Taylor Swift surprised everyone when she announced her 8th studio album folklore just 16 hours before its release on 24 July, 2020. This album she has shifted to indie music compared to past 3 pop albums. When she was announced album on her Instagram account she wrote this is the album “I have poured all of my whims, dreams fears and musings into”. And it is no surprise that it has broken several records.

It broke many streaming records and topped charts in many countries including UK, Canada, Australia. It had the biggest opening day on Spotify for an album by a female artist which earned her a Guinness World Record. According to Billboard “Taylor Swift breaks record for most Billboard Hit 100 Hits among women” surpassing Nicki Minaj who had 110 entries in the chart. Swift has 113 entries. It is the first time in Billboard history that an artist has debuted at number one on both Hot 100 and Billboard 200 in the same week.

These are some of the few records which this album has broken. Critically also this album is very well received. Though the album has 16 songs, the music video of Cardigan only was released on 24 July,2020. The video was directed by Swift itself. In this period of lock down when we are all confused as to what to do Swift used time so well as to give us an album so creative and mesmerising in all senses.

Rajasthanis biggest state in area with 5.5 percent population but only 1 percent water resources of the country. State is divided in to 13 watersheds and 59 sub-watersheds. Most of the Rivers originate from the Aravali hills and flow either in east or west. Those Rivers flowing in east merge with Yamuna. Those flowing in west fall into Gulf of Khambhat or lost in desert.
The state encompasses a huge area of the Thar Desert. As a result, there are very few rivers in the western part of the state. The Aravali Range acts as the water divider in the state of Rajasthan . This ancient mountain range has divided the river system of Rajasthan in two halves.

Chambal and Luni are the two main rivers of Rajasthan. Chambal is the only perennial river of the state, which enters Rajasthan at Chaurasigarh, after originating from the northern slopes of the Vindhya Range. This river flows along the eastern border between Rajasthan and Madhya Pradesh. Fed by its tributaries, Chambal flows northwards across the state and meets the Yamuna River.

Luni, one of the major rivers in Rajasthan, originates from the Aravali Range, 7 kilometer north of Ajmer. This is the only river that flows across the western part of Rajasthan. The river flows to Gujarat, where it drains at the Rann of Kutch. Luni is a seasonal river, which is also comparatively shallow than other rivers of the state. This river is also supplemented by many tributaries, which flow from the Aravali Range.

There are also other Rajasthan riversmm, which flow across the state. Most of these rivers are seasonal. Ghaggar is the intermittent stream, which flows through Rajasthan and disappears at the heart of the Thar Desert. Some of the other important Rajasthan
Rivers are Kali, Banas, Banganga, Parvati, Gambhiri, Mahi, Kakni, Jokham, Sabarmati, Katli, Sabi and Mantha.

Smaller streams and their tributaries drain the west and south of the Aravalli axis. Rivers Luni, Sukri, Banas, Sabarmati and Mahi are most significant. These streams are non-perennial in nature. On the eastern side of the watershed, the river Chambal is joined by the river Banas along with its main tributaries like Khari, Moshi and Morel on the left bank and Berach, Bajasen and Golwa on the right. The river Chambal ultimately joins the river Yamuna in Uttar Pradesh.

The inland drainage system is the most characteristic feature of the drainage system of Rajasthan which is that nearly 2 per cent of the area of the state. Nearly all this area lies west of the Aravalli range. In this part Kanti basin, Sota and Sahibi basin, Barah basin of the Luni basin are found in large number of separate drainage basins. The desert tract in the western part soaks all the water of these rivers.

