Day: August 14, 2021

SOUND OF METAL- MOVIE REVIEW

I was a bit apprehensive to watch this movie, in regards to its premise. I was under the influence that this would play out to be another musical drama, and while I have enjoyed a few of those I don’t particularly look forward to seeing them. But this turned out to be a whole new experience.

This movie is primarily about coping with the loss of hearing. The movie does an excellent job of portraying the actual emotional state of a person who lost their hearing. The first half of the movie is extremely emotional and I was always on the verge of tears during this time. The movie dives in deep with its characters, each scene being very purposeful and well thought out which helps its emotional tone. The movie is able to convey an immense amount of emotion with very little dialogue. I also thought the screenplay by Darius and Abraham Marder was a very solid one, though I usually prefer fast-paced movies this one benefits from its intentionally drawn-out scenes and I never really got bored throughout the movie.

The sound mixing in this movie is truly unique and audacious. Not only in the sense that it helps the audience to know what our protagonist is going through but just in general, everything just feels so raw and palpable. The editing also helps in telling a good cohesive story. Everyone in this movie is great, with Riz Ahmed especially giving a stand-out performance but even Olivia Cooke is able to stand her own.

WHAT DOES THE RBI DO?

One of the most important functions of central banks is formulation and execution of monetary policy. In the Indian context, the basic functions of the Reserve Bank of India as enunciated in the Preamble to the RBI Act, 1934 are: “to regulate the issue of Bank notes and the keeping of reserves with a view to securing monetary stability in India and generally to operate the currency and credit system of the country to its advantage.” Thus, the Reserve Bank’s mandate for monetary policy flows from its monetary stability objective. Essentially, monetary policy deals with the use of various policy instruments for influencing the cost and availability of money in the economy.

Over time, the objectives of monetary policy in India have evolved to include maintaining price stability, ensuring adequate flow of credit to productive sectors of the economy for supporting economic growth, and achieving financial stability. Based on its assessment of macroeconomic and financial conditions, the Reserve Bank takes the call on the stance of monetary policy and monetary measures. Its monetary policy statements reflect the changing circumstances and priorities of the Reserve Bank and the thrust of policy measures for the future. Faced with multiple tasks and a complex mandate, the Reserve Bank emphasizes clear and structured communication for effective functioning of the monetary policy. Improving transparency in its decisions and actions is a constant endeavor at the Reserve Bank.

Qualitative instruments

Qualitative instruments are those instruments of credit control which focuses on the overall supply in the economy

  1. Bank rate– It refers to the rate of interest which the RBI lends money to the commercial banks. It relates with the immediate loan requirements of the commercial bank. There is a rise in bank rate when inflation needs to be corrected.
  2. Open market operations– It refer to the sale and purchase of securities in the open market by the RBI on behalf of the government. by selling the securities in the open market the RPI soaks liquidity from the economy. and by buying the securities the RBI releases liquidity. Inflation is corrected by sale of security.
  3. Repo Rate– The rate at which the RBI offers short term loans to the commercial bank by buying the government securities in the open market is called repo rate. There is a rise in Repo rate when inflation needs to be controlled.
  4. Reverse Rape Rate– The rate at which the RBI accepts deposits from the commercial banks is called Repo Rate. There is a fall in the reverse repo rate when inflation needs to be corrected.
  5. Cash Reserve Ratio– It refers to the minimum percentage if the bank’s deposits that the RBI requires the commercial banks to keep with the RBI. To control inflation CRR is increased.
  6. Statutory Liquidity Ratio (SLR)– every bank is required to maintain a fixed percentage of its assets in the form of liquid assets called SLR. the liquid assets include cash gold an unencumbered approved security. the rate of SLR is fixed by the RBI and is varied from time to time. To decrease the supply of money the central bank increases the SLR.

Qualitative Instruments

Qualitative instruments are those instruments of credit control which focus on select sectors of the economy.

  1. Marginal Requirements– The margin requirement refers to the difference between the current value of the security offered for loan and value of loan granted. The margin requirement is raised when the supply of money needs to be reduced.
  2.  Rationing of credit–Rationing of credit refers to fixation of credit quarters for different business activities. Rationing of credit is introduced when the supply of credit is to be checked particularly for speculative activities in the economy
  3. Moral suasion- It is like rendering advice to commercial banks the by the RBI to follow its directives. the banks are advised to restrict loan during inflation and be liberal in lending during inflation.

THE TIME TRAVELLER’S WIFE -BOOK SUMMARY

About the book

The Time Traveler’s Wife is the debut novel by the American author Audrey Niffengger, published in 2003. It is a love story about Henry, a man, with a genetic disorder that causes him to time travel unpredictably, and about Clare, his wife, an artist, who has to cope with his frequent absences and dangerous experiences of reappearing in odd places. Niffenegger, who was frustrated in love when she began the novel, wrote the story as a metaphor for her failed relationships. The tale’s central relationship came to Niffenegger suddenly and subsequently supplied the novel’s title. The novel, which has been classified as both science fiction and romance, examines the themes of love, loss, and free will. In particular, the novel uses time travel to explore miscommunication and distance in relationships, while also investigating deeper existential questions.

Summary

Using alternating first-person perspectives, the novel tells the stories of Henry DeTamble (born 1963), a librarian at the Newberry Library in Chicago, and his wife, Clare Anne Abshire (born 1971), an artist who makes paper sculptures. Henry has a rare genetic disorder, which later comes to be known as Chrono-Impairment. This disorder causes Henry to involuntarily travel through time. When 20-year-old Clare meets 28-year-old Henry at the Newberry Library in 1991 at the beginning of the novel, he has never seen her before, although she has known him most of her life.

Henry begins time traveling at the age of five, jumping forward and backward relative to his own timeline. When he vanishes, where he goes, and how long his trips will last are beyond his control. However, his destinations are tied to his subconscious—he most often travels to places and times related to his own history. Certain stimuli such as stress can trigger Henry’s time traveling; he often goes jogging to keep calm and remain in the present. He searches out pharmaceuticals in the future that may be able to help control his time traveling. He also seeks the advice of a geneticist, Dr. Kendrick. Henry cannot take anything with him into the future or the past, which means that he always arrives naked and then struggles to find clothing, shelter, and food. He does amass a number of survival skills, including lock-picking, self-defense, and pickpocketing. Much of this he learns from older versions of himself.

Once Henry and Clare’s timelines converge “naturally” at the library—their first meeting in his chronology—Henry starts to travel to Clare’s childhood and adolescence in South Haven, Michigan, beginning in 1977 when she is only six years old. On one of his early visits (from Clare’s perspective), Henry gives her a list of the dates he will appear and she writes them in a diary so she will remember to provide him with clothes and food when he arrives. During another visit, Henry inadvertently reveals that they will be married in the future. Over time they develop a close relationship. At one point, Henry helps Clare frighten and humiliate a boy who abused her. Clare is last visited in her youth by Henry in 1989, on her eighteenth birthday, during which they make love for the first time. They are then separated for two years until their meeting at the library.

Clare and Henry eventually marry. Soon after their marriage, Clare begins to have trouble bringing a pregnancy to term because of the genetic anomaly Henry is presumably passing on to the fetus. After six miscarriages, Henry wishes to save Clare further pain and has a vasectomy. However a version of Henry from the past visits Clare one night and they make love; she subsequently gives birth to a daughter named Alba. Alba is diagnosed with Chrono-Impairment as well but, unlike Henry, she has some control over her destinations when she time travels. Before she is born, Henry travels to the future and meets his ten-year-old daughter on a school field trip. Unfortunately, during this trip, he learns that he dies when Alba is five years old.

When he is 43, during what is to be his last year of life, Henry time travels to a Chicago parking garage on a frigid winter night where he is unable to find shelter. As a result of the hypothermia and frostbite he suffers while sleeping in the parking garage, his feet are amputated when he returns to the present time. Both Henry and Clare know that without the ability to escape when he time travels, Henry will certainly die within his next few jumps. On New Year’s Eve 2006 Henry time travels into the middle of the Michigan woods in 1984 and is accidentally shot by Clare’s brother, a scene foreshadowed earlier in the novel. Henry returns to the present and dies in Clare’s arms.

Clare is devastated by Henry’s death. She later finds a letter from Henry asking her to “stop waiting” for him, though it also describes a moment in her future when she will see him again. The couple does reunite when Clare is 82 years old and Henry is 43. The novel’s last scene shows a time when Clare, well into her old age, still waits for Henry, as she has done most of her life.

