not need to do anything to get their money. People, unaware of the very fact, end up paying the scammer in the hopes of receiving the money. This small negligence on your part makes you a victim of UPI fraud.

How to save yourself from fraud

To transfer money or make a transaction using the UPI apps, users need to enter their M-PIN, which differs for every linked bank account. The M-PIN is like a digital ATM PIN. If at any point of time, you are entering your M-PIN into the UPI app, you are either checking your account balance or you are making a transaction where money will be deducted from your linked bank account.

Treat your M-PIN exactly like you treat your ATM PIN. Do not disclose or share your M-PIN with anyone. The same applies for UPI login passcode– a password that you need to enter to log in to your UPI app. To be on the safer side, put a lock on your payment apps.

Introduction

The strength of Indian Parliamentary Democracy lies in its people’s commitment towards being active participants in the electoral foray by utilizing their right to universal adult sufferage for Legislative Assemblies and Parliament, every five years. 

However, in recent times, India has been witnessing some departure from the established conventions whereby elected representatives from one party have been switching sides and helping a party that otherwise lacks the requisite number, to form government. This process of Defection has been defined by Soli J. Sorabjee as “the abandonment or disloyalty to duty or ideology. In political term the ‘defectors’ not only violate the credibility of political party on whose ticket they were elected but also betrays the electors who had voted for them. It commits a breach of faith not only to the party on whose ticket the member has been elected but also commits a breach of faith with electorates whose votes were secured on the basis of affiliation with the party.”

The 10^th Schedule was inserted in the constitution to curb this menace of defection and to reduce the power of money used for alluring the elected members to break or topple government and to ensure that elected members remain loyal to the party on whose ticket he/she has been elected as well as electors. 

The anti-defection law in India, technically the Tenth Schedule to the Indian Constitution, was enacted to address the perceived problem of instability caused by democratically elected legislators in India’s Parliamentary System of Government shifting allegiance from the parties they supported at the time of election, or disobeying their parties’ decisions at critical times such as during voting on an important resolution. Such shifting of allegiance was considered to be a symptom of endemic political corruption, which in turn provided some legitimisation for corruption prevalent in other aspects of life in the country.

Prior to the introduction of the anti-defection law, both the central Government of India and the governments of some of its states and territories had experienced instances of perceived instability resulting from legislators changing their political allegiance. By one estimate, almost 50 per cent of the 4,000 legislators elected to central and federal parliaments in the 1967 and 1971 general elections subsequently defected, leading to political turmoil in the country.

A law was sought to limit such frequent defections in India. In 1985, the Tenth Schedule of the 52nd amendment to the Constitution of India was passed by the Parliament of India to achieve this. Following recommendations from many constitutional bodies, Parliament in 2003 passed the Ninety-first Amendment to the Constitution of India. This strengthened the act by adding provisions for disqualification of defectors and barring them from being appointed as ministers for a period of time.

What is the anti-defection law?

Aaya Ram Gaya Ram was a phrase that became popular in Indian politics after a Haryana MLA Gaya Lal changed his party thrice within the same day in 1967.  The situation between 1967 to 1971 was so grave that jokingly this phase has been termed as that of ‘AYARAM GAYARAM‘ when as many as 142 MPs and over 1900 MLAs changed their political parties.

 In this context of weakening democratic ethos, there was a dire need to create mechanisms that would discourage these tendencies and discipline the legislators and for this objective on December 8, 1967, the Lok Sabha constituted a high-level Committee (Known as “Committee on Defection”) under the chairmanship of then Home Miniter Y. B. Chavan. The Committee in its report dated January 7, 1969, made certain recommendations for outlawing defections. Keeping in view these recommendations, the Constitution (Thirty-second Amendment) Bill, 1973, was introduced in the Lok Sabha on May 16, 1973, but the Bill lapsed on account of the dissolution of the House. Thereafter, the Constitution (Forty-eighth Amendment) Bill, 1979, was introduced in the Lok Sabha containing similar provisions. But, it was opposed by ruling as well as opposition parties at the stage of introduction of the Bill, resulting in its withdrawal.