The river Luni which rises at Ana Sagar at Ajmer is the only significant water course in this area is and flows towards the southwest for a distance of about 32 km through the districts of Jodhpur, Barmer and Jalor in the semi-arid tract west of the Aravalli range., the river has a small catchment area of about 32 sq km at the source at Talod Road. A small tributary joins from the Pushkar valley and the basin of the river widens. Near Ajmer, the river flows down the Aravalli slope and after 10 km flows towards the southwest. This river drains the total catchment area of about 34,866.40 sq kilometers. It recieves many smaller hill torrents from the western slope of the Aravalli range, like Lalri, Ghuhia, Bandi, Sukri, Jawai, Jojri and Sagai, all joining on the left bank. Up to Balotra the water of river Luni but lower down it becomes more and more saline till the river drains near the Rann of Kutch. The river Luni increases in width at Jodhpur district rather than deepening the bed. This is because the floods develop so quickly due to the nature of rainfall that the river has no time to rub the bed. The River Luni spills over the country and occasionally damages the railway line to which it actually runs parallel from Luni Junction to Gole during the rainy season.

The southern and the eastern part of Rajasthan, south, southeast and east of the Aravalli range receives more than 80 cm rainfall and has some important streams. The river Chambal is the largest stream and is joined by some tributaries like the Banas, the Kali Sindh, and the Parbati. The river Chambal is a perennial river while its tributaries might occasionally turn completely dry and exhibit their stony beds. The river Chambal rising from the northern flanks of the Vindhyan scarps near Manpur (884.4 m) in the south of Mhow runs for about 325 km through a long narrow and steep gorge which overhangs the valley on both the sides rising about 60 m to 90 m above the valley floor. The river falls at 505 m near Chaurasigarh to Kota. The river Chambal is joined by its first major tributary – river kali Sindh near Monera village. Another tributary Parbati joins about 48 km downstream. Taking a straight course for about 212 km, it bends southeast at Pinahat and flows to join the river Yamuna near Muradganj, after a total run of about 965 kilometres. For a length of about 153 km the river flows entirely in Rajasthan. the river forms the boundary between Rajasthan and Madhya Pradesh from Palia to Pinahat for about 241 km. it forms the boundary between Madhya Pradesh and Uttar Pradesh Before joining the river Yamuna in Uttar Pradesh. In Rajasthan two other tributaries Kurai and Banas join the Chambal river on the left bank.
The Banas river flows through the heart of the Mewar Plains. Its chief tributaries are Berach, Kothari, Khari, Dhoond and Morel. The river Banas rises from the catchment area lying between Kankroli and Nathdwara and flows towards the east as far as Mandalgarh and further it flows towards the northeast up to Tonk where it again turns towards the east and finally this river turns at right angles and flows south to join the river Chambal. The upper reaches of this stream are hilly and have good rainfall.

Other Rivers Originating in Rajasthan:

Banganga River – originates from Bairath in Jaipur district, flows through Ramgarh, Dausa and Baswa about 164 km and enters Vair tahsil Bharatpur and then into Agra district of Uttar Pradesh.

Sukel River – Originates at hills of Jalor and falls in Rann of Katchh.

Jakham River – Originates at Chhoti Sadri in Chittorgarh district, Rajasthan.

Som River – Originates at Bichhawara (Jhadol) in Udaipur district, Rajasthan.

Kantli River – Originates at Khandela hills in Sikar district, Rajasthan.

Kakney River – Originates at Kotri hills in Jaisalmer district, Rajasthan.

Kothari River – Originates at Dewas (Jhadol) in Udaipur district, Rajasthan.

Sabarmati River – Originates at Padrara (Gogunda) hills in Udaipur district, Rajasthan.

According to Section 126 of Indian Contract Act, a contract of guarantee is a contract where a surety gives an undertaking to a creditor in respect of the payment default of a third person, principal debtor towards the creditor.

In essence, a contract of guarantee is where A promises B  : “If C is liable to you and fails to pay you, I will pay you”

The consent of the surety regarding the transaction should not be obtained by any misrepresentation or concealment of any material facts concerning the situation. If the guarantee is obtained that way, it is invalid. The position explained under section 142 and section 143 as misrepresentation regarding the material fact should be made by the creditor and whether with his knowledge or assent. Also, if he kept silence to material facts.

