Psychology has become a very important and popular subject today. It deals with many problems of everyday life. Psychology helps us to understand the behaviour of people around us, to find out why they behave differently and what forces are responsible to make them so different from others.

It tries to explain wide array of factors involved in what we human beings do. The principles explained by psychology give us a rational basis of understanding of what we and others do. Psychology has been defined in many ways. In ancient days people were analysing the behavioural aspects on the basis of philosophy. They believed that there is a soul in every individual and this is responsible for all our activities.

This view led to the opinion that the subject matter of psychology must be the study of soul. But this definition could not answer the questions regarding the existence of soul and its accessibility for study. This condition led to a new definition by Greek philosophers who defined psychology as a ‘science of mind’. But this definition was also rejected on the same grounds as soul was rejected.

Later, Wilhelm Wundt a psychologist who established the first psychological laboratory at the University of Leipzig in Germany defined psychology as the study of consciousness. EB Titchener the disciple of Wundt, proposed the method of Introspection to study consciousness. But because of its subjectivity and unscientific method of study, this definition was also rejected.

Gradually, as a result of the development of scientific outlook people started thinking on scientific basis and began to define psychology as a science of behaviour. Finally, it is JB Watson (1913) defined psychology as a science of behaviour of human as well as animal beings.

 We must, at this stage, also be clear that Public Administration has to do with people and not with things. There is a school of thought which holds that in the future the tendency will be from the administration of persons towards the administration of things.

That is not a correct view and hardly appeals to logical mind. Things may be arranged but ultimately it is the par­ticipation of the human element that matters. Things, no doubt, are of great importance to the administrator who arranges them but they cannot be administered by him.

Administration has to do with human beings for which it is meant. It is managed by human beings, and it serves human beings. It is essentially a matter of social relationships. It must not also be forgotten that the administrator is neither a philosopher nor a politician but the non-political aspect of the executive.

He should administer law as it is. It is none of his business to criticize the acts and policies of the government. He should accept an exile from party politics and devote his atten­tion to the sincere performance of his duties.

According to modern authorities, the subject Public Administration is being put to two usages it is an activity and it also refers to the discipline of intellectual inquiry and study. For instance, enforcement of law and order is an activity and is part of Public Administration.

Pub­lic Administration is also discipline like Economics, Sociology, and Political Science etc. and as such is a subject of study. It studies these activities and functions, frames concepts, formulates theories and shapes models. Nigros’ summarizing of the meaning of Public administration seems more impressive.

 Statistics:-

Moreover, when persons have to present the solution to this or that question or decide how to act in the definite situation they also use the statistical data on the issue as one of the main arguments which can influence the further development of the case. That is why statistics can be defined as the science which deals with the data’s collection and its interpretation according to the certain task, and the results of the research can be effectively used in many spheres. From this point, the relative value of statistics for the everyday life is in the fact that people have the opportunity to plan their actions according to the statistical data with references to those results which can satisfy or not their expectations.

People are usually interested in the average temperature and the weather forecasts, in the amount of people who prefer this or that product which they usually purchase. These persons listen to the economical news in which the data of statistics on the state’s development are presented and pay attention to the risks of the transport incidents before going out the house. The statistical data influence all the aspects of the people’s life during the whole day.

When an individual wants to learn about the latest news he concentrates on the information which is interesting for him personally, and these facts are often given in the form of numbers. The average results in different fields and areas from the average level of incomes in the country and the average level of attendance the local library till the average data on the consumers’ preference of brands and services can provide the basics for the people’s choices and usual decisions which are made as a part of the daily rituals and routines.

One more effective advantage of statistics is the possibility to offer the prognoses of the development of definite situations and processes. People are inclined to use the statistical prognoses when they plan such significant changes in their life as the search of the new job, new investments in companies, travelling, and long-term projects. Statistics as the science is based on the strict mathematical calculations and formulas (Bluman, 2009). That is why its methods can be discussed as the effective ways of interpreting the collected quantitative information on any aspect of the life.

It is possible to analyze the tendencies of the world’s development with references to the statistical approach and use this approach as the means to organize the everyday life according to these trends. Furthermore, many people focus on the results of the statistical researches not only at the elementary level in their daily life but also as the part of their work. Thus, accounting, economics, logistics, and many other spheres of the knowledge use statistics (Black, 2009). Moreover, working with their computers, people often refer to the statistical analysis of the data in order to receive the average result or form the picture of the process’s development (Mann, 2010).

 Zoology:-

Zoology is the branch of life sciences that deals with the animal organisms as contrasted to botany, the science that is concerned with the plant organisms. Zoology and botany make up the science of biology or the study of living things.