The Tenth Schedule was inserted in the Constitution in 1985 with the aim “to curb defection to bring the political stability and to discourage the practice of defection of members from one party to another after their election.” It came into force on March 1, 1985.  It lays down the process by which legislators may be disqualified on grounds of defection by the Presiding Officer of a legislature based on a petition by any other member of the House. A legislator is deemed to have defected if he either voluntarily gives up the membership of his party or disobeys the directives of the party leadership on a vote. This implies that a legislator defying (abstaining or voting against) the party whip on any issue can lose his membership of the House.  The law applies to both Parliament and state assemblies.

The court in Ravi S. Naik case held that “the words “voluntarily given up his membership of such political party” are not synonymous with “resignation” and would have a wider connotation, even in the absence of a formal resignation from membership, an inference could be drawn from the conduct of a member that he had voluntarily given up his membership of the political party to which he belonged.” Thus, the act of voluntarily giving up the membership of the political party, may be express or implied, non-fulfilment of formalities for joining a party is of no consequence.Clause (2) of Paragraph 2 of Tenth schedule provides that an independent member shall be disqualified for being a member of the House if he joins any political party after such election.

To maintain and sustain the process of democratic governance the Fifty-second Amendment Act, 1985, made necessary changes in Articles 101, 102, 190 and 191, besides adding the Tenth Schedule in the Constitution. It contains provisions as to disqualification on the ground of defection along with certain exceptions.

Are there any exceptions under the law?

Yes, legislators may change their party without the risk of disqualification in certain circumstances. The law allows a party to merge with or into another party provided that at least two-thirds of its legislators are in favour of the merger. In such a scenario, neither the members who decide to merge, nor the ones who stay with the original party will face disqualification.

Various expert committees have recommended that rather than the Presiding Officer, the decision to disqualify a member should be made by the President (in case of MPs) or the Governor (in case of MLAs) on the advice of the Election Commission.This would be similar to the process followed for disqualification in case the person holds an office of profit (i.e. the person holds an office under the central or state government which carries a remuneration, and has not been excluded in a list made by the legislature).

Judgements

On the pattern of Lily Thomas case, the Apex Court should issue directions that the defected person automatically should be treated as disqualified and s/he should not be allowed to be elected for either house at least for 5 years. Such defectors should also not be allowed to be appointed as a minister even for a single day. In addition to this, the benefit of Article 75 (5) and Article 164 (4) should not be available to the defectors. 

In Keisham Meghachandra Singh v. The Hon’ble Speaker Manipur Legislative Assembly & Ors., the Supreme Court has held that “Speaker of the Legislative Assembly should decide on a petition seeking disqualification of a member under 10^th Schedule of the Constitution within a period of three months, in the absence of exceptional reasons. The bench also acknowledged the problem of Speakers acting in a partisan manner due to their political loyalties. Therefore, the bench suggested that “the Parliament should amend the Constitution to provide for an independent mechanism, such as a Permanent Tribunal headed by retired judges, to decide disputes under Tenth Schedule.”

The whole object of Anti-defection law was to discipline the legislators but it seems that this law could not contain defection, the politicians continuously changing their party affiliation and this system of political turncoats has become rampant, especially after 2014. Defectors by changing their party affiliation allow other political party to form government which was rejected by the voters in the election. The ensuing changes in the government composition following defection in Arunachal Pradesh (2016), Goa (2019), Manipur (Manipur), Karnataka (2019), Madhya Pradesh (2020) and currently the ongoing power struggle in Rajasthan are some of the illustrations of this assertion.

Defectors have no fear as they mostly join the ruling party and the Speaker who has the power to disqualify belongs to the ruling party, therefore, the chances are too remote that the Speaker being political person will decide against the will of his/her political party.

Conclusion

It can be concluded that this legislation has proved to be completely ineffective in curbing the menace of defection. It is really difficult to prevent defections because politician mostly join ruling the party in the House to which even the Speaker belongs to. The lack of non-partisan and ethical conduct by those in privileged positions such as that of the Speaker further jeopardizes the efficacy of the Anti-Defection Law in India. Some hope could be seen in the Apex Court’s suggestion given in Keisham Meghachandra Singh case, whereby it stated that “the power should be vested in independent tribunal” as also suggested by the different Commissions in the past. The government should do the needful in this direction while adopting a more stringent approach.

