ORGANISATION
Below is a list of social issues in India, which students can be asked to write about. Some of them are categorized under a list of social justice issues.
Conflict is one of the most common forms of risk driving poverty today. Large-scale, protracted violence that we’ve seen in areas like Syria can grind society to a halt, destroying infrastructure and causing people to flee (often with nothing but the clothes on their backs). In its tenth year of conflict, Syria’s middle class has been all but destroyed, and over 80% of the population now lives below the poverty line.
You might think that poverty causes hunger (and you would be right!), but hunger is also a cause — and maintainer — of poverty. If a person doesn’t get enough food, they’ll lack the strength and energy needed to work (or their immune system will weaken from malnutrition and leave them more susceptible to illness that prevents them from getting to work).
Extreme poverty and poor health often go hand in hand. In countries where health systems are weak, easily preventable and treatable illnesses like malaria, diarrhea, and respiratory infections can be fatal — especially for young children. And when people must travel far distances to clinics or pay for medicine, it drains already vulnerable households of money and assets, and can tip a family from poverty into extreme poverty.
Currently, more than 2 billion people don’t have access to clean water at home. This means that people (which is to say, women and girls) collectively spend some 200 million hours every day walking long distances to fetch water. That’s precious time that could be used working, or getting an education to help secure a job later in life.
Climate change creates hunger, whether through too little water (drought) or too much (flooding), and its effects contribute to the cycle of poverty in several other ways including disproportionately affecting women, creating refugees, and even influencing conflict. One World Bank estimates that climate change has the power to push more than 100 million people into poverty over the next decade.
Not every person without an education is living in extreme poverty. But most of the extremely poor don’t have an education. There are many barriers to education around the world, including a lack of money for uniforms and books, a bias against girls’ education, or many of the other causes of poverty mentioned here.
Imagine that you have to go to work, but there are no roads to get you there. Or heavy rains have flooded your route and made it impossible to travel. A lack of infrastructure — from roads, bridges, and wells, to cables for light, cell phones, and internet — can isolate communities living in rural areas. Living off the grid often means living without the ability to go to school, work, or the market to buy and sell goods. Traveling further distances to access basic services not only takes time, it costs money, keeping families in poverty.
Many people living in the United States are familiar with social welfare programs that people can access if they need healthcare or food assistance. But not every government can provide this type of help to its citizens — and without that safety net, there’s nothing to stop vulnerable families from backsliding further into extreme poverty. Ineffective governments also contribute to several of the other causes of extreme poverty mentioned above, as they are unable to provide necessary infrastructure or healthcare, or ensure the safety and security of their citizens in the event of conflict.
This might seem like a no-brainer: Without a job or a livelihood, people will face poverty. Dwindling access to productive land (often due to conflict, overpopulation, or climate change) and overexploitation of resources like fish or minerals puts increasing pressure on many traditional livelihoods. In the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) for example, most of the population lives in rural communities where natural resources have been plundered over centuries of colonial rule — while conflict over land has forced people away from their source of income and food. Now, more than half of the country lives in extreme poverty.
All of the above risk factors — from conflict to climate change or even a family illness — can be weathered if a family or community has reserves in place. Cash savings and loans can offset unemployment due to conflict or illness. Proper food storage systems can help if a drought or natural disaster ruins a harvest.
We believe that zero extreme poverty is possible, and so we’re working to tackle the root causes of poverty with tailored responses to unique circumstances in 23 countries around the world. By offsetting risks and reducing inequalities, we believe we can sustainably end poverty — for good. Check out more of our solutions to poverty here.
You can make your own impact by supporting our efforts working with the world’s poorest communities by writing and voicing their concerns.
| OFFICE : | Our organization has well established Office, Training centre & Vehicles. |
| EQUIPMENT : | 1. Telephone, Fax Machine ,Computers and Printers available. 2. LCD Projector time for video visuals trainings to peoples. 3. Having documentary films on watershed, sanitation, education, health, veterinary, agricultural fields. |
The present government of NCT of Delhi came to power in February 2015 on the basis of a manifesto crafted through an extensive series of ‘Delhi Dialogues’ with all sections of society. With an innate belief that the process of dialogue should be carried forth even after the formation of government, the Aam Aadmi Party-led Delhi Government constituted the Delhi Dialogue Commission vide its Cabinet Decision no. 2131 dated 27th February 2015.
