Every year, before the Annual World Economic Forum at Davos, Oxfam International releases its annual inequality report. Each report looks to capture a different dimension of inequality (lik but fundamentally revolves around the various forms of inequality that have now become ubiquitous. It is in light of this that we first look at what inequality means and what its impacts are on our day to day life.

What is inequality? 
The Cambridge dictio as “the unfair situation in society when some people have more opportunities, etc. than other people”. The it even more simply as “the state of not being equal, especially in status, rights and opportunities”. 
While the term itself is quite vast and has various interpretations, for the purpose of simplicity, the two large umbrellas under which we can classify inequality would be economic inequality and social inequality. Both these categories are deeply intertwined and inequality in one often affects the inequality in another. Over the years, through its course of study,has studied inequality as a grave social injustice and has documented the incidents and scale of this inequality at a global level. 

Economic Inequality 
Perhaps the most quantified and calculated form of inequality is the economic variant. Even here, the most predominant forms of inequality measured are those of income inequality and wealth inequality. Income inequality is the inequality in and disparity in the incomes commanded by the top percentile of the population in comparison to the bottom percentiles, while wealth inequality measures look to do the same but by calculating disparities in wealth instead of income.

Income
“Income is not just the money received through pay, but all the money received from employment (wages, salaries, bonuses etc.), investments, such as interest on savings accounts and dividends from shares of stock, savings, state benefits, pensions (state, personal, company) and rent.”

Wealth
“Wealth refers to the total amount of assets of an individual or household. This may include financial assets, such as bonds and stocks, property and private pension rights. Wealth inequality, therefore, refers to the unequal distribution of assets in a group of people”

What is cyber crime ?

Cyber Crime in India is defined under IT Act. Living in a technology driven environment makes people susceptible to crimes that take place in the cyberspace which is known as cyber crimes. There are various ways to tackle cyber crimes in India and you can start with setting strong passwords, keeping social networking sites in private mode, and by not sharing every personal information online.

Cyber Crime in India has been rapidly evolving since the dawn of the technological era. Every day, in fact, you get to hear different tricks, scams and many other offences being committed on the cyberspace. There are many types of cyber crime in India that have already been listed under the Information Technology Act,2000, suggesting various types of crimes. Also in order to follow the guidelines of cyber crime act in India, in major cities, many cyber crime cells in India have been set up.  

With the advancement of technology, recent cases of cyber crime in India has also increased. Today, many crimes like kidnapping, fraud, hacking, data theft are being committed with the help of internet. Criminals who perform such activities are often referred to as “hackers”. Many of the cyber crime cases in India are registered under the IT Act. 

Digitalization is unbridled these days and the Internet has made life easier for everybody, with everything just a click away. From white collar crimes to attacks by terrorist organizations, the number of cyber crimes in India has also increased. It has made man dependent on the technology for every little basic need. Today each need is covered online like online shopping, ordering food, online gaming, making payments and etc.

Cyber crime is any crime that takes place online or primarily online. Cybercriminals often commit crimes by targeting computer networks or devices. Cybercrime can range from security breaches to identity theft.

Other cybercrimes include things like cyber-stalking, harassment, bullying, and child sexual exploitation.

Terrorists collaborate on the internet, moving terrorist activities and crimes into cyberspace.

How to protect yourself against cybercrime –

Anyone using the internet should exercise some basic precautions. Here are 11 tips you can use to help protect yourself against the range of cybercrimes out there.

1. Use a full-service internet security suite

For instance, Norton Security provides real-time protection against existing and emerging malware including ransomware and viruses, and helps protect your private and financial information when you go online.

2. Use strong passwords

Don’t repeat your passwords on different sites, and change your passwords regularly. Make them complex. That means using a combination of at least 10 letters, numbers, and symbols. A password management application can help you to keep your passwords locked down.

3. Keep your software updated

This is especially important with your operating systems and internet security software. Cybercriminals frequently use known exploits, or flaws, in your software to gain access to your system. Patching those exploits and flaws can make it less likely that you’ll become a cybercrime target.

4. Manage your social media settings

Keep your personal and private information locked down. Social engineering cybercriminals can often get your personal information with just a few data points, so the less you share publicly, the better. For instance, if you post your pet’s name or reveal your mother’s maiden name, you might expose the answers to two common security questions.

5. Strengthen your home network

It’s a good idea to start with a strong encryption password as well as a virtual private network. A VPN will encrypt all traffic leaving your devices until it arrives at its destination. If cybercriminals do manage to hack your communication line, they won’t intercept anything but encrypted data. It’s a good idea to use a VPN whenever you a public Wi-Fi network, whether it’s in a library, café, hotel, or airport.

6. Talk to your children about the internet

You can teach your kids about acceptable use of the internet without shutting down communication channels. Make sure they know that they can come to you if they’re experiencing any kind of online harassment, stalking, or bullying.

7. Keep up to date on major security breaches

If you do business with a merchant or have an account on a website that’s been impacted by a security breach, find out what information the hackers accessed and change your password immediately.

