Day: April 12, 2024

Theory of Social Evolution :- Herbert Spencer

 

Evolution was in the air and developmental thinking can be found in
a variety of different fields.

The word evolution was borrowed from Latin ēvolūtiō, ēvolūtiōnis, which means , “the act of unrolling, unfolding or opening .



Evolution is a process full of complexity .
Evolution is a principle of internal growth . It shows not merely what happens to a thing but also what happens within it .

Their term evolution is borrowed from the biological science of sociology ,Frome the term ” organic evolution ” .
Whereas organic evolution is used to denote the evolution of organisms ,social evolution is used to denote the evolution of human society .



Herbert Spencer (27 April 1820 – 8 December 1903) was an English philosopher, biologist, anthropologist, and sociologist famous for his hypothesis of social Darwinism.




Spencer in his essay “The Social Organism”,
stated that the social organism itself is subject to evolutionary developments as a separate entity and much of the idea that societies, like individual organisms, “spontaneously evolved” .


On passing from Humanity under its individual form, to Humanity as socially
embodied, social evolution can be exemplified .

Spencer said , “Evolution is an integration of matter and concomitant dissipation of motion, during which the matter passes from an indefinite, incoherent homogeneity to a definite, coherent heterogeneity and during which the retained motion undergoes a parallel transformation.”


One of the most important contribution of Herbert Spencer to Sociology is the theory of evolution

His principles included physical and biological evolution in order to elaborate and explain his theory of Social evolution.
He sketches a comprehensive account of evolution of the inorganic, organic, and
human and social realms.

He stated ,
“In respect to that progress which individual organisms display
in the course of their evolution,”


He explained this course of evolution through , the development of a seed into a tree, or an ovum into an animal, constitute an
advance from homogeneity of structure to heterogeneity of structure .

He continue with, the change
from the homogeneous to the heterogeneous is displayed in the progress of civilization as a whole, as well as in the progress of every nation; and is still going
on with increasing rapidity.



Spencer adopted his principle of evolution from naturalist Charles Darwin, who developed the concept of evolution in his “Origin of Species” in 1859.

Herbert Spencer, used Darwin’s theory and applied it to how societies change and evolve .According to Spencer societies were bound to change automatically .

Spencer in his theory applied a comparison of societies with organisms that progress through changes similar to that of a living species.



He included three types of systems where societies can be compared to organisms .



The first system is the regulative system.
In animals, that would be the central nervous system and in societies, it would be a government that regulates everything.


The second system is the sustaining system.
For animals, that’s the giving and receiving of nourishment. For societies, that would be industry – jobs, money, economy and those sorts of things.

The third system would be the distribution system.
In animals, that would be the veins and arteries. In societies, it would be roads, transportation, internet – anything in which information and goods and services are exchanged.



“Survival of the fittest” expounded by Darwin was highly believed by him . According to Spencer only strong creatures survive and evolve; only strong makes progress. And that animal has to struggle to preserve its existence.


All universal phenomena-inorganic, organic, super organic—are subject to the natural law of evolution.

A definite pattern of change is followed by all the phenomena of nature—the stars and planetary systems, the earth and all terrestrial phenomena, biological organisms and the development of species, all the psychological and sociological processes of human experience.

Herbert Spencer includes physical evolution in the form of indefinite incoherent situations to definite and coherent situations.
The underlying principles of physical evolution are a movement from simple to complex and homogeneity to heterogeneity.

According to him , following the Darwin theory of ” Survival of fittest ” the biological evolution only those creatures survive in the struggle for existence who are able to make effective adjustment with changing circumstances.

Herbert Spencer utilized these two principles, physical and biological evolution in order to explain social evolution.

Spencer’s theory of social evolution points out to two stages:

1. The movement from simple to compound societies.

This movement from simple to compound societies can be seen in four types of societies in terms of evolutionary levels

• Simple Society:
• Compound societies
• Double Compound societies
• Trebly Compound societies

2. Change from militant society to industrial society.


According to Spencer, the law of evolution is the supreme law of every becoming.
From the analysis of biological evolution Spencer established the theory of evolution.
He argued that the evolution of human societies, far from being different from other evolutionary phenomena. It is a special case of a universally applicable natural law.




According to some social thinkers Herbert Spencer’s has several criticism ,
They said that theory lacks practicability and is realistic.
It also lacks uniformity.
Qualities like sympathy, sacrifice, kindness, love etc. are of much Importance in human survival . These are quite different from the struggle for existence.

Despite of several criticism Spencer Theory of Evolution is the fundamental base for understanding evolution of man and society .

What is The Best Way to Accept Crypto Payments?

 Cryptocurrencies, such as Bitcoin, are changing the way we think about money. These digital currencies use advanced technology and offer a new, decentralized way of handling transactions. This means that payments can be made directly between people, without the need for banks or other middlemen.

As cryptocurrencies become more popular, many businesses are looking to accept them as a form of payment. This can bring several benefits, including lower transaction fees and access to a wider range of customers globally. For businesses looking to stay ahead, it’s important to understand the best methods for accepting crypto payments.

This article will focus on the most effective ways for businesses to integrate cryptocurrency payments. We will explore the tools and strategies needed to make this process smooth and secure, ensuring that businesses can benefit from the unique advantages that crypto payments offer.

What Are Crypto Payments?

Crypto payments refer to transactions made using cryptocurrencies, which are digital or virtual forms of currency. Unlike traditional currencies, cryptocurrencies operate on a blockchain, a decentralized ledger that records all transactions across a network of computers. This technology ensures the security, transparency, and immutability of transactions. Popular cryptocurrencies like Bitcoin, Ethereum, and Litecoin are often used for these types of payments.

Crypto payments offer a modern, efficient alternative to conventional banking and financial systems. They are particularly appealing for their lower transaction fees, faster processing times, and reduced need for intermediaries compared to traditional models, where factors like forex white label cost come into play. This makes them an attractive option for both online and offline businesses, allowing them to tap into a global customer base that prefers using digital currencies for their transactions.

How do Crypto Payments work?

Crypto payments work by transferring cryptocurrency from one digital wallet to another through blockchain technology. When a customer decides to make a payment using cryptocurrency, they send the digital currency to the recipient’s wallet address. This transaction is then verified and recorded on the blockchain, a public ledger that is maintained by a network of computers (nodes). Each transaction is encrypted and added as a new block to the blockchain, ensuring its security and permanence.

The process is decentralized, meaning it does not rely on any central authority like a bank to verify or process the transaction. Instead, the verification comes from the consensus of multiple nodes in the network. Once the transaction is confirmed, it cannot be reversed or altered, which adds a layer of fraud protection.

Benefits of Accepting Crypto Payments for Businesses

Global Market Reach 

By accepting cryptocurrencies, businesses can tap into a global market without the limitations of traditional currency exchange rates and international banking fees. Cryptocurrencies are borderless, enabling transactions with customers from any part of the world where they are used. This opens up new opportunities for businesses to expand their customer base and enter markets that were previously inaccessible due to financial barriers or currency restrictions.

Enhanced Payment Security

Crypto payments offer enhanced security features compared to traditional payment methods. Transactions on the blockchain are encrypted and immutable, meaning once they are recorded, they cannot be altered or tampered with.This significantly reduces the risk of fraud and chargebacks, offering peace of mind to both businesses and their customers. Additionally, since cryptocurrencies operate on decentralized networks, they are less susceptible to systemic failures compared to centralized financial systems.