All the sciences are inter-related. Although biology uses physics, chemistry and other physical sciences in explaining its phenomena, biological principles are not merely an application of physicochemical laws. The laws of many life processes have no counterparts in physics or chemistry.

Many biological concepts can be expressed mathematically but others cannot. Biological sciences at present are often restricted to mere descriptive statements of general phenomena without quantitative connotation.

Biological systems are represented by many levels of organisation, not all of which have been resolved into concise concepts and testable theories. Many branches of study serve to connect biology to other sciences, such as paleontology, biophysics and biochemistry. There has been a marked trend for some time towards a synthesis of the biological sciences with other sciences.

Our ever-increasing knowledge in zoology has enabled us to apply this science in human benefit, ranging from prevention of diseases to production of various items for our use, introduction and stabilisation of new hybrids and in many other fields.

1. Medicine:

A knowledge of animals producing various diseases, viz. malaria, filaria, dengue, liver rot, etc., is essential for proper treatment. Further knowledge on anatomy and physiology of experiment animals like rabbit, monkey and others enables us not only to test the drugs but in the manufacture of hormones, enzymes, vaccines, etc.

2. Fibre:

The beautiful silk is really the secretion from the silk glands of the silkworm Bombyx mori. The larva builds a hard protective cocoon around it, within which it pupates. The silk thread is obtained from this cocoon.

 The operation of insurance companies is largely based on the degree of risk they undertake and the returns that they generate from it. Which is why, they require employing advanced analytical and statistical skills to gauge risks and returns associated with each proposal they receive. Here is where an insurance actuary comes into the picture.

An actuary is a professional who specialises in the field of analysing financial risks by implementing statistical, financial and mathematical theories. In insurance, actuaries aid in assessing risks which help companies in the estimation of premiums for their policies.

It is ideal for insurance companies to create policies that bear minimal risk and can generate stable returns. Estimating risk and return from each proposal also in turn aids in assuring policyholders that their claims will be settled.

With regards to insurance, actuarial practices involve analysing factors related to a customer’s life expectancy, construction of mortality tables that help one to have a measurement of predictability and offering insight to brokers.

Actuarial science mostly finds its application in the life insurance mortality analysis. However, they can also be applied in case of other general insurance fields like property and liability insurance.

Sometimes recommendations for the determination of premium for insurance policies made by actuaries can also have a positive impact on the behaviour of policyholders. For instance, premium payable by non-smokers for life insurance policies is often significantly lesser than that for smokers. This might push individuals to quit smoking to avail their life insurance policies at a lower premium.

As per the Appointed Actuary regulations put forth by the Insurance Regulatory and Development Authority of India, any insurer or insurance company should mandatorily appoint an actuary to manage financial risks and uncertainty of the insurance business.

To be appointed as an actuary with any insurance company, an individual has to fulfil the following criteria, as put forth under regulations:

He/she should be a resident of India.

Should be a fellow member as per the Actuaries Act, 2006.

In the case of life insurance:

He/she should have passed a specialisation subject related to life insurance. Currently, specialisation refers to a Specialist Application subject as put forth by the Institute of Actuaries in India.

A prospective candidate should have at least 3 years of post-fellowship experience pertaining to the annual statutory value of life insurers.

A minimum of 10 years’ experience in the life insurance industry, out of which, at least 5 years should be that of the post-fellowship experience.

 Importance of Earth Geography:-

Earth is splendid terrestrial haven. It is imperative to know physical geography through its display of environmental diversity. In scientific studies, it is established that Geography is a word that originated from two Greek roots. Geo-denotes to “Earth,” and graphy stands for “picture or writing.” Geography is the study of earth as the home of present day human being (Sagmit, 1998).The main objective of geography is the assessment, and explanation of Earth, its variability from place to place, the way places and features transform over time, and the processes responsible for these variations and changes. Geography is termed as the spatial science because it incorporates recognizing, analysing, and explaining the variations, similarities, or differences in phenomena situated on the surface of Earth. Geography is unique among the sciences by virtue of its characterization and central purpose. It describes the values and attitudes towards environment and sharpen intellectual and practice skill.

Earth’s structure is divided into three zones that include crust, Mantle and core. Crust is the solid outer layer of the Earth, and its depth is usually never more than 1 per cent of the Earth’s radius, or averaging 40–50 km, but this varies significantly around the sphere. These are two different types: oceanic and continental. Mantle is the region within the Earth’s interior that range from 25 to 70 km below the surface, to a depth of ~2,900 km. It is composed mainly of silicate rocks, rich in iron and magnesium. At the base of the mantle, temperatures may reach up to 5,000°C. These high temperatures may help to generate convection currents which drive plate tectonics. Core is the very centre of the Earth and is composed of iron and nickel. It consists of an outer core (semi-molten) and inner core (solid). The temperature at the very centre of the Earth (~6,300 km below surface) may reach 5,500°C.