BOOK REVIEW- SIX OF CROWS(LEIGH BARDUGO)

BY DAKSHITA NAITHANI

People usually tend to avoid the sci-fi and fantasy genre, and honestly, I don’t blame them. Complicated worlds, entirely different from our own, magic and otherworldly creatures, characters tasked with saving the world. It’s standard fantasy fare from the time of Tolkien, and it seems everyone is tired of it.

Six of Crows by Leigh Bardugo came as a breath of fresh air then in the Young Adult category. What is it about, you ask? I’ll give you three words:

Morally grey characters.

The first point in its favour was marked the moment it presented our chosen leads: a thief, a spy, a sharpshooter, a runaway scientist, a soldier girl trying to survive in the city with her powers, and a child soldier and ex-convict with a thirst for revenge.

Bardugo’s story is set in a world different from our own, with different nations, but same political machinations. Beings called Grisha wield powers of the elements. In some nations, they are revered and have a high standing in the armies (Ravka). In others, ingrained prejudice makes humans hunt them like dogs going for a kill (Fjerda). Unlike her previous trilogy, Shadow and Bone, this story takes place in Ketterdam, the capital of a small island called Kerch, filled with thieves and con artists and ruthless businessmen looking to make a coin.

The story is based on a heist, and our criminal mastermind, Kaz Brekker, is tasked with freeing a valuable Grisha prisoner from the Ice Court—the world’s most impenetrable fortress. To venture there means signing your death warrant, but Kaz accepts anyway. Why?

He is promised thirty million kruge.

Like I said, this story does not feature any selfless Chosen Ones.

With his mission given, Kaz gathers his crew: Inej Ghafa, a brown girl and one of the best spies on the Ketterdam rooftops; Jesper Fahey, a biracial boy with an excellent aim and the most charismatic smile; Wylan van Eck, a runaway scientist who also happens to be the son of a rich businessman; Matthias Helvar, former prisoner who is torn between assisting with the heist and the ingrained prejudices and loyalty to his country.

As the blurb of the book says, “Six dangerous outcasts. One impossible heist. Together they might just be unstoppable—if they don’t kill each other first.”

What made this book even more amazing, in addition to the fast-paced plot and action, were the characters themselves. With five point-of-views, I got a clear picture of their past traumas and motivations, their quirks and flaws, and that just made me fall in love with all of them even more. The way they all slowly developed friendships and became each other’s family against impossible odds was heartwarming to see, especially for Kaz, who is used to operating alone as the mastermind.

Another great thing about this book has to be the representation. The author suffers from a disability herself which requires her a cane. It is no surprise then that Kaz too suffers from a permanent leg injury and chronic pain. This is never made fun of, and actually explains why he relies on his cunning and smarts so much.

While most white authors resort to stereotypical representation of brown people, Bardugo instead makes Inej a strong female character. She is kind even in the face of adversity and tries her best to embrace her religion and heritage. Despite her brutal past and obvious mental scars, she is talented with her knives and spying and as another brown girl, this was inspiring to read. Through her, Bardugo also elaborates on human trafficking and sex slavery of children: important topics of discussion that most people shy away from.

Nina Zenik, the Grisha Heartrender, is fat. No stereotypes. No jokes. She loves food. She loves her body, and she is a powerful magician and fighter. She is also incredibly street-smart (speaks at least seven languages) and a great actress. Her spunk, charisma and energy were infectious, even in the face of her past as a child soldier.

Jesper Fahey is biracial—half Black. Like Nina, he is energetic and extroverted, coded as having ADHD, however addicted to gambling. He is an expert with guns and sharpshooting, Kaz’s right-hand man in any physical confrontation. His bisexuality is a normal thing in the world. No biphobia. His friends gladly accept him. His character arc and internal prejudices are elaborated upon in a very believable way, and I cannot wait to see his development in the sequel.

Also, the romances in the book were very well-written! Most books rush into the relationship too fast, but every couple in Six of Crows had proper development and slow build-up. Each couple became a well-functioning team first. This is especially true for Kaz and Inej, who each suffer from a form of touch aversion due to trauma. Both vow to become better people first before pursuing any sort of relationship, even though they work extremely well as a team.

Overall, this book deserves a full five-star rating! The world-building and magic system is a bit complicated to get into in the first few chapters, but the characters and their lovely friendships eventually get you hooked. If you love magic, want to have a different kind of adventure than the standard fantasy one, and like seeing heist movies, then this book is for you!

MUSIC HEALS EVERYTHING

The idea of music as a healing modality dates back to the beginnings of history. Mythology is full of stories suggesting that music is balm for the soul. The Bible talks of how David played the harp to help ease his despair against King Saul’s tyrannies. In Greek mythology, there is the story of Orpheus—the musician who could soothe savage beasts and move rocks with his lyre.

Music therapists in India derive a lot of their knowledge from the science of yoga. Physicians of the ancient Muslim world treated mental illness with music therapy. Special choirs and live music bands entertained patients and there were comic performers as well.

Some of the earliest notable mentions are found in the writings of ancient Greek philosophers. Robert Burton wrote in his 17th century classic, The Anatomy of Melancholy, that music and dance were critical in treating mental illness, especially melancholia.

Backed by research

Contemporary research seems to suggest that music therapy benefits patients with stress, psychological and psychiatric problems because it brings about a sense of well-being.

Researchers at the University of Sydney found that singing in groups for at least 30 minutes a day helped people cope better with low moods caused by chronic pain.

Another study by researchers at Cleveland Clinic in the US found that music helps ease unrelenting, non-malignant pain in adults who “hurt” for at least six months.

Music has also been found effective in managing pain caused by cancerous conditions in the body and procedural pain.

Studies have also shown that music reduces pain during dental procedures. Playing soft music in the background while working at one’s desk has also been found to reduce stress. Reduced heart rates and higher body temperatures are said to indicate the onset of relaxation.

Positive experiences

T.V. Sairam, a New Delhi-based music therapist, says that music could help him cope better with life’s stresses. “Right from childhood, I was interested in music. I then discovered that listening to music or singing could help me overcome difficult situations in life,” he says. Based on these experiences, he became interested in studying the therapeutic aspects of music in a more serious way. Having benefited from music therapy, Sairam has become an active proponent.

A Mumbai-based psychiatrist, Rajan Bhonsle, claims music has helped to cure many stress-related illnesses in his patients, including one who had a bad case of psoriasis, a skin condition. The patient had consulted several specialists but nothing had worked. “I told him that he should listen to his favourite music every day. Sure enough, over a period of time, the psoriasis was cured,” he claims.

A sexual-health expert, Dr Bhonsle says: “Music relaxes the mind and the body so it works very well in conditions that are anxiety related, such as performance anxiety.” He believes that music can even help counter other marital problems that may have their genesis in work-related stress. “Just helping the body produce some of the feel-good hormones, such as serotonin, can alleviate many stress-related illnesses, and can also go a long way in improving a person’s relationship with his family,” he says.

It starts in the womb

Snehalata Deshmukh, a paediatric surgeon and former vice-chancellor of the University of Mumbai, says she has done several studies on the subject. In one study, she compared two groups of premature infants, both of which were given all the necessary care in terms of nutrition and medication. Music was played to infants in one group, but not to the other. “We saw that infants in the group that heard music every day gained weight faster than the ones that did not,” she says.

The same study was then extended to pregnant women, and the results were positive. “In ultra-sounds, we have seen that babies make a happy face when they listen to certain kinds of music, especially in the last trimester of pregnancy,” she says. According to Dr Deshmukh, babies even seem to have preferences in their choice of music. “We have observed that most of them like Beethoven’s symphonies, or Omkar, or raga Yaman, or Shivkumar’s santoor, because some of these rhythms are similar to the mother’s heartbeat,” she says.

A PRESCRIPTION THAT WORKED

When Jamuna Balamurugan’s sister recommended music therapy to help her cope with stress during her first pregnancy, she was a bit sceptical. “I wasn’t exactly sure how it would help, but I was also beginning to worry about how work pressures would affect my baby,” says this Chennai-based homemaker. Signing up for a music therapy programme conducted by T. Mythily at Chennai’s Apollo hospital, she was initially “prescribed” some instrumental music which, she says, made her relax almost immediately. The bigger benefits, however, were evident in her baby. Balamurugan claims her daughter is much ahead of her age in analytical and communication skills, and even in creative thinking.

