Presidential Election

Recently, President election has been the talk of the town with Droupadi Murmu being elected as the India’s 15th President. Ms. Murmu becomes the second woman president and the first member of tribal community to do so as well as youngest president. She was the former Governor of Jharkhand and hails from the Santhal tribe and was born in Mayurbhanj in Odisha.

Coming to it lets know about how the election is conducted and it’s procedures:

The executive power of the Indian Union is vested with the President. The President is the head of the State and the supreme commander of the Defence Forces of India. The President exercises his powers on the advice of the Prime Minister and the Council of Ministers. According to the 42nd Amendment it is necessary for the President to exercise his/her functions with the advice of Council of Ministers.

Qualifications for Election:

A person shall be eligible for election as president if he/she :

  • is a citizen of India;
  • has completed the age of 35 years;
  • is qualified for election as a member of the Lok Sabha.
  • should not hold office of profit.

Whenever the office becomes vacant, the new president is chosen by an electoral college  consisting of:

the elected members of both houses of Parliament , the elected members of the State Legislative Assemblies of all States and the elected members of the legislative assemblies of union territories with legislatures, i.e. National Capital Territory of Delhi, Jammu and Kashmir and the Union Territory of Puducherry.

The nomination of a candidate for election to the office of the president must be subscribed by at least 50 electors as proposers and 50 electors as seconders. Each candidate has to make a security deposit of ₹15,000 (US$190) in the Reserve bank of India. The security deposit is liable to be forfeited in case the candidate fails to secure one-sixth of the votes polled.

The election is held in accordance with the system of proportional representation (PR) by means of the instant runoff vote (IRV) method .The voting is done by secret ballot  system. The manner of election of President is provided by Article 55 of the Constitution.

The actual calculation for votes cast by a particular state is calculated by dividing the state’s population by 1000, which is divided again by the number of legislators from the State voting in the electoral college. This number is the number of votes per legislator in a given state.

Rating: 3 out of 5.

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The surge in international interest toward the Ukrainian market has created a unique linguistic challenge. As global organizations, NGOs, and tech giants scale their presence in the region, the reliance on generic machine translation or non-specialized linguists has proven to be a costly gamble. Today, the role of translators for Ukraine has evolved from simple…

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Design is no longer left for designers alone. Today, founders, marketers, and creators with zero formal training produce visuals that look polished and professional-and all too often, it starts with a transparent background maker. Thanks to tools like Pippit, non-creators can instantly remove clutter, isolate the key subject, and create clean graphics for social posts,…

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Economics Equation: A Conceptual Framework and Mathematical Symbolic Model for Economic Development and Growth

Mashrafi, M. (2026). Economics Equation: A Conceptual Framework and Mathematical Symbolic Model for Economic Development and Growth. Journal for Studies in Management and Planning, 12(1), 65–74. https://doi.org/10.26643/jsmap/2026/3 Mokhdum Mashrafi (Mehadi Laja)Research Associate, Track2Training, IndiaResearcher from BangladeshEmail: mehadilaja311@gmail.com Abstract This paper proposes a conceptual economic framework, titled Economics Equation–3, to explain how economies transition from low or…

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Domain-Dependent Validity of an Inequality Derived from a Classical Absolute Value Identity

Mashrafi, M. (2026). Domain-Dependent Validity of an Inequality Derived from a Classical Absolute Value Identity. International Journal for Social Studies, 12(1), 32–42. https://doi.org/10.26643/ijss/2026/2 Mokhdum Mashrafi (Mehadi Laja)Research Associate, Track2Training, IndiaResearcher from BangladeshEmail: mehadilaja311@gmail.com Abstract The classical identity √(−Y)² = |Y| is universally valid for all real Y, arising from the principal square root and absolute value…

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Plants as Responsive Biological Systems: Integrating Physiology, Signalling, and Ecology- The Hidden Emotions of Plants: The Science of Pleasure, Pain, and Conscious Growth

Citation Mashrafi, M. (2026). Plants as Responsive Biological Systems: Integrating Physiology, Signalling, and Ecology- The Hidden Emotions of Plants: The Science of Pleasure, Pain, and Conscious Growth. International Journal of Research, 13(1), 543–559. https://doi.org/10.26643/ijr/2026/26 Mokhdum Mashrafi (Mehadi Laja) Research Associate, Track2Training, India Researcher from Bangladesh Email: mehadilaja311@gmail.com Abstract Plants have historically been viewed as passive biological…

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Every elected member of the parliament enjoys the same number of votes, which may be obtained by dividing the total number of votes assigned to the members of legislative assemblies by the total number of elected representatives of the parliament.

