India, as a country has always been a progressive country that has worked in the direction to fulfil the needs of its citizens. But, Abortion has always been a controversial topic in Indian society. In India, abortion has always been considered a taboo, and discussion regarding it is considered as a thing of disgust. In Indian society, firstly there is no concept for a woman to have a pre-marital pregnancy because, if a girl conceives like that, then, the girl is considered as beige. And abortion after the marriage in Indian society is never been considered as a good option. India, being a patriarchal society always has preference over boy child. In fact even today in the twenty first century girls are been considered as a burden over the family, therefore, In India most of the abortions are female foeticides. It can be said that the high rate of abortion in India is the correct example of gender biasness.

Situation of Abortion before 1971-:

Before 1971 abortion in India was been considered a punishable offense without any exceptions. According to section 312 of Indian Penal Code “Whoever voluntarily causes a woman with child to miscarry, shall, if such miscarriage is not caused in good faith for the purpose of saving the life of the woman, be punished with imprisonment of either description for a term which may extend to three years, or with fine, or with both; and, if the woman be quick with child, shall be punished with imprisonment of either description for a term which may extend to seven years, and shall also be liable to fine.”

Shantilal Committee-:

Shantilal committee was the first committee that recommended making “Medical Termination of Pregnancy, Act, 1971”. Shantilal Committee focused on the socio, cultural, legal, and medical aspects of abortion.

Medical Termination of Pregnancy, Act, 1971

Protection of Doctors who perform Abortion -:

According to section 3 of Medical Termination of Pregnancy, Act,1971 “a registered medical practitioner shall not be guilty of any offence under that Code or under any other law for the time being in force, if any pregnancy is terminated by him in accordance with the provisions of this Act.”

According to section 8 of Medical Termination Pregnancy, Act “No suit or other legal proceedings shall lie against any registered medical practitioner for any damage caused or likely to be caused by anything which is in good faith done or intended to be done under this Act.”

Protection of Pregnant Women-:

1) – Only the consent of the adult women is been required for abortion, even the consent of the close relative will not be considered as a valid consent in such matters.

2) – In case of a minor girl or the girl or lady who is mentally ill in their case the permission of the parent or guardian is required for abortion.

According to section 5(2) of amendment Medical Termination of Pregnancy, Act, 2002 “Notwithstanding anything contained in the Indian Penal Code, the termination of pregnancy by a person who is not a registered medical practitioner shall be an offence punishable with rigorous imprisonment for a term which shall not be less than two years but which may extend to seven years under that Code, and that Code shall, to this extent, stand modified.”

Protection of Clinics -:

(1)-The Appropriate Authority shall, after holding an inquiry and after satisfying itself that the applicant has complied with all the requirements of this Act and the rules made thereunder and having regard to the advice of the Advisory Committee in this behalf, grant a certificate of registration in the prescribed form jointly or separately to the Genetic Counselling Centre, Genetic Laboratory or Genetic Clinic, as the case may be. (2) If, after the inquiry and after giving an opportunity of being heard to the applicant and having regard to the advice of the Advisory Committee, the Appropriate Authority is satisfied that the applicant has not complied with the requirements of this Act or the rules, it shall, for reasons to be recorded in writing, reject the application for registration. (3) Every certificate of registration shall be renewed in such manner and after such period and on payment of such fees as may be prescribed. (4) The certificate of registration shall be displayed by the registered Genetic Counselling Centre, Genetic Laboratory or Genetic Clinic in a conspicuous place at its place of business.

(2)-No person, including a specialist or a team of specialists in the field of infertility, shall conduct or cause to be conducted or aid in conducting by himself or by any other person, sex selection on a woman or a man or on both or on any tissue, embryo, conceptus, fluid or gametes derived from either or both of them.

(3)-No person referred to in clause (2) of section 3 shall conduct the pre-natal diagnostic procedures unless— (a) he has explained all known side and after effects of such procedures to the pregnant woman concerned; (b) he has obtained in the prescribed form her written consent to undergo such procedures in the language which she understands; and (c) a copy of her written consent obtained under clause (b) is given to the pregnant woman. (2) No person conducting pre-natal diagnostic procedures shall communicate to the pregnant woman concerned or her relatives the sex of the foetus by words, signs or in any other manner.

(4)-(a) no Genetic Counselling Centre or Genetic Laboratory or Genetic Clinic shall conduct or cause to be conducted in its Centre, Laboratory or Clinic, pre-natal diagnostic techniques including ultrasonography, for the purpose of determining the sex of a foetus; (b) no person shall conduct or cause to be conducted any pre-natal diagnostic techniques including ultrasonography for the purpose of determining the sex of a foetus.