Most times as we’re improving to strive and achieve our targets, there would still be those negative people who couldn’t see our potential and would still try to demotivate us and drag us down.Judgmental people are everywhere. You may also be one of them and not realize it! Yet no matter whether you condemn or not, we definitely both know whether others criticize us. They ‘re pessimistic, exhausting and not letting you feel good. So what can you do to deal with that?

Here are some guidelines about how to deal with them:

Don’t take anything personally:

Remember one thing if you are confident in what you doing is right you should not care on what other is commenting on you. Rather, you can not take their thing seriously with what you’ve been focusing on. And we typically think someone is doing it for us. But the truth is that massively-judiciary people criticize everyone and everything – especially themselves.So remember this: It’s not YOU … it’s THEM.

 Be Compassionate:

People are never born of judgement, they are influenced by their environment or the actions without their parents, etc. And you will still have compassion because you choose to be happy. But if you want someone to be truly happy, then you should be compassionate.

Look it as a life lesson:

The sooner we respond favorably on these people in criticism, the quicker it will motivate us to develop our lives positively. So before that, we should decide if the message is beneficial or harmful. Whether it is good, continue to focus actively on it, and if it is detrimental, then strive and avoid such negative comments and move on.

Don’t sink to their level:

Like I already said, anytime anyone criticizes us, our first reaction is to be protective and to defend ourselves. Or maybe you’re just fighting back. Yet doing so doesn’t make you any greater than others do. When you don’t like their actions, don’t give them the ability to affect who you are. Don’t let their criticism transform you into an irritable, crab-like person who enjoys a judgmental game with them.

See them as if they are still child:

We don’t expect children to learn everything of it. That’s why we forgive and embrace negative actions by children more frequently than we can from adults. We think he’s not mature enough to understand. however if we consider children as a infant – somebody that’s only learning and progressing and who understands nothing better – so it’s easier to be more forgiving towards them.

Reframe it:

When you change your attention from these judgmental people to focus on the reality that you need to enhance your professional life, your life will become easier indirectly. And after that you won’t really worry about their opinions or perceptions on you and that would also allow you to raise confidence.

Have an attitude of gratitude.

  Be thankful that you would not have been abused and teared down by your parents as their parents did. Be grateful that you’re more like other people than they. For any case you will still consider something about which to be thankful – particularly though it’s a tough one.  “Gratitude makes sense of our past, brings peace for today and creates a vision for tomorrow.”

Focus your attention on other people who love and support you.

If you can stop or detach your life from the judgmental person, so do it! And if your own parent is the judgmental one, it doesn’t mean you have to speak to her every day. You should set yourself to distance from them. Try staying under the ground as far as possible, if the person is your boss. The individual can forget to criticize you, and instead go and choose someone else.“You have to surround yourself with people who love you and want the best for you.”  

Only because somebody is judging you wouldn’t mean what they’re saying is true! Many judgmental people find pleasure in bringing down someone and attempt and feel better for themselves. But don’t let them pull you down.

“If you accept the expectations of others, especially negative ones, then you never will change the outcome.” – Michael Jordan 

Sex Slavery and it’s buying and selling is attaching the right of ownership over one or more people with the intent of coercing or otherwise forcing them to engage in sexual activities. This includes forced labour, reducing a person to a servile status (including forced marriage) and sex trafficking persons, such as the sexual trafficking of children. Sexual slavery is a particular form of enslavement which includes limitations on one’s autonomy, freedom of movement and power to decide matters relating to one’s sexual activity. Thus, the crime also includes forced marriages, domestic servitude or other forced labour that ultimately involves forced sexual activity. In contrast to the crime of rape, which is a completed offence, sexual slavery constitutes a continuing offence. … Forms of sexual slavery can, for example, be practices such as the detention of women in “rape camps” or “comfort stations”, forced temporary “marriages” to soldiers and other practices involving the treatment of women as chattel, and as such, violations of the peremptory norm prohibiting slavery.

Commercial sexual exploitation of adults

Commercial sexual exploitation of adults (often referred to as “sex trafficking” is a type of human trafficking involving the recruitment, transportation, transfer, harbouring or receipt of people, by coercive or abusive means for the purpose of sexual exploitation. Commercial sexual exploitation is not the only form of human trafficking and estimates vary as to the percentage of human trafficking which is for the purpose of transporting someone into sexual slavery.