The Commission was formed with the aim of providing a unique model of collaborative and inclusive development in Delhi. It was set up to bridge the knowledge and capacity deficit in the government, and to take advantage of the vast pool of domain expertise that lies outside the government. The Commission was tasked with the role of considering ideas, identifying the best practices and policies from around the world, and translating these into concrete recommendations to the Government of NCT of Delhi.
Since its formation, the Commission has submitted a number of policy reports and recommendations to the Government of NCT of Delhi on a wide array of development issues. These issues include an infant health insurance scheme, establishment of a Health Care Corporation in Delhi, Delhi Solar Policy, leveraging technology for dengue vector surveillance, piloting of battery electric buses etc.
The Dialogue and Development Commission of Delhi is envisioned as a think-tank of the Government of National Capital Territory of Delhi advising the government in finding sustainable, people centric solutions to the critical development challenges facing Delhi.
DDC Delhi has the following four broad functions:
1) Policy Design: Consider ideas, innovations, best practices nationally and globally, evidence of impact in a core set of policy areas and translate them into concrete policy recommendations for the Government of National Capital Territory of Delhi.
2) Support Policy Implementation: Support expeditious implementation of critical reforms by developing innovative models of contracting, model RFPs, leveraging technology and by actively bridging knowledge and capacity gaps, if any.
3) Promote Participatory Governance: Establish platforms that bridge the gap between government and external stakeholders such as the private sector, civil society, academia and communities in effective design and implementation of policies and government schemes.
4) Monitoring, Evaluation and Learning: Promote the use of data, evidence and modern monitoring and evaluation techniques for improved policy-making and better delivery of public services. Further, document the impact of reforms and policy innovations of the Government of National Capital Territory of Delhi to facilitate internal and external learning.
To fulfill its mandate, the Dialogue and Development Commission of Delhi’s work is organized around the following six sectors/verticals:
1) Social Sector: The Social Sector team advises and assists the government’s work in following areas:
2) Environment: The Environment team advises and assists the government’s work in the following areas:
3) Transport and Infrastructure: The Transport and Infrastructure team advises and assists the
government’s work in the following areas:
4) Economy: The Economy team advises and assists the government’s work in the following areas:
5) Governance: The Governance team advises and assists the government’s work in the following areas:
6) Monitoring, Evaluation & Learning: This team advises and assists the government’s work in the following areas:
“The Delhi Government has received global acclaim for its policies, be it the transformation of government schools, the provision of high-quality primary health care at Mohalla Clinics, 24X7 electricity provided at the lowest tariff in India, and home delivery of government services. Through the CMULF programme, we welcome the most talented youth across India to join us in the journey of transforming Delhi into a modern world-class city.”
HON’BLE CM SHRI ARVIND KEJRIWAL
The Chief Minister’s Urban Leaders Fellowship (CMULF) programme provides a unique opportunity to young leaders across India to work within the Delhi Government to address some of the most pressing urban challenges in India, and experience what ‘making change happen’ looks like.
The Fellowship aims to attract outstanding young Indians from across the country under the age of 35 years who are passionate about public service and are willing to work for two years with Delhi Government.
The Fellowship programme is being managed by the Administrative Reforms department, Government of NCT of Delhi in close collaboration with the Dialogue & Development Commission (DDC), and participating line departments of Government of NCT of Delhi.
Gender gap reflects the differences between women and men as per social, political, economical , cultural etc parameters in the society.
Recently it has been in news as the Global Gender report 2022 was released. According to report, India ranked 135 among 146 countries in global gender gap index and is worst performer in health and survival sub index where it ranked 146. While earlier in 2021 India ranked 140 among 156 countries. Global Gender gap report was first published by the World Economic Forum in 2006. It is an index to measure the gender equality. The 4 key dimensions or sub indices are as follows:
India ranks 146 in health and survival, 143 in economic participation and opportunity, 107 in educational attainment and 48th in political empowerment.