According to the provisions, consent obtained to act as surety either by misrepresentation, or keeping silence as to material facts is invalid. Keeping silence as consider material facts, which could affect the surety’s mind to enter into the contract, would render the guarantee void. Also, every surety undertakes the risk of default so if the creditor is aware of circumstances which affect the risk, he should make the surety equally liable.

The Indian Contract Act, 1872 provides that a contract of guarantee can be rendered invalid under a particular set of situations. The Act considers contracts of guarantee as invalid which are made by willful misrepresentation and concealment. It also provides the presence of free consent of the contracting parties as a fundamental requirement in deciding the validity of a contract. Misrepresentation and Concealment defy the element of consent from the surety. Thus, the purpose behind providing nullity of a guarantee contract is justified. This provision also serves the purpose of guarding the surety from any form of exploitation that he may be subject to by purposeful misrepresentation and concealment.

When Section 142, Section 17 (Fraud) and Section 18 (Misrepresentation) of Indian Contract Act are read together, they hint at the presence of innocent and fraudulent misrepresentation. But in a contract of guarantee, the relevant section takes into account both misrepresentations by creditor himself and also that done with his assent. Hence, it suggests that the factor of intentionality is required for disqualification of a guarantee contract due to misrepresentation. If any material part of the transaction between the creditor and his debtor is misrepresented to the surety with the creditor’s knowledge or assent due to which surety might have entered into the contract or the surety’s liability might be increased, the security is void on the ground of fraud. The law also takes into account the situations where the responsibility is upon the creditor himself to keep the surety informed about material facts. Though, it is not inclusive of the situations where the surety can understand the facts on the basis of ordinary diligence. There exists a difference in situations where the creditor has a liability to disclose information to the surety and where the creditor exercises on the assumption of ordinary diligence of the surety. But, when the court decides on the extent of creditor’s duty as per the facts of the case, the contract of guarantee will be invalid irrespective of whether the misrepresentation was innocent or intentional. 

Section 143 of Indian Contract Act states “Guarantee obtained by concealment, invalid.”[1] The section mentions that in a guarantee contract the expression keeping silent clearly implies intentional concealment and is different from mere non-disclosure (a kind of passive concealment) of facts. Thus, the possibility of passive concealment to be a vitiating factor for contract of guarantee is clearly ruled out. 

It also provides that, if the creditor does not provide information regarding the material facts and circumstances affecting the transaction, it is not considered to be under the ambit of concealment unless surety seeks for information from the creditor. The creditor does not come under the ambit of concealment unless he actively conceals some facts related to the transaction between creditor and principal debtor.

The distinction between the mere non-disclosure of material facts and the area where active concealment begins is a situation similar to the one under Section 142, where it is not the creditor’s liability to disclose such information that can be understood by the surety on the basis of ordinary diligence. This section once again, hints at the question of the role and extent of silence in a guarantee contract.

In respect of creditor’s duty to disclose information to surety, it is found that such duty exists only to the extent of material facts which are likely to impact the surety’s entry into the contract. If such duty is breached by misrepresentation, irrespective of whether innocent or fraudulent and active concealment, it will invalidate the contract of guarantee. The creditor does have a duty to disclose information but the duty is not absolute. It is subjective and varies on a case-to-case basis. It depends on the material nature of such information which can likely affect the surety’s decision to enter into the contract. Section 142 and 143 as remedies for the benefit of the surety, discharge him of any liability that he might have falsely entered into based on misrepresentation and concealment by the creditor.

[1] . The Indian Contract Act, 1872(Act 9 of 1872), s.143

Pharmacy profession is not easy. The pharmacist who give the correct information about the medicines which has been returned by the doctor in prescription.

They invite lot of medicines.

Now,they are finding vaccine to the Corona virus (covid-19) and finally they succeed the trails of 2.

This expression rushed back into currency as soon as it became clear that Karnataka had produced a hung Assembly on Tuesday. What is the political behaviour that it describes?