Commercial sexual exploitation of children

Commercial sexual exploitation of children (CSEC) includes child prostitution (or child sex trafficking), child sex tourism, child pornography, or other forms of transactional sex with children. The Youth Advocate Program International (YAPI) describes CSEC as a form of coercion and violence against children and a contemporary form of slavery.

””Types of Sex Slavery:””

1. Child prostitution- Child prostitution, or child sex trafficking, is a form of sexual slavery. It is the commercial sexual exploitation of children, in which a child performs the services of prostitution, usually for the financial benefit of an adult. In some parts of the world, child prostitution is tolerated or ignored by the authorities. Reflecting an attitude which prevails in many developing countries, a judge from Honduras said, on condition of anonymity: “If the victim [the child prostitute] is older than 12, if he or she refuses to file a complaint and if the parents clearly profit from their child’s commerce, we tend to look the other way”.

• Child sex tourism- Child sex tourism is a form child sex trafficking, and is mainly centred on buying and selling children into sexual slavery. It is when an adult travels to a foreign country for the purpose of engaging in commercially facilitated child sexual abuse. Child sex tourism results in both mental and physical consequences for the exploited children, who may include “disease (including HIV/AIDS), drug addiction, pregnancy, malnutrition, social ostracism, and possibly death”, accord to the State Department of the United States. Thailand, Cambodia, India, Brazil and Mexico have been identified as leading hotspots of child sexual exploitation.

• Cybersex trafficking- Victims of cybersex trafficking, primarily women and children, are sex slaves who are trafficked and then forced to perform in live streaming] shows involving coerced sex acts or rape on webcam. They are usually made to watch the paying consumers on shared screens and follow their orders. It occurs in ‘cybersex dens,’ which are rooms equipped with webcams.

• Forced marriage- A forced marriage is a marriage where one or both participants are married, without their freely given consent. Forced marriage is a form of sexual slavery. Causes for forced marriages include customs such as bride price and dowry; poverty; the importance given to female premarital virginity; “family honour”; the fact that marriage is considered in certain communities a social arrangement between the extended families of the bride and groom; limited education and economic options; perceived protection of cultural or religious traditions; assisting immigration.

• Bride kidnapping and raptio- Bride kidnapping, also known as marriage by abduction or marriage by captive, is a form of forced marriage practised in some traditional cultures. Though the motivations behind bride kidnapping vary by region, the cultures with traditions of marriage by abduction are generally patriarchal with a strong social stigma against sex or pregnancy outside marriage and illegitimate births. In most cases, however, the men who resort to capturing a wife is often of lower social status, whether because of poverty, disease, poor character or criminality. In some cases, the couple collude together to elope under the guise of a bride kidnapping, presenting their parents with a fait accomplishment. These men are sometimes deterred from legitimately seeking a wife because of the payment the woman’s family expects, the bride price (not to be confused with a dowry, paid by the woman’s family).

                            ”’Health Implications”’

Victims of sex trafficking are likely exposed to adverse conditions that can negatively affect their physical, mental, and emotional health. Physicians, nurses, midwives, and other healthcare providers can play critical roles in helping to identify victims of sex trafficking as a first step in providing both assistance and advocacy for affected women and girls. As a provider, one can play an essential role in providing interventions to improve physical and psychological health among victims and advocating on behalf of victims to help improve their social circumstances.

1. Physical-

Sex trafficking victims are particularly susceptible to sexually transmitted infections such as gonorrhoea, syphilis, urinary tract infections, and pubic lice. Human immunodeficiency virus/ AIDS infection is known to be prevalent.They may experience pelvic pain, vaginal/anal tearing, rectal trauma, and/or urinary difficulties as a result of commercial sex work. Sex trafficking victims are often physically abused and tortured. Providers should screen women and girls for physical injuries such as broken bones, bruises, burns, scars, and broken teeth/ dental problems. A history of concussions and head trauma should also be taken to screen for traumatic brain injury, which may result in memory loss, dizziness, headaches, and numbness. Food deprivation represents an indirect form of physical harm that also should be considered by screening victims for malnutrition.