According to the report :
India’s score of 0.629 was it’s seventh highest score in last 16 years.
India has recovered since 2021 in economic participation and opportunity
The labour force participation has decreased for both men (by -9.5 percentage points) and women (-3 percentage points).
The gender parity score for estimated earned income improved but the decline was more for men.
India has recorded a declining score on political empowerment due to the diminishing share of years women have served as head of state for the past 50 years.
Disposal of Nazul Land
3. Purposes for which Nazul land may be allotted. – Authority may allot Nazul land for public utilities, community facilities, open spaces, parks, playgrounds, residential purposes, industrial and commercial uses and such other purposes as may be specified from time to time by the Central Government by notification.
4. Persons to whom Nazul land may be allotted. – [(1)] The Authority may, in conformity with the plans, and subject to the other provisions of these rules, allot Nazul land to individuals, [body of persons, firms, companies], public and private institutions, co-operative house building societies, other co-operative societies of individuals, co-operative societies of industrialists and to the departments of the Central Government, State Governments and the Union territories.
(i) health facilities;
(ii) education or higher education facilities;
(iii) socio cultural and community facilities;
(iv) sports facilities:
Provided that nothing in this sub-rule shall affect the allotment of land to the Central Government, a State Government, a Union territory, any local body, autonomous bodies or organisations owned by the Central Government:
Provided further that the land allotted under this sub-rule shall be utilised in accordance with the use specified in the allotment, and as per the norms of the Master Plan for the said use.]
[5. Rules of premium for allotment of nazul land to certain institutions. – Subject to the provision of sub-rule (2) of rule 4, the Authority may allot nazul land to –
(a) Central Government or State Government or Union territory Administration;
(b) autonomous body constituted by Central Government or State Government or Union territory Administration or partly by the Central Government and partly by one or more State Governments or Union territory Administrations;
(c) social or charitable institutions, eligible under rule 20;
(d) political organisations recognised by the Election Commission of India, or
(e) local bodies, for remunerative, semi-remunerative or un-remunerative purposes, at the premia and ground rent at such rates as the Central Government may determine from time to time:
Provided that use of land allotted under this rule shall be governed by the Master Plan norms, and the conditions subject to which such allotment is made.]
6. Allotment of Nazul land at pre-determined rates. – Subject to the other provisions of these rules, the Authority shall allot Nazul land at the pre-determined rates in the following cases namely:-
(i) to individuals whose land has been acquired for planned development of Delhi after the 1st day of January,1961, and which forms part of Nazul land:
PROVIDED that if an individual is to be allotted a residential plot, the size of such plot may be determined by the Administrator after taking into consideration the area and the value of the land acquired from him and the location and the value of the plot to be allotted;
(ii) to individuals in the low income group or the middle income group other than specified in clause (i) –
(a) who are tenants in a building in any area in respect of which a slum clearance order is made under the Slum Areas Act;
(b) who, in any slum area or the other congested area, own any plot of land measuring less than 67 square metres or own any building in any slum area or other congested area;
(iii) to individuals, other than those specified in clauses (i) and (ii), who are in the low income group or the middle income group, by draw of lots to be conducted under the supervision of the Land Allotment Advisory Committee;
(iv) to individuals belonging to Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes or who are widows of defence personnel killed in action, or ex-servicemen, physically handicapped individuals subject to the provisions of rule 13;
(v) to industrialists or owners and occupiers of warehouses who are required to shift their industries and warehouses from non-conforming areas to conforming area under the Master Plan, or whose land is acquired or is proposed to be acquired under the Act:
PROVIDED that the size of such industrial plot shall be determined with reference to the requirement of the industry or warehouses set up or to be set up in accordance with the plants and such industrialists and owners of warehouses have the capacity to establish and run such industries or warehouses and on the condition that the land allotted at pre-determined rates shall not, in any case, exceed the size of the land which has been, if any, acquired from such industrialist or owners and occupiers of warehouses and which form part of Nazul land:
PROVIDED FURTHER that in making such allotment, the Authority shall be advised by the Land Allotment Advisory Committee;
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8. Manner of allotment. – [Save as otherwise provided in sub-rule (2) of rule 4, rules 5, and 6, allotment of nazul land for any other purpose shall be made on payment of such premium as may be determined either by auction or by tender in accordance with the provisions of Chapter III or Chapter IV, as the case may be, of these rules.]