Dr Mythily, head of the music therapy department at Apollo Hospital in Chennai and Balamurugan’s therapist, says: “Music is being tried in many areas, sometimes as a supportive element to conventional therapy and at other times, as an alternative therapy in itself.”

According to Dr Mythily, music therapy is of two types. One is passive, which involves only listening, and the other one is active, which involves participation. “The passive form is beneficial in enhancing concentration and memory, reducing stress, heart problems and hypertension,” she says. “The active form is of immense help in treating neurological problems, such as neurological aphasia, receptive aphasia, expressive aphasia—speech problems—and it enhances speech fluency, especially in hyperactive children,” she adds.

For some time now, Balamurugan has been recommending music therapy to scores of expectant mothers. In fact, about two years ago, when she was expecting her second baby, she signed up for the programme again. And as she sees her baby thrive, she is once again happy to give the credit to music therapy.

Sporadic efforts

There are more than 5,000 music therapists registered with the American Music Therapy Association and more than 300 registered music therapists in the UK. In India, there appear to be a handful , who are self-trained. Much of the work in this area is driven either

by doctors who have a penchant for music or by musicians.

Across India, efforts to include music therapy in mainstream medicine have been very limited and sporadic. Notable exceptions are a few health care institutions such as Apollo Hospitals, Northern Railway Central Hospital in New Delhi and Hamidia Hospital in Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh.

In recent years, a few centres of training for music therapists have been set up. Apollo Hospital in Chennai is training psychology postgraduates and doctors in music therapy. The Indian Music Therapy Research and Development Foundation and the Swathi Thirunal Music Therapy Research Centre, both in Kerala, offer short-term courses in music therapy.

CURATIVE AND REHABILITATIVE POWERS

Vivek Joshi, a sarod player who has been performing at various hospitals, vouches for the calming effect of music.

Because the concert was beneficial to so many, the hospital started playing piped music in all its wards a few months ago. This was to determine if music would help accelerate the rehabilitation process of patients with mental illnesses, says Sanjay Kumawat, member secretary, State Mental Health Authority, government of Maharashtra. “We have a variety of patients with different mental illnesses—so we were keen to assess the impact of using music as therapy. We found that patients respond well. It helps to soothe their minds,” claims Dr Kumawat.

The hospital authorities are so enthused by the success of their programme that they are planning some more sessions of live classical music for patients. In addition, they are proposing similar programmes at other government-run mental institutions in Pune, Ratnagiri and Nagpur.

CONCLUSION

Music has the Power to Heal. It helps us to get rid of the anxiety and stress of our everyday life. Music is undoubtedly a great way of healing the pain. It makes us forget about unpleasant and disturbing thoughts by taking us in the world of melody. Music can bring the back old memories in our present time.

How to separate our personal and professional life

After passing some years of our life we come in professional life. Now every one who are in professional life they think about how to manage their life. Because for a new person which newly joined their professional life they are not able to maintain their personal life as well as their professional life. Sometimes it is seen that the person who are doing job they are busy in her work they does not have time for their personal life.

We are humans beings nothing is impossible for us. If we try to manage then it can be. But now the question is arising that how to managed these two things. For my point of view –

We can to that when we are in office or at the work place at that time we think only about our professional life and if we are at home then we think only about the personal life. Don’t should be mixed them. In your home also you do your work. If we have lots of office work and you are not able to complete it during office time then you do the rest of work at night if it is very important then only do it and otherwise do the next day.

The most important thing the person who are working outside or lives away from their house they take vacation and own vacation time they will gave all his/her time to their parents or family.

Another important thing that if you have stress related to their profession or their personal try to don’t express their stress to any one of them. It is found that if a person have some issues regarding to their work they started to express their stress. For this reason relation started breaking down. It is also found that a person who are in meeting and they think about her personal life. So always try to not do this.

Always try to give time both in equally. Separate them and try to solve the problem of office in office time or personal issues in their house only don’t mix up it. Because both of them are important for any person.

Important Landmarks of Indian Freedom Struggle

A freedom movement is any organized effort within a society to promote, or attain, liberation or independence, based on social, political, economic, religious, or other ideological grounds. The Indian independence movement was a series of historic events with the ultimate aim of ending the British rule in India. The movement spanned from 1857 to 1947. The first nationalistic revolutionary movement for Indian Independence emerged from Bengal.

In ancient times, people from all over the world were keen to come to India. The Persians followed by the Iranians and Parsis immigrated to India. Lastly, the Britishers came and ruled over India for nearly 200 years. After the battle of Plassey in 1757, the British achieved political power in India.

Revolt of 1857

The Revolt of 1857 is also known as The Great Revolt of 1857 or the Sepoy mutiny of 1857. The sepoys of India who were oppressed by the British for a long time revolted. The 1st initiative was taken by sepoy Mangal Pandey . He had shot a British general. The British had ordered to arrest Mangal Pandey but the Indian sepoys did not follow his instructions. Under the leadership of Mangal Pandey on 29 March 1857 the Indian sepoys marched to Delhi and made the nawab of Delhi the emperor of India. After that many revolts broke out in India. But the British had been successful In suppressing all of them. The Bengali middle class people were however apathetic to the revolt of 1857. Even they did not want the revolt to be successful. This was because they feared that if the British would go back then India would return to Its age of darkness again .the little money and status that they had acquired during the British rule would be lost. Although the Revolt of 1857 was unsuccessful It is in some cases identified as the First War of Independence.

Indian National Congress Formed 1885

The Indian National Congress is a broadly based political party in India . Founded in 1885, it was the first modern nationalist movement to emerge in the British Empire in Asia and Africa . From the late 19th century, and especially after 1920, under the leadership of Mahatma Gandhi, Congress became the principal leader of the Indian independence movement. After India’s independence in 1947, Congress formed the central government of India, and many regional state governments. Congress became India’s dominant political party; as of 2015, in the 15 general elections since Independence, it has won an outright majority on six occasions and has led the ruling coalition a further four times, heading the central government for 49 years. There have been seven Congress Prime Ministers, the first being Jawaharlal Nehru (1947–1964), and the most recent Manmohan Singh (2004–2014). Although It did not fare well in the last general elections in India in 2014, it remains one of two major, nationwide, political parties In India, along with the right-wing, Hindu nationalist, Bhartiya Janata Party (BJP).

Partition Of Bengal 1905

Bengal was partitioned in 1905 by Lord Curzon, based on the Riley Report of 1904 which stayed that ‘ Bengal United is a power : Bengal divided will pull in several different ways.’ East Bengal was given to the Muslims and West Bengal to the Hindus. The reason given to the people was that the partition was necessary for administrative convenience. But the real reason was because Bengal was the center of all Revolutionary activity. The Partition of Bengal created widespread education among the people of Bengal. Hindus and Muslims came out Into the street singing Vande Mataram. The movement soon spread to other parts of India. People decided to Boycott foreign goods and Institutions and use Indian goods. Thus the movement came to be called the Swadeshi Movement. The success of the movement led some National leads to advocate ‘revolutionary terrorism’ as a means to end British rule. Bengal was reunited In 1911.

Formation Of Muslim League 1906

After the Revolt of 1857, the British government followed a policy of ‘divide and rule’. In the beginning, Muslims were discriminated against. They were kept out of the army and the services. However, when the nationalist movement started, the policy of the government underwent a change. The government branded the Congress as a Hindu dominated Party and encouraged the upper class Muslims to start their own organization against the Congress. The partition of Bengal led to a united protest movement. At the Calcutta session of the congress in 1906, a large number of Muslim delegates participated. Mohammad Ali Jinnah moved an amendment opposing reservation of seats, which was accepted. Any-how the Influence of the communal elements among Muslims became strong. The Muslim leadership feared that, by opposing the British government, the Muslim middle and upper class’s economic interests would suffer. The encouragement given to upper class’s Muslims led to the formation of the Muslim League. On 30th December 1906, the Muslim League was formed.


The main objects of the Muslim League were :
(I) To create feeling of loyalty to the British government.
(ii) To protect and advance the political rights and interests of the Muslims of India.
(Iii) To prevent the rise among Muslims of India of any feelings of hostility towards other communities.