• Psychological-

Victims of sex trafficking may face moderate to severe psychological trauma from daily mental, emotional, and psychological abuse and torture. Post-traumatic stress disorder, acute anxiety, and depression are all common psychological issues among sex industry workers. Providers should screen for feelings of helplessness, shame, humiliation, distrust, self-hatred, disbelief, denial, suicidal thoughts, disorientation, confusion, and phobias among suspected victims. It is not uncommon to encounter sex trafficking victims in their early 30s who have become psychologically and emotionally disabled from working in prostitution.

• Social-

Although there are insufficient data that report the social effects of sex trafficking, anecdotal evidence suggests that victims have a greater prevalence of illiteracy, homelessness, poverty, and societal isolation. Trafficked women engaging in sex work tend to have fewer resources, limited options, and increased vulnerability to violence and abuse than women who are not trafficked.

                                                                         ”Conclusions”

Sex trafficking involves some form of forced or coerced sexual exploitation that is not limited to prostitution, and has become a significant and growing problem in both the United States and the larger global community. The costs to society include the degradation of human and women’s rights, poor public health, disrupted communities, and diminished social development. Victims of sex trafficking acquire adverse physical and psychological health conditions and social disadvantages. Thus, sex trafficking is a critical health issue with broader social implications that requires both medical and legal attention. Healthcare professionals can work to improve the screening, identification, and assistance of victims of sex trafficking in a clinical setting and help these women and girls access legal and social services.

In ancient times, India had the Gurukula system of education in which anyone who wished to study went to a teacher’s (Guru) house and requested to be taught. If accepted as a student by the guru, he would then stay at the guru’s place and help in all activities at home. This not only created a strong tie between the teacher and the student, but also taught the student everything about running a house. The guru taught everything the child wanted to learn, from Sanskrit to the holy scriptures and from Mathematics to Metaphysics. The student stayed as long as she wished or until the guru felt that he had taught everything he could teach. All learning was closely linked to nature and to life, and not confined to memorizing some information.

The modern school system was brought to India, including the English language, originally by Lord Thomas Babington Macaulay in the 1830s. The curriculum was confined to “modern” subjects such as science and mathematics, and subjects like metaphysics and philosophy were considered unnecessary. Teaching was confined to classrooms and the link with nature was broken, as also the close relationship between the teacher and the student.

The Uttar Pradesh (a state in India) Board of High School and Intermediate Education was the first Board set up in India in the year 1921 with jurisdiction over Rajputana, Central India and Gwalior. In 1929, the Board of High School and Intermediate Education, Rajputana, was established. Later, boards were established in some of the states. But eventually, in 1952, the constitution of the board was amended and it was renamed Central Board of Secondary Education (CBSE). All schools in Delhi and some other regions came under the Board. It was the function of the Board to decide on things like curriculum, textbooks and examination system for all schools affiliated to it. Today there are thousands of schools affiliated to the Board, both within India and in many other countries from Afghanistan to Zimbabwe.

Universal and compulsory education for all children in the age group of 6-14 was a cherished dream of the new government of the Republic of India. This is evident from the fact that it is incorporated as a directive policy in article 45 of the constitution. But this objective remains far away even more than half a century later. However, in the recent past, the government appears to have taken a serious note of this lapse and has made primary education a Fundamental Right of every Indian citizen. The pressures of economic growth and the acute scarcity of skilled and trained manpower must certainly have played a role to make the government take such a step. The expenditure by the Government of India on school education in recent years comes to around 3% of the GDP, which is recognized to be very low.

“In recent times, several major announcements were made for developing the poor state of affairs in education sector in India, the most notable ones being the National Common Minimum Programme (NCMP) of the United Progressive Alliance (UPA) government. The announcements are; (a) To progressively increase expenditure on education to around 6 percent of GDP. (b) To support this increase in expenditure on education, and to increase the quality of education, there would be an imposition of an education cess over all central government taxes. (c) To ensure that no one is denied of education due to economic backwardness and poverty. (d) To make right to education a fundamental right for all children in the age group 6–14 years. (e) To universalize education through its flagship programmes such as Sarva Siksha Abhiyan and Mid Day Meal.”

