Citation

Anamica, U. (2026). Impact Of Covid-19 on Haptics Communication-A Study among Middle School Children. International Journal of Research, 13(2), 146–153. https://doi.org/10.26643/ijr/2026/39

Dr. U. Anamica

Assistant Professor of English,

Jayaraj Annapackiam College for Women(Autonomous)

Periyakulam.

anamicaeng@annejac.ac.in.

Abstract

Communication attaches humans with the universe. Solid communication among individuals and loved one’s shape character. Both Verbal and nonverbal communication reinforced relationships. Humans are trained to seek positive non-verbal communication at times of vulnerability, loneliness, and fearful situations. This paper attempts to prove that the lack of non-verbal communication during the pandemic has affected the learning experiences of the students and it specifically focuses on haptics, one of the forms of non-verbal communication.

Key Words:

Non-verbal, communication, kinesics, psych muscular, COVID-19, Pandemic.

Introduction

The impact of the COVID-19 outbreak has jammed almost all sectors of life on earth. The intimacy among the human community is traumatized. However people were at home on the days of wide-ranging lockdown, communication was interrupted.  Higher education has experienced great changes, the indeterminate environment, health issues among family members, online classes, financial shocks, and lack of personal communication have caused  adverse results. Online learning might have troubled the students’ routine learning experiences in academics, their plans for education, and their future employment chances. Above all communication among individuals and groups was troubled and schoolchildren were affected a lot because of this hostile situation.

Communication attaches humans with the universe. Solid communication among individuals and loved one’s shape character. Both Verbal and nonverbal communication reinforced relationships. Humans are skilled in seeking positive non-verbal communication at times of helplessness, isolation, and dreadful situations. This paper attempts to prove that the lack of non-verbal communication during the pandemic has affected the learning experiences of the students and the research specifically focuses on Haptics, one of the forms of non-verbal communication.

Non-Verbal Communication

Interpersonal communication was distressed because of social distancing and face masks. In reducing the spreading of the virus, technology was used as it guarantees remote communications. Applications such as Zoom, Google Meet, Skype, and Microsoft teams have become the medium of communication, predominantly in education. Though technology aided to have connectivity in education, it affected the non-verbal communication. Non-verbal communication connects without words in a sense it is deep, because it has emotive involvement. A small touch, facial expressions, gestures, postures, and eye contact penetrates the heart more than verbal communication. A teacher’s non-verbal communication expresses volumes more than her adorable lecture.  A teacher’s smile, paralanguage, pitch, talking style, and other elements of nonverbal communication increase the holistic development of the students. Nonverbal communication has different forms: a) Proxemics b) Eye Contact c) Haptics d) Chronemics e) Posture f) General appearance g) Paralanguage h) Kinesics i) Facial Expression. Proxemics is physical space around oneself which varies based on our relationship with the individual.

The teacher services the students to be alert in the classroom by moving around.  Without adopting successful proxemics, the teacher cannot give a successful learning experience or strong interaction. Eye contact is a powerful non-verbal communication that has a large impact on a student’s behaviour. Haptics is physical touch in the form of a handshake, pat on a shoulder, back-slapping, and the like, these behaviours impress the receiver and convey the message of the sender properly. A teacher’s positive haptics plays a vital role in the learning experience of the students. Chronemics is the type of non-verbal communication where an individual is ready to spare her/his time as a well-wisher. The punctuality of the teacher and willingness to wait and listen to the needs of the students make this type of non-verbal communication amiable. The posture of a teacher communicates to the students can develop confidence, power, and positivity. Arm position, body orientation, relaxed look, calm and assertive behaviour. The general appearance of the teacher like physique, height, weight, hair colour, skin, and clothing conveys non-verbal messages while the teacher interacts. The Facial Expression of a teacher has a great effect on communication. Among facial expressions like sadness, anger, fear, and happiness, a smile is a powerful positive non-verbal communication. Kinesics is bodily movements that communicate the content effectively. Kinesics holds the attention, emphasizes specific points, maintains the flow of classroom activity, and makes the students involved in the classrooms. Paralanguage includes pitch, inflection, voice, and rhythm which elicit students’ approval and enthusiasm.

Haptics

Non-verbal communication penetrates the heart than verbal communication. The COVID-19 pandemic horrified its core of it, so many students lost their attention in studies. Online classes can never be a replacement for regular classes. Because of this idea, a survey was taken among the middle school children of Theni district. 100 random samples were taken for the study. VII, VIII & IX standard students were chosen from various schools in Theni district. Twenty questions were prepared based on non-verbal communication which was devoid in their educational life during COVID-19. Most of the students accepted that they missed their teachers and friends. Though they met them during the virtual classroom, they could not get the satisfaction of meeting them personally.