9. Allotment to owners in slum clearance areas. – Where a person who owns and resides in any building in any area in respect of which a slum clearance order is made under the Slum Areas Act, or whose land is acquired under that Act, applies for allotment of Nazul land for a residential purpose in lieu of his land cleared of building in accordance with the slum clearance order, or acquired under that Act, he may, subject to the minimum size of the plot of land being 67 square metres, allotted Nazul land for that purpose not exceeding 111.48 square metres without any charge:
PROVIDED that such person-
(a) belongs to a low income group or middle income group;
(b) accepts the allotment without the compensation payable under the said Act;
(c) does not claim to redevelop the land cleared of such building in accordance with that slum clearance order;
(d) has given up possession of such land or the land which has been acquired, to the competent authority under the said Act; and
(e) where the size of his land as aforesaid is less than 57 square metres, agrees to pay for the extra land at the pre-determined rates applicable to a person in the low income group or the middle income group to which he belongs.
10. Allotment of tenants in slum areas. – Where an individual who is a tenant in a building in any area in respect of which a slum clearance order is made under the Slum Areas Act, applies for allotment of Nazul land for a residential purpose/he may be allotted a plot of 67 square metres of Nazul land for that purpose on pre-determined rates:
PROVIDED that such individual-
(a) belongs to low income group or a middle income group;
(b) has given possession of the building occupied by him to the competent authority under the Slum Areas Act;
(c) does not choose to shift to any house in any slum clearance scheme;
(d) does not choose to be replaced in occupation of that building under the Slum Areas Act.
11. Allotment to owners of dangerous building in slum areas. – Where an individual who owns in any slum area or any other congested area, a plot of land measuring less than 67 square metres, or a house which is declared to be unfit for human habitation under the provisions of the Slum Areas Act, or any other law, is not permitted to re-build or re-develop under the Slum Areas Act or under any other law, applies for allotment of Nazul land for a residential purpose, he may be allotted a plot of land for that purpose not exceeding 67 square metres at pre-determined rates:
PROVIDED that he surrenders his land in the slum areas or congested locality.
12. Priority of allotment for residential purposes. – Subject to the availability of land for allotment for residential purposes, among the individuals referred to in clauses (i) and (ii) of rule 6, the individuals referred to in clause (i) shall be preferred to the individuals referred to in clause (ii) and those in clause (ii) shall be preferred to those in clause (iii).
13. Reservation for Scheduled Castes, Scheduled Tribes and others. – (1) The Authority shall, with the previous permission of the Central Government, reserve such percentage of Nazul land available for allotment for residential purposes at any given time, to individuals in the low income group or the middle income group, who are members of the Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes, widows of defence personnel killed in action, ex-servicemen, physically handicapped individuals or such other category of individuals as may be specified in the permission.
(2) Plots measuring not more than 111.48 square metres shall be allotted for residential purposes at pre-determined rates, to the individuals referred to in sub-rule (1), and where the number of such individuals exceed the number of plots reserved for each category of persons under sub-rule (1), the allotment shall be made by draw of lots under the supervision of the Land Allotment Advisory Committee.
14. Reservation not to affect right to general allotment. – Notwithstanding the reservation of Nazul land made in rule 13, where any such individual as is referred to in that rule, fails to get an allotment of a plot of land in the Nazul land so reserved, by the draw of lots held under that rule, he or she shall be entitled to the allotment of a plot of land for residential purposes at pre-determined rates by draw of lots under clause (vii) of rule 6, in any Nazul land not reserved under the first mentioned rule:
PROVIDED that such individual belongs to the low income group or the middle income group
15. Allotment to individuals not accepting allotment of Nazul land on certain conditions. – Where an individual belonging to the low income group or the middle income group does not accept allotment of Nazul land for residential purposes on conditions mentioned in rule 9, 10 or 11, other than the conditions mentioned in rule 17, he shall be entitled to the allotment of Nazul land, at pre-determined rates, for residential purposes-
(a) under rule 13, if he is an individual referred to in that rule;
(b) under clause (iii) of rule 6, in any other case.