Split of Congress 1907

The Indian National Congress (INC), which was established in 1885 by A.O Hume, was divided into two groups(in the year 1907) mainly by extremists and moderates at the Surat Session of the Congress. The period of 1885-1905 was known as the period of the moderates as moderates dominated the Indian National Congress. These Moderates used petition, prayers, meetings, leaflets and pamphlets memorandum and delegations to present their demands in front of the British government. Moderates were not able to achieve notable goals other than the expansion of the legislative council by the Indian Council Act of 1892. This created dis-satisfaction among the people. In 1907 the INC meeting was to be held In Nagpur and the extremists wanted Lala Lajpat Rai and Bal Gangadhar Tilak as president. But moderates wanted Rash Bihari Ghosh to be president. Gopal Krishna Gokhale changed the meeting place from Nagpur to Surat fearing that If Nagpur was to be held as meeting place then Bal Gangadhar Tilak would become President. The partition of Bengal became the rise of extremism In INC.

India’s Capital shifted From Kolkata to Delhi  1911

Calcutta (now Kolkata) was the capital of India during the British Raj until December 1911. Calcutta had become the epicenter of the nationalist movements since the late nineteenth century led to the Partition of Bengal by then Viceroy of British India Lord Curzon. This created massive political and religious upsurge Including political assassinations of British officials in Calcutta. The anti-colonial sentiments amongst public leading to complete boycott of British goods forced the colonial government to reunite the Bengal partition and Immediate shift of the capital to New Delhi. 

Delhi-Lahore Conspiracy 1912

The Delhi Conspiracy case, also known as the Delhi-Lahore Conspiracy, refers to a conspiracy in 1912 to assassinate the then Viceroy of India, Lord Hardinge, on the occasion of transferring the capital of British India from Calcutta to New Delhi. Hatched by the Indian revolutionary underground in Bengal and Punjab and headed by Rash Behari Bose, the conspiracy culminated on the attempted assassination on 23 December 1912 when a homemade bomb was thrown into the Viceroy’s Howdah when the ceremonial procession moved through the Chandni Chowk suburb of Delhi. Although injured in the attempt, the Viceroy escaped with flesh wounds, but his Mahout was killed In the attack. Lady Harding was unscathed. Lord Harding himself was injured all over the back, legs, and head by fragments of the bomb, the flesh on his shoulders being torn in strips. In the aftermath of the event, efforts were made to destroy the Bengali and Punjabi revolutionary underground, which came under Intense pressure for some time. Rash Behari successfully evaded capture for nearly three years, becoming Involved in the Ghadir conspiracy before it was uncovered, and fleeing to Japan In 1916.

Formation of Ghadir Party 1913

The Ghadir Movement was an important episode in India’s freedom struggle. A ship named Komagata Maru, filled with Indian immigrants was turned back from Canada. As the ship returned to India several of its passengers were killed or arrested in a clash with the British police. This incident made the Ghadir Party proclaim war and inspired thousands of Indian immigrants to come back and organize an armed rebellion against British Imperialism. However, this movement was crushed. This article deals with the important events of Ghadir Movement. Original name of Ghadir Party was Pacific Coast Hindustan Association. The founding president of Ghadir Party was Sohan Singh Bhakna and Lala Hardayal was the co-founder of this party. Headquarters of the movement were set up at Yugantar Ashram In San Francisco.

Hindu-German Conspiracy 1914-1917

The Hindu–German Conspiracy was a series of plans between 1914 and 1917 by Indian nationalist groups to attempt Pan-Indian rebellion against the British Raj during World War I, formulated between the Indian revolutionary underground and exiled or self-exiled nationalists who formed, in the United States, the Ghadir Party, and in Germany, the Indian independence committee, in the decade preceding the Great War. The conspiracy was drawn up at the beginning of the war, with extensive support from the German Foreign Office, the German consulate in San Francisco, as well as some support from Ottoman Turkey and the Irish republican movement. The most prominent plan attempted to foment unrest and trigger a Pan-Indian mutiny In the British Indian Army from Punjab to Singapore. This plot was planned to be executed in February 1915 with the aim of overthrowing British rule over the Indian subcontinent. The February mutiny was ultimately thwarted when British Intelligence infiltrated the Ghadarite movement and arrested key figures. Mutinies In smaller units and garrisons within India were also crushed.

Rowlett Satyagraha  1919

Rowlett Acts, (February 1919), legislation passed by the Imperial Legislative Council, the legislature of British India. The acts allowed certain political cases to be tried without juries and permitted internment of suspects without trial.
Sedition Act 1870. The Sedition Act, allowed the government to arrest or detain any person without a fair trial In the court who was seen protesting or criticizing the British authority. In 1919 Gandhiji gave a call for a Satyagraha against the Rowlett Act, passed by the British. The Act restricted the freedom of expression and strengthened police powers. Mahatma Gandhi, Mohammad Ali Jinnah and others strongly opposed this Act.

Jallianwala Bagh Massacre 1919

The Jallianwalah Bagh Massacre, also known as the Amritsar Massacre was a massacre that happened in Amritsar, in 1919. It is named after the Jallianwala Bagh [Temple] in the northern Indian city of Amritsar. On April 13, 1919, British Indian Army soldiers started shooting at an unarmed gathering of men, women and children. The person in charge was Brigadier-General Reginald Dyer, the military commander of Amritsar. The shooting lasted about ten minutes. According to official British Raj sources, 379 people were killed. According to other sources, there were over 1,000 deaths, with more than 2,000 wounded, and Civil Surgeon Dr. Smith said that there were 1,526 casualties.

The Khilafat Movement 1919-1924

The Khilafat Movement was organized by the Ali brothers – Mohammed Ali and Shaukat Ali in protest against the injustices done to Turkey (which had fought against Britain) after the First World War. Turkey was important to the Indian Muslims as the Sultan of Turkey was also the ‘Caliph’ (or Khalifa) and was the head of the Muslims throughout the world. The Khilafat leaders put pressure upon the British government to give better treatment to Turkey. Through this demand, Muslims were drawn Into the national movement in large numbers. The movement become a part of the national movement. The Congress leaders joined In the agitation and helped in organizing It throughout the country.

Non-cooperation Movement 1920-1922

In the year 1921 M.K. Gandhi launched the non-cooperation Movement in India. He made an appeal to the Indian people that since the rule of Britishers in India came with the cooperation of Indians, thus, the only way to end the British rule in India is non-cooperation. This movement was launched in different phases. In the first phase, the Indian people who were awarded by the British government In their field began surrendering their titles of honors. The second stage included the boycott of civil services,  congressional assemblies, courts, foreign goods and schools. In the third stage, It was believed that if the administration practiced suppression, a complete civil disobedience drive would be launched by the nationalist leaders.

Chauri Chauri Killing 1922

The Chauri Chauri incident occurred at Chauri Chauri in the Gorakhpur district of the United Province, British India on 4 February 1922, when a large group of protesters, participating in the Non-cooperation movement, clashed with police, who opened fire. In retaliation the demonstrators attacked and set fire to a police station, killing all of Its occupants. The incident led to the deaths of three civilians and 22 or 23 policemen. the Indian National Congress halted the Non-cooperation Movement on the national level as a direct result of this Incident.

Rastriya Swayamsevak Sangh (RSS) was founded 1925

Rastriya Swayamsevak Sangh, abbreviated as RSS “National Volunteer Organisation” or “National Patriotic Organisation”, is an Indian right-wing, Hindu nationalist, paramilitary volunteer organisation that is widely regarded as the parent organisation of the ruling party of India, the Bhartiya Janata Party. The RSS is one of the principal organizations of the Sangh Parivar group. Founded on 27 September 1925, and claiming a commitment to selfless service to India. The organisation Is the world’s largest voluntary missionary organization. The initial impetus was to provide character training through Hindu discipline and to unite the Hindu community to form a Hindu Rashtra (Hindu nation). The organisation promotes the Ideals of upholding Indian culture and the values of a civil society and propagates the ideology of Hindutva, to “strengthen” the majority Hindu community.