The School System India is divided into 28 states and 7 so-called “Union Territories”. The states have their own elected governments while the Union Territories are ruled directly by the Government of India, with the President of India appointing an administrator for each Union Territory. As per the constitution of India, school education was originally a state subject —that is, the states had complete authority on deciding policies and implementing them. The role of the Government of India (GoI) was limited to coordination and deciding on the standards of higher education. This was changed with a constitutional amendment in 1976 so that education now comes in the so-called concurrent list. That is, school education policies and programmes are suggested at the national level by the GoI though the state governments have a lot of freedom in implementing programmes. Policies are announced at the national level periodically. The Central Advisory Board of Education (CABE), set up in 1935, continues to play a lead role in the evolution and monitoring of educational policies and programmes.

There is a national organization that plays a key role in developing policies and programmes, called the National Council for Educational Research and Training (NCERT) that prepares a National Curriculum Framework. Each state has its counterpart called the State Council for Educational Research and Training (SCERT). These are the bodies that essentially propose educational strategies, curricula, pedagogical schemes and evaluation methodologies to the states’ departments of education. The SCERTs generally follow guidelines established by the NCERT. But the states have considerable freedom in implementing the education system.

The National Policy on Education, 1986 and the Programme of Action (POA) 1992 envisaged free and compulsory education of satisfactory quality for all children below 14 years before the 21st Century. The government committed to earmark 6% of the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) for education, half of which would be spent on primary education. The expenditure on Education as a percentage of GDP also rose from 0.7 per cent in 1951-52 to about 3.6 per cent in 1997-98.

The school system in India has four levels: lower primary (age 6 to 10), upper primary (11 and 12), high (13 to 15) and higher secondary (17 and 18). The lower primary school is divided into five “standards”, upper primary school into two, high school into three and higher secondary into two. Students have to learn a common curriculum largely (except for regional changes in mother tongue) till the end of high school. There is some amount of specialization possible at the higher secondary level. Students throughout the country have to learn three languages (namely, English, Hindi and their mother tongue) except in regions where Hindi is the mother tongue and in some streams as discussed below.

There are mainly three streams in school education in India. Two of these are coordinated at the national level, of which one is under the Central Board of Secondary Education (CBSE) and was originally meant for children of central government employees who are periodically transferred and may have to move to any place in the country. A number of “central schools” (named Kendriya Vidyalayas) have been established for the purpose in all main urban areas in the country, and they follow a common schedule so that a student going from one school to another on a particular day will hardly see any difference in what is being taught. One subject (Social Studies, consisting of History, Geography and Civics) is always taught in Hindi, and other subjects in English, in these schools. Kendriya Vidyalayas admit other children also if seats are available. All of them follow textbooks written and published by the NCERT. In addition to these government-run schools, a number of private schools in the country follow the CBSE syllabus though they may use different text books and follow different teaching schedules. They have a certain amount of freedom in what they teach in lower classes. The CBSE also has 141 affiliated schools in 21 other countries mainly catering to the needs of the Indian population there.

The second central scheme is the Indian Certificate of Secondary Education (ICSE). It seems that this was started as a replacement for the Cambridge School Certificate. The idea was mooted in a conference held in 1952 under the Chairmanship of Maulana Abul Kalam Azad, the then Minister for Education. The main purpose of the conference was to consider the replacement of the overseas Cambridge School Certificate Examination by an All India Examination. In October 1956 at the meeting of the Inter-State Board for Anglo-Indian Education, a proposal was adopted for the setting up of an Indian Council to administer the University of Cambridge, Local Examinations Syndicate’s Examination in India and to advise the Syndicate on the best way to adapt its examination to the needs of the country. The inaugural meeting of the Council was held on 3rd November, 1958. In December 1967, the Council was registered as a Society under the Societies Registration Act, 1860. The Council was listed in the Delhi School Education Act 1973, as a body conducting public examinations. Now a large number of schools across the country are affiliated to this Council. All these are private schools and generally cater to children from wealthy families.

Both the CBSE and the ICSE council conduct their own examinations in schools across the country that are affiliated to them at the end of 10 years of schooling (after high school) and again at the end of 12 years (after higher secondary). Admission to the 11th class is normally based on the performance in this all-India examination. Since this puts a lot of pressure on the child to perform well, there have been suggestions to remove the examination at the end of 10 years.