16. Certain persons entitled to allotment by auction. – Subject to the other provisions of these rules, all [individuals including the following categories of individuals, companies and firms] , shall be entitled to the allotment of Nazul land for residential purposes, by auction, namely:
(i) individuals not residing in any building owned by them in any slum area in respect of which a slum clearance order is made under the Slum Areas Act;
(ii) individuals whose land situated in any such area as is referred to in clause (i) is acquired under the Slum Areas Act and who reside elsewhere;
(iii) individuals who do not accept allotment on conditions mentioned in rules 9, 10 and 11 and who are not entitled to allotment under rule 15;
(iv) co-sharers of joint ancestral land or buildings in a slum area under the Slum Areas Act whose individual share is not less than 67 square metres in such land or building.
17. General restriction to allotment for residential purposes. – Notwithstanding anything contained in these rules, no plot of Nazul land shall be allotted for residential purposes, to an individual other than an individual referred to in clause (i) of rule 6, who or whose wife or husband or any of his or her dependent children, whether minor or not, or any of his or her dependent parents or dependent minor brothers or sisters, ordinarily residing with such individual, own in full or in part, on lease-hold or free-hold basis, any residential land or, house or who has been allotted on hire-purchase basis any residential land or house in the Union territory of Delhi:
PROVIDED that where, on the date of allotment of Nazul land,-
(a) the other land owned by or allotted to such individual is less than 67 square metres, or
(b) the house owned by such individual is on a plot of land which measures less than 67 square metres, or
(c) the share of such individual in any such other land or house measures less than 67 square metres, he may be allotted a plot of Nazul land in accordance with the provisions of these rules.
18. Size of plots. – Save as otherwise provided in these rules, the maximum size of a plot allotted to an individual for a residential purpose shall be-
(i) 104 square metres in the case of an individual belonging to the low income group;
(ii) 167 square metres (but not less than 105 square metres) in the case of an individual belonging to the middle income group; and
(iii) 500 square metres in any other case.
19. Allotment of industrial and commercial plots. – (1) Save as otherwise provided in clause (v) of rule 6, the number and size of the plots of Nazul land for an industrial or commercial purpose shall be determined, from time to time, by the Authority.
(2) In making an allotment of plot for an industrial or commercial purpose, the Authority shall be guided by the advice of the Land Allotment Advisory Committee.
(3) The Land Allotment Advisory Committee shall, in making its recommendations to the Authority, take into account such relevant factors as it may deem proper in the circumstances of the case.
(4) Without prejudice to the generality of the provision of sub-rule (3), the Land Allotment Advisory Committee shall consider whether the setting up of the industry or commercial establishment is required to shift from a non-conforming area to a conforming area under the plans.
20. [Eligibility for allotment, to social or charitable institutions]. – [***] No allotment of Nazul land to public institution referred to in rule 5 shall be made unless-
[(a) according to the aims and objects of that institution –
(i) it directly sub serves the interests of the citizens of India;
(ii) it is generally conducive to the planned development of the National Capital Territory of Delhi;
(b) it is a society registered under the Societies Registration Act, 1860 (21 of 1860) or such institution is owned and run by the Government or any Local Authority, or is constituted or established under any law [for the time being in force or it is a company, firm or trust for the purpose of establishment of [hospitals, dispensaries or higher/technical education institutes,] [or such other charitable purpose as deemed fit by the Central Government and notified by an order in this regard.]
(c) it is of non-profit making character;
(d) it is in possession of sufficient funds to meet the cost of land and the construction of buildings for its use; and
(e) allotment to such institution is sponsored or recommended by a Department of the Government of National Capital Territory of Delhi] or a Ministry of the Central Government:
[PROVIDED that in case of allotment to a company, firm or trust for the purpose of establishment of [hospitals, dispensaries or higher/technical education institutes] by tenders or auction, as the case may be, such company, firm or trust, as the case may be, shall not be required to be sponsored by a Department of the Government of National Capital Territory of Delhi or a Ministry of the Central Government.]
