Day: December 3, 2020

Procedures in a Case Study

Garima Ltd. is an apparel manufacturing company set up in Delhi. Since the quality of the products they were selling was great and the clothes were very unique, the demand for them was always on a rise. New machines were installed at the company for better production levels. The new machines used for the manufacturing were very high-tech and hence very few people in the company, mainly the head officers knew how to operate on them effectively and efficiently without increasing the production costs. The employees in the organisation were not given adequate training as to how the equipment should be used so as to reduce costs and increase the profit margins. This was creating trouble.

Moreover, due to lack of knowledge of the usage of the machine the workers were also unable to meet the targets of production and hence even after managing to get the attention of the consumers towards their product they were rather incurring losses. The high demand for their products in the market now began to fall. This is when the HR manager Mr. Rajesh Gupta decided to take a look into the situation to assess the problem and discuss it with the management and the heads. The problem was then assessed and a solution was found so that the company could get back in the market. A system was devised for the training of these workers where they were given complete information about the machinery and its use.

SITUATION (SAP LAP ANALYSIS)–

Situation refers to the internal or external environment in an organisation. In the case of Garima Ltd. which is an apparel manufacturing company, the internal environment of the organisation was affecting the company. The employees in the organisation were not given the adequate training that was required and hence consumer demands could not be met which put the company in losses.

ACTORS –

Actors refers to the people, individuals or organisations who are involved in the case study. In the case study given above the actors are –

  • Head officers
  • Mr. Gupta, the HR Manager
  • Workers/ Employees
  • Customers/ Consumers

PROCESS –

  • The interface of actors and situation define the organisational climate and culture, which is important for business process. Process refers to the overall transformation that converts a set of inputs into outputs to recreate a situation.
  • In the above situation, the company now has to set up a system so that the workers can be trained to handle the machines. The management along with the HR Department have to device a strategy for training the workers for better functioning of the organisation.

LEARNING –

  • After synthesizing the knowledge we gathered from SAP, there is a key learning. It can either be generic or specific.
  • The learning of the whole situation is that in order to meet the high demands of the customers/market with reduced production costs and big profit margins the workers have to be given training on how to use the new machinery in the most effective and efficient way.

Alimony

Alimony, in the law of divorce, is compensation owed to one’s spouse for financial support after a divorce. Alimony aims to support the spouse, not to punish the other. In some places, the word means suspension of assets regardless of future support. Alimony is traditionally given from men to women but sometimes given from women to men.

Bonds of alonyony were first placed by the Egyptians, the Greeks and the Hebrews. This practice has helped to avoid conflicts with relatives of a divorced woman. Under the Code of Hammurabi, a Mesopotamian man who divorced his wife for no apparent reason had to throw away a silver piece. Similarly, Roman law under Justinian I required that gold be confiscated from a guilty partner in divorce.

In England, maintenance was the only thing that was created – probably from an ancient church belief that divorce could not end marriage bonds in God’s eyes. Scandinavian countries treat men and women as equals in divorce churches, allowing repeated claims of injury. Some countries – e.g., Russia, Austria, Belgium and Romania – allow divorce as a standard cancellation of the contract, financial questions are resolved amicably.

Alimony can be temporary – support and costs at the time of litigation; or permanent – support after that. Temporary maintenance is designed to give one party the opportunity to establish or defend a divorce claim. The provision of temporary or permanent maintenance is within the scope of the court, such as the frequency and amount of payments.

Nihilism

Nihilism is often described as ‘a philosophy of rejection, rejection, or rejection of some or all aspects of thought or life’ [Craig, Edward, ed. 1998. “Nihilism.” In the Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy. London: Routledge]. It has been interpreted from its earliest days as a complete disregard for all forms of authority – whether that authority be God, a sovereign, or a moral code. Specifically, the concept of nihilism emphasized the link between authority and the power of translation, political supremacy, and hermeneutic ability. My article attempts to present both conceptual history and its implications for current theory. While introducing key strategic objectives – investigated by a team of researchers under my direction at the Jerusalem Van Leer Institute in 2010 and half of 2011 – I hope to clarify what makes this concept relevant to a younger generation of critics and scholars. As shown in this article, conceptual history has always marked the limits of formal analysis, that is, it reflects the boundaries of political discourse and marks those of its ‘outsiders’, dissidents or those who create a hypothetical threat beyond the core of political rhetoric. In short, nihilism is where any discussion about ‘the limits of political analysis’ should begin. My article shows – at the same time from a broader perspective on the history and diminished reality of Israel – that nihilism is closely related to the time of stasis (political disability or suspension), on the other hand, and in an attempt to open up new hermeneutics. of effective and effective analysis, from outside the common political language, to another.

