Animal husbandry is the art of rearing animals for getting milk, skin, hides and horns and using them on the farms for agricultural purposes. Ox, he-buffalo and camel are used as draught animals in performing activities like ploughing, sowing, thrashing and transporting farm products.

Cow, she-buffaloes and goat provide us milk. Animal husbandry is, thus, an integral part of crop farming and contributes to the nutritional supply of the people. It also enhances the income and provides profession to many others. Thus, it balances development of rural economy.

Cattle rearing states of India include, Uttar Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, Bihar, Maharashtra, Rajasthan and Andhra Pradesh. Quality bulls comes form Punjab, Haryana, Gujarat, Rajasthan and Uttar Pradesh. Haryana produces Sahiwal and Rajasthan provides Nagora breed of cattle. Hallikar and Khillar breeds come from southern states like Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka and Tamil Nadu. Surti comes from Gujarat and Murrah comes from Punjab.

Total milk production of India amounted to 170 lakh tonne in 1950-51. This rose to 810 lakh tonne in 2000-01. India, now-a-days, is the largest producer of milk in the world.

Sheep are raised in those areas that are normally not suitable for agriculture and cattle rearing. One-fourth of the total sheep of India is found in Rajasthan, Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, Karnataka, Maharashtra. Jammu and Kashmir and Uttar Pradesh. Sheep provide us wool, mutton and skin.

 Accounting is the language of business. Language is a means of communication. Accounting is also communicating the results of business activities to persons involved in the process. Engineers should make sincere efforts to learn about a firm’s accounting practice so that they can better communicate with top management. Accounting studies are concerned with past and current financial events.

Accounting provides the necessary services of a business unit. Accounting is a source of much of the past financial data needed to make estimates of future financial conditions. Accounting is the pivotal source of data for further investigation.

A clear understanding of the origins and meaning of accounting data is needed in order to use or not use those data properly in making forecasting into the future and in comparing actual versus predicted results. This will help in planning future income and expenses.

In 1941 the American Institute of Certified Public Accounts (AICPA) defined accounting as follows: “Accounting is the art of recording, classifying and summarising in significant manner and in terms of money, transactions and events which are, in part, at least of a financial character and interpreting the results thereof”.

In 1966 the American Accounting Association (AAA) defined accounting as follows: “Accounting is the process of identifying, measuring and communicating economic information to permit informed judgements and decisions by users of the information”.

Thus accounting may be defined as the process of recording, classifying, summarising, analysing and interpreting the financial transactions and communicating the results thereof to the persons interested in such information.

 Anthropology is a discipline, which serves the infinite curiosity about human beings. Etymologically the term is derived from two distinct Greek words —’Anthropos’, the meaning of which is man and the ‘logos’ refers to science or study. Therefore, we define anthropology as a discipline which studies the human beings, scientifically. But this definition is incomplete for the reason that there are also several disciplines, which are concerned with man; they study one aspect of man or the other.

Sociology, psychology, political science, economics, history, human biology and even the humanistic disciplines like philosophy, literature, etc. form this group. Each of those disciplines is specialized to deal with a typical aspect of different groups of man.

They may also cling to specific cultures and their moorings. Therefore, none of these disciplines can cover the whole jurisdiction of anthropology. Rather anthropology is a larger whole where different disciplines unite together despite the diversity of their interest.

It possesses its own distinctiveness in the study of man. It is the only discipline, which strives to understand man and his actions in totality. Anthropologists believe in the integration of knowledge and realize the harmful effects of compartmentalization.

The index of anthropologists is man—wherever may he be whether on land, air or sea. They study the human beings in all climates and times. Men of the prehistoric as well as the historic past, men of the present generation and also of coming future come within the purview of anthropologists.

 commerce:-

Commerce is the sum total of all those processes, which are engaged in the removal of hindrance of persons (trade), place (transport and insurance) and time (warehousing) in the exchange (banking) of commodities.”

Every human being is engaged in some kind of activity. These activities are undertaken with some motive. When the object is to create wealth for satisfying human needs, these are categorised as economic activities. If such activities are undertaken only to serve some cause without any economic motive i.e., to satisfy social, religious, cultural or sentimental requirements, these are called non-economic activities.