A Socio-emotional development is inculcated among school children through non-verbal communication especially through haptics. Haptics communication comprises pat, slap, hug, handshake, tickle, hit, kick, embrace and etc. Haptics elicits different responses like fear, disgust, love, encouragement, gratitude, sympathy, anger, pain etc. Intentional or unintentional touch might have consequences either positive or negative. It sends information through sensory nerves and gets information through brain sensors and influences the psychological stimulus. Human feels abandoned and thwarted when there is no communication through touch as human beings are sense organisms. A teacher uses touch as an effective way of communication to nurture children. Specially among middle and below middle school children.

Results of the Survey

The results of the survey proved that students were unable to learn fully because they missed the psycho-muscular learning. The following diagrams would prove the importance of haptics communication in teaching and learning. Though twenty questions were given for a survey, the questions related to haptics alone is analysed here.

Figure 1.1

Figure 1.1 proved that students missed the patting of their teacher who gave them confidence through their touch. Positive Touch helps the students to move on in life. Sixty students missed the patting of their teacher and 33 students were in a dilemma, which proved that they might have liked the patting or expected a patting of their teachers. It indicates that may be could be considered in positive light.

Figure 1.2

Figure 1.2 proved that the physical intimacy among friends has entertained the students to work well on their academics. The isolated atmosphere during COVID-19 affected peer learning which is effective among learners. Fifty-two students said that they missed the peer teaching of their friends since they were not allowed to go outside. Thirty-three students marked as May be which means that they were confused in answering. It indicated that they would have missed peer learning experiences.

Figure 1.3

The result of figure 1.3 asserted that the students missed the touch of their friends which develops socio-emotional communication.  At the middle school level children develop confidence, self-esteem inclusiveness through touch which diminish inequality . Forty-Four students actively admitted that they have missed the touch of their friends. Thirty-five students were in a confusion and they answered as may be which means they also might have missed the experiences of haptics.

Figure 1.4

Figure 1.4 asserted that they missed comfort of security from their teacher who developed confidence through touch. A congratulating handshake, or lovely kick to indicate teachers’ warmth towards the students might be the sources of happy school life. Thirty-three students said yes, as they missed their teachers comforting words or touch. Fifty students were so confused, that they were unable to decide which means that they would have experienced warmth of their teacher.

Figure 1.5

Figure 1.5 showed that fifty-seven students lost intimacy among classmates as they were isolated from schools and from society at large. School life is a happy life for children especially in the middle school level but the pandemic has deprived it from the students. Forty-three students replied Maybe which meant that sometimes they felt the same like others who said yes.

Summation:

            Nonverbal communication links the sender and receiver. Even among grown-ups’ nonverbal communication works chiefly. A touch of a teacher or friend gives the students confidence and they feel secured. They believe in the systems and community through acceptance. Haptics communication develop self-esteem.   At the middle school level, students learn social and emotional things through haptics communication. They need the fullest attention of the teacher and classmates. They learn and unlearn things through haptics communication. Most people remember our middle school life happily than other levels of learning. COVID-19 has disturbed haptics communication which are essential for interactive learning. The diagram showed that the students missed their physical activities in school as well as their teacher’s bodily communications. The minimum number of students have opted for No and most of them admitted that they missed playful learning processes. Few have answered as may be which also has to be considered as yes. The majority of them were in a dilemma and unable to decide whether they missed their teacher’s/friends physical presence  or not. In prudential light, those who were in dilemmas have fifty percent of opportunities for answering yes. It is evident from the survey that the learning process is virtually incomplete, especially among middle school children.

Works Cited :

Wharton, Tim.(2009) Pragmatics and Non-Verbal Communication. Cambridge University Press.

Calero, Henry H. (2005) The Power of Nonverbal Communication. Silver Lake Publishing.

Jones, Lynette A. (2018).Haptics. The Mit Press Essential Knowledge Series.

Web Sources:

Haptic Communication

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34909231/

Acknowledgement:

The author Dr. U. Anamica, Assistant Professor of English) acknowledges the Financial Support from Jayaraj Annapackiam College for Women(Autonomous), Periyakulam under JACFRP SCHEME Ref: JAC/JACFRP-FACULTY/2/2021-’22.

¹Mrs Shende Deepali Haridas and ¹Dr. Sharmila. V. Gadge

¹Y.C.S.P.