Simon Commission 1927

Simon commission is one of the factors leading to the civil disobedience movement. This commission was appointed in November, 1927. It is named after Sir John Simon, who was the chairman of the commission. It was appointed by the British Government to investigate the need for further constitutional reforms. The commission had seven British members but no Indian members. This was seen as a deliberate move to insult the self-respect of Indians ◦In 1927, the Congress decides to boycott the commission ‘at every stage and In every form’. Even the Muslim League agreed to boycott the commission. Next year, an ‘All India Hartal’ was organized by the people. When the commission reached Mumbai, people greeted the commission with slogan “Simon Go Back”. During these protests and hartals. Lala Lajpat Rai was arrested and beaten up. Finally, the commission was sent back with some suggestions and recommendations. 

Declaration of Poorna Swaraj 1929

The Purna Swaraj declaration ( or Declaration of the Independence of India, was promulgated by the Indian National Congress on 19 December 1929, resolving the Congress and Indian nationalists to fight for Purna Swaraj, or complete self-rule independent of the British Empire. ◦The flag of India was hoisted by Jawaharlal Nehru on 31 December 1929 on the banks of Ravi river, In Lahore, modern-day Pakistan. The Congress asked the people of India to observe 26th of January as Independence Day(see Legacy). The flag of India was hoisted publicly across India by Congress volunteers, nationalists and the public. But Bhagat Singh was the first person who gave call to purna swaraj (total Independence).

Beginning of Civil Disobedience Movement 1930

Launched on April 6, 1930, the Civil Disobedience Movement was the most significant movement in the freedom struggle of India. The formation of the Simon Commission, Demand for Dominion Status and Protests against the arrest of social revolutionaries was the three most important causes of this movement. Moreover, the newly introduced salt laws played an important role in launching the Civil Disobedience Movement. According to the new laws the Indian people were required to buy the vital mineral salt, on which the British government was practicing a monopoly. As salt was the basic need for all the sections of the society people under the leadership of M.K. Gandhi launched a March known as the “Dandi March” against the unjust laws of the British government.
This march was joined by thousands of Indians. Therefore, on April 6, 1930, Gandhi formally launched the Civil Disobedience Movement. The main objective of the Civil Disobedience movement Is that the people wanted to break the unjust laws such as the salt tax law. In support of this movement, Indian people continued the production of salt and boycotted foreign clothes and goods. Farmers of India denied paying revenue and Chowkidari taxes. Indian administrators quit their jobs and In many states, tribal people violated forest laws.

The First Round Table Conference was held in London 1930

First Round Table Conference was first among the three such conferences organized between 1930 and 1932 by British government towards constitutional reforms in India. These conferences were conducted as per 1930 report of Simon Commission. First Round Table Conference was held between November 1930and January 1931. It was officially inaugurated on November 12, 1930 at House of Lords at London by the British King (George V) and was chaired by then British Prime Minister, Ramsay MacDonald.

Participants The participants of the First Round Table conference Included :

  1. Total 16 delegates from three British Political Parties
  2. Total 74 delegate from India comprising 3.58 delegates from political parties In India 4.16 delegates from princely states

Second Round Table Conference was held 1931

The second round table conference was held in London (September 1931 – December 1931). Gandhiji represented the Indian National Congress. Gandhiji said that congress alone represented the political India. The untouchable of India are Hindus and does not need label of minorities and there is no need for spate electorate or special safeguard for Muslims or other minorities. This was rejected by other Indian participants. Gandhiji returned back empty handed, disappointed from the proceedings. However, the discussions lead to the passing of Government of India Act, 1935.

The Gandhi-Irwin Pact 1931

After the failure of First Round Table Conference efforts were made by the Government to make an agreement that  the congress  would attend the next Round Table Conference. The Viceroy, Lord Irwin, was authorised to hold talks with Mahatma Gandhi. Finally, Gandhi and Irwin made an agreement on 5 March 1931. The agreement is called Gandhi-Irwin pact. By this pact Government agreed to release most of the civil disobedience volunteers, against whom there was no allegation of violence. The Congress suspended the Civil Disobedience Movement and agreed to participate In the second Round Table Conference.

Poona Pact 1932

The Poona Pact refers to an agreement between B. R. Ambedkar and Mahatma Gandhi on behalf of depressed classes and caste Hindu leaders on the reservation of electoral seats for the depressed classes in the legislature of British India government. Contrary to popular belief, Mahatma Gandhi was not involved in signing the pact. It was made on 24 September 1932 at Yerwada Central Jail in Pune, India. It was signed by B.R Ambedkar on behalf of the depressed classes and Madan Mohan Malviya on behalf of the Caste Hindus as a means to end the fast that Gandhi was undertaking In jail as a protest against the decision by British prime minister Ramsay MacDonald to give separate electorates to depressed classes for the election of members of provincial legislative assemblies In British India. They finally agreed upon 148 electoral seats.

Government of India Act was passed 1935

In August 1935, the British gove3rnment announced the Government of India Act.

The main provisions of this act were :

  1. India was to become a federation if more than 50 per cent of the Princely States decide to join it.
  2. Provincial autonomy was granted. The ministers of provincial government s were to be responsible to the legislature. The power of the legislature was also increased. But the right to vote remained limited (only 14 per cent people had voting rights).
  3. Diarchy was abolished at the provincial level but Introduced at the Centre. The Viceroy became more powerful and was not to be responsible to the legislature.

The Act was rejected by the Congress. It, however, decided to contest the elections of the provincial legislative assemblies In AD 1937. The Muslim League also contested these elections.

Quit India Movement 1942

In August 1942, Gandhiji launched the Quit India Movement (“Bharat Chhodo Andolan”).
A resolution was passed on 8 August 1942 in Bombay by the All India Congress Committee, declaring its demand for an immediate end of British rule. The Congress decided to organize a mass struggle on non-violent lines on the widest possible scale. Gandhiji’s slogan of ‘Do or Die’ (‘Karo ya Maro’) inspired the nation. Every man, women and child began dreaming of a free India. The government’s response to the movement was quick. The Congress was banned and most of its leaders were arrested before they could start mobilizing the people. The people, however, were unstoppable. There were hartals and demonstrations all over the country. The people attacked all symbols of the British government such as railway stations, law courts and police stations. Railway lines were damaged and telegraph lines were cut. In some places, people even set up their Independent government. The movement was most widespread in Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Bengal, Bombay, Odisha and Andhra Pradesh. Places such as Ballia, Tamluk, Satara, Dharwar, Balasore and Talcher were freed from British rule and the people there formed their own governments. The British responded with terrible brutality. The army was called out to assist the police. There were lathi-charges and firing at the unarmed demonstrators.

Cripps Mission 1942

The Cripps Mission was a failed attempt in late March 1942 by the British government to secure full Indian cooperation and support for their efforts in World War II. The mission was headed by a senior minister Sir Stafford Cripps, Lord Privy Seal and leader of the House of Commons. Cripps belonged to the left-wing Labour Party, traditionally sympathetic to Indian self-rule, but was also a member of the coalition War Cabinet led by the Prime Minister Winston Churchill, who had long been the leader of the movement to block Indian independence. Cripps was sent to negotiate an agreement with the nationalist Congress leaders, who spoke for the majority Indians, and Muhammad Ali Jinnah and the Muslim League, who spoke for the minority Muslim population comprising 35% of the total population. Cripps worked to keep India loyal to the British war effort In exchange for a promise of elections and full self-government (Dominion status) once the war was over. Cripps discussed the proposals, which he had drafted himself, with the Indian leaders and published them. Both the major parties rejected his proposals, and they were also unacceptable to Churchill; no middle way was found and the mission failed. Congress moved towards the Quit India movement whereby it refused to cooperate In the war effort; in response, the British imprisoned practically the entire Congress leadership for the duration of the war. Jinnah and the Muslims, to whom Cripps had offered the right to opt out of a future Union, supported the war effort and gained In status in British eyes. He was surprised to see that the right to opt out of a future Union was Included.

The great Bengal Famine 1943

The Bengal famine of 1943 was a major famine in the Bengal province in British India during World War II. An estimated 2.1–3 million, out of a population of 60.3 million, died of starvation, malaria and other diseases aggravated by malnutrition, population displacement, unsanitary conditions and lack of health care. Millions were Impoverished as the crisis overwhelmed large segments of the economy and social fabric. Historians have frequently characterised the famine as “man-made”, asserting that wartime colonial policies created and then exacerbated the crisis. A minority view holds that the famine arose from natural causes.