[PROVIDED that nothing in this rule shall apply to the provisions of sub-rule (2) of rule 4.]
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22. Vesting of lease-hold rights. – Where Nazul land is allotted to a co-operative society, lease-hold rights thereof shall subject to the terms of the lease-deed between the President of India and the society, remain with such society.
23. Agreements between the co-operative societies and their members. – Where Nazul land has been allotted to a co-operative society, such members of the society who are allotted a plot or flat by such society shall execute a sub-lease in favour of the society in respect of each plot or flat allotted to them. The terms and conditions of such sub-lease shall, as nearly as circumstances permit, be in accordance with Form A and Form B appended to these rules. In addition, such sub-lease may contain such covenants, clauses or conditions, not inconsistent with the provisions of Form A or Form B as may be considered necessary and advisable by the society, having regard to the nature of a particular sub-lease.
[24. Manner of realization of premium or price of plots. – (1) Save as otherwise provided in rules 29, 36 and 40, premium or price of plots of Nazul land chargeable in accordance with the provisions of these rules shall be realized in instalments in the following manner, namely:
(a) 25 per cent of the total land premium for the plot, along with such earnest money, not exceeding 10 per cent of the premium, as may be decided by the Authority, shall be deposited at the time of submitting the application for allotment of land;
(b) 50 per cent of the premium shall be deposited within 60 days of the issue of demand-cum-allotment letters; and
(c) balance premium after adjusting the earnest money shall be deposited before taking over possession of the land or within two months of the receipt of communication from the Authority offering possession, whichever is earlier.
(2) If the premium or price of land as provided in sub-rule (1) is not deposited, the earnest money deposited shall be forfeited and it shall be competent for the Authority to allot the land to any other person including a co-operative society in accordance with the prescribed procedure.]
25. Nazul land for use of the Authority. – With a view to enabling it to perform its functions under the Act, the Authority may, with the previous permission of the Central Government, set apart such Nazul land for its own use on such terms and conditions as may be specified in the permission.
Women’s Organisations emerged in India as a result of the spread of education and the establishment of the notion of the new woman. There was an improved level of communication among women which made them aware of the different problems that they faced and their rights and accountabilities in society. This awareness led to the upsurge of women’s organizations that fought for and signified women’s causes
An exclusive feature of the Indian women’s crusade is the fact that early efforts at women’s liberation were set in motion by men. Social reformers such as Raja Ram Mohan Roy, Maharishi Karve, and Swami Dayanand Saraswati challenged the conventional subservience of women, stimulated widow remarriage, and supported female education and impartiality in matters of religion, among other issues. Mahila mandals organized by Hindu reformist organizations such as the Arya Samaj and Brahmo Samaj encouraged women to go out of the boundaries of their homes and interact with other members of society. Pandita Ramabai, who was considered as one of the innovators of the feminist movement, with the help of Justice Ranade established the Arya Mahila Samaj in 1882. She envisioned creating a support network for newly educated women through weekly lectures and lessons at homes, where women could learn and gain confidence through interactions.
Women’s auxiliaries of general reform associations also served as a ground for women to deliberate social issues, express opinions, and share experiences. The Bharata Mahila Parishad of the National Social Conference was the most protruding among such opportunities. Though the National Social Conference was formed at the third meeting of the Indian National Congress in 1887, the Mahila Parishad was launched only in 1905.
The pre‐Independence period saw women’s issues related to the nationalist agenda at various junctures. In this period, a major enhancement of women was in terms of political participation of women, calling for a redefinition of conventional gender roles. Women began openly demonstrating their opposition to foreign control by supporting civil disobedience actions and other forms of protest against the British. Opportunities to organize and participate in agitations gave women much‐needed confidence and a chance to develop their leadership skills. Cutting across communal and religious barriers, women associated themselves with larger problems of society and opposed sectarian issues such as communal electorates. Political awareness among women grew, owing to a general understanding that women’s issues could not be separated from the political environment of the country. During this period, the initial women’s organizations formed within the historical background of the social reform movement and the nationalist movement were as follows.
•The Women’s India Association (WIA).
National Council of Women in India (NCWI).
•The All India Women’s Conference (AIWC) in 1917, 1925, and 1927 correspondingly.