The motivating force for doing some work is to satisfy human wants. Human wants are unlimited and go on multiplying. The resources to satisfy the needs are limited. The use of scarce resources for satisfying human wants is very important.

The allocation of available resources is done in such a way that optimum satisfaction is achieved. The production of goods and services and making them available to consumers is the essence of economic activities. The distribution of goods and services from producers to the ultimate users is facilitated by commerce.

ommerce refers to all those activities which are necessary to bring goods and services from the place of their origin to the place of their consumption. In the words of Evelyn Thomas, “Commercial occupations deal with the buying and selling of goods, the exchange of commodities and the distribution of the finished products.

 Botany:-

The taxonomists still rely to a great extent on the morphological characteristics, because they are easily visible and can conventionally use in the classification of plants.

In addition to the con­ventional morphological characteristics that are now popular to the students, other characteristics like habit, underground organs, leaves, seedling morphology, stipules, non-conventional charac­teristics of floral parts, seeds etc. are used in the identification of various groups of plants.

Size, branching pattern, spread, density etc. of a plant are treated com­monly in taxonomic description. The shape of a tree i.e., bushy, umbrella- shaped, flat topped, cylindric, oblong etc. are used for the recognition of a tree. It is Excurrent in Polyalthea longifolia, Caudex in Cocos nucifera, Deliquescent in Mangifera indica, Culm in Bambusa tulda, etc. The characteris­tics of bark (colour, thickness, fissuring, texture etc.) are used to distinguish different species of Betula and Pinus.

Generally the underground parts are not collected during the preparation of a Herbarium. In some cases, they have been shown to be very useful in the identification of different taxa. Chouard (1936) have used the characteristics of bulbs and underground parts in the classification of Scilleae of Liliaceae. In Liliaceae two species of Chlorophytum viz. C. glaucoides Blatt. and C. glaucum Dalz. are morphologically alike except the cha­racteristics of underground parts.

In C. glaucoides the root-fibres are slender and end in ellipsoid tubers, while in C. glaucum the root fibres are thick and without terminal tubers. The structure and morphology of root-tubers are used in the differentiation of large number of species in Dioscorea .

 Civil engineering is the oldest of the main branches of engineering. Civil engineers use their knowledge to supervise and plan construction projects such as roads, airports, bridges, canals, tunnels, and wastewater systems. They also collaborate with architects to design and construct various types of buildings. Some other civil engineering endeavors include highways, airports, pipelines, railroads, levees, and irrigation and sewage systems. Civil engineers try to design their structures to be functional, efficient and durable. Most of the projects civil engineers are involved with have an impact on the environment.

The current employment outlook for civil engineers in Wisconsin is favorable. Those seeking jobs in the field will find very good employment opportunities. This holds true throughout the nation and is also the long-term employment outlook. The factors that effect employment of civil engineers include economic conditions, population growth, and investment in public infrastructures. The Wisconsin average salary for civil engineering positions ranges from $47,400 to $60,600. The national average starts at $47,400 and goes as high as $68,500. Many employees enjoy generous benefit packages that include paid vacation and sick leave as well as health and dental insurance, retirement plans, and profit sharing.

Civil Engineering Not a lot of people know about civil engineering, civil engineering is the building of bridges, roadways, and buildings; but civil engineering is so much more than that. According to Columbia University which is located in New York, civil engineering is arguably the oldest engineering discipline, the old civil engineering discipline or sanitary engineering has evolved into the modern environmental engineering of such significance that most academic departments have changed

 Electrical Engineering Electrical Engineering is “ The branch of engineering concerned with the generation, transmission, distribution, and use of electricity. Its two main branches are power engineering and electronics (including telecommunications). Electrical engineering emerged in the late 19th century with the mathematical formulation of the basic laws of electricity by James Clark Maxwell, followed by the development of such practical applications as the Bell telephone, Edison’s incandescent.

Statement of Purpose Today, networking of every kind is fuelling the momentum of change. And in the process further transforming the way we live, work and play. The interplay and interconnections between various devices and systems is creating a world of surprises. To stay ahead in the fast changing world requires the ability to look beyond the present. Most new developments emerge in the USA and then spread almost instantly across the world. My country, India is also caught in the ‘web ‘ of change.