Addiction is a disease that affects the brain of a person and their behaviour, when a person is addicted to drugs and they cannot resist the urge to use them, no matter how much harm the drugs may cause. Drug Abuse is when a person use legal or illegal substances in ways they should not. He might take more than the regular dose of pills or use someone else prescription. He may abuse to feel good, ease stress or avoid reality. Around 50% of death occurs through the drugs. It leads to the depression and the anxiety seen in the person who is addicted to drugs, they can harm any person like family or friends or anyone. It harms the society and the coming generations. Drugs related to crime because using of drugs is a criminal activity in India, if they do not have money they indulged themselves in different way to get money. Drugs control the human mind and their behaviour and the person become depressed or may either go on trauma of drugs because drugs have the direct connection with brain of the person. Drugs have very harmful effect on the human body but people enjoy the drugs and we can directly see the side effect within a week or a month and person become habitual day by day. Approximately 40 lakhs people are addicted to drugs in the country and according to scientific theory when a person consumes drug, it immediately kills 1 lakh cells in seconds which will result in memory loss. Drugs Abuse has a variety of symptoms which varies with the drug being used. Such symptoms can include aggression, irritability, personality changes, depression, and poor physical coordination.

Development of Drug Abuse

It is difficult to identify the regular drug use and drug abuse. When a drug fulfils a valuable need and it becomes a mechanism to calm or energize oneself it will result in drug abuse. Drug abuse start when a victim gets to know of a drug for the first time in social situation with friends and desire to fit in the society give way to drug abuse. Drug abuse starts deteriorating a person both mentally and physically. It stops social and intellectual development of a person.

Laws for Drugs in India

The main drug laws in India are the Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances Act (1985) and the Prevention of Illicit Trafficking in Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances Act (1988). The Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances Act came into force on 14 November 1985. It was introduced in the Lok Sabha on 23 August 1985 and passed by both the houses of Parliament. Under this act, it is illegal for a person to produce/manufacture, possess, sell, purchase, transport, store and consume any narcotic drug. Narcotics Control Bureau was set up on March 1986. This act has been amended three times- in 1988, 2001 and 2014. In 2014 Amendment recognizes the need for pain relief as an important obligation of the government. It creates medicines called Essential Narcotic Drugs (ENDs). Country now has a uniform law covering and power for legislation on ENDs has been shifted from state government to central government. In 2015, government announced that NDPs rule would be applicable to all states and union territories. It included six drugs namely Morphine, Fentanyl, Methadone, Oxycodone, Codeine and Hydrocodone. There is a single agency- the state drug controller who approved recognized medical institutions (RMIs) for stocking and dispensing ENDs. RMIs are obliged to ensure proper documentation and submit annual consumption statistics to drug controller of the state. The prevention of Illicit Trafficking in Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances Act is a drug control law passed in 1988 by the Parliament of India. It was established for the full implementation and enforcement of the Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances Act of 1985.

Punishment

1. Sentencing of punishments under NDPS Act based on the quantity of the drugs. If the contravention involves small quantity which is smaller than 1kg, the imprisonment may extend to six months and fine may extend to 10,000. If contravention involves quantity lesser than commercial quantity but greater than small quantity, the imprisonment may extend to 10 years and fine may extend to 1 lakh. Commercial quantity involves imprisonment which shall not be less than 10 years and fine may be extend to 2 lakh. 2. Death penalty has also been included as a form of punishment under NDPS Act. In case of repeated offence like manufacturing, production which involved large amount of drugs, courts can award death sentence. Death penalty was mandatory through 1989 amendment but in 2014 amendment death penalty was made discretionary and an alternative punishment of imprisonment was introduced.

Chief Law Enforcement- National Control Bureau

National Control Bureau established on 17 March 1986. The Narcotic Control Bureau (NCB) is the chief law enforcement and intelligence agency of India. It is responsible for fighting drug trafficking and the abuse of illegal substances. It was created for the full implementation of Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances Act (1985).

Most Common Drugs Used in India

Heroin: This drug is derived from opium from the poppy pant before it is refined to morphine then chemically modified into heroin. When heroin is consumed by a person then it will affect the receptors of the brain. Frequent usage of this drug causes collapsed veins and infection of the blood vessels and heart valves.

Cocaine: It is used as an anaesthetic in the medical field. It is commonly ingested through nose or rubbing it on the gums. Cocaine increases the dopamine levels in the brain without allowing it to reset. Its short term effects are extreme mental alertness, irritability, restlessness and hypersensitivity. Long term effects include deterioration of the respiratory tract and permanent damage of the organs.

Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD): This drug is available in the form of tablets and it creates a state of hallucinations causing the user to lose touch with reality. LSD is responsible for consciousness and it stimulates the serotonin receptors in the brain. Person loses the ability to comprehend physical sensations correctly.

Crystal meth: This drug is highly addictive. It is manufactured illegally. This drugs travels through the blood stream to the brain and release dopamine. It can cause hyperactivity and making the user to push their body beyond its limit.

Conclusion

Drug Abuse is a big problem in India and it affects the victim’s life and destroys their life. It changes the behaviour of the victims and they cannot resist without consumption. Different laws were made by the legislature to decrease the risk of drug use. It is a self-destructive of a person with the symptoms of aggression, irritability, personality changes, depression and sleep cycle disorder. We should take some action against the evil of drug abuse and if things go well it will help to cure the society.

We are living in the 21st century, an era where men and women are now given equal rights and liberties in the world. However, even after so much effort by social reformer Raja Ram Mohan Roy in the early 19th century, India is still orthodox when it comes to giving equal rights to women as against men. No education for girls: If the female literacy rate is low in a country then the growth of the country is sluggish because when a woman is not educated, it impacts every member of the family. Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar have the lowest female literacy rate. According to 2011 census, Arunachal Pradesh (66.95 per cent) is placed second-lowest in literacy in the country, just above Bihar, which recorded the least literacy of 63.82 per cent. Domestic violence: Violence against women is highly prevalent in India; almost 70 per cent of women are victims of domestic violence. According to National Family Health Survey, one in three married adolescent girls has experienced physical violence from their husbands. The survey of more than 83,000 women aged 15-49 showed that 34% had suffered physical violence—ranging from slapping, punching and twisting of the arm to severe assaults such as burning, choking or attacks with weapons. Besides this, nearly 15% have experienced emotional and 9% sexual violence. The National Crime Records Bureau (NCRB) says a total of 244,270 incidents of crimes against women were reported in the country in 2012, compared with 228,650 in 2011, an increase of 6.4%. Female infanticide: The deliberate killing of a new born female child is called female infanticide. The patriarchal nature of our society has caused this evil to continue since centuries. According to a report published in India Today, nearly 2500 cases of female foeticide or female infanticide take place in the state of Rajasthan every day. It is a horrific state for women to live, veil is still a tradition for women there and female infants are buried in graves. Midwives say girls are being disposed of ruthlessly. Even the doctors are also involved in this horrendous crime. Women and the Right to Life and to be Born According to be centre port by the United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF) up to 50 million girls and women are missing from India’s population as a result of systematic gender discrimination in India. In most countries in the world, there are approximately 105 female births for every 100 males. In India, there are less than 93 women for every 100 men in the population. The accepted reason for such a disparity is the practice of female infanticide in India, prompted by the existence of a dowry system which requires them to pay out a great deal of money when a female child is married. For a poor family, the birth of a girl child can signal the beginning of financial ruin and extreme hardship However this anti-female bias is by no means limited to poor families. Much of the discrimination is to do with cultural beliefs and social norms. These norms themselves must be challenged if this practice is to stop. Prostitution is the exchange of sexual services for money. While in some countries like Germany, prostitution is legal; in India owning a brothel is a crime. Child prostitution is a major problem in India involving around 1.2 million children. In Rajasthan, the Bedia trials’’ stance for girls is different from the rest of India because girls are a lifeline for the community as there is this century’s old tradition of forcing daughters into prostitution when they attain adulthood. The small village houses approximately 59 families in which girls who have attained puberty, are forced into sex trade. The tradition roots back to the time of Zamindari system, when Bedias were dancers in the courts. They used to perform for feudal landlords. Dowry The most deep rooted evil of the society, girls are murdered due to their families not being able to give dowry to the bridegroom’s family. Evil practices like the demand and acceptance of dowry is widespread in Rajasthan state. The practice of payment of dowry is more rampant within the middle class society. Even highly educated women from prestigious institutions are married off to strangers against their will. Odisha tops the chart in dowry deaths, with latest statistics issued by the National Crime Records Bureau (NCRB) shows that Odisha reported as many as 1,487 cases under Dowry Prevention Act accounting for 16.5 per cent of the total cases recorded in the country during 2012.