Mandal’s Dadasaheb Digambar Shankar Patil Arts, Commerce & Science College, Erandol, Maharashtra, India.

Email : sharmilagadge@gmail.com

¹KBC, North Maharashtra University, Jalgaon, Maharashtra, India.

Email: nashik2009@gmail.com

Abstract

Information is central to scientific research, directly influencing research quality, innovation, and productivity. This study examines the information needs and information-seeking behaviour of scientists at the National Centre for Cell Science (NCCS), Pune, a leading cell biology research institute in India. It explores the types of information scientists require, the sources and channels they use, the resources they prefer, and the challenges they encounter while fulfilling their information needs. A mixed-method approach combining surveys and interviews was adopted. The findings show that online databases and peer-reviewed journals are the most frequently used sources of information. However, scientists often face difficulties such as restricted access to paywalled content and information overload. The study recommends improving access to digital resources and strengthening information support services to enhance research efficiency and productivity at NCCS.

Keywords: Information, Cell Science, Information Seeking Behaviour, Scientists

1) Introduction

Scientific research is inherently information-intensive. Scientists continuously depend on current research findings, experimental protocols, specialised datasets, and collaborative networks to design and validate their work. Information needs arise when researchers recognise a knowledge gap and actively seek reliable sources to address it. Understanding these needs and behaviours at an institutional level helps libraries, research support units, and policymakers design better information systems and training programs.

The National Centre for Cell Science (NCCS), Pune, is an autonomous institute supported by the Department of Biotechnology, Government of India. It focuses on advanced research in areas such as cancer biology, genomics, immunology, microbial ecology, and stem cell research. With modern facilities in proteomics, microscopy, flow cytometry, and bioinformatics, NCCS generates and consumes vast amounts of scientific information through both formal and informal channels.

2) Background

NCCS was established to strengthen cell biology research in India and has grown into a prominent research institution over the past three decades. Its work addresses both fundamental biological questions and emerging public-health concerns. Over time, the institute has expanded its scientific scope to include structural and computational biology, neurobiology, regeneration and development, proteomics, and immunology. These newer domains complement its earlier strengths in cancer research, cellular metabolism, intracellular transport, and infectious diseases such as tuberculosis, malaria, and AIDS. Research activities are supported by advanced laboratory infrastructure and a well-maintained experimental animal facility that provides technical assistance to scientists.

3) History of NCCS

NCCS began in 1986 as the National Tissue Culture Facility with a mandate for basic research, teaching, training, and maintaining national cell repositories. Initially focused on developing and distributing animal and human cell lines to academic and research institutions, it gradually expanded into broader areas of cell and molecular biology, genomics, proteomics, and immunology. Today, it continues to serve as a national resource centre while advancing high-quality scientific research.

4) Areas of Research

The institute emphasises high-impact research publications and quality scientific output. Its major domains include cell biology, cancer research, genomics, immunology, proteomics, and related interdisciplinary areas. Over the past decade, the institute has produced a substantial number of peer-reviewed journal publications, reflecting its strong research culture and academic contribution.

5) Number of Employees

Designation	Total
Scientist G	11
Scientist F	03
Scientist E	08
Scientist D	08
Scientist C	02
Scientific & Technical Support	09
Staff	16
Multi-Tasking Staff	07
Total	64

6) International Collaboration

NCCS scientists actively collaborate with research organisations across countries such as the USA, China, Japan, the UK, Switzerland, France, Germany, Italy, Norway, Australia, and several African nations. These collaborations include joint research projects, academic exchanges, and training opportunities, enabling students and scholars to gain international exposure and strengthen interdisciplinary research.

7) Objectives of the Study

• To identify the types of information required by NCCS scientists.
• To examine the sources and channels used for information seeking.
• To analyse challenges faced in accessing information.
• To suggest strategies for improving information access and utilization

8) Scope and Limitation

The study is limited to scientists and research fellows working at the National Centre for Cell Science, Pune, and does not extend to other research institutions.