8. Take measures to help protect yourself against identity theft

Identity theft occurs when someone wrongfully obtains your personal data in a way that involves fraud or deception, typically for economic gain. How? You might be tricked into giving personal information over the internet, for instance, or a thief might steal your mail to access account information. That’s why it’s important to guard your personal data. A VPN — short for virtual private network — can also help to protect the data you send and receive online, especially when accessing the internet on public Wi-Fi.

9. Know that identity theft can happen anywhere

It’s smart to know how to protect your identity even when traveling. There are a lot of things you can do to help keep criminals from getting your private information on the road. These include keeping your travel plans off social media and being using a VPN when accessing the internet over your hotel’s Wi-Fi network.

10. Keep an eye on the kids

Just like you’ll want to talk to your kids about the internet, you’ll also want to help protect them against identity theft. Identity thieves often target children because their Social Security number and credit histories frequently represent a clean slate. You can help guard against identity theft by being careful when sharing your child’s personal information. It’s also smart to know what to look for that might suggest your child’s identity has been compromised.

11. Know what to do if you become a victim

If you believe that you’ve become a victim of a cybercrime, you need to alert the local police and, in some cases, the FBI and the Federal Trade Commission. This is important even if the crime seems minor. Your report may assist authorities in their investigations or may help to thwart criminals from taking advantage of other people in the future. If you think cybercriminals have stolen your identity. These are among the steps you should consider.

• Contact the companies and banks where you know fraud occurred.
• Place fraud alerts and get your credit reports.
• Report identity theft to the FTC.

Causes:-

• Common people do not have much awareness on methods of cyber crimes. This is biggest advantage for criminals.
• Nonexistence of any strict laws and loopholes of the existing laws encouraging cyber crimes.
• Cyber crimes happen because there will be high rate of return on investment and the risk of loss is low.

Financial gain was the biggest motive for cyber crimes.The facility of being anonymous is giving opportunity to cyber criminals.Cyber criminals don’t have fear of rival gangs.Lack of digital infrastructure and network to tackle the menace.According to Akamai Technologies, India is among the top targets for web application attacks.

Effects:-

• Leakage of important information of vital systems such as nuclear plants, railways andhospitals that can lead to dire consequences.
• Financial frauds and fake online lottery and job scams damage the economic condition.
• Stalking, cyber bullying and harassment through online increased drastically.
• Cyber crime may cause damage to the social and communal harmony by spreading provocative media files and messages without the fear of being caught thus encouraging youth to get involved in such activities.
• It may cause big losses to the business industry by creating fake companies, transactions and deals in sales etc.

What India is doing:-

• Indian Government is spreading awareness though advertisements in televisions about fraud phone calls and cyber crimes.
• India has ‘Information Technology Act, 2000’ in law.
• India has ‘Cyber Crime police stations‘, which deal with cyber crimes exclusively.
• “National Critical Information Infrastructure Protection Center” (NCIIPC) has been established as the nodal agency for the protection of critical information infrastructure.

Best practices :-

• Number of cyber security soldiers needs to be increased on a war-footing.
• Digital literacy rates should be increased, so that dependence on others for cashless transactions will be reduced. Thereby, less chances of financial fraud.
• Cyber vulnerabilities should be identified.
• Financial sector and cyber security industry should collaborate.
• People should not reveal too much personal information on the internet.

Conclusion :-

Whole world is fighting against cyber crimes. Some countries have advanced technology and human resources to deal with them. And some countries do not have that yet. India needs to increase its investment on cyber security and should spend on awareness programs on war-footing.

The term “misogyny” is derived from the Ancient Greek word “mīsoguníā” which means hatred towards women. Misogyny has taken shape in multiple forms such as male privilege, patriarchy, gender discrimination, sexual harassment, belittling of women, violence against women, and sexual objectification. The roots of misogyny can be traced back to ancient Greek mythology. 

Misogyny over years has evolved as an ideology which has engulfed the society as a smog which diminishes their site to aurora. Great philosophers, socialist, and thinkers of golden era were subdued by roars of male dominant society which narrowed their vision and made them a supporter of patriarchal society. Aristotle who was an ancient Greek philosopher and scientist was also a misogynist. He thought of women as a deformity, an incomplete male. He preached that men should always command and women should follow as they are the inferior being created by God. Misogyny at its front had male supporters, but over years, few females also supported the ideology as stated by Sociologist Michael Flood.

Over centuries, women have been suppressed, their rights were neglected as a human being, they were treated as an lower part of the society, and their roles were restricted to household chores and birthing. Prolonged oppression raised many voices and collectively led to a concept of feminism which started the longest movement in history which still continues.

Misogyny: the “law enforcement” branch of patriarchy (contrasted with sexism, the branch of patriarchy concerned with beliefs and attitudes about female people’s inferiority), which involves the sanctioning of feminine gender norm-violations.

Patriarchy: the system in which female people are structurally oppressed on the basis of their sex (whether by male people, or in a way that advantages male people).

Postmodern feminism has two components, i.e., liberal feminism and radical feminism, the former being an individualistic form of feminist theory which focuses on women’s ability to maintain their equality by uplifting themselves in the field of academics, and other domains by which they can make better decisions and attain equal political and legal rights. Radical feminism on the other hand demands drastic reordering of society in which male supremacy is eliminated in all social and economic contexts.