India gained its freedom from British rule  1947

India got its freedom from the British Rule on 15th August, 1947. Hence, we celebrate our Independence Day on 15th of August every year. There is national holiday on Independence Day. We all know that Freedom is not free. It took years of efforts, non-violence and other movement by our national freedom fighter to attain Freedom. On 15th of August, 1947, Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru raised the tri-color national flag of India at Red Fort, Delhi. There the National Flag Is hoisted and the National anthem is sung in chorus. Everybody takes a new oath to serve the country and to do everything to uplift her glory. The elders remember the martyrs who sacrificed their lives in the struggle for independence. They pay homage to the great leaders who suffered a lot to win our freedom. This day also Inspires us to follow the teaching of peace and non-violence that was preached by Mahatma Gandhi, the father of our nation.

Drug Addiction

Drug addiction, also known as substance–use disorder, refers to the dangerous and excessive intake of legal and illegal drugs. This leads to many behavioral changes in the person as well as affects brain functions. Drug addiction includes abusing alcohol, cocaine, heroin, opioid, painkillers, and nicotine, among others. Drugs like these help the person feel good about themselves and induce ‘dopamine’ or the happiness hormone. As they continue to use the drug, the brain starts to increase dopamine levels, and the person demands more.

Drug addiction has severe consequences. Some of the signs include anxiety, paranoia, increased heart rate, and red eyes. They are intoxicated and unable to display proper coordination and have difficulty in remembering things. A person who is addicted cannot resist using them and unable to function correctly without ingesting them. It causes damage to the brain, their personal and professional relationships. It affects mental cognition; they are unable to make proper decisions, cannot retain information, and make poor judgments. They tend to engage in reckless activities such as stealing or driving under the influence. They also make sure that there is a constant supply and are willing to pay a lot of money even if they are unable to afford it and tend to have erratic sleep patterns.

Drug addiction also causes a person to isolate themselves and have either intense or no food cravings. They stop taking care of their hygiene. Drug addiction affects a person’s speech and experience hallucinations. They are unable to converse and communicate properly; they speak fast and are hyperactive. Those addicted have extreme mood swings. They can go from feeling happy to feeling sad quickly and are incredibly secretive. They begin to lose interest in activities they once loved. Substance abusers also undergo withdrawal symptoms. Withdrawal symptoms refer to the symptoms that occur when they stop taking the drug. Some withdrawal symptoms include nausea, fatigue, and tremors. They stop and starting using again, an endless cycle that could be life-threatening. Drug addiction can be fatal if not treated timely. It can cause brain damage and seizures as well as overdose, heart diseases, respiratory problems, damage to the liver and kidneys, vomiting, lung diseases, and much more.

Though chronic, treatment is available for drug addiction. Many techniques are used, such as behavioral counseling, medication to treat the addiction, and providing treatment not just for substance abuse but also for many factors that accompany addiction such as stress, anxiety, and depression. Many devices have developed to overcome addiction. There are rehabilitation centers to help people. After treatment, there are numerous follow-ups to ensure that the cycle does not come back. The most important is having family and friends to support the effect. It will help them build confidence and come over their addiction.

The United Nations celebrates International Day against Drug Abuse and Illicit Trafficking on the 26th of June. Drug addiction impacts millions and needs to be treated carefully to prevent further harm to the individual and letting them live a better life.

The Secret

By : Rhonda Byrne

Hello readers.

The Secret, there is a movie (specifically documentry) that goes by this name. The movie is based on this book. As the title says, it spills the secrets. All that we are is the result of what have thought. We are made of our thoughts; we are moulded by our thoughts.Change your life by changing your thoughts. It is as simple and as complicated. Because our thoughts become our words, words become actions, actions become habits, habits led you to your destiny.

This book, is a bit complicated for beginners. This book awakens the positivity in you. The hope on the goodness of universe will become more stronger than usual. It speaks about the law of attraction. The title itself attracts readers. At few movements you may feel you know those but by reading those facts from The Secret, will make your will to follow them stronger.

Secrets revealed.

In the era of finger taps, following the tricks and methods mentioned may seem a difficult task. But it is worth every difficult step you take. You will find the new you a lot more happier and energetic than usual. A wonderful recommendation for all those who are not afraid of changing themselves.

Like I say : Reading books is magic, it makes you live hundreds of lives in a single one. Or atleast that’s what I believe. Hopefully this book will have an impact and magic you are/ were waiting for. I’ll take a leave.

And Thanks.😇

A Street Hawker

A street hawker goes from one street to another and from one locality to another selling his ware. A street hawker is a common sight in all the Indian towns and villages.

A street hawker usually comes with a cart or a basketful of goods, placed on his head. He carries a variety of things and eatables. Usually, in the morning, street hawkers come with vegetables and fruits in their baskets. They sell fresh fruits and vegetables and earn their livelihood.

Those people, who live in villages and towns, hear the call of the street hawkers early in the morning. He brings plenty of fruits and vegetables with him. Upon hearing his voice, people flock around him to buy fruits and vegetables. Sometimes street hawkers have to face very odd customers who go on arguing (bargaining) about the prices of various commodities. Sometimes. they have to bow to the wishes of the customers by reducing their rates.

There are other Street hawkers who come on bicycles, loaded with clothes, utensils and other articles of daily need and consumption.

All these are, no doubt, tough jobs. A street hawker has to labour a lot in order to earn his living. His profits are very meagre. He is generally a poor man. With this small income, he tries to make both ends meet. Normally, a street hawker has a cart with three or four wheels. Poor street hawkers have to carry their goods on their heads.

The street hawkers mostly carry inexpensive things. By selling their complete stock, they earn a very small amount of money.

On the whole, a street hawker’s condition is pitiable because he wanders all day to earn his meagre living. But, at least he tries to make an honest living and not begging or stealing. We should give due respect to the dignity of labour which a street hawker does.

WHAT!! FACTS????

. PANDORA’S BOX

According to Greek mythology, Pandora was the first ever women created by Zeus as a punishment for humankind after Prometheus stole fire for human use. Zeus then asked all the other gods and goddesses to shower gifts on her. She was also presented with a jar which contained all the evils & illness which she was not suppose to open. However she couldn’t resist the urge to open the container which resulted in unleashing evils into the world. Then onwards Pandora box signifies as the origin of troubles or complications. Morden generation criticised the myth an example of misogyny.

. HAPLODIPLOID SEX DETERMINATION

What does halpodiploid sex determination means? This type of sex determination is scene in honey bees. I’m this the sex of an individual is determined by the number of set of chromosomes received. An offspring formed from the the union of sperm and an egg developed into a female (queen or worker) and the unfertilized egg is developed into a male by parthenogenesis, which implies males have half the number of chromosomes that of a female. The female gets differentiated on the basis of food they consume during the development. The female that consumes royal jelly grows into a queen bee and others developes into a worker bees(sterile). The males produces sperms by mitosis so they do not have father and thus cannot have son’s but have a grandfather and can have grandsons.

. LIFE WITHOUT STOMACH?

Do you know that it’s possible to live without stomach? Let’s understand how; suppose a person is having a stomach cancer the recommended treatment would be partial or total removal of stomach termed as gastrectomy. When a person’s stomach is removed completely the esophagus is directly connected to intestine. A person is advised to consume a lot of calories in small bites/meals more times a day to prevent weight loss. A person may experience Dumping Syndrome (experience of nausea, diarrhoea, vomiting, sweats) as the the work of stomach is transfer to intestine, so a person is suggested to sit upright after having their food for sometime. It is difficult to adjust to changes but this is how a human tendency to survive.

Disaster & Disaster Management

A disaster is a sudden, calamitous event that seriously disrupts the functioning of a community or society and causes human, material, and economic or environmental losses that exceed the community’s or society’s ability to cope using its own resources. Though often caused by nature, disasters can have human origins.

The word disaster implies a sudden overwhelming and unforeseen event. At the household level, a disaster could result in a major illness, death, a substantial economic or social misfortune. At the community level, it could be a flood, a fire, a collapse of buildings in an earthquake, the destruction of livelihoods, an epidemic or displacement through conflict. When occurring at district or provincial level, a large number of people can be affected. Most disasters result in the inability of those affected to cope with outside assistance. At the household level, this could mean dealing with the help from neighbours. At the national level, it could mean assistance from organizations, various non-governmental organizations (NGOs) and government agencies themselves. As the limiting factor in disaster response is often the coping capacity of those affected, improving their resilience when responding to disasters is a key approach to lessening the consequence of a disaster.