Cost-Effective Transactions

Cryptocurrencies typically have lower transaction fees compared to conventional payment methods like credit cards and bank transfers. This cost-effectiveness is mainly due to the absence of intermediaries in the blockchain network. For businesses, this means more savings on transaction fees, especially for international transactions, which traditionally incur higher costs.

Quick and Efficient Crypto Settlements

Transactions with cryptocurrencies are known for their speed and efficiency. Unlike traditional banking transactions, which can take days to process, especially for international transfers, crypto transactions are settled almost instantly. This quick settlement time improves cash flow for businesses, allowing them to access their funds faster and use them for further investments or operational needs. This efficiency is particularly beneficial for businesses with high transaction volumes or those requiring quick turnaround times.

The Best Way to Accept Crypto Payments 

Choosing a Crypto Gateway

A crypto payment gateway is a service that enables merchants to accept transactions in cryptocurrencies. It’s important to choose a gateway that supports multiple cryptocurrencies, provides robust security features, and is user-friendly. Additionally, the gateway should offer seamless integration with your existing payment systems and ensure compliance with relevant regulations.

Creating a Digital Wallet

To receive cryptocurrency payments, a business must have a digital wallet. A digital wallet is like an online bank account for cryptocurrencies, allowing you to store, send, and receive digital currencies. It’s important to choose a wallet that is secure, easy to use, and compatible with the cryptocurrencies you plan to accept. Consider wallets that provide additional features like backup options and multi-factor authentication for enhanced security.

Adding Payment Plugins

For online businesses, integrating crypto payments into your website can be achieved through payment plugins. These plugins can be easily installed on various e-commerce platforms and enable customers to choose cryptocurrencies as a payment option at checkout. Ensure that the plugin you choose is compatible with your e-commerce platform and crypto gateway for a seamless transaction experience.

Using QR Codes

QR codes offer a convenient way for customers to make crypto payments, especially in physical stores or for in-person services. When a customer scans the QR code with their smartphone, it automatically populates the payment amount and the merchant’s wallet address. This method simplifies the payment process, reducing the chance of errors while enhancing transaction speed.

Implementing Multi-Signature Security

For added security, businesses should consider implementing multi-signature (multi-sig) wallets. A multi-sig wallet requires multiple keys to authorize a transaction, which can prevent unauthorized access and enhance the security of the funds. This is particularly important for businesses that handle large volumes of transactions or store significant amounts of cryptocurrencies. Implementing multi-sig security can provide peace of mind for both the business and its customers, knowing that transactions are protected against potential threats.

In conclusion, the best way to accept crypto payments is to carefully choose a payment system that supports different types of digital currencies and works well with your business setup. It’s important to have a secure online wallet for your business and to use tools that make it easy for customers to pay you online. Additionally, having extra security, like needing more than one approval for big transactions, keeps your business safe. This approach helps businesses stay up-to-date with digital payments, attract more customers, and make transactions faster and cheaper. Adopting these steps can really help your business grow in today’s digital world.

Two Unique Satras of Majuli (largest river Island in the world), Assam: My Observations

 This article is about two Satras (Religious places) from Majuli, a district in Assam, the most beautiful and largest river Island in the world. In this article, I intend to present cases of two Satras out of many Satras in Majuli. Satras are indigenous social institutional centres mainly associated with the Ekasarana tradition of Vaishnavism. Mahapurush Srimanta Sankardev initiated establishing Satra institutions to fulfil the religious and socio-cultural needs of the people. The word ‘Satra’ originates in the Bhagavata Purana in the Sanskrit term ‘Sattra’, meaning ‘an assembly of devotees’.

The Satra consists of a large prayer hall facing a simple shrine, surrounded by dormitories and bathing tanks for monks known as ‘Bhakats’. In many Satras, Bhakats cannot marry (strictly bachelors), known as ‘Udakhain Vaishnav’. They themselves stay on the premises of Satras and eat by self-cooking. Sometimes, one person cooks for some other ‘Udakhain Vaishnavs’. In this article, cases of two Satras are presented. Both are unique in their own ways. It is pertinent to mention that the author visited the Satras on December 13, 2023, and held discussions with the monks/Bhakats of the Satras. It is noteworthy to mention that the head of the Satra is known as Satradhikari.
Dakhsinpath Satra: This is one of the oldest Satras of Assam, established in 1654 by Satradikhar Sri Sri Banamali Dev Goswmi under the patronization of Ahom King Jayadhwaj Singha. This Satra is worth witnessing during the festival of ‘Raslila’ (associated with Bhagawan Sri Krishna). In this Satra in addition to the Puja room and Namghar (where devotees sit and chant devotional songs), there is a museum; when the author visited on December 13, 2023, came to know that many items of Ahom Kings, such as golden pots, big metallic dishes, silver utensils, beetle nut cutting instruments, etc., would be preserved in a museum under UNESCO tags (already the works have been done). The items are kept in a normal room with a lock and key. During the visit, a ‘Udakhain Vaishnav’ of Satra Sri Naren Kataky (81 years old) was contacted for the information. According to him, 80 ‘Udakhain Vaishnavs’ live on this campus, and rooms are available. More than 11 lakh disciples under the Satra live in different areas of Assam. These disciples lead normal lives by marrying, etc. Sri Kataky informed that there are four tea gardens and some lands under this Satra (a total of 7,000 acres of land). Earnings from all these sources are used for different activities of Satras, including for maintenance of 80 ‘Udakhin Vaishnavs.’ Also, he informed that the minimum age of a ‘Udakhin Vaishnav’ in the Satra was 11 years, and the maximum age was 83 years.

Chamaguri Satra: Chamaguri Satra is one of the attractions of Majuli. The Satra is considered an important centre of art and cultural and classical studies. This Satra is a leading institution where old craftsmanship, such as mask making and training in cane and bamboo items, are taught. The author had interacted with Sri Prasanna Goswami, who was one of the members of the Satra and competent to make masks, informed that in earlier days, by wearing masks, dramas were performed to educate people about the importance of religions and other issues. And still masks (made of clay) are made, which have high demand in the national and international markets. Further, Sri Goswami said anyone under the Satra need not be a bachelor, which means they can marry and lead normal lives. That is, the ‘Udhakhin Vaishnav’ concept is not applicable here.
I have shared my observations so that readers can understand the two Satras. I suggest readers visit Majuli as this is a different place with pollution-free, environmentally friendly, and amicable people. The people know English, Hindi, Assamese and the local tribal language. Further, fresh vegetables and fresh fish are available. Many of us live in the ‘Concrete jungle,’ so Majuli is different. When I visited, I found some ladies from France and Germany were also present in one Satra, and they appreciated Majuli and Satras, which were new to them.
Prof Shankar Chatterjee, Hyderabad

India's Steel Sector records remarkable growth, emerges as the 2nd largest global producer

 The steel sector plays a pivotal role in crucial sectors such as construction, infrastructure, automobile, engineering and defence. Over the years, the steel sector has witnessed tremendous growth and India has emerged as a global force in steel production and the 2nd largest producer of steel in the world.

Production and Consumption

The production performance of the steel sector during the first eight months of the current fiscal year (April – November 2023) has been quite promising. The domestic finished steel production stood at 89.711 million tonnes against 78.498 million tonnes during the corresponding period last year (CPLY) which is 14.3% higher than CPLY. The domestic steel consumption stood at 87.066 million tonnes, which is 14.9% higher than CPLY of 75.765 million tonnes. Domestic crude steel production was 94.114 million tonnes, with a growth of 14.7 % when compared to the production of 82.072 million tonnes in the same period last year.

Import and Export

During April – November 2023, finished steel imports increased from 3.751 million tonnes last year to 4.253 million tonnes in the current year, witnessing a growth of 13.4%.