Geographic knowledge and studies often start with locational information. The location of a feature usually uses one of two methods: such as absolute location, which is articulated by a coordinate system (or address), or relative location, which recognizes where a feature exists in relation to something else, usually a fairly well-known location.

Physical geographers are more concerned in exploring the environmental features and processes that merge to make a place unique, and they are also involved in the shared characteristics between places. Another feature of the characteristics of places is analysing the environmental benefits and challenges that exist in a place. When there is a need to know how features are arranged in space, geographers are generally engrossed in two spatial factors. Spatial distribution means the extent of the area or areas where a feature exists. Spatial pattern denotes to the arrangement of features in space that are regular or random, clustered together or broadly spaced.

 Globalization has virtually diminished the distances and connected the whole world. Read here to know the effect of globalization on Indian society.

Globalization is a term used to describe how trade and technology have made the world a more connected and interdependent place. Globalization also captures in its scope the economic and social changes that have come about as a result.

In today’s world, consumers have a wide choice of goods and services before them. The latest models of digital cameras, mobile phones, and televisions made by the leading manufacturers of the world are within the reach. Every season, new models of automobiles can be seen on Indian roads. Gone are the days when Ambassador and Fiat were the only cars on Indian roads.

Today, Indians are buying cars produced by nearly all the top companies in the world. A similar explosion of brands can be seen for many other goods: from shirts to televisions to processed fruit juices. Such a wide-ranging choice of goods in our markets is a relatively recent phenomenon.

One wouldn’t have found such a wide variety of goods in Indian markets two decades back. In a matter of years, our markets have been transformed! How do we understand these rapid transformations? What are the factors that brought about these changes? And, how did these changes affect the lives of the people? The answer to all these questions starts with ‘globalization’.

 Economics is the study and understanding of the economy such as the governmental system, money marketing, trades such as production and financial market. The traditional economic system is based on customs, beliefs, and ways that people have been doing things for century’s. when the government has control over the aspect over the production and makes all the decisions and ways to control the economy. With the market of the economic system an individual owns the production and they will make economic decisions through free communications and this will keep the government from interfering in their production.

There is no laboratory in economic the theory is based on past history experiences. There are many assumptions in economics it just has to be made easier to understand in this complex world we live in and there are many assumptions that are used when answering questions in studying the effects of short-run or long-run. Diagrams and equations show many details and allows us to see thing that are important.

Economic Inequality undermines the productivity and morale of working people, and limit the number of people who could participate in the market and thus a country deprives itself of the contributions the lower section of its society could make to its economic development.

 Sociology :-

Sociology as a science and particularly as a separate field of study is of recent origin. It is the youngest of the social sciences. August Comte, the father of sociology, first of conceived the word ‘sociology’ in, 1839. He had intended to name the new science social physics, but he rejected this term after a Belgian scholar, Adolphe Quetelet, began to make statistical studies of society and to call his area of Endeavour social physics.

The word sociology is a barbaric combination of Latin word ‘socius’ and Greek word Logus, Logus connotes study on a high level and socius points to society. Thus, etymologically, sociology means the study of society on a highly generalised or abstract level. In other words, the etymological meaning of sociology is the ‘science of society’.

In a primary way, society may be defined as men or human beings in interdependence. Men in interdependence therefore may be taken as the subject matter of sociology. Other sciences study men as individuals or as collections of individuals but do not study their interdependence.

Sociology is the science of society as a whole. No other social science endeavours to study society in totality. Social sciences like history, economics, political science, anthropology, psychology etc. deal with particular aspect of society. Political science deals with political institutions and political activities.

History deals with unique events relating to past. Economic is concerned with activities relating to production and consumption. These social sciences do not give a complete picture of the society. Sociology on the other hand, studies society in its entirety.

It essentially and fundamentally deals with that network of social relationships we call society. Science has been defined as a body of knowledge. Sociology is also a body of knowledge about society. Sociology as science of society refers to a body of knowledge about society which has been empirically tested. Society may be defined as the complicated network and ever-changing pattern of social relationships. Sociology is the science of society, thus defined.

Sociology has been defined in number of ways by different scholars. There are as many definitions of sociology as there are sociologists. To understand more fully what sociology is about some of its definitions may be cited as follows:

In 1839, Comte defined sociology as the science of human association or the study of gregarious life. In 1851, he attempted to give more flesh and blood to the said definition in his work System of Positive Politics. He conceived of sociology as an abstract theoretical science of social phenomena. According to him it is the business of sociology to discover and abstract social laws and thereby to explain the social phenomena

 Mathematics is one of the common subjects that we study since our childhood. It is generally used in our daily life. Every person needs to learn some basics of it. Even counting money also includes math. Every work is linked with math in some way or the other. A person who does math is called a Mathematician.