Medition and stress

People have meditated on the millenniums, often as part of a spiritual ritual. But in recent years, mindfulness has become a popular way to help people manage their stress and improve their overall well-being – and research resources show that it works. Psychologists have found that mindfulness meditates our brain and biology in a positive way, improving mental and physical health.

Meditation can be explained in many ways. But the easiest way to think about it is to train your attention to gain a sense of calm concentration and positive emotions.

Contemplation is one of the most popular forms of meditation. It has two main components: attention and acceptance.

The focus clip is about planning your experience to focus on what’s happening at the moment. It usually involves directing your understanding to your breathing, your thoughts, the physical feelings in your body and the feelings you feel. The piece of acceptance involves looking at those feelings and emotions without judging. Instead of responding or responding to those thoughts or feelings, you intend to look at it and let go.

Thinking classes and mind-based therapies provide tools to use those ideas. Such programs can include breathing exercises, yoga and guided classes to help you become more aware of your body’s feelings, thoughts, and emotions.

Theories of Urbanization

 Urbanization refers to the population shift from rural to urban residency, the gradual increase in the proportion of people living in urban areas, and the ways in which each society adapts to this change. Urbanization is an irreversible process. Urban region or city had first been noted in the Indus valley civilization in the middle of the 3rd millennium BC 116 in India. Hence one can say that there are several urban theories and some of which go back to the time of initial civilization. Most urban theories are derived ones some of which are: 

1. Suburbanization 
2. The dependency theory 
3. Theory of spatial disparities 
4. Migration theories 
a) Buffer’s theory of migration 
b) Stouffer’s law of intervening opportunities 
c) Migration theory of neo-classical economists 
d) Push and pull theories of migration 
e) Urban bias theory 
5. Lewis two sector model 
6. Concentric zone theory 
7. Bid rent theory 
8. Modern theory of urbanization 
9. Theory of evolutionary ladder of development 
10. Writh’s essay on “Urbanization: A typology of Changes”

1. Suburbanization 

Suburbanization means “beyond the city” thus it refers to peripheral areas of large cities around the world. As cities grow, it expands towards outskirt areas and thus peripheral or suburban areas develop and grow. Cities expand towards peripheral area due to high density, increasing urban land price, pollution and well developed transport and communication facilities. It is the responsibility of urban government to provide basic amenities in these areas as these suburban areas may not necessarily have a separate political unit. 

2. Dependency Theory 

The dependency theory argues that urban regions could establish expand and develop only if agriculture is well developed. The developing countries are sources of input for developed countries. Hence developing countries receive larger foreign investment in agriculture as well as non-agricultural sectors. Developed agriculture pushed rural farmer and labourer while developing industries attract labourer due to large employment scope in urban areas.

3. Theory of Spatial Disparities 

Spatial disparities theory states that disparities are created due to variation in geographically advantaged and disadvantaged regions, political importance of a city, economically favorable policies etc. Spatial forms divided the society. The problem of spatial disparities further leads to migration which creates pressure on urban amenities. 

4. Migration Theories 

Migration can be both a problem and a solution for various urban regions. There are several migration theories, some of them are discussed below. 

a) Buffer Theory of Migration 

Buffer theory of migration stated that “the workers who are imported on temporary base due to creation of short fall of labourer will return” However, it is not appropriate to make such assumption that labourer will go back. Migration cannot applicable always as adjustment mechanism. Hence, the Buffer’s migration law is not practical. 

b) Stouffer’s Law of Intervening Opportunities 

It states that “The number of persons going a given distance is directly proportional to the number of opportunities at that distance and inversely proportional to the number of intervening opportunities”. Stouffer explained that between the final destination and departure place if there are good opportunities them the migrant will settle down in between rather than their planned final destination. Stouffer argues that the volume of migration had less to do with distance and population than with the availability of opportunities in each location. 

c) Migration Theory of Neo-Classical Economists 

Neo- Classical economist argues that the main reason for labour migration is wage difference between two geographic locations. These wage difference are usually due to labour demand and supply in specific geography. 