A. Recent initiatives for growth of steel sector:

(I) Production Linked Incentive (PLI) Scheme: Government has approved inclusion of ‘Specialty Steel’ under the Production Linked Incentive (PLI) Scheme, with a 5-year financial outlay of ₹6322 crore to promote the manufacturing of ‘Specialty Steel’ within the country by attracting capital investment and promote technology up-gradation in the steel sector. On 17.03.2023, Government had signed Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) with 27 companies covering 57 applications for categories under the PLI Scheme.

The performance and outcomes of the Production-Linked Incentive (PLI) Scheme for the steel sector as of Q2, i.e., September 2023 for FY 2023-24 is given below:

Committed investment(₹ Crore)Actual Investment till Q2 2023-24 (₹ Crore)Committed productionfor FY 2023-24 (000 tonne)Actual production till Q2 2023-24(000 tonne)Employment generation till Q2 2023-24(Nos.)Budgeted incentive outlay(₹ Crore)Actual incentive disbursed(₹ Crore)
2953110730935Nil37856332Nil*

*(Incentive to be disbursed from FY 2024-25 onwards)

 (II) Nagarnar Integrated Steel Plant

NMDC’s 3 MTPA capacity Greenfield integrated steel plant has been set up at Nagarnar, located 16 km from Jagdalpur in Chhattisgarh state. The decision to construct the Nagarnar Integrated Steel Plant was taken keeping in view the linkage with iron ore reserves and availability of investible surplus. The plant became functional on August 24, 2023 and has started production of Hot Rolled (HR) coil as final product.

(III)  Green Steel Making

In line with India’s commitments towards net-zero emissions, as enunciated in COP-26, the Ministry of Steel has taken various steps towards decarbonization of the steel sector.

  1. Ministry of Steel constituted 13 Task Forces with the engagement of industry, academia, think tanks, S&T bodies, different Ministries and other stakeholders to discuss, deliberate and recommend upon different levers of decarbonisation of steel sector.
  2. Ministry of New and Renewable Energy (MNRE) has announced a National Green Mission for green hydrogen production and usage. The steel sector has also been made a stakeholder in the mission.
  3. The steel sector has adopted the Best Available Technologies (BAT) available globally, in the modernization & expansions projects.

(IV) Ministry of Steel’s Engagement with PM Gati Shakti National Master Plan

The Ministry of Steel has integrated BISAG-N’s  capabilities into the PM Gati Shakti National Master Plan, uploading geolocations of more than 2000 steel units to gain insights into steel production facilities. This information will aid in planning railway line extension, inland waterways, highways, ports, and gas pipeline connectivity.

The Ministry has also mapped data of iron ore, manganese ore mines and Iron Ore Slurry Pipelines, allowing for better visibility and management of critical raw material sources. The Ministry has identified 22 key infrastructure deficiencies that need to be addressed in collaboration with other ministries for comprehensive and integrated infrastructure development. In addition, the Ministry of Steel has also onboarded Central Public Sector Enterprises (CPSE) members on PM Gati Shakti-National Master Plan.

The Ministry of Steel has been mandated to create Sectoral Plans for Efficient Logistics (SPEL) in line with the National Logistics Policy of 2022. The initial draft Sectoral Plan for Efficient logistics plan (SPEL) was circulated among major steel producers and associations and it was made available in public domain, ensuring a well-informed strategy. The suggestions received from stakeholders are being examined, and the finalized SPEL will be submitted to the Empowered Group of Secretaries through the Department for Promotion of Industry and Internal Trade.

(V) Steel Scrap Recycling Policy

The Steel Scrap Recycling Policy (SSRP) has been notified in 2019 which provides a framework to facilitate and promote establishment of metal scrapping centres in the country for scientific processing and recycling of ferrous scrap generated from various sources including end of life vehicles (ELVs).

Towards this end, MSTC Limited, a CPSE under Ministry of Steel, in Joint Venture (JV) with Mahindra Accelo, has set up MSTC Mahindra Recycling Private Limited (MMRPL). Till date, the JV has established eight (8) Vehicle Scrapping Centres at Greater NOIDA (NCR), Chennai, Pune, Indore, Ahmadabad, Hyderabad, Guwahati and Bengaluru.

MSTC has also been entrusted to auction Government vehicles older than 15 years on the portal developed by the Company.

(VI)   Facilitation of National Infrastructure Pipeline Projects:

Ministry of Steel has been proactively taking up issues related to National Infrastructure Pipeline projects of steel companies with concerned Central/State Government, Ministries/Departments.

(VII) Steel Usage

The Government has formulated the National Steel Policy 2017, which lays down the broad roadmap for encouraging long term growth for the Indian steel industry, both on demand and supply sides, by 2030-31. Government’s push for infrastructure development through Gati-Shakti Master Plan, ‘Make-in-India’ initiative for manufacturing sector and other flagship schemes of the Government would provide impetus to the demand and consumption of steel in the country. Steps taken in this regard includes:

  1. Ministry of Steel has set up a committee of experts from Industry and Technical Institutions (IITs/NITs) for development of steel intensive designs for construction of houses and long span road bridges for fostering steel usage in the Housing and Construction sector.
  2. M/o Steel has also formed a committee of experts from INSDAG, IITs, Ministry of Road Transport and Highways (MoRTH) and industry experts for development of designs for long span (30m, 35m, and 40m) steel based Bridges. The design for 30m has been approved and sent to MoRTH for adoption.
  3. M/o Steel has taken up with BIS for development of Codes for steel intensive construction. BIS has informed that a committee having members from steel industry has been formed and the development of codes is in advanced stages.
  4. To promote availability of specialty steels for domestic consumption, the Government has also notified Production-Linked Incentive (PLI) Scheme for Specialty Steel to promote the manufacturing of specialty steel within the country. 

(VIII) R&D through Government Budget

Ministry of Steel seeks R&D Project proposals in joint collaborative mode from reputed Academic Institutions, Research Laboratories and Steel Companies for pursuing R&D projects for development of new alternate processes & technologies to address the burning issues faced by the Iron & Steel Sector such as climate change (green steel production, H2 based steel production, CCUS etc.), waste utilization, resource efficiency, etc. for providing financial assistance under the R&D Scheme “Promotion of Research & Development in Iron & Steel Sector”.

Industrial participation, both in terms of collaboration and financial contribution, is mandatory for the R&D proposals to be considered for funding under the R&D Scheme.

During the FY 2023, a total of 4 R&D projects have been approved with a total cost of ₹360.48 lakhs with financial assistance of ₹239.63 lakhs from the Government budget. Additionally, there are currently 14 ongoing R&D projects of the Ministry of Steel.

(IX) Steel and Steel products (Quality Control) Order

Ministry of Steel has introduced Steel Quality Control Order, thereby banning sub-standard/ defective steel products both from domestic & imports to ensure the availability of quality steel to the industry, users and public at large. As per the Order, it is ensured that only quality steel conforming to the relevant BIS standards are made available to the end users.

As on date, 145 Indian Standards have been notified under the Quality Control Order covering carbon steel, alloy steel and stainless steel. In addition, goods & articles made up of steel such as stainless steel pipe & tubes, laminations/ cores of transformers, products of tin plate & tin free steel etc. have also been notified to prevent circumvention of the Steel Quality Control Order.