Electrical engineers are an important part of our lives. According to an article on “Truity”, “Electrical engineers design, develop, test, and supervise the manufacturing of electrical equipment.” Electrical engineers work around forty hours a week and will sometimes work overtime (“State University”). A bachelor’s degree or higher in electrical engineering is needed to get the job. Their median wage is about 71,610 dollars to 75,770 dollars per year (“State University”). They receive a lot of money.

 Geography as a university discipline got recognition in the early decades of the 19th century in the German universities and subsequently in the French and British universities.

During the period of evolution, geography, like all other sister social science disciplines, faced many philosophical and methodological problems. Geography did not develop as a well-regulated activity.

It followed a process of varying tensions in which tranquil periods, characterized by steady accretion of knowledge, are followed by crisis which can lead to upheaval within subject discipline and breaks in continuity. In each phase of tranquillity and crisis, geographical literature was and has been written with changing philosophies and methodologies; the philosophy and methodology being largely governed by the individual beliefs of the author, the political system, the social requirements of the people of the region and its economic institutions.

The last twenty-five years can be regarded as a period in which enormous geographical literature has been produced. This literature in the shape of books, research papers and monographs pertains to teaching, research, professional employment and pragmatic plans for the public and private bodies. Geography up to the Second World War, however, was regarded as a discipline providing general information about topography, relief features, weather, climate, mountains, rivers, routes, towns, cities and seaports.

Geography for most of the people was nothing but general knowledge. In the recent past, geographers have, however, adopted a new strategy in the restructuring of their courses and designed the syllabi around the theme of social welfare, making the subject the principal source of awareness of local surroundings, regional milieu, environmental pollution and world environment.

Geographers are venturing into the areas of environmental management and problems of pollution to make the social environment conducive for the proper development of individuals and societies. In order to achieve the welfare target, geographers are attacking social problems and exploring the causes of socio-economic backwardness, environmental pollution, and uneven levels of development in a given physical setting. Now, the main objective of geographical teaching and research is to train students in the analysis of phenomena, so that they can take up subsequently the problems of society as the fields of their research and investigation, thereby helping the local, state and national administration to overcome the regional and intra-regional problems.

 Geology (in Greek, Geo means Earth, Logos means Science) is a branch of science dealing with the study of the Earth. It is also known as earth science. The study of the earth comprises of the whole earth, its origin, structure, composition and history (including the development of life) and the nature of the processes.

The word was first used in 1778 in the work of Jean Andrea de Luc (a Swiss-born scientist who lived at Windsor for much of his life as adviser to Queen Charlotte) and at much the same time in the work of Swiss Chemist, S.B. Saucer.

Geology is a fascinating subject.

Geology feels the pulse of the earth.

Geologists contribute their part to the nation through the discovery of new deposits of rocks and minerals of economic value.

A student should know what lies beneath the crust and how long back the earth came into existence.

For studying the earth in detail, the subject of Geology has been divided into various branches as follows:

(i) Physical Geology:

As a branch of geology, it deals with the “various processes of physical agents such as wind, water, glaciers and sea waves”, run on these agents go on modifying the surface of the earth continuously. Physical geology includes the study of Erosion, Transportation and Deposition (ETD).

The earth is a planet belonging to the solar system of the Milky Way Galaxy, with a natural satellite, the moon. It is the third planet from the Sun. The planet on which we live is called the earth. There is a lot of disagreement between the scientists regarding the shape of the earth. In recent times a new phrase being used is that the earth is like a GEOID (Greek, GEO = earth, OID = like) i.e., our planet is like the earth.

They believe that the interior of the earth is shrinking day by day. This shrinkage may be either due to loss of heat or reorganization of molecules under enormous pressure and high temperature. It is thus obvious that the outer portion must shorten its circumference to adjust the shrunken interior.

 History is the study of past events leading up to the present day. It is a research, a narrative, or an account of past events and developments that are commonly related to a person, an institution, or a place.