There is no single measure of a disaster that can capture the full scope of a disaster. A common measure is the number of people killed or affected. The individual will consider the impact on his or her family and livelihood. Disaster managers will assess the speed and success of the disaster response. Economists will measure physical loss to houses and buildings and loss of production. Politicians will assess political damage from a poor response by state agencies. Health workers will consider the resources required to contain an outbreak of Ebola or Coronavirus. Others may focus on the nature of the hazard, the social consequences and the impact to specific elements of the infrastructure. To think seriously about a disaster means we must consider all affected and their losses both in the immediate and the longer term.

A disaster may occur with or without a warning phase. A response is made following a disaster. The response may be helped substantially by any preparedness actions which were made before the disaster occurred. Relief activities occur during the emergency phase, which follows the impact of the disaster.

General Effects of Disasters

 The typical effects of disasters may be one or more of the following :

  • Loss of life
  • Injury
  • Destruction of property, plantations and crops
  • Disruption of production, lifestyle & transport
  • Loss of livelihood and occupation to people
  • Disruption to essential services like electricity, water supply and gas supply
  • Damage to national infrastructure
  • Disruption of communication and other networks
  • Disruption to government systems and schemes
  • Shortage of food resources
  • Spreading of diseases
  • National economic loss
  • Sociological effects
  • Psychological after effects.

Types of Disasters

There are 2 major types of disasters :

1. Natural Disasters

A natural disaster can be defined as a major event brought about by the natural processes of the Earth that causes widespread destruction to the environment and loss of life. The list of natural disasters include weather phenomena such as tropical storms, extreme heat or extreme cold, winds, floods, earthquakes, landslides and volcanic eruptions.

Management of Natural Disasters

  • Early warning systems can alert costal populations of approaching tsunamis and they can give populations time to be evacuated from danger areas.
  • Responsible land use can reduce the risk of landslips caused by unchecked felling of trees. For other events classified as natural disasters, risks can be dramatically reduced through careful planning.
  • Construction codes when enforced can reduce loss from earthquakes. Governments can institute measures to assist in extreme cold and extreme heat.
  • Food security programmes can protect a population against food crisis arising from pests and failed crops.
  • Surveillance systems and high coverage by routine immunization programmes can help prevent outbreaks of disease.
  • Social programmes can reduce vulnerability to disasters which otherwise could not be controlled.

Types of natural disaster

Natural disasters may be broadly grouped into major and minor types depending upon their potential to cause damage to human life and property. The disasters like earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, droughts, floods and cyclones could be regarded as major types. The disasters like hailstorms, avalanches, landslides, fire accidents, etc. whose impact is localised and the intensity of the damage is much less than the others may be categorized as minor disasters.

Natural disasters can be categorised into 4 parts :

  • Geophysical (e.g., Earthquakes, Landslides, Tsunamis and Volcanic Activity)
  • Hydrological (e.g., Avalanches and Floods)
  • Climatological (e.g., Extreme Temperatures, Drought and Wildfires)
  • Meteorological (e.g., Cyclones and Storms/Wave Surges)

2. Man-Made Disasters

Man-made disasters are extreme hazardous events that are caused by human beings. Some examples of man-made disaster emergencies include chemical spills, hazardous material spills, explosions, chemical or biological attacks, nuclear blast, train accidents, plane crashes, or groundwater contamination.

Man-made disasters have an element of human intent, negligence, or error involving a failure of a man-made system, as opposed to natural disasters resulting from natural hazards. Such man-made disasters are crime, arson, civil disorder, terrorism, war, biological/chemical threat, cyber-attacks, etc.

Man-made disasters can be caused by :

  • Environmental Degradation
  • Pollution
  • Accidents (e.g., Industrial, Technological and Transport usually involving the production, use or transport of hazardous materials)

Though weather and geologically related disasters are considered to have generated the greatest number of deaths and economic loss, disasters generated by humans are increasing in importance. As society has become more complex, it is evident that people are increasingly responsible, directly or indirectly, for the consequences of events previously ascribed to forces beyond their control. Globalization is now carrying industrial production to previously agrarian societies. The risk from the unintended release of hazardous materials is becoming ever more widespread. Potentially hazardous products are now available in communities and populations which do not have adequate regulations governing their use and, in fact, may not even be aware of their presence or health risks. Rapidly increasing transport of people and commodities across continents means that transportation disasters pose increasing threats to millions.

Disaster Management

Disaster Management can be defined as the organization and management of resources and responsibilities for dealing with all humanitarian aspects of emergencies, in particular preparedness, response and recovery in order to lessen the impact of disasters.

Disaster management conveys the important idea that protecting populations and property also involves the estimation of risks, preparation, activities which will mitigate the consequences of predictable hazards and post-disaster reconstruction in a way that will decrease vulnerabilities. An important goal is building a culture of awareness that preparation is not only possible, but also will greatly reduce the consequences from disasters in terms of human and economic loss.

An effective response to disaster begins with effective planning, but must include many other steps. Each of these steps depends on the strength of other links in the disaster management chain. While no one organization or group ‘owns’ a disaster, the ultimate responsibility rests with governments to protect its people against disaster. No government can carry out these responsibilities without cooperating with many other groups in a country. Disaster management planning is often seen as a separate activity from the main functions of governments and organizations.

Conclusion :

Disaster management is the only way to mitigate the effects of all these hazards. Advance planning is always needed to keep the items of emergency for any disaster. Guidelines are also to be prepared in the form of booklets and circulated to the educated individuals. Awareness camps are to be organised for public. Training is yet another initiative. Training involves the duties and responsibilities, efforts to sustain, role of employees/NGOs, risks, errors, behavioural patterns, recovery techniques, communication channels, safety rules, priorities and security measures. Knowledge of water quality, sanitation, first aid, emergency medicines, electricity controls and gas usage are needed. Evacuation, reporting and alert procedures, are the other major initiatives. Proper insurance policies, alterations to existing buildings, changes in business locations and other resources are to be planned, for future disaster mitigation.

Book review: A novel: It ends with us

BOOK:- It ends with us

AUTHOR:- Colleen Hoover

GENRES:- It is a standalone contemporary romance novel, fiction.

RELEASE DATE:- 2nd August, 2016.

ADAPTATIONS:- It ends with us (play) and It ends with us (movie).

MAIN CHARACTERS:- Lily Bloom ( female protagonist), Ryle Kincaid ( Lily’s husband, a surgeon) & Atlas Corrigan ( Lily’s teenage love interest, a homeless boy later owner of a restraunt). And many supporting characters like Lily’s father, her mother, ryle’s sister, his sister’s husband, ryle’s mother.

“ Fifteen seconds, That’s all it takes to completely change everything about a person. Fifteen seconds that we’ll never get back.”

– Line said by the protagonist Lily in the book.

SUMMARY:-

The book starts with introducing the female protagonist Lily Bloom. Lily is a twenty-three year old business graduate. She has grown up in an abusive family where her father was usually abusive towards her mother. At the age of fifteen she fell in love with Atlas, a eighteen year old homeless boy from her neighbourhood. She cares for Atlas. She loved him so much. But he left her promising to come to her when he will join military. She was all alone at this time but she didn’t loose hope. She left her past life and started her own flower business in Boston.

In Boston, she met Ryle, a neurosurgeon and soon fall in love with him. But he was not ready to be in a relationship and they parted their ways. After six months, Lily hired an employee named Allysa, who was Ryle’s sister. After many encounters Ryle finally realised that he can’t live without Lily so decided to marry her. Everything was perfect, the romance between Ryle and Lily was increasing day by day. One day Ryle decided to meet Lily and her mother, there she encounters Atlas, and was not able to control her feelings, which was not loves by Ryle for sure. Slowly he started to abuse her,Whenever he can. Lily always told herself that she was not like her mother and Ryle was not like her father.

She started to live with Ryle and she found a deep dark past of Ryle and was shocked. His behaviour towards Lily was being more and more abusive day by day until one day when he can’t control himself and almost raped her. She asked Atlas help in that situation and found that she was pregnant. She doesn’t know whether to love Ryle or hate him for his behaviour. After two months she witnessed a knock on her door and she was sacred to find that he was none other than Ryle. He told her that he just came to talk to her and he did so, but she wasn’t happy with it. She missed him. But also she cannot forget what he did to her. And the story continues how ryle’s sister and Lily’s mother help her, how she allowed Ryle to be with her in her pregnancy dates, how she told Ryle what she felt about him.