The Cambridge Dictionary describes horse trading as shrewd, often difficult, discussions among people or organisations trying to make a business arrangement, where each tries to get something more favourable to them. The origins of the expression lie in the nineteenth century, when the traders of horses were seen to be especially crafty or calculating. In modern British English, it refers to unofficial negotiations that involve hard bargaining and give-and-take, and various degrees of compromise, and carries a general sense of disapproval.

In the Indian context, horse trading has been commonly used since the mid-1980s when political defections became frequent, and MLAs and MPs were approached to act outside expected party positions and help rivals sometimes form governments. It usually involved loaves and fishes, the lure of office, and is seen as political corruption.

Aya Ram, Gaya Ram

This most eloquent evocation of the politics of horse trading is a contribution of Haryana to the Indian political lexicon. But horse trading is far from just being just a Haryana phenomenon.

In 1967, when the first non-Congress governments were formed in India, the Haryana MLA Gaya Lal managed to switch to, and back from, the United Front thrice in 15 days — one crossover happened within just nine hours. When he finally rejoined the Congress, Congress leader Rao Birender Singh produced him at a press conference and announced, “Gaya Ram is now Aya Ram.”
While entire cabinets have defected in Haryana, several states have seen the phenomenon of floor-crossing. In the so-called JMM bribery case, the minority government of P V Narasimha Rao survived in 1993 after Jharkhand Mukti Morcha MPs supported the government, allegedly in return for cash. While Rao was ultimately acquitted, the long-running scandal raised a lot of awareness about the phenomenon of elected representatives switching political loyalties, often for dubious reasons.The 52nd Amendment, which came into force in 1985 when Rajiv Gandhi was Prime Minister, inserted the Tenth Schedule in the Constitution, popularly known as the ‘anti-defection law’, which laid down a process for the disqualification of legislators on grounds of defection. A provision in the law that is relevant to the situation in Karnataka prohibits the breaking away of any section of legislators smaller than two-thirds of the strength of their party in the House. The anti-defection law has generally been seen as providing stability to the government by preventing shifts of party allegiance. However, a summary of the draft working paper of the Law Commission on simultaneous elections to Lok Sabha and state Assemblies circulated last month lists, among its possible recommendations, that “in order to prevent a stalemate… in the case of Hung Parliament/Assembly, the rigour of ‘Anti-Defection law’… be removed as an exception”.

 August   month is important to all Indians as on 15 August in 1947 we got our independence at the cost of sacrifice of millions of people. Also many memorable events took place in this month. Of the many events, one is birth of Kishore Kumar, popularly known as Kishore da, who was born on 4 August 1929, at Khandwa, present Madhya Pradesh as Abhas Kumar Ganguly. He was a versatile person and multifaceted calibre.  Although he was popular as playback singer, but equally, he was also popular as actor, music director, lyricist, writer, director, producer and screenwriter. He was not only popular in India but also in Asian and African countries. While I was in some countries of Asia and Africa many told about him, also they mentioned names of some of our film actors and actresses.

    As a singer, in addition to Hindi, Kishore-Da sang in many Indian languages including Bengali, Marathi, Assamese, Gujarati, Kannada, Bhojpuri, Malayalam Urdu etc. He also sang on private albums in several languages including Bengali. According to a Report,  Kishore Kumar sang around 3000 numbers of songs including Hindi and other languages.

 Kishore Kumar won eight times Filmfare Awards for best male playback singer and holds the record of winning the most Filmfare Awards in that category. He was also awarded the “Lata Mangeshkar Award” by the Madhya Pradesh Government in 1985–86. In 1997, the Madhya Pradesh Government introduced an award in his memory “Kishore Kumar Award” for his enormous contribution in Indian film The eight songs for which he got Filmfare awards are Roop Tera Mastana   (1970/film Aradhana) , Dil Aisa Kisi Ne Mera (1976/film Amanush     ), Khaike Paan Banaras Wala (1979/film  Don), Hazaar Raahen Mudke Dekheen(1981/film Thodisi Bewafaii), Pag Ghungroo Baandh(1983/film Namak Halaal ), Agar Tum Na Hote (1984/ Agar Tum Na Hote), Manzilein Apni Jagah Hain(1985/ film Sharaabi   ) and Saagar Kinaare (1986/film Saagar).  The Bengal Film Journalists’ Association Awards as best male playback singer were given to Kishore-Da four times- Aradhana (1971), Andaz(1972), Hare Rama Hare Krishna (1973) and Kora Kaga (1975).