(X) Safety in the Iron & Steel Sector: Formulation of Safety Guidelines for Iron & Steel Sector

After extensive consultations with stakeholders, academia etc, a set of 25 common minimum Safety Guidelines for the Iron & Steel Sector was formulated. These Safety Guidelines are at par with the global standards and are compliant with the requirements of the ILO Code of practice on safety in the Iron & Steel industry. Inputs have also been taken from the World Steel Association’s guidance document on “Safety & Health Principles and Definitions”.

The stakeholders from the Indian steel Industry and its associations have been urged to adopt these guidelines wholeheartedly, to ensure a safe working environment for the workforce. Ministry of Labour & Employment has also been requested to facilitate mandatory adoption of the Safety Guidelines by the Iron & Steel Industry.

B.      Other highlights:

(I) NATIONAL METALLURGIST AWARDS

The National Metallurgist Award 2022 is a prestigious award given by the Ministry of Steel, Government of India, to recognize the outstanding contributions of metallurgists in the iron and steel sector. The award is given in five categories: Lifetime Achievement, National Metallurgist, Young Metallurgist (Environment), Young Metallurgist (Metal Science), and R&D in Iron & Steel Sector. The award ceremony was held on November 22, 2023, and the winners were:

  • Dr Kamachi Mudali Uthandi – Lifetime Achievement Award
  • Dr Debashish Bhattacharjee – National Metallurgist Award
  • Dr Rameshwar Sah – R&D in Iron & Steel Sector
  • Dr Niloy Kundu – Young Metallurgist (Environment) Award
  • Agilan Muthumanickam – Young Metallurgist (Metal Science) Award

(II) CAPEX by CPSEs under Ministry of Steel:

During FY 2022-23, Steel CPSEs had a target of ₹11,590.46 crores (RE) against which the CPSEs achieved a CAPEX of ₹10,525.84 crores. The CAPEX in FY 2022-23 was the highest achieved by Steel CPSEs in the past five years.

The CAPEX target for FY 2023-24 is ₹10,300.85 crores (BE). Against this BE target, Steel CPSEs have achieved a CAPEX of ₹5414.51 crores till November, 2023 (52.6%). The CAPEX progress is being monitored regularly and the CPSEs have been advised to ensure timely completion of projects and to achieve the physical and financial milestones.

(III) Government e-Marketplace (GeM): Procurement of goods and services through GeM by Steel CPSEs has increased over the year with the value of orders during April-November, 2023 being 20.8% higher over CPLY. Total procurement made between April-November 2023 stands at ₹10,126.90 crore.

(IV)  MSME Payments: The status of pending payments to MSMEs by CPSEs of the Steel Ministry is being monitored on a weekly basis to ensure that the same may be credited timely. During the current fiscal year April 2023 to November 2023, 98% of MSMEs payments have been made within 45 days. During the aforesaid period Steel’s CPSEs have made a payment of ₹4977.82 crore to MSMEs which is approx 5% higher than the payment of ₹4747.53 crore made during the corresponding period of last year.

(V) Mission Recruitment: A dedicated online portal viz. “Vacancy Status Portal” has been put in place by DoPT for reporting and monitoring the progress in filling up the vacancies. Steel CPSEs have taken action to fulfill vacancies expeditiously. Under the Mission, 1389 direct recruitments have been made by Steel CPSEs mainly SAIL, NMDC, KIOCL, MOIL and MECON in 2023.

(VI) Swachhata campaign:   Ministry of Steel along with 7 CPSEs viz. SAIL, RINL, NMDC, MOIL, MECON, KIOCL and MSTC under the Ministry, actively participated in the ‘Special campaign for Disposal of Pending matters’ (SCDPM3.0), held from 2nd October 2023 to 31st October 2023. During the campaign, 2,34,915 sq. ft of space have been freed up by the Ministry of Steel and its CPSEs from the disposal of metallic and non-metallic scrap, paper and e-waste etc. 19432 physical files have been weeded out and 12207 e-files have been closed during campaign period. In addition, several pending PG appeals/PG grievances, MPs references etc were settled. Further, 261 Swachhta campaigns were carried out by the Ministry and its CPSEs.

(VII) Chintan Shivir:  Ministry of steel organised 2 Chintan Shivir in this year on 17th February, 2023 and on 15th December, 2023. During the 1st Chintan Shivir held on 17.2.2023, deliberations were held on Raw material issues of Steel sector and Circular economy in steel sector, besides a session on soft skill and team building. The 2nd Chintan Shivir of the year 2023 was held on 15.12.2023 and topics of Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism (CBAM): Impact on Steel sector and Use of Emerging Technology –AI in steel sector were discussed.

(VIII)  Meeting of Consultative Committee for Ministry of Steel:  In Year 2023, four meeting of Consultative Committee for Ministry of Steel held under the chairmanship of Minister of Steel.  In the first meeting of the year 2023 held on 6.3.2023, discussions were held on Secondary Steel Clusters.  Further meetings were held on 28.4.2023 on ‘Logistics: Steel Sector’, 24.7.2023 on Status of Mutation, Digitisation and Encroachment on land parcel of CPSEs, and 23.11.2023 on ‘Branding of Indian steel’.

(IX) Steel Minister’s Advisory Group

Two advisory groups have been constituted namely Advisory Group of the Ministry of Steel for Integrated Steel Plants (ISPs) and Secondary Steel Industry (SSI) under the chairmanship of Union Minister of Civil Aviation and Steel Shri Jyotiraditya M. Scindia. The advisory groups aim at identifying common issues being faced by the Industry and finding a way for their resolution with active participation from the Ministry. Meetings, at regular intervals are being held for both advisory groups. In this year, two meetings of the advisory group for ISPs and two meetings of the SSIs have been held.

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Haryana has Achieved Target of connecting all rural households with water connections

 Today, Union Minister of State for Skill Development and Entrepreneurship, Electronics and Information Technology, and Jal Shakti, Shri Rajeev Chandrasekhar, conducted a comprehensive review of the Jal Jeevan Mission (JJM) progress in Raghunathpura and Chanduwas villages, Rewari District, Haryana.

Throughout the day, Minister Rajeev Chandrasekhar engaged with authorities overseeing the District Water and Sanitation Mission, interacted with members of the Village Water & Sanitation Committee, and visited the homes of several residents. The minister emphasized the significant success of JJM in Haryana, particularly in model villages like Raghunathpura and Chanduwas, which achieved the milestone of 100% water connectivity to all households.

Highlighting the impactful collaboration between the Centre and State Governments, Minister Rajeev Chandrasekhar expressed how this collaboration had transformed lives. He commended the people and authorities of Haryana for setting an example of effective governance, showcasing how the Centre and State can work together as a Double Engine for the betterment of the community.

The Minister during his interactions said that, “ PM Narendra Modi ji’s vision of Har Ghar Jal is deeply impacting the lives of Indians. It was wonderful to meet with people of the villages Raghunathpur & Chanduwas in Rewari today and know about their transformation story. For 7 decades, women in these villages endured the drudgery of trekking miles to fetch water for their household needs, standing in long queues for hours every day for a mere drop of water. With Haryana achieving its targets in 2022, this longstanding hardship came to an end in just 3 years. Women now spend more time with their families as they get clean drinking water of prescribed quality.  Haryana has set an example of how the Centre and State Govt can work as Double Engine to achieve the unprecedented feat of connecting all rural households with water in just 3 years, something that couldn’t be achieved over decades.”

The Minister also inspected the water works management system in the villages, which efficiently facilitates water supply. Several women from these villages thanked the Narendra Modi Government for solving the persistent water problem that plagued their communities for decades.

The Jal Jeevan Mission, operating with speed and scale, has increased rural tap connection coverage from 3.23 Crore households in August 2019 to an impressive 13 crore in just four years. The relentless efforts of the Union and State governments have also resulted in ensuring tap water supply in 88.73% of schools and 84.69% of Anganwadi centers nationwide.