BOOK REVIEW:-

Overall the book is just beyond fabulous The characters, the narration and everything seems to be perfect. I personally loved the character of Lily and Atlas. Lily’s strong decision and ability to do justice to herself and her daughter was remarkable. The narration was so strong that you will personally think of yourself in the characters place.

Firstly while reading the book I thought it will be just an average but as soon the book started every single page hooked me to read more and more. Especially I loved the narration it was just awesome. The character of Lily was so very incredible. Atlas has great chemistry with Lily like after so long they had the same feelings for each other.

This is the must read book though sometimes the story didn’t bother me but it was such a great piece of writing that can’t be expressed in words. I hadn’t given the spoiler because it would be far better to read and enjoy it at the same time.

THE THEORY BEHIND HUMAN ATTENTION

PROLOGUE

Attention alludes to the capacity to effectively deal with data in the climate. In fact, attention is restricted as far as both limit and time span. In such a case, it becomes essential to have approaches to use our attention adequately. As per the renowned book “The Standards of Brain research,” composed by therapist and savant William James, consideration is the ingestion limit of the psyche in clear and striking structure. It likewise infers stopping from different attentions to manage different things.

WHAT IS HUMAN ATTENTION?

We might consider attention a highlighter. In the event that we read a segment of text in a book, the featured region unmistakably sticks out. Consequently, we center our advantage around that part. Attention is anything but something shallow; it is much significantly established. It’s not restricted to focusing on a specific thing. All things considered, it is tied in with overlooking a lot of data and boost that continually rivals that particular thing. Attention requires an individual to stop pondering information and insights that are not applicable at that specific second. It requires the individual to zero in his whole energy just on the crucial data.

MEANING OF ATTENTION IN LEARNING

Attention is a central part that is available in an individual even upon entering the world. The situating reflexes assist us with recognizing which occasions in the environmental factors need attention and which should be overlooked. Infants concentrate on ecological improvements like uproarious clamors. A touch on the child’s cheek triggers his establishing reflex. This makes him turn his head to the individual who contacted him.

Attention assumes a pivotal part in each part of life, including school, work, and even connections. It empowers individuals to zero in on significant data and make recollections as a primary concern. It likewise permits individuals to disregard diverting things so they can think and do explicit jobs. We have various bits of examination as to precisely the number of things and for how long we can focus. The key factors that impact human consideration are our advantage in the thing on which we need to focus and the quantity of interruptions.

WHAT ARE THE DIFFERENT KINDS OF ATTENTION?

There are various types of Attention:

Supported Attention

This sort of Attention is additionally called fixation. It is the capacity to zero in on something specific for a consistent period. During this time, individuals center around the errand until the undertaking is finished or a particular span of time has elapsed. Different examination proposes that supported Attention is at top during the mid 40s and step by step decays.

Exchanging Attention

This kind of Attention includes performing multiple tasks or consistently moving Attention starting with one thing then onto the next. It doesn’t mean zeroing in on more than one thing simultaneously. All things considered, it is tied in with focusing on a certain something, halting, and changing to the following thing.

Particular Attention

Attention is a restricted asset. Subsequently, we must be particular about what we choose to focus on and just disregard. We need to concentrate on a particular thing and disregard a huge number of different things. Particular Attention affects an individual’s capacity to pick and specifically focus on specific boosts in the climate and blocking other unimportant things out. This sort of Attention requires an individual to have the option to disregard outside outer boosts as well as interior interruptions. These interruptions might be as Attentions and feelings.

Centered Attention

This kind of Attention affects an individual’s capacity to quickly react to explicit visual or material upgrades like a boisterous commotion or a glimmer of light. It incorporates a quick reaction to outside boosts. It is especially huge in conditions where something in the climate requires brief Attention and activity.

Restricted Attention

Restricted attention or separated attention includes performing multiple tasks. Be that as it may, attention is partitioned for this situation between various undertakings. Rather than moving center, individuals focus on these improvements all the while and react to different requests at the same time. Individuals have a major misinterpretation that attention is limitless. Thus, many individuals work on performing various tasks.

HOW CAN WE USE OUR ATTENTION EFFECTIVELY?

Essentially, our capacity to focus on a certain something and tune out contending interruptions is programmed. However this capacity is extremely mind boggling. Curiously, even individuals without attention issues can profit with these systems. These procedures are intended to further develop attention. A portion of these include:

• Say no to performing multiple tasks

Assuming we need to further develop our attention then we should keep away from performing multiple tasks. Shuffling between different undertakings harms efficiency. Thus, we can benefit as much as possible from our restricted attention by working just on each thing in turn.

• Getting adequate rest

A few bits of examination have shown that satisfactory rest is basic to keep up with ideal degrees of attention. Moreover, there exists a bidirectional connection among rest and attention. This is on the grounds that rest directs attention, and interest for attention assumes a fundamental part in rest.

• Practice care:

Care includes giving total attention to the current second. In some cases, it is likewise seen as a kind of attention itself. A few bits of exploration have shown that care preparing can be extremely useful in further developing Attention.

THE FINAL THOUGHT

Individuals are attempting to discover new techniques for further developing Attention. This will assist with regarding Attention issues too. For example, as per the exploration distributed in 2017, the neural hardware that is the mind’s way identified with Attention is additionally firmly identified with conditions like Attention deficiency or hyperactivity issue. Improving comprehension of this cycle will assist with discovering better medicines for those experiencing this condition.

Organ Donation Live Life.Give Life.

Organ donation is a process in which a person willingly donates an organ of his body to another person. Furthermore, it is the process of allowing the removal of one’s organ for its transplanting in another person. Moreover, organ donation can legally take place by the consent of the donor when he is alive. Also, organ donation can also take place by the assent of the next of kin of a dead person. There has been a significant increase in organ donations due to the advancement of medical science.

Organ Donation in Different Countries

First of all, India follows the opt-in system regarding organ donation. Furthermore, any person wishing to donate an organ must fill a compulsory form. Most noteworthy, this form is available on the website of the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare Government of India. Also, The Transplantation of Human Organs Act 1994, controls organ donation in India.

The need for organ donation in the United States is growing at a considerable rate. Furthermore, there has also been a significant rise in the number of organ donors in the United States. Most noteworthy, organ donation in the United States takes place only by the consent of the donor or their family. Nevertheless, plenty of organizations are pushing for opt-out organ donation.

Within the European Union, the regulation of organ donation takes place by the member states. Furthermore, many European countries have some form of an opt-out system. Moreover, the most prominent opt-out systems are in Austria, Spain, and Belgium. In England, no consent is presumed and organ donation is a voluntary process.

Argentina is a country that has plenty of awareness regarding organ donation. Most noteworthy, the congress of Argentina introduced an opt-out organ donation policy. Moreover, this means that every person over 18 years of age will be a donor unless they or their family state their negative. However, in 2018, another law was passed by congress. Under the new law, the family requirement was removed. Consequently, this means that the organ donor is the only person who can state their negative.

Benefits of Organ Donation

First of all, organ donation is very helpful for the grieving process. Furthermore, many donor families take relief and consolation due to organ donation. This is because they understand that their loved one has helped save the life of other people. Most noteworthy, a single donor can save up to eight lives.

Organ donation can also improve the quality of life of many people. An eye transplant could mean the ability to see again for a blind person. Similarly, donating organs could mean removing the depression and pain of others. Most noteworthy, organ donation could also remove the dependency on costly routine treatments.

Organ donation is significantly beneficial for medical science research. Donated organs offer an excellent tool for conducting scientific researches and experiments. Furthermore, many medical students can greatly benefit from these organs. Most noteworthy, beneficial medical discoveries could result due to organ donation. Organ donation would also contribute to the field of Biotechnology.

To sum it up, organ donation is a noble deed. Furthermore, it shows the contribution of an individual even after death. Most noteworthy, organ donation can save plenty of lives. Extensive awareness regarding organ donation must certainly be spread among the people.

“THE GIFT THAT HAS BEEN GIVEN TO ME SAYS MUCH ABOUT OUR CAPACITY FOR GREAT COMPASSION AND GENEROSITY, AND I HOPE IT SENDS AN INSPIRING MESSAGE TO OTHERS ABOUT THE IMPORTANCE OF ORGAN DONATION.”

. —STEVEN COJOCARU