Focusing on the people involved in a time, place, and series of events makes history. Biographies and historical fiction may popularize these entities/figures with descriptions of people who lived in the past or events that happened in the past. Such Historical figures and events include King Leopold II of Belgium and The Scramble of Africa in the late 19th century. Among other things, King Leopold II of Belgium (1835-1909), is known for the exploitation of Congo and the mass murder of its citizens as told in King Leopold?s Ghost by Adam Hochschild. King Leopold II of Belgium, created and ironically erased history by ultimately slashing the area’s population by ten million during his reign in the Congo, and still managed to shrewdly foster a reputation as a great humanitarian.

Knowing our family history is essential to understanding ourselves and basic humanity and diversity. Family history helps to keep memories alive and allow each generation to have an idea of who they are and where they come from. It helps to provide meaningful connections to our ancestors. Old photos, letters, and journals give us a glimpse into what our ancestors were really like. Family histories are passed down to generations in the form of stories.

Any sufficiently advanced technology is indistinguishable from magic.” A. C. Clarke (Clarke). Throughout history, people have relied on technology to aid them. Technology has played an important role throughout time as a tool that has allowed people to achieve accomplishments never before possible. Technology has been crucial to survival as it has been used in warfare

 Management, unlike other subjects such as economics, philosophy, political science is of a recent origin and hence, a relatively new subject. Being an evolving concept (George 1972), it is still in its developing stage. So far as the meaning of management is concerned, like other socio-economic terms, it has also been defined differently by different authorities.

Having gone through the above definitions of management, now it can be simply defined as management is getting things done along with others/ subordinates. In other words, it is a process of various functions like planning, organizing, leading, and controlling the business operations in such a manner as to achieve the objectives set by the business firm. It consists of all activities beginning from business planning to its actual survival.

Characteristics of Management:

The salient characteristics of management that flow from above definitions are:

1. Management is a purposeful activity.

2. It is getting things done through and with others in a desired manner.

3. It concerns with the efforts of people working in the enterprise.

4. It relates to decision-making.

5. It is a process consisting of various functions such as planning, organizing, leading, and controlling.

6. Management is both the science and art. It is science because it has developed certain principles and laws. At the same time, it is an art also because it is concerned with the application of knowledge or principles for the solutions of the organizational problems.

 Law is one of the most important elements that transform humans from mere beasts into intelligent and special beings. Law tells us what is right and wrong and how we, humans, should act to achieve a peaceful society while enjoying individual freedoms. The key to a successful nation is a firm, strong, and fair code of high laws that provides equal and just freedom to all citizens of the country. A strong government is as important as a firm code of law as a government is a backbone of a country and of the laws. A government is a system that executes and determines its laws.

However, is every law evil because it restricts us from being able to do whatever we want? Interestingly, not all laws limit our rights and what are naturally ours. Rather, many laws take active roles in protecting our rights and properties from unwanted external threats, so we can harmoniously and happily function and interact with other human beings. True freedom is not a freedom from external influences dictating what we need to do. Influential British philosophers John Locke and Thomas Hobbes indicate that true freedom means being able to continue our daily and peaceful routines and to keep our rightful properties securely. Without a code of laws effectively halting evil oppressors from harming our qualities of lives, the offenders can do whatever they please, putting innocent people further into the chaotic states.

However, it is based on the natural human values which we all, Americans, Kabulistanis, British, Russian…etc, share. As Locke and Hobbes famously shared, every single human being is selfish to a certain degree. The reason we have been forming societies around the world and living right next to each other is not that we have lost our senses of selfishness. Rather, we have grown to learn that we cannot achieve a harmony and a peace individually, so we have agreed to put down our natural selfishness and to cooperate with each other to achieve those two necessities. If we are able to live and defend ourselves perfectly from any unwanted external influences individually, no man would be living within a fenced and limited society. Selfishness is a virtue we cannot fix. Therefore we need to construct a system of government that will limit harms resulted from our innate feature. A government plays a crucial role of carrying out necessary duties and judging who is right and who is wrong as most objectively as possible

 Since I can remember I have always been interested in automobiles. When I was young however I wasn’t to sure how I wanted to use that interested and make a career out of it. I juggled around a few ideas: bus driver, gas station employee, taxi driver, etc. It wasn’t until I got older however that I realized how low down those jobs were. So I looked around to find a higher-class job that paid more money. My older brother mentioned to me about Mechanical Engineering and designing cars. Of course that would be the perfect career for me, decent pay, easy job, and for me it would be an enjoyable job.