Embodying the motto of Sabka Saath, Sabka Vikas, Sabka Vishwas aur Sabka Prayas, the Jal Jeevan Mission is advancing towards achieving Sustainable Development Goal 6, providing safe and affordable water to all, by delivering safe water through taps to households, schools, anganwadis, and other public institutions in rural areas.

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PM SVANidhi benefits over 57 lakh street vendors across country

 Extending the best wishes to the vibrant community of street food vendors from across 28 states, Shri Hardeep Singh Puri, Minister of Housing & Urban Affairs and Petroleum & Natural Gas, inaugurated the National Street Food Festival 2023 here today. This street food festival is being organized by the National Association of Street Vendors of India (NASVI) from 29 December to 31 December 2023 at Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium.

While addressing the event, the Union Minister highlighted the role of Prime Minister Street Vendor’s AtmaNirbhar Nidhi (PM SVANidhi) Scheme in empowerment of street vendors. He said that the PM-SVANidhi scheme, launched during COVID pandemic, has become a beacon of hope for many. Over the past two years, it has disbursed substantial loans, facilitated digital transactions, and even opened doors to food delivery platforms. This has not only provided financial assistance but has also expanded the market reach for our street vendors.

Referring to the achievements of the scheme, the Minister informed that the scheme has benefitted 57.83 lakh street vendors. He said, 80.77 lakh loans have been sanctioned and 76.22 lakh loans worth Rs. 10,058 crores have been disbursed under the scheme. Further he noted that the percentage of women street vendors, who have received loans under the scheme is about 45 % (25.78 lakh) of all loans disbursed. Around 72% of the beneficiaries of PM SVANidhi are from marginalised sections, he noted.

This festival being the first ‘Zero Waste Street Food Festival’ in India, Shri Puri, congratulated the NASVI for conceptualising the programme in alignment with India’s Swachhata movement.

The Minister appreciated NASVI for providing training to 1,50,000 street vendors in food safety and hygiene. He also noted the establishment of two Regional Street Food Vendors Training Institutes (SVTI) which will be launched by NASVI in 2024 in Delhi and Patna. These institutes will not only provide training in culinary skills but will also prioritise food safety and hygiene, he said.

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Traveling to an English-speaking Country. A Cultural and Linguistic Experience

 Traveling is one of the most enriching experiences anyone can have in life. Discovering new cultures, trying different cuisines and exploring stunning landscapes are just some of the rewards that travel can offer. When it comes to traveling to an English-speaking country, the experience becomes even more fascinating, as English is one of the most widely spoken and influential languages ​​in the world. In this article, we’ll explore the benefits and challenges of traveling to an English-speaking country, as well as practical tips to make your trip unforgettable.

The importance of English in the world

Before delving into the experience of traveling to an English-speaking country, it is essential to understand the global relevance of English as a lingua franca. English is the most widely used language in the world of business, science, technology and international communication. It is spoken as a native language in countries such as the United States, the United Kingdom, Canada, Australia and New Zealand, as well as being the second official language in many other countries around the globe.

Fluency in English opens doors to educational, professional and cultural opportunities. Therefore, traveling to an English-speaking country not only provides an exciting experience, but can also be beneficial for personal and professional development.

Choosing the destination

When you decide to travel to an English-speaking country, the first decision to be made is choosing the destination. There are several incredible options, each with its own unique culture, landscapes and attractions. Here are some of the most popular destinations:

  • U.S

The United States is a vast and diverse country, offering a wide range of experiences for visitors. From New York to Los Angeles, Miami to Chicago, each city has its own personality and attractions. Furthermore, the United States is famous for its stunning national parks such as the Grand Canyon and Yellowstone National Park.

  • UK

The UK is rich in history and culture. London, the capital, is a global cultural and financial center, with renowned museums, world-class theaters and a vibrant food scene. Furthermore, the country’s interior offers stunning landscapes, such as the Scottish Highlands and the green fields of England.

  • Canada

Canada is known for its lush nature, with majestic mountains, crystal-clear lakes and vast forests. Cities like Vancouver, Toronto and Montreal are vibrant and multicultural, providing a unique experience for visitors.

  • Australia

Australia is home to unique wildlife and stunning white sand beaches. Cities like Sydney, Melbourne and Brisbane offer a mix of culture, adventure and natural beauty.

  • New Zealand

New Zealand is a nature lover’s paradise, with stunning landscapes that include mountains, fjords and pristine beaches. It is also an ideal place for practicing outdoor sports, such as trekking and water sports.

Learning English at your destination

One of the best ways to improve your English language skills while traveling is to take part in language courses or immersion programs. Many English-speaking countries offer language schools that cater to foreigners. These schools typically offer a variety of courses, from general English classes to preparation for proficiency exams such as the TOEFL or IELTS.

Language immersion is an effective way to speed up the learning process. By being surrounded by native English speakers, you will have the opportunity to practice your language skills in real-world situations. Furthermore, interacting with local people allows you to absorb the culture and customs in a deeper way.

Exploring Local Culture

One of the most exciting parts of traveling to an English-speaking country is exploring the local culture. Each country has its own traditions, art, music and cuisine. Here are some ways to immerse yourself in culture while traveling:

  • Gastronomy

Trying local food is an essential part of any trip. In English-speaking countries, you will find a variety of delicious dishes. In the United States, try juicy burgers, pizza in New York or barbecue in the South. In the United Kingdom, try the famous fish and chips or try an authentic afternoon tea. In Canada, be sure to try poutine, a local delicacy.

  • Cultural events

Check to see if there are cultural events happening during your stay. Concerts, festivals, plays and art exhibitions offer a unique insight into local culture. Many cities have vibrant cultural programs throughout the year.

  • Museums and tourist attractions

Visiting famous museums and landmarks is an excellent way to learn about the country’s history and cultural heritage. In the United States, the Museum of Natural History in Washington, D.C., and the Museum of Modern Art in New York are unmissable. In the United Kingdom, the British Museum in London and the Liverpool Museum are renowned cultural destinations.

  • Outdoor Activities

Take advantage of the outdoor activities that each country offers. Hiking nature trails, swimming on stunning beaches or skiing on snow-capped mountains are unique experiences in each English-speaking country. In the United States, you can explore national parks like Yosemite, hike the Grand Canyon or do winter sports in the Rocky Mountains. In Canada, you can enjoy activities like canoeing on the crystal-clear lakes of the Rocky Mountains or skiing in the mountains of Whistler, British Columbia.

  • Local festivals

Discover local festivals that may be taking place during your stay. English-speaking countries are known for their diverse festivals, which celebrate everything from music and art to food and culture. For example, the Coachella music festival in California, the Edinburgh Festival in Scotland and the Montreal Jazz Festival in Canada are just a few exciting examples.

  • Interaction with the local population

One of the most authentic ways to experience a country’s culture is to interact with locals. Talk to people, ask questions, attend local events and be open to new friendships. Locals can provide valuable insights into their culture and traditions.

Challenges and advantages of traveling to an English-speaking country

Traveling to an English-speaking country presents a number of advantages, but also challenges that travelers may face. Let’s analyze both:

  • Benefits:

Ease of communication: The English language is widely spoken around the world, making communication easier for travelers.

Wide range of attractions: English-speaking countries offer a wide range of attractions, from cosmopolitan cities to stunning natural landscapes.

Language courses: The opportunity to improve your English language skills through language courses or cultural immersion.