Right to Protest-:

If the license of a registered clinic under the act gets cancelled then they have the right to appeal and protest. According to section 21 of THE PRE-NATAL DIAGNOSTIC TECHNIQUES (PNDT) ACT,1994 “The Genetic Counselling Centre, Genetic Laboratory or Genetic Clinic may, within thirty days from the date of receipt of the order of suspension or cancellation of registration passed by the Appropriate Authority under section 20, prefer an appeal against such order to— (i) the Central Government, where the appeal is against the order of the Central Appropriate Authority; and (ii) the State Government, where the appeal is against the order of the State Appropriate Authority, in the prescribed manner.

Conclusion-:

As, the need for the time, rules, and regulations in the Medical Termination of Pregnancy, Act, 1971, should be amended. Even today there are many things which are untouched by the law in the matter of legal abortion, and it’s not that these things are not been looked or touched by our lawmakers, Medical Termination of Pregnancy Bill, 2014 and Medical Termination of Pregnancy Bill, 2020 are still pending. But the law-making process in our country is to slow that for making a general it takes a minimum of 23 to 24 years. Countries like America, Russia, etc. have properly defined and have stringent laws regarding abortion. To improve the condition of abortion in India there is a need to make stringent laws.

Child labour Child labour is a source of child exploitation and child abuse as stated by the International Labour Organisation (ILO). UNICEF describes child labour as

• Full time work at too early an age

• Too many hours spent on working

• Work that exerts undue physical, social or psychological stress

• Work and life on the streets in bad conditions • Inadequate pay

• Too much responsibility

• Work that hampers access to education

• Work that undermines children‘s dignity and self-esteem such as slavery or bonded labour or sexual exploitation

• Work that is detrimental to children‘s full social and psychological development.

CRC recognises and provides rights that are specific to child labour like Article 31 and 32 – all children have a right to relax play and to join in a wide range of activities and the Government should protect children from work that is dangerous or might harm their health or education.

As per ILO there were about 246 million child labours aged between 5 to 15 years. In India itself it is 12.6 million.

Child Labour (Prohibition and Regulation) Act, 1986 The Child Labour (Prohibition and Regulation) Act aims at regulating and prohibiting the working of children in certain sectors.

The salient features of the Act are:

1) The Act prohibits child labour in a number of occupations.

2) The Act defines children who are below 14 years of age.

3) The Act provides certain rules for the children who are working in non-prohibited sector: i) Working hours should not be more than 6 hours per day with not more than 3 hour continuous work. ii) A child should not be employed between 7 p.m. and 8 a.m. Overtime is not allowed. iii) In a day, child can be employed in only one establishment. iv) The child employed should be allowed a holiday of one whole day in a week. The day should be clearly specified, and should not be altered more than once in three months. v) This is not applicable in workshops managed with the aid of family or in workshops run by schools established by the Government. vi) The employer needs to send the labour inspector within 30 days of employment a written notice giving details of the children and nature of occupation. A register also needs to be maintained. vii) The age of the child, if there is no documentary evidence, will be as stated by the prescribed medical authority.

4) The Act also prescribes penalties: i) In case of employment of children in prohibited occupations/processes, the punishment is three months to one year of imprisonment or fine between ten thousand rupees and twenty thousand rupees or both imprisonment and fine. ii) For repeat offences, the imprisonment may be extendable to two years. a) If an employer fails to comply with regulatory system envisaged including sending notices or maintenance of registers, he shall be punishable with simple punishment of one month or less or fine up to ten thousand rupees or with both.

5) The Act provides for a Child Labour Technical Advisory Committee to advise the Government for the purpose of addition of occupations and processes to the schedule. Criticism While the move by the Government to ban child labour in these sectors is welcome, child rights groups such as CRY have criticised the move as inadequate for the following reasons: 1. Restriction over hotels, dhabas and other recreation centres but it is not clear whether this applies to the household, manufacturing sector, where a vast number of children are employed in similar working conditions. 2. It does not cover more than 15% of the child labour population in India. 3. The age group of 15 to 18 years are not covered under this Act. 4. Certain terms are not defined clearly. Such as the term hazard does not only mean physical, but also psychological and emotional hazards. 5. The Act does not specify the minimum age of employment in occupations and processes other than the prohibited ones. This is contrary to The UN Convention on the Rights of the Child, which specifies this to be eighteen years. Procedure for Prosecution of Offences 1. The following procedure has been laid down under the Act for the prosecution of offences: Any person, police officer or inspector may file a complaint of the commission of an offence under competent jurisdiction. 2. Every certificate as to the age of a child, which has been granted by a prescribed medical authority, will be conclusive proof of the age of the child. 3. Only a Metropolitan Magistrate or a Magistrate of the first class and above can try any offence under this Act.