The fourth-wave feminism refers to a kind of feminism that began around 2012 which targets sexual harassment, campus sexual harassment, rape culture, workplace discrimination, body shaming, sexist imagery in the media, online misogyny, assault on public transport, and other type of harassment that is associated with the use of social media. The issues which were shocking and horrid like Nirbhaya Delhi Gang Rape, Harvey Weinstein allegations, and Bill Cosby allegations gave birth to campaigns like Everyday Sexism Project, No More Page 3, and the recent #MeToo and Times Up movements, equality and the empowerment of women have become household conversations around the world.

These issues had drawn significant focus and brought legal reforms in issues such as sexual harassment at workplace as many women are employed in private, government, or unorganized sectors. Sexual harassment constitutes a gross violation of human right and women’s right to equality and dignity. It is illegal to harass a person because of their gender and sexual harassment includes unwelcome sexual advances, requests for sexual favors, and other verbal or physical harassment of a sexual nature. Workplace sexual harassment, like other forms of violence, is not harmless.

Mental load, also sometimes called emotional labor, is having lots of things on your mind. It’s having to remember to pick up eggs, to label your kid’s PE kit, to plan the Christmas shopping, to buy and make dinners for the week, to read the communications from school—the list goes on. Even if you ask someone else to buy eggs, it’s you then checking that the eggs were in fact bought. It’s essentially project management. And when it’s at work, that’s what we call it. Project management. Or just management. It’s a whole job. Yet when it’s at home, we call it, well, we don’t really have a word for it.  

But if someone you live with ever says to you, ‘I don’t know why you’re upset you had to tidy up the house. You should have asked for help’, guess what? You’re the one who has to ask. You’re the project manager. You’re the one carrying the mental load. 

Of course there are lots of kinds of households but at my company, Koru Kids, 97% of our users are moms. We recently did a study of our users, sending an experienced ethnographer to their homes for three weeks to observe their lives.  Our ethnographer saw how moms generally take the strain of the mental well-being of the whole family on their shoulders.

Before I get there, I apologize for assuming here a traditional two-parent family; my hat goes off to single parents, you are true heroes.)

1. We can do more to make the invisible mental load more visible. Great that people are talking about it. Let’s do it more. Project management is a job. 
2. For women who might one day want to have kids: get yourself a partner who is going to understand this challenge—and who’ll be willing to job-share the project management job. Even better, get a partner who will call you out on doing it all yourself.
3. If you can, take shared parental leave. I see it all the time: the seeds of uneven mental load sown during maternity leave. When the first baby is born, both partners are clueless. But then one becomes the expert and never quite relinquishes that role. So make sure both of you know where the medical records are kept, which vaccinations have been had. Even better, could you both join the Whatsapp and Facebook groups where knowledge is shared? Those last for years.
4. If you can’t do shared parental leave, do a handover meeting at the end of maternity leave. Part of the project manager job is shifting to someone else, and it’s time to empower that person. Literally sit down and talk about who’ll manage what. After all, in the workplace, you’d have a handover meeting, right?

1. For moms who find themselves in this situation already: talk to your partnerabout it. List the things you physically do, and also the things you’re responsible for: menu planning, presents for family, researching holidays. Divide up the responsibilities, not just the tasks. And bear in mind: you have to accept this may result in dirty dishes, otherwise you’re still project managing. (I guarantee right now on my bench at home there are dirty dishes.)
2. Consider being incompetent in a specific area. When we moved house, I made a point of not knowing how the dishwasher worked. I kept that up for about two years. Unfortunately it’s not that complicated and one day I accidentally learned.
3. It’s possible to both be in the room with the kids but have only one parent consistently able to concentrate on anything substantial. To combat only ever having ‘time confetti’ (five minutes here, two minutes there, between everything else you’ve got going on), be explicit about who’s in charge of the kids at any one time. This makes sure both parents get real chunks of time. 
4. Recognize mental load in policy-making. Government agencies, if you require ‘parents’ to do something, recognize that you’re usually asking the mum to do it. For example: in order to get a good rating from the UK school regulator Ofsted, schools have to demonstrate ‘parental engagement’. So they ask parents to upload photos to websites, or they send home the class bear which you have to write a story about doing something exciting. I had the bear four times in the year my daughter was three. This is basically homework for parents. I’d love it if schools had an Ofsted requirement to consider their impact on working parents. That would help women in the workforce 5.
5. Design products or services with mental load in mind, especially when designing services that will be used by moms—or hopefully, parents. Appreciate that parents are probably doing several things at once. Curate options, tie things together.
6.  Work on eliminating mental loadaltogether. Previous waves of technology, like the invention of washing and drying appliances, have reduced physical household labor. Until now, it has not been possible to reduce much of the mental load. But we are at the dawn of an unprecedented new era of machine learning and artificial intelligence. It would be great to see tech and service design to reduce the mental load in the home.

Mental load might not be the biggest issue governing women’s equality around the world. But it is a widespread issue affecting all sorts of families, rich and poor, working, middle, upper class, of all ethnicities, religions and backgrounds. We can make home life so much fairer.