d) Push and Pull Factors Theory 

The push and pull theory is based on various push and pull factors. Push factors are those things/ factors which are unfavorable about the specific area that one lives in and hence push them to move away from that particular area. Pull factors are those things that attract one to another area due to various reasons. Push factors can be less of employment opportunities, natural disaster, war, pollution, poor, housing etc. and pull factors can be better employment opportunities, better living conditions, healthy environment etc. 

e) Urban Bias Theory 

It is emphasizing on political perspective of urban regions. This theory argues that government policies favour the urban regions. While the amenities are provided on a larger scale in urban areas but the larger proportion of the population is found in rural areas of a country. Hence, there is migration from rural to urban areas. 

5. Lewis Two Sector Model 

Industrialization with the support of specialization supports urbanization process. Lewis presents two sector model of development with high productivity of modern urban industrial sectors. Lewis assumes that abundant labourer in agriculture can be absorbed in labour scarce industrial units. However agricultural migrants cannot always support and help these industries to grow. Hence the major limitation of Lewis model is the assumption that rural and agricultural labourer are having skills and ability to get employment in urban industries. 

6. Concentric Zone Theory 

Ernest Burgess with Chicago sociologist Robert Park put forward concentric zone theory of urbanization 

7. The Bid Rent Theory 

The Bid Rent Theory (BRT) theory is theory of geographical economy. It is based on geographical location rather than productivity of land. It refers to price and demand for real estate. The BRT explained that different land users would compete with one another for land close to the city centre. This theory is based upon the reasoning that the more is the accessible area (i.e. the greater the concentration of customers). It is higher the chance of earning more profit. Hence, to have land in inner city or central business district land users are willing to pay high price. This price of land paid by various users is known as “Bid Rent”.
 Bid rent theory
The above graph clearly indicates that commercial sectors are ready to pay higher rent so that they can establish near central business district as it is more accessible to larger population. Industry prefers next outer ring where rent is comparably low and still easily connected with commercial sector and with market. Residents and residential areas can be away from central business district. They can be in the outer most ring or peripheral areas. Bid rent and concentric zone theory assumed that inner city is wealthy and peripheral area is poorer. However, many cities around the world indicate the trend which is otherwise.

8. Modern Theory of Urbanization 

Modern theory was developed in the mid 20th century. It presented an idea that economic development is possible only if industries develop and expand by the introduction and use of advanced methods of production and use of modern technologies. According to modern school, the view which is shared by the classical economist, there cannot be urbanization without industrialization. 

9. Theory of Evolutionary Ladder of Development 

To understand stages of urbanization, Walter Rostow’s evolutionary ladder of development and Warren Thomas demographic transaction can be combined and presented as: 
a) Traditional Society (Pre-modern) 
b) Pre-take off (Industrialization / Transitional) 
c) Take off stage (Mature industrial / Industrial) 
d) Stage of Maturity (Post industrial) 
e) High Mass Consumption 
In the first and second stage, society is a traditional one. Larger proportion of population lives in rural areas. Third stage is ‘take off’ stage modern and new technologies are employed by industries to increase production. Manufacturing becomes important. This changes and growth however is concentrated in few regions only. Demographically, in this stage the death rate falls and birth rate still remains high. In terms of urbanization, a large proportion of population migrates to areas where manufacturing activities are concentrated for employment. 
The fourth stage ‘drive to maturity’ in this stage there is spread of technology into all parts of the economy. The demographic transition associated with the stage sees declined death rates, while birth rates drop at a faster than death rates. Urbanization at this point continues to progress since more and more people move to urban centers for jobs. 
The final stage is known as ‘high mass consumption’ and is characterized by the economy forcing on durable consumer goods like car instead of production of heavy industries like heavy machines with high personal incomes. Focus is no durable economic activities rate than basic need. The final stage of demography indicates negative or zero population growth. At this point, urbanization begins to level off because at this stage countries experience development that has reached 80% urban population mark. 

10. Writh’s Essay on Urbanism as a Way of Life 

Louis Writh’s in his essay “Urbanism as a way of life” emphasis as that urbanism is a matter of physical residence and urbanization is a social phenomenon. Moreover, Writh also questions the most common indicator adopted for the measurement of urbanization around the world i.e. population numbers.