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Dialogue and Development Commission of Delhi

 The Dialogue and Development Commission of Delhi is envisioned as a think-tank of the Government of National Capital Territory of Delhi advising the government in finding sustainable, people centric solutions to the critical development challenges facing Delhi.


DDC Delhi has the following four broad functions:

1) Policy Design: Consider ideas, innovations, best practices nationally and globally, evidence of impact in a core set of policy areas and translate them into concrete policy recommendations for the Government of National Capital Territory of Delhi.

2) Support Policy Implementation: Support expeditious implementation of critical reforms by developing innovative models of contracting, model RFPs, leveraging technology and by actively bridging knowledge and capacity gaps, if any.

3) Promote Participatory Governance: Establish platforms that bridge the gap between government and external stakeholders such as the private sector, civil society, academia and communities in effective design and implementation of policies and government schemes.

4) Monitoring, Evaluation and Learning: Promote the use of data, evidence and modern monitoring and evaluation techniques for improved policy-making and better delivery of public services. Further, document the impact of reforms and policy innovations of the Government of National Capital Territory of Delhi to facilitate internal and external learning.

To fulfill its mandate, the Dialogue and Development Commission of Delhi’s work is organized around the following six sectors/verticals:

1) Social Sector: The Social Sector team advises and assists the government’s work in following areas:

  • a. Provide world-class education to every child, from early childhood education and higher education with a particular focus on outcomes of quality education.
  • b. Provide affordable and accessible healthcare facilities for all within the framework of a three-tiered universal healthcare system comprising of Mohalla Clinics, polyclinics and hospitals for tertiary care.
  • c. Ensure the welfare, social security and safety of all vulnerable sections such as children, women, elderly, SCs/STs, transgender, unorganized workers etc.

2) Environment: The Environment team advises and assists the government’s work in the following areas:

  • a. Reduce air pollution and carbon emissions substantially from current levels by forming a scientific understanding of underlying sources, and implementing innovative, evidence-backed mitigation measures.
  • b. Clean-up Yamuna by ensuring no untreated water flows into the Yamuna and develop a beautiful
  •  river side on the Yamuna, which will play a big role in maintaining the Yamuna  Eco system and creating a new tourist destination.
  • c. Make Delhi among India’s cleanest cities by working in close coordination with Municipal Corporations to get rid of open dhalavs and institute modern practices for collection, transportation & disposal of solid waste.

3) Transport and Infrastructure: The Transport and Infrastructure team advises and assists the
 government’s work in the following areas:

  • a. Create a world-class and affordable public transportation system comprising of buses, metro and efficient last-mile connectivity that gives priority to electric vehicles and non-motorized modes of transport.
  • b. Build well-designed, beautifully landscaped and safe roads that cater to the needs of all its users – the essential hallmark of a world-class city.
  • c. Provide dignified housing and essential services to all residents of Delhi with a focus on the needs of slum dwellers and residents of unauthorized colonies.

4) Economy: The Economy team advises and assists the government’s work in the following areas:

  • a. Undertake reform measures for the continued growth of Delhi’s economy including modernization of market and industrial areas, furthering the ease of doing business, nurturing the growth of culture and creative economy and establishing Delhi as the nation’s hub for start-ups.
  • b. Promote the growth of quality jobs and employment opportunities by investing in world-class skill training and better industry-government collaboration in labor-intensive sectors.
  • c. Undertake all possible steps to increase the participation of women in Delhi’s economy, including initiatives that connect housewives with job and business opportunities from or near their homes.

5) Governance: The Governance team advises and assists the government’s work in the following areas:

  • a. Establish and nurture platforms of participatory governance that bridge the gap between government and external stakeholders such as the private sector, civil society, academia and communities ineffective design and implementation of government schemes and policies.
  • b. Undertake appropriate administrative and institutional reforms to ensure that public institutions and governance in Delhi is capable of serving the needs and aspirations of the national capital of 21st century India.
  • c. Encourage the usage of modern IT and e-governance tools for transparent and efficient administration.
  • d. Promote a culture of research and innovation to address the most critical development challenges facing Delhi.

6) Monitoring, Evaluation & Learning: This team advises and assists the government’s work in the following areas:

  • a. Strengthen the use of data and modern monitoring tools such as Outcome budgeting, performance dashboards, 
  • high-frequency monitoring etc. for timely course corrections and improved policy implementation.
  • b. Conduct independent surveys and rigorous evaluations of government schemes and policies, either internally (for small/rapid assessments) or in collaboration with external organizations to generate insights on which programmed work and why.
  • c. Act as a knowledge hub on policy innovations and impact of various reforms of Government of National Capital Territory of Delhi and facilitate internal and external learning by publishing policy briefs, case studies, white papers etc. and hosting seminars and conferences.