Problems in Enforcement of the Legislation The reasons for prosecution leads to conviction:

1. Lack of evidence to prove that there was child labour or the rules were not followed.

2. Lack of evidence pertaining to the age of the child. Lack of evidence leads to lighter sentence in child labour matters or delayed judgements. This may be due in part to the judiciary being insensitive. Judicial Trends In PUDR v Union of India, the Court invoked constitutional provisions (Article 24) to state that no child below 14 years can be employed in this work. The Supreme Court has stated in this case that Article 24 ―embodies a fundamental right which is plainly and indubitably enforceable against everyone. This judgment has some important features: i) The right is enforceable by itself, independent of legislation. The court, directly interpreting Article 24, declared the construction industry as hazardous to children ii) The right, by virtue of its constitutional mandate, is enforceable against private individuals (employers, in this particular case, building contractors) iii) Even if the State is not the employer (in this particular case, the Union Government, Delhi Administration and the DDA were the employers), it does not absolve the State of its constitutional obligation to see that the fundamental right is not violated.  iv) The State‘s role becomes all the more important, when the ―injured party belongs to the weaker section of humanity and is unable to wage a legal battle against a strong and powerful opponent who is exploiting him.

In the case of Bandhua Mukthi Morcha v Union of India and others. It was held that 1. compulsory education to all children either by the industries itself or in co-ordination with it by the State Government to the children employed in the factories, mine or any other industry, organised or unorganised labour with such timings as is convenient to impart compulsory education, facilities for secondary, vocational profession and higher education 2. Periodical health check-up nutrient food etc.

In M.C. Mehta v State of Tamil Nadu and others), the court held that children should be assured of 60 per cent of the minimum wage paid to an adult. The Court laid down the regulations in respect of working conditions of children employed in non-hazardous occupations:-

i) Regulating working hours.

ii) State wide survey on child labourers with district as the unit.

iii) Establishment of a Child Welfare fund through a mandatory contribution of Rs 20,000 per child to be paid by the offending employers.

iv) State should ensure employment of one adult member of the family of the child withdrawn from labour or else to contribute Rs 5,000 to the fund.

v) From the fund, the financial assistance to be provided to the families of the children so withdrawn provided that children are attending schools.

National Policy on Child Labour It seeks to address socio-economic issues having a bearing on child labour and to provide a framework for a concrete programme of action, along with the legal measures already being implemented. 1. The Legislative Action Plan: The Plan envisages strict enforcement of the provisions of the Child Labour (Prohibition and Regulation) Act 1986, the Factories Act 1948, the Mines Act 1952, the Plantation Labour Act 1951 and other enactments dealing with the employment of children. 2. Project Based Plan of Action: It involves withdrawing children from hazardous employment and ensuring their rehabilitation through education in special schools.

TERMINAL QUESTIONS

1. What are the provisions in the Constitution for the prohibition of child labour?

Certain Articles such as Articles 21, 21A, 23, 24, 39, 39(f), 41, 45, 51A (k) provides various protection against Child labour and provides certain rights to children.

• What are the provisions mentioned in the Child Labour (Prohibition and Regulation) Act 1986 regarding hours and period of work for children?

6 hours, one shit cannot be more than 3 hours. Off day once a week that should be fixed and can be changed only once in 3 months.

• What kind of penalties are envisaged under the Act?

The Act also prescribes penalties: i) In case of employment of children in prohibited occupations/processes, the punishment is three months to one year of imprisonment or fine between ten thousand rupees and twenty thousand rupees or both imprisonment and fine. ii) For repeat offences, the imprisonment may be extendable to two years. b) If an employer fails to comply with regulatory system envisaged including sending notices or maintenance of registers, he shall be punishable with simple punishment of one month or less or fine up to ten thousand rupees or with both.

Cover letter is nothing but a document sent along with the resume. A good cover letter persuade the officer to read your resume. It will convey why exactly you should be hired to the job and your experiences and skills. The length of the cover letter has to be very short. Make sure you have pointed all the details in a crisp manner. Not more than one paragraph is needed to make an excellent cover letter. Try not to drag it with unnecessary details. You just have to high light your experience and skills and mainly, explain why you are the best for the particular post. Remember your cover letter is read along with thousands of other applicants. So it is important to make yours stand out from the rest. Do not beat around the bush and get straight in to the point. Since you are attaching your detailed resume along with it, you only need to communicate what you think is necessary and important. Before starting to write it, keep in mind that the cover letter should be in such a way that it has to persuade the officer to read your resume.