Mathematics can be divided into two parts. The first is Pure mathematics, and the second is Applied mathematics. In Pure mathematics, we need to study the basic concept and structures of mathematics. But, on the other side, Applied mathematics involves the application of mathematics to solve problems that arise in various areas,(e.g.), science, engineering, and so on.

One couldn’t imagine the world without math. Math makes our life systematic, and every invention involves math. No matter what action a person is doing, he should know some basic maths. Every profession involves maths. Our present-day world runs on computers, and even computer runs with the help of maths. Every development that happens requires math.

Mathematics has a wide range of applications in our daily life. Maths generally deals with numbers. There are various topics in math, such as trigonometry; integration; differentiation, etc. All the subjects such as physics; chemistry; economy; commerce involve maths in some way or the other. Math is also used to find the relation between two numbers, and math is considered to be one of the most challenging subjects to learn. Math includes various numbers, and many symbols are used to show the relation between two different numbers.

Math is complicated to learn, and one needs to focus and concentrate more. Math is logical sometimes, and the logic needs to be derived out. Maths make our life easier and more straightforward. Math is considered to be challenging because it consists of many formulas that have to be learned, and many symbols and each symbol generally has its significance.

 chemistry :-

Chemistry is an important branch of science. Chemistry deals with the matter that form our environment and the transformation that the matter undergoes. Chemistry is connected with composition, structure and properties of the matter. In fact it is a science of atoms and molecules. Organic chemistry, inorganic chemistry, physical chemistry, analytical chemistry, industrial chemistry and biochemistry are various branches of chemistry. Chemistry deals with compounds of atoms and their properties. Chemistry is concerned with studying the new compounds. When taking chemistry you have to learn the elements because they are a big part in chemistry.

Chemistry is considered to have become an established science with the work of Antoine Lavoisier, who developed a law of conservation of mass that demanded careful measurement and quantitative observations of chemical phenomena. Chemistry is important because it helps exploring things which are unknown to mankind. Chemistry is important because it explains the future behavior of plants and animals and all of us use chemicals directly or indirectly in our daily lives. Chemistry is also important to the environment. When aware of the harmful effects of the gases like carbon dioxide and methane as a result of the greenhouse effect, you can easily carve out the solutions for the reduction of its effects on the environment. Chemistry is understood as a complicated and a boring science subject, but chemistry is solely responsible in explaining the world you live in, apart from explaining cooking, cleaning, medicine and environment issues; chemistry is in essence the study of everything.

 We are living in the century of science and technology and introduction of science in our daily has transformed our lives. When people had no idea about science, even then their lives were governed by principles of different branches of science. When we light a fire, it is a chemical process; when we eat and digest food, it is biological process; when we walk on Erath, it is governed by laws of physics; when an Earthquake occurs, it’s a seismic activity; when we talk about different terrains and gems of Earth surface, it is related to Geology. There is no single activity of our lives, which define our one or other field of science. Similarly, physics governs our everyday lives and is involved in a number of activities we perform and things we use in our daily life.

Physics is considered natural science because it deals with the things like matter, force, energy and motion. As these all are related to task related to everyday life, so, we can say that physics studies how the universe works, how Earth Moves around the sun, how lightening strikes, how our refrigerator works and many more. In short, physics define how everything works around us. When cannot separate anything from science and, our world cannot disconnect itself from the wonders of Physics. When we look around us, we can see a number of things that work on the principles of Physics. We can explain our several activities by making use of the knowledge of Physics.

A number of principles of physics are involved in simple act of walking. It involves concepts of weight, Newton’s three laws of inertia, friction, gravitational law and potential and kinetic energy. When we walk, we actually act like an inverted pendulum. When we put the foot on ground, it becomes our axis and our mass is centered in our abdomen, describing the shape of an arc. When we set foot on ground, we actually put weight i.e w=mg and apply backward force on ground, as the response to our weight, ground responds by an opposing force which is vertical in nature, on leg which slows us down and this slowing process continues unless our leg comes nearest to our tummy. When leg is moving, kinetic energy is at maximum and potential energy is zero, but, when leg reaches nearest to belly or arc, potential energy reaches to its maximum. When another step is taken, the stored potential energy is converted to kinetic energy and this process continues. We act as an imperfect pendulum, because all potential energy is not converted into kinetic energy. Only 65 percent of energy is provided by stored potential energy to take next step, remaining 35 percent is provided by bio chemical processes.