Globally recognized culture: The culture, music, cinema and literature of English-speaking countries are widely known and influential throughout the world.

  • Challenges:

Cost of living: In some cities, the cost of living can be high, which can be a challenge for travelers on a budget.

Cultural differences: Cultural norms can vary significantly from one country to another, and travelers need to be aware of these differences to avoid misunderstandings.

Time of travel: Depending on where you are traveling, the trip can be long and tiring.

Visas and documentation: It is important to check the visa and documentation requirements for entering an English-speaking country before traveling.

Tips for a successful trip

Here are some practical tips to make your trip to an English-speaking country more pleasant and peaceful:

  • Plan ahead

Before embarking on your journey, plan carefully. Research the destination, book accommodation in advance, and check visa and documentation requirements.

  • Learn the basics of the language

Even if you are not fluent in English, learning some basic words and phrases can be very helpful. This will show locals that you are making an effort to communicate in their language.

  • Be open to learning

Be open to new experiences and cultures. Try local foods, attend cultural events and chat with locals. Curiosity and respect for local culture will enrich your trip.

  • Take care of your security

Stay safe while traveling. Be aware of your belongings, follow local guidelines and avoid dangerous areas, especially at night.

  • Document your experiences

Bring a camera or use your smartphone to document your experiences. Take photos and take notes to create lasting memories of your trip.

  • Mantenha contato

Keep in touch with friends and family while traveling. Communicating regularly with loved ones can provide comfort and reassurance.

  • Be aware of the environment

Respect the environment and conservation policies of the place you are visiting. Leave the places you visit as you found them, preserving local nature and culture.

Conclusion

Traveling to an English-speaking country is an exciting and enriching experience that offers unique opportunities for learning and discovery. In addition to improving your English language skills, you’ll have the chance to explore rich cultures, taste delicious local foods, and create lasting memories. With proper planning and an open attitude, your trip to an English-speaking country can become one of the best experiences of your life. So don’t hesitate to embark on this journey and explore everything these incredible destinations have to offer.

Super Fluency Online: The best English school for your success

If you’re looking for an exceptional online English learning experience, look no further: Super Fluency Online is the right choice for you. With an unwavering commitment to educational excellence and an innovative approach, we are determined to help you achieve fluency in the English language in an effective and exciting way. Our online learning platform offers a host of unparalleled benefits, from scheduling flexibility to interaction with highly qualified instructors and a variety of engaging resources. At Super Fluency Online, we believe that learning English should not just be a chore, but an exciting journey towards personal and professional success.

When you join Super Fluency Online, you will have access to a wide range of educational resources carefully designed to meet your specific learning needs. Our highly experienced instructors are committed to helping you achieve your language goals by providing personalized guidance and valuable feedback. Whether you are a beginner looking for a solid foundation in English or an advanced student looking to improve your skills, Super Fluency Online is here to support you at every stage of your learning. Join us and embark on an exciting journey towards English fluency. Your success starts here at Super Fluency Online!

Risk Parity Strategy – An Investor’s Safe Choice

 In the diverse world of investment strategies, the Risk Parity Strategy stands out for its unique approach to balancing risk, offering investors a path to potentially more stable and consistent returns. As an experienced Forex trader and investor, I understand the intricacies of market volatility and the importance of a well-thought-out investment strategy. This detailed guide dives deep into the Risk Parity Strategy, explaining its workings, benefits, and why it is considered a safe choice for investors.

Introduction to Risk Parity Strategy

Risk Parity is a sophisticated investment philosophy that aims to achieve a balanced risk distribution across all components of a portfolio. Unlike traditional investment strategies that allocate funds based on market capitalization or expected returns, Risk Parity focuses on equalizing the risk contributed by each asset class – be it equities, bonds, commodities, or currencies.

Historical Background

Developed in the 1950s by Ray Dalio, the founder of Bridgewater Associates, the strategy was a response to the shortcomings of traditional portfolio management techniques that often led to an imbalance, heavily favoring high-risk assets.

Core Principle

At its core, Risk Parity seeks to equalize the risk contribution of each asset, avoiding overexposure to any single source of risk. This approach is based on the understanding that risk and return are not always proportionally related.

Implementing the Risk Parity Strategy

Risk Assessment

The first step is assessing the risk (often measured as volatility) associated with each asset class. This involves complex calculations and an understanding of market dynamics.

Capital Allocation

Based on risk assessment, capital is allocated in a way that each asset class contributes equally to the overall portfolio risk. This might result in a higher allocation to traditionally lower-risk assets like bonds.

Use of Leverage

Risk Parity often involves the use of leverage to enhance returns from low-risk assets. While leverage can increase gains, it also raises the overall risk profile and must be used judiciously.

Regular Rebalancing

Market conditions change, and so do asset risks. Regular rebalancing of the portfolio is essential to maintain the desired risk balance.

Advantages of Risk Parity

Diversification

Risk Parity provides a more balanced and effective diversification compared to traditional investment strategies, as it considers the risk profile of each asset.

Reduced Volatility

By balancing high- and low-risk assets, the strategy typically reduces overall portfolio volatility, especially in turbulent market conditions.

Stable Long-Term Returns

The strategy aims for stable and consistent returns over the long term, a key consideration for risk-averse investors.

Challenges and Considerations

Complexity

Risk Parity is more complex than traditional investment strategies, requiring sophisticated risk assessment and continuous portfolio management.

Interest Rate Fluctuations

The strategy’s reliance on bonds makes it susceptible to interest rate changes, which can impact bond prices and portfolio performance.

Expertise Requirement

Effective implementation often requires expertise in financial modeling and market analysis. Investors may benefit from professional advice or engaging in prop trading to manage a Risk Parity strategy effectively.

Risk Parity in Forex Trading

Applying Risk Parity in Forex trading involves balancing the risk across various currency pairs. This requires an understanding of currency volatility, correlations, and global economic factors.

The Evolving Landscape of Risk Parity

As financial markets evolve, so do investment strategies. Risk Parity continues to be refined with advancements in financial analytics and modeling. Its focus on risk management aligns with the growing emphasis on stability and sustainable growth in investment portfolios.

Conclusion

Risk Parity Strategy offers an innovative and balanced approach to investment, particularly appealing in uncertain and volatile market environments. Its focus on equalizing risk contributions across a diverse range of assets positions it as a safer choice for investors looking for stability and long-term growth. However, its complexity and the need for ongoing management and expertise, such as leveraging resources like prop trading, should not be underestimated. In the end, Risk Parity aligns with the cautious investor’s goal: achieving a harmonious balance between risk and reward in the quest for sustainable financial returns.

Is NSHSS a Legitimate Academic Organization?

The National Society of High School Scholars (NSHSS) frequently comes into conversation among students, parents, and educators across the nation. Promising a vast array of benefits from scholarship opportunities to academic prestige, it naturally sparks curiosity — as well as skepticism — regarding its legitimacy. With invitations arriving in the mailboxes of high-achieving students, the central question arises — is the honor of being an NSHSS member as distinguished as it appears? In this article, we’ll delve into the NSHSS’s background, operations, and the perceptions that it holds among various academic stakeholders.

Understanding the National Society of High School Scholars

The National Society of High School Scholars was founded in 2002 by Claes Nobel, a member of the family known for the Nobel Prizes, and James Lewis, an educator. It markets itself as an organization that connects high-performing students with unique educational and career opportunities. The NSHSS champions itself as being a springboard to future success and a network where young scholars can thrive.

Membership to NSHSS includes a one-time fee. Following payment, members are provided with various resources such as access to scholarship platforms, academic competitions, and university admissions resources. It’s the outlay of this fee that has people questioning, “Is NSHSS a scam?” and wondering about the true value of its benefits.