A cover letter usually contains following elements,

1.Salutation. Use ‘dear’ instead of ‘respected’. The use of respected in salutation is out dated and will not make a good impression. If you know the name of the officer, then it is better to write that in salutation. Other wise you can use ‘sir/ma’am’ or ‘to whoever it may concern’.

2. Self introduction. This is the area where you can share your details to the officer. Make sure all the details written are correct. Mention the information that is relevant to the job. You don’t need to add your family’s occupation and status. Write about yourself in a short manner. Always start the self introduction using terms like “I am writing this in reference to..”, “I would like to apply for the position for…”

3. Experience. In this section, you are supposed to write about your work experiences. Here again, you don’t need to add unnecessary experiences which are not related to the job you are looking for. The past experiences can prove that you know the industry well and you are trained effectively.

4. Goals/Aspirations. In this part you can convey your long term goals and aspirations and how you are going to achieve it. It should be written so well in order to create an impression about you.

5.Ending phrase. Always end with phrases like “yours sincerely” or “with regards”.

In the twenty year old Augusta Westland bribery case, the special CBI bench awarded 4 year jail term and one lakh rupees fine to the three accused, including former Samta Party president Jaya Jaitley.

Jaya Jaitley, her former colleague Gopal Pacherwak and Major General (retired) S.P Murgai found guilty of corruption and criminal conspiracy. The proceeding of the case was held on camera.

The court observed that the three accused, along with Surender Kumar Surekha who later turned an approver, were a party to the criminal conspiracy.

The CBI court held that,”from the evidence lead by the prosecution it is proved beyond doubt that in the meeting in the hotel room on December 25, 2000, Surekha and Murgai assured their assistance to Samuel in procuring letter of evaluation for the product of his company from the Ministry of Defence and also to arrange a meeting between him and accused Jaya Jaitly who would provide political cover to them in this regard.”

Operation Westend

A news portal tehelka.com aired a sting operation, ”Operation Westend” in January 2001. The sting showed the accused purportedly accepting a bribe from reporters of the portal, who posed as representatives of a fictitious company, for supply orders for hand-held thermal imagers from the Indian Army.

The meetings took place in the official residence of the then defence minister George Fernandes under the BJP-led NDA government. The sting caused a massive uproar and Fernandes was forced to resign from his post. Though later his name was cleared by the Phukan Committee.

The chargesheet against Jaya Jaitley and other two was filed in 2006 and the charges were framed in 2012.

the indian railways has been the life line of the counrty as it takes the the burden of atleast 90 percent of the population its the 3rd most largest indian company that has immsense number of empoyess so it has both the significance of the increasing the country growth and maintaiing the standard of life by providing large number of jobs in the country . in the time of the pandemic the indian railways has faced huge shortage of the revennue generation altouhgh it was in debt again it has gone and yet suviving in the worst conditions . the railways ministry has teminted all the type of the passenger trains and only few special trains arerunning to make eefctive the lockdown machinerey in the country . coming toward the other side we had all witnnesed the railways was always in the burden of the loss and the pandemic hs added oil in that fire .there is loss of around 35000 crore from the passenger train in finncial year 2021 .

Currently, Indian Railways is operating only 230 special trains, with an overall occupancy of 75%. According to railway ministry data, only a fourth of these trains have an occupancy rate of 100%. A rapid rise in covid-19 cases and the nationwide lockdown have forced the national transporter to put off plans to introduce more trains.

“Passenger segment is not doing well. We are running only 230 trains and these trains are not fully occupied. Overall occupancy is 75%. Earnings from the passenger segment was ₹ 50,000 crore (last year). We don’t know how the corona situation will unfold,” railway board chairman Vinod Kumar Yadav said in a virtual briefing.https://68ad5308c261d508f471ca2dbe282581.safeframe.googlesyndication.com/safeframe/1-0-37/html/container.html

Yadav said the railways is banking on its freight revenue this fiscal, expecting freight earnings to jump 50% from the previous year.

“But certainly, the passenger segment earnings will be less. We are expecting passenger segment earnings to be 10-15% only. Whatever we will lose from this segment— ₹30,000-35,000 crore—we will have to make it up from freight. That is the target we are keeping,” he said.