Besides designing cars a Mechanical Engineer can do many different jobs. Their takes may include researching, developing, designing, manufacturing, and testing mechanical devices, such as engines, machines, and other mechanical devices. Many times Engineers of this field will use computer programs like CAM and CAD to help them design many of their projects. There are several Engineers working in agriculture, transportation, manufacturing, and government positions.

For a person to get into this field it is usually required to go to college for four years or more depending on the exact position you would like. People going into this career path need to have skills in math, science, and be able to work well with you your mind. People in this field need to be able to solve complex problems as well being able to apply math equations.

The job outlook from now “til 2010 is to grow as machinery becomes more complex and harder to understand. In 2000 Mechanical Engineering held about 221,000 jobs. Most of the positions held were in the manufacturing industry.

As far as salary goes it depends on experience and education. It is usually necessary for you to have 5 years experience making it hard to get into this career field. Bachelor’s degree 48,426, master’s degree 55,994, and Ph.D. 72,096. The average salary however was honoured.

 Medical Science:-

Health is one of the biggest points of the human race. It keeps us healthy, working and most importantly, alive. Without proper research in health science our lives would be much more disease riddled and just overall much worse. This is where the role of the medical scientist comes in. They find new ways the treat or even prevent health issues. Without medical scientists in the picture our growth as a race would virtually stop.

The field of medical science is a vital and ever changing one. Since diseases are always changing medical scientists must keep their eyes peeled for any virus or bacteria that could threaten people. For that reason they are usually conducting research aimed to improve people’s lives. When they are not doing research they are using medical trials or experiments to test their findings (BLS). When a medical scientist proves their drug can help human health the FDA has to clear it to be put on the market for the public. Without new prescriptions always being produced the diseases they prevent could be able to harm people. This is why medical scientists are so essential to everyone’s life.

The career that we call medical science is nothing like what it was a century ago. Even in the early 1900’s people still believed a combination of herbs and spices would cure anything. People paid lots of money for a special blend to cure any of their ailments. The people that made these concoctions went by different names around the world but the practice was relatively the same. The natives in North America were called medicine men and often wore elegant clothing and headdresses as a symbol of high authority and importance to the village. Medicine men also usually held a governing position due to their respected intellect .

 Whenever people think about deep, fundamental questions concerning the nature of the universe and ourselves, the limits of human knowledge, their values and the meaning of life, they are thinking about philosophy. Philosophical thinking is found in all parts of the world, present, and past.

In the academic world, philosophy distinguishes a certain area of study from all other areas, such as the sciences and other humanities. Philosophers typically consider questions that are, in some sense, broader and/or more fundamental than other inquirers’ questions: e.g., physicists ask what caused some event; philosophers ask whether causation even exists; historians study figures who fought for justice; philosophers ask what justice is or whether their causes were in fact just; economists study the allocation of capital; philosophers debate the ethical merits of capitalism.

When a topic becomes amenable to rigorous, empirical study, it tends to be “outsourced” to its own field, and not described in the present day as “philosophy” anymore: e.g., the natural sciences were once called “natural philosophy,” but we don’t now just think about whether matter is composed of atoms or infinitely divisible: we use scientific experiments. And most of the different doctoral degrees are called “Doctor of Philosophy” even when they’re in sociology or chemistry.

Philosophical questions can’t be straightforwardly investigated through purely empirical means:e.g., try to imagine a lab experiment testing whether societies should privilege equality over freedom—not whether people believe we should, but whether we actually should. What does moral importance look like in a microscope?

The main method of academic philosophy is to construct and evaluate arguments (i.e. reasons intended to justify some conclusion). Such conclusions might be that some theory is true or false or might be about the correct analysis or definition of some concept. These arguments generally have at least some conceptual, intellectual, or a priori, i.e., non-empirical, content. And philosophers often incorporate relevant scientific knowledge as premises in arguments