Examining the Criteria for NSHSS Membership and Offerings

One of the most debated aspects of NSHSS is the criteria for membership. To join, students need to meet certain academic standards, such as maintaining a specific GPA or achieving a particular score on standardized tests. These thresholds are set by the society and used as benchmarks for prospective members.

Once a part of NSHSS, members have access to a suite of benefits. These include exclusive scholarships, events for leadership development, and college fairs specifically geared toward members. The organization also provides various tools and resources to aid in the college application process.

Additionally, the NSHSS sells branded merchandise and offers members the chance to buy honor cords and other recognition paraphernalia for graduation ceremonies. For some, these tangible items add to the perceived value of membership, while for others, they represent a commercial aspect of the society that undermines its academic foundation.

Scholarships awarded via NSHSS are diverse, ranging from merit-based to those targeted toward specific fields of study or extracurricular interests. The society also provides avenues to internships and mentorship programs, furthering its mission to prepare members for their educational and professional futures.

Debating the Value and Recognition of NSHSS in Academic Circles

Discussion often arises regarding how well-regarded NSHSS membership is within academic and professional spheres. Some educators and college admissions officers recognize the society for its efforts in rewarding academic achievement. However, this recognition isn’t universally held across all educational institutions.

Critics argue that while NSHSS provides benefits, the value may not align with the cost of membership. From an admissions standpoint, simply being part of an organization like NSHSS isn’t always a distinguishing factor. Admissions committees increasingly look for depth in activities and personal achievements beyond membership in honor societies.

Furthermore, the marketing tactics used by NSHSS have been a point of contention. With aggressive advertising and bold claims about society’s impact on a student’s future success, some question the substance behind the style. It’s important for students and parents to thoroughly research and weigh these factors before committing to membership.

Overall, the NSHSS presents a mix of opportunities and challenges for high-achieving students seeking to enhance their academic and professional journeys. While some find value in the networking and resources provided, others question the cost and the actual impact on college admissions and future success. As with any such decision, it is imperative for students and parents to conduct thorough research, consider testimonials from both students and educators, and reflect on personal objectives before committing to membership in NSHSS or similar organizations.

Most Commonly Used Terms in Cricket

Cricket, a popular sport played in many countries, has its own set of terms and terminology. Here are some key terms used in cricket:

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  1. Batsman (or Batter): The player from the batting team who is currently in play and facing the bowler.
  2. Bowler: The player from the bowling team who delivers the ball to the batsman.
  3. Wicket: The set of three stumps and two bails at either end of the pitch. A wicket can refer to the dismissal of a batsman as well.
  4. Run: The unit of scoring in cricket. Batsmen score runs by running between the wickets after hitting the ball.
  5. Over: A set of six consecutive legal deliveries bowled by a bowler.
  6. Innings: One side’s or one player’s turn to bat or bowl. In limited-overs cricket, each team typically gets one or two innings, while in Test cricket, each team has two innings.
  7. No Ball: An illegal delivery by the bowler that results in the batting side being awarded an extra run. The batsman cannot be dismissed on a no-ball unless they are run out.
  8. Wide: A delivery that is too wide for the batsman to play a shot, resulting in the batting side being awarded an extra run. The ball is not counted as one of the six in the over.
  9. Extras: Runs scored by the batting team that are not attributed to any batsman’s individual score, such as wides, no-balls, and byes.
  10. Dismissal: The act of getting a batsman out. Common forms of dismissal include bowled, caught, lbw (leg before wicket), run out, and stumped.
  11. Fielding: The defensive aspect of the game, where players try to prevent the batting side from scoring runs by stopping the ball and attempting to dismiss batsmen.
  12. Captain: The leader of a cricket team responsible for on-field decision-making.
  13. Umpire: The officials responsible for ensuring that the game is played in accordance with the rules. There are usually two on-field umpires and a third umpire for TV referrals.
  14. Duck: When a batsman gets out without scoring any runs.
  15. Century: When a batsman scores 100 runs in an innings.
  16. Duckworth-Lewis Method: A mathematical formula used to adjust target scores in limited-overs matches affected by weather interruptions.
  17. Powerplay: A set number of overs at the beginning of an innings in limited-overs cricket during which fielding restrictions are in place.

These are just a few examples, and there are many more cricket terms specific to the rules and nuances of the game.

Cricket: The Gentleman's Game

 Cricket, often referred to as the “gentleman’s game,” is a sport that captivates millions around the world with its unique blend of skill, strategy, and tradition. Originating in England in the 16th century, cricket has evolved into a global phenomenon, uniting diverse cultures through a shared passion for this bat-and-ball game. This essay explores the rich history, global appeal, and the impact of cricket on individuals and societies.

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Historical Evolution:

Cricket’s roots can be traced back to 16th-century England, where it was played as a rural pastime. Over the centuries, it transformed from a leisurely pursuit into a highly organized and competitive sport. The Marylebone Cricket Club (MCC) played a pivotal role in standardizing the rules in the 18th century, laying the foundation for the modern game we know today. Cricket’s global expansion was fueled by the British Empire, spreading to colonies such as India, Australia, and the West Indies.

Global Appeal:

Cricket has transcended geographical boundaries to become one of the most popular sports worldwide. The sport’s global appeal is evident in the intense rivalries and fervent support it garners, especially during international competitions like the ICC Cricket World Cup and The Ashes series. Countries like India, Australia, England, Pakistan, and the West Indies boast enormous cricketing followings, with matches reaching millions of viewers across continents.

Distinctive Formats:

Cricket is unique in its various formats, catering to different preferences and time constraints. Test cricket, the oldest and purest form, is a five-day game that demands endurance, skill, and strategic acumen. One Day Internationals (ODIs) and Twenty20 (T20) cricket, on the other hand, offer shorter, more dynamic versions of the game, attracting a broader audience and showcasing players’ adaptability.

Cricketing Legends:

The history of cricket is studded with legendary players who have left an indelible mark on the sport. Sir Donald Bradman’s unparalleled batting records, Shane Warne’s mesmerizing leg-spin, and Sachin Tendulkar’s unmatched run-scoring prowess are just a few examples. These players embody the spirit of cricket, inspiring future generations and contributing to the game’s enduring legacy.

Impact on Society:

Cricket has a profound impact on societies, transcending its role as a mere sporting activity. In countries like India, cricket is more than a game; it is a cultural phenomenon that unites people across diverse backgrounds. The sport has the power to bring about social change, fostering national pride and creating heroes who transcend the boundaries of class, caste, and creed.

Cricket Diplomacy:

Cricket has played an unexpected role in diplomatic relations between nations. The “cricket diplomacy” between India and Pakistan, where cricket matches are used as a platform for diplomatic discussions, exemplifies how the sport can bridge political divides and promote understanding between nations.

Conclusion:

In conclusion, cricket is not just a sport; it is a cultural force that binds people together, transcending borders and creating a global community of enthusiasts. Its rich history, diverse formats, iconic players, and societal impact contribute to its status as the “gentleman’s game.” Cricket’s ability to entertain, inspire, and unite makes it a timeless and cherished pursuit for millions around the world.

Meaning of Andragogy

 Andragogy, a term often mystified yet integral to our understanding of adult education, stands at the forefront of lifelong learning. Unlike traditional education models, andragogy shifts the focus to the mature learner, tailoring educational methods to suit the unique needs of adults. In a world where continuous learning is not just a benefit but a necessity, understanding andragogy becomes crucial.