The national transporter pegged earnings from freight at ₹1.47 trillion for 2020-21, while passenger revenue is estimated to grow to ₹61,000 crore, according to budget estimates. Railway ministry officials said that these estimates are being re-worked due to the disruption caused by the lockdown. Freight revenue declined close to a third during the first quarter of the financial year 2020-21 at ₹22,266 crore. In terms of volume, it was down 21.4% year-on-year to 241.55 million tonne (mt). Yadav did not disclose fresh targets.

As we all know communication is a process of exchanging information, ideas, suggestion between two or more people with the help of a medium. Formal or informal, there are some rules that we are supposed to obey while communicating to someone. There are 7’c of communication that explains and guides the whole process. Communication is said to be complete and effective only when these seven C’s are maintained. The seven C’s include clear, concise, correct, complete, coherent, courteous, concrete and correct.

1. CLEAR- The message in the communication has to be clear. The communication will be completed only when the listener understands the message being given by the sender. The sender has to have a clear idea about what he is going to communicate. Identify the goal of the message.
2. CONCISE- Always try to make your message crisp and short. Nobody likes to read lengthy messages that are irrelevant. Do not beat around the bush and get to the point straightly. Avoid using unnecessary phrases, words and sentences. Try to form your messages with limited use of words.
3. CORRECT- Before sending the message, make sure the content is correct and accurate. Do not communicate the message you are not sure with. It may lead to further confusion. Always double check your message before sending and, make sure whatever you have conveyed is true and accurate.
4. CONCRETE- Your message should always be specific and up to the point. There is no need of adding details which are not necessary. Keep your content only with the essential details. Add only the information which you think is needed and unavoidable.
5. COMPLETE- Make sure the message you have conveyed includes all the elements that needed. If the message is not complete, then the listener may not be able to get the clear idea about the content and can misunderstand the whole message. It is important to make the listener understand all the message that he needs to be informed.
6. CONSIDERATION- It is nothing but ‘getting into the shoes of others’. While you make a communication, consider the listeners state of mind, attitude and their view points. Make sure the listener is able to understand what you are implying and also are not hurt by your message and way of speaking.
7. COURTEOUS- It implies that the communicator has to be very polite with his message and should convey his content without hurting the listener.

Today,

In India we all are facing with one huge problem.

We are facing or living together with a small virus which we can’t see with our naked eyes.

It is spreading through air ,biogas,what not everything, everywhere it is spreading.

In our India the most dangerous state know is Maharashtra.

In Delhi which is our capital where the people are coming together there we can see the virus.

So please stay at home stay safe and mind the social distancing and safe our India.

Let’s fight together..

Acid attack in women is a burning issue in the present scenario. It is the most heinous form of violence against women. Perpetrator’s aim is not to kill the victim but to leave her in a pathetic condition. Injuries on the body heal and leave scars not only on the body but also physically and psychologically the whole personality of the survivor affected. Male victims were commonly affected in most of the countries, but in Bangladesh, Taiwan, Cambodia, and the USA (Newyork), females were the most common victim.[1] Violence against women has become a critical issue of discussion at every platform in recent world.
Despite the existing laws and banning of over counter sale of acid, this horrific crime has been on the rampant rise in India . Compared to women throughout the world, women in India are at higher risk of being victims of acid attacks, 72% of reported acid attacks in India have involved women. The one-sided affairs often faced denial from women and thus hit the ego of men. Females are usually considered as a second-class citizen in this male dominant society, influenced by cultural and social norms. These norms award
males to be aggressive, powerful, controlling and thus contribute to a social acceptance of dominant part of our society. Ignorance and justification of sex-linked offenses by our society are also precipitating factor for such heinous crime. In rural India, Indian mythology and scriptures, which teach a woman to respect and obey their male counterpart, such as a woman should eat only after him, should walk behind him in public, etc., are prevalent,
unlike the urban areas. When these people migrate to urban areas, these male individuals are more reluctant to accept the equality of gender and often indulged in these types of
cold premeditated assault. Besides, its easy availability and illegal sale of acids over-the-counter are also some additional contributory factors. ] In some cases, jealousy of these perpetrators has crossed to such extent that they throw or pour acid over the genital region. These cases were also associated with the sexual assault. Physical damages are repairable but the damages, which are inflicted over emotions of the victim, completely destroyed the hopes and dreams of her innocent mind. Acid attack is a deadly nuisance against her alluring appeal. It destroyed her identity, self-esteem, and
confidence immediately and on the long-term prevalent stigma of justifying the violence against women, forces her to live a life of socialeconomic sequestration. Level of
this stigma is so strong that their faces not only become roadblocks to the social life but also a major brunt on their livelihood . Hence this is a major problem of todays era and a change is to be brought about this henious crime in our society and it will only be possible with cooperation of all excluding none .