  Kishore Kumar started his cinema as career as a chorus singer at Bombay Talkies, where his elder brother Ashok Kumar worked. He first acted in a film named Shikari (1946) where Ashok Kumar played the lead role. In 1948, music director Khemchand Prakash offered Kishore –Da a chance to sing the song Marne Ki Duayen Kyon Mangu for the film Ziddi directed by Shaheed Latif. It is pertinent to mention that in this film both the Melody Queen Lata Mangeshkar and Kishore Kumar sang first time their duet song Yeh Kaun Aaya Re. After that Lata ji sang with Kishore Kumar 327 songs as duet songs.   

           Kishore Kumar decided to retire from singing  and was planning to return to his birth place Khandwa, but he died of a heart attack in Bombay/Mumbai on 13 October 1987 , incidentally that was his brother Ashok Kumar’s 76 birthday. His body was taken to Khandwa for cremation.

    He recorded his last song, “Guru Guru”—a duet with Asha Bhosle for the film Waqt Ki Aawaz (wikipedia.org/wiki/Kishore_Kumar). Although he passed away at the age of 58 years but he will be in the heart of millions for his melodious songs and acting. 

Dr. Shankar Chatterjee

Former Professor& Head (CPME)

NIRD &PR (Govt. of India),

Hyderabad-500 030

Telangana, India

Email <shankarjagu@gmail.com>

“Pendency is bringing a lot of disrepute and it has the potential of making the system irrelevant”, says Ranjan Gogoi, 46th chief justice of India. He was India’s 1st chief justice from the northeast. He started his journey in the judiciary field in 2001 from the Gauhati high court. His roots belong to the very precious north eastern state of our country Assam. He will always be remembered for his furious flurry of landmark judgements in the history of Indian constitution. Ranjan gogoi is a very well known name in the country and known for his strong decisions and contribution to the country as a chief justice of India.
He was born on 18 november 1954 in Dibrugarh, Assam. He completed is secondary education from the state itself and went to Delhi for his higher studies. His father Keshav Chandra Gogoi was the former chief minister of the state and was one of the renowned person.Retired on November 2019, justice Gogoi had a 13 month tenure as a CJI. Known for speaking his mind, gives messages beyond his judgement.
He is the man who settled India’s longest running dispute, the “Ayodhya verdict case”. His one of the most remarkable judgement was on the sabarimala dispute over entrance of women in the temple premises. His name will go down the history for delivering remarkable verdicts on significant cases that will help shape the country’s political and social discourse.

Regardless of cuts in schools’ specialty programs, there are numerous different approaches to furnish understudies with chances to show innovativeness, however it requires a school-wide exertion. Sir Ken Robinson, a promoter of imagination in schools, asserted in a 2006 TED talk that the current training framework isolates numerous individuals from their normal gifts. He proposes foundational changes that permit understudies to acknowledge and grasp those abilities.

For instance, since the usage of the No Youngster Deserted Act, schools have prepared understudies to be great test takers, a procedure that comprises generally of straight reasoning (remembering realities, adhering to guidelines, and choosing one right answer). Luckily, there is a genuinely necessary educational move occurring in numerous states known as Basic Center Norms (CCS), and parts of this program underscore inventive reasoning.

For instance, in the demonstrating part of the CCS secondary school math educational program, understudies utilize factual standards to innovatively explain true issues, such as figuring gracefully dispersion during a city-wide crisis. Schools that really and tenaciously flash understudies’ imagination are advancing the development of future issue solvers and basic masterminds.