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What is Andragogy?

Andragogy, derived from the Greek words ‘andr’, meaning ‘man’, and ‘agogos’, meaning ‘leader’, is the method and practice of teaching adult learners. This concept stands in contrast to pedagogy, the method of teaching children, underscoring a significant shift from teacher-led to learner-centered methodologies. For a comprehensive exploration of this topic, visit https://pg-group.online/what-is-andragogy/. Here, andragogy is presented as emphasizing the learner’s experience, self-direction, and readiness to learn, all of which are essential components in the realm of adult education.

Historical Background

The journey of andragogy from a nascent idea to a cornerstone of adult education is both fascinating and pivotal. Its roots can be traced back to Europe in the early 19th century, yet it wasn’t until the mid-20th century that the term gained substantial recognition. This rise in prominence is largely credited to Malcolm Knowles, an American educator whose contributions in the 1970s were instrumental in shaping andragogy as we understand it today.

Knowles’ work illuminated the unique needs and approaches necessary for adult learning, distinguishing it significantly from traditional child-centric education models. This distinction marked a significant shift in the educational paradigm, placing adult learners at the forefront of their educational journey. Over time, andragogy has evolved, absorbing and integrating a variety of theories and practices from the broader field of adult education. This evolution reflects the dynamic nature of adult learning, adapting to the changing societal and individual needs of adults seeking education.

Principles of Andragogy

Central to understanding andragogy are the principles outlined by Malcolm Knowles. These principles differentiate adult education from traditional children’s learning methods. Firstly, the shift in self-concept from being dependent learners to being self-directed is crucial. Adults prefer to take charge of their learning journey, guiding their educational paths. Secondly, adults bring a rich tapestry of experience to their learning. This wealth of personal and professional experience becomes a valuable resource in the learning process.

Moreover, adults demonstrate a readiness to learn things that are immediately relevant to their roles in society, particularly in professional and personal settings. The orientation towards learning in adults is problem-centered rather than content-centered. They prefer to learn in the context of real-life tasks and problems. Finally, while external factors like job advancement can motivate adults, internal motivators such as self-esteem, satisfaction, and quality of life are often stronger drivers.

Andragogy in Practice

The principles of andragogy come to life in various adult learning environments, creating engaging and effective educational experiences. These principles are applied in several distinct ways:

  1. Interactive Learning: This includes workshops, seminars, and discussion groups that foster active participation and collaborative learning.
  2. Self-Directed Learning: Adult education often features flexible programs that allow learners to choose their own learning paths, topics, and pace.
  3. Practical Application: Courses and training are focused on practical, real-world application, ensuring that learning is immediately relevant and useful.
  4. Technology-Enhanced Learning: The integration of interactive tools, online resources, and blended learning models enhances the overall learning experience.
  5. Peer Learning and Mentorship: Opportunities for collaborative projects and mentorship programs enrich the learning process through shared experiences and expert guidance.

These varied applications of andragogy principles cater to the unique needs of adult learners, making their educational journey both impactful and relevant.

Conclusion

Andragogy, as a learner-centered approach, is pivotal in empowering adults in their educational pursuits. It opens doors to endless opportunities, playing a key role in both personal and professional spheres. By embracing the principles of andragogy, adults are equipped to thrive in a constantly evolving world.

Duckworth-Lewis Method (D/L Method)in Cricket

 The Duckworth-Lewis Method (D/L Method) is a mathematical formula used to adjust target scores in limited-overs cricket matches that are affected by weather interruptions. The primary goal of the method is to provide a fair and equitable way of revising target scores when the playing conditions are altered due to rain or other disruptions. The D/L Method is commonly used in One Day Internationals (ODIs) and Twenty20 (T20) matches.

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Here’s a detailed explanation of how the Duckworth-Lewis Method works:

  1. Baseline Data:
    • The total number of overs originally allocated for the match is considered as the baseline.
    • The total number of runs that were scored by the team batting first (prior to any stoppage) is also noted.
  2. Calculation of Resources Used:
    • The method takes into account the number of overs bowled and the number of wickets lost by the team batting first at the time of the interruption.
  3. Calculation of Percentage Resources Remaining:
    • The total number of overs initially allocated is scaled down based on the overs bowled and wickets lost.
    • The percentage of resources remaining is calculated using a complex formula that considers the number of overs and wickets used.
  4. Calculation of Revised Target Score:
    • The revised target score is then calculated based on the percentage of resources remaining.
    • It is essentially a proportionate reduction from the original target, taking into account the lost overs and wickets.
  5. Consideration of Team Chasing:
    • If the team batting second has also faced interruptions, the target is further adjusted based on the resources they have used.
  6. Implementation during an Interruption:
    • If there is an interruption during the match, the method may be used to recalculate the target score for the team batting second.
  7. Minimum Overs Required:
    • The method ensures that a minimum number of overs are available for the team batting second to constitute a valid match result. This is to prevent scenarios where a team could win with just a couple of big hits in a reduced-overs match.
  8. D/L Par Score:
    • The D/L Par Score is a reference point for the team batting second. If their score is equal to or above the D/L Par Score, they are considered to be ahead in the match.

It’s important to note that the Duckworth-Lewis Method aims to provide a fair result in weather-affected matches, but it has faced criticism for its complexity and occasional unpredictability. The method has undergone revisions over the years to address some of these concerns. Additionally, in some cases, the use of the D/L Method has been replaced by the more modern DLS (Duckworth-Lewis-Stern) Method, which incorporates additional factors for a more accurate calculation of revised target scores.

STEM is FEM – a Ukrainian educational initiative

 Sergey Tokarev, an IT investor and initiator of STEM is FEM, a Ukrainian educational initiative, discloses that a significant portion of its female participants attribute their educational choices to the project’s influence. With more than 50% of the girls expressing the impact on their further education, including a notable 17% who underwent a radical change in their educational goals, STEM is FEM emerges as a powerful catalyst for shaping the academic trajectories of Ukrainian girls.

STEM is FEM, recognized by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Ukraine as the “Honorary Ambassador of Ukraine in the field of scientific and educational diplomacy” in 2023, is dedicated to promoting Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics (STEM) disciplines among Ukrainian girls. Over its five-year journey, the project has successfully united over 500 participants, fostering a supportive community.

Girls typically join the project between the ages of 16-20, providing a unique opportunity to witness their progression from high school to university and beyond. Sergey Tokarev emphasizes the project’s role in inspiring young Ukrainian women to pursue their dreams, challenge gender stereotypes, and emerge as the next generation of STEM professionals.

A survey conducted by STEM is FEM reveals that 96% of community participants would like to get a mentor—a successful woman in their chosen industry who can share knowledge and experiences. Additionally, 97% of girls aspire to intern in their preferred specialty, often gaining such opportunities through the project’s organized educational events.

The impact of STEM is FEM extends beyond inspiration to tangible results, as demonstrated by the 2023 “Urbanism” course. Renata Seyfullina, a civil engineering student at Lviv Polytechnic, discovered her passion for urban planning and transferred to the Kharkiv School of Architecture. Other course graduates, Anfisa Kaida, Daria Koval, and Natalia Liuklian, engaged in internships with UrbanReform, contributing to the post-war reconstruction of Okhtyrka.

Moreover, 55% of STEM is FEM girls opted for STEM education, with members like Olena Petryshyn studying at Milton Academy and Margarita Perepelytsia achieving recognition at the International Environmental Genius Olympiad. These success stories underscore how STEM is FEM events empower participants to shape their future professions, acquire knowledge, find community support, and develop motivation to pursue careers within STEM disciplines.