•Each of these organizations emphasized the importance of education in women’s progress.
•The WIA, created by Margaret Cousins in Madras, worked widely for the social and educational emancipation of women. •Associated with the Theosophical Society, it encouraged non‐sectarian religious activity and did creditable work in promoting literacy, setting up shelters for widows, and providing relief for disaster victims.
•Women in Mumbai, Chennai, and Kolkata through networks developed during World War I work, allied their associations together, and created the NCWI in 1925. A national branch of the International Council of Women, its most prominent member was Mehribai Tata, who aggressively campaigned against inert charity and advised men to support female education.
•The most important of the women’s organizations of the time was the All India Women’s Conference. Though its initial efforts were directed towards improving female education, its scope later extended to include a host of women’s issues such as women’s franchise, inheritance rights.
The Constitution of India enlisted in 1950 which permitted equal rights to men and women. Rights such as the right to vote, right to education, right to enter into public service, and political offices brought in satisfaction among women’s groups. In this period, there was limited activity in the area of women’s rights. Many women’s organizations such as the National Federation of Indian Women (1954) the Samajwadi Mahila Sabha (1559) were formed to work for supporting the cause of Indian women. Since the country was facing a social, political crisis after British rule, many demands of the women activists were not supported by the Government. But during this period from 1945, the Indian women got an opportunity to participate in confrontational politics.
In post-independent India, the women’s crusade was divided, as the common opponent, foreign rule, was no longer there. Some of the women leaders formally joined the Indian National Congress and took a powerful position as Ministers, Governors, and Ambassadors. Free India’s Constitution gave universal adult franchise and by the mid-fifties, India had fairly liberal laws concerning women. Most of the demands of the women’s movement had been met and there seemed few issues left to organize around. Women’s organizations now observed that there was an issue of implementation and consequently there was a pause in the women’s movement.
Some women organizations such as the Banga Mahila Samaj, and the Ladies Theosophical Society functioned at local levels to promote contemporary ideas for women. These organizations deal with issues like women’s education, abolition of social evils like purdah and Child marriage, Hindu law reform, moral and material progress of women, equality of rights and opportunities.
It can be believed that the Indian women’s movement worked for two goals.
•Uplift of women.
•Equal rights for both men and women.
Currently, there are many women organizations in India:
•All India Federation of Women Lawyers
•All India Women’s Conference
•Appan Samachar
•Association of Theologically Trained Women of India
•Bharatiya Grameen Mahila Sangh
•Bharatiya Mahila Bank
•Confederation of Women Entrepreneurs
Durga Vahini
•Friends of Women’s World Banking
•Krantikari Adivasi Mahila Sangathan
The major objective of this organization is:
•Strengthening and building new initiatives, networks, forums, etc., for protecting women’s rights
•Monitoring the Government of India’s commitments, implementing the Platform for Action with special focus on the eight-point agenda discussed at the Conference of Commitment, CEDAW, the Human Rights, and other United Nations Convention.
•Advocacy, lobbying, and campaigning on women-related issues.
•Information Dissemination and Documentation.
•Solidarity and linkages with other regional and global forums.
Another women organization in India is Swadhina (Self-esteemed Women) which was formed in 1986. It is principally a civil society organization focused on the Empowerment of women and Child Development based on Sustainable Development and Right Lively hood. At Swadhina, it is believed that positive social change has a direct effect on the lives of women and that change is possible only through equal and spontaneous participation of Women. Organization members are active in five states across the country in remote tribal districts of Singbhums in Jharkhand, Purulia, and West Midnapur in West Bengal, Kanya Kumari in Tamil Nadu, Mayurbhanj in Orissa, and East Champaran in Bihar.
Due to the women’s movement, several legislations were passed like the Equal Remuneration Act, Minimum Wage Act, Maternity Benefit Act, etc. to ensure equal status to women in society & more importantly at work. However, illiteracy amongst the major women workforce (87% of women are employed in the unorganized sector), fear of losing employment & lack of awareness of the laws enacted to protect them, make it difficult for women to benefit from them.
A girl should be two things:
who and what she wants.
Eduindex 
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