9) Review of Literature

Athukorala (2013) This study examined the information needs and search behaviour of computer science researchers in Finland using case studies and a web survey. It found that researchers mainly search information to stay updated, explore new topics, review literature, and collaborate. Searching was often collaborative, and different tools and strategies were used depending on the purpose of the search. Acheampong & Dzandu (2013) Focusing on crop research scientists in Ghana, this study showed that scientists preferred journal articles, especially in electronic format, and frequently used libraries and scientific meetings as information sources. It recommended better journal subscriptions and training in information search skills. Abubakar & Akar (2017)
This research investigated the availability and use of electronic databases in Nigerian agricultural research institutes. Results indicated that electronic databases improved research output and information literacy, but challenges such as poor internet connectivity, lack of subscriptions, and weak ICT infrastructure limited effective use. Jamali(2010) The study explored how physicists and astronomers use Google for information seeking. It revealed that Google is increasingly used as a starting point for finding scholarly articles due to its simplicity, and it suggested that academic databases should adopt similar user-friendly features. Goswami & Choudhury (2014)
This study on R&D organisations in Jharkhand found that researchers relied on both formal and informal sources. Informal channels such as meetings, seminars, and workshops played a significant role in knowledge sharing and information acquisition. Makinde(2019) Conducted in a Nigerian federal research institute, this study highlighted that poor internet connectivity and inadequate ICT facilities negatively affected researchers’ information-seeking behaviour. It recommended improving internet services, conducting information audits, and ensuring reliable power supply to support access to e-resources.

10) Methodology

A descriptive survey method was adopted using questionnaires and interviews to gather both quantitative and qualitative data. The study population included scientists and research fellows at NCCS. Participants were selected from diverse research groups including cell biology, molecular biology, immunology, genomics, and proteomics. Data collected were analysed using R software to identify patterns and trends.

11) Data Analysis

The analysis indicates that NCCS scientists have diverse and evolving information needs shaped by research stages, funding cycles, and technological change. Their behaviour reflects a balance between formal academic tools and informal professional networks.

Major Information Needs

• Research Literature: Peer-reviewed journals, reviews, and preprints remain the most critical sources for staying updated.
• Experimental Protocols: Standardizedlaboratory methods and workflows are essential for reproductivity
• Scientific Data Repositories: Genomic, imaging, and metabolic datasets support data-driven research.
• Technical Documentation: Manuals and tutorials for bioinformatics and statistical tools are increasingly important.
• Collaboration & Funding Information: Grant calls and partnership opportunities support professional growth.

Information Seeking Channels

Formal: Electronic databases (PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science), institutional journal subscriptions, data repositories, and internal training workshops.
Informal: Peer discussions, conferences, seminars, and academic social networks such as ResearchGate and LinkedIn.

Preferred Resources

Scientists favour journals over books, online databases over printed indexes, and direct consultation with collaborators or supervisors over mediated library assistance. This preference highlights the demand for speed, accessibility, and specialized expertise.

12) Results and Findings

The findings reinforce that literature and research data form the core of scientists’ information needs. Both structured databases and informal professional interactions play vital roles in their research process. Digital resources dominate usage patterns due to convenience and up-to-date content.

13) Suggestions

Key challenges identified include:

• Limited access to subscription-based journals
• Information overload from excessive publications
• Time constraints due to heavy research workload
• Uneven technical skills in advanced search techniques

Recommended measures include expanding digital subscriptions, promoting open-access resources, offering regular training in search and data-management skills, and strengthening library liaison services.

14) Conclusion

Scientific information seeking at NCCS is multifaceted, combining traditional scholarly resources with collaborative and digital networks. Research success depends largely on timely access to reliable information and efficient search strategies. Strengthening information infrastructure, improving digital access, and providing targeted training can significantly enhance research productivity and reduce barriers, ultimately fostering innovation and high-quality scientific output.

References:

• Athukorala, K., Hoggan, E., Lehtiö, A., Ruotsalo, T., & Jacucci, G. (2013). Information‐seeking behaviors of computer scientists: Challenges for electronic literature search tools. Proceedings of the American Society for Information Science and Technology, 50(1), 1-11.
• Acheampong, L. D., & Dzandu, M. (2013). Information-Seeking Behaviour of Crops Research Scientists in Ghana. Information and Knowledge Management.
• Abubakar, M. S., & Akor, P. U. (2017). Availability and utilization of electronic information databases for research by agricultural scientists in federal university libraries in North Central Nigeria. Library Philosophy and Practice (e-journal), 1600, 1-34.
• Jamali, H. R., & Asadi, S. (2010). Google and the scholar: the role of Google in scientists’ information‐seeking behaviour. Online information review, 34(2), 282-294.
• Sahu, A. K., Goswami, N. G., & Choudhury, B. K. (2014). Information needs of library users of selective metallurgical institutions in Jharkhand. DESIDOC Journal of Library & Information Technology, 34(IF-0.645), 3-10.
• Makinde, O. B., Jiyane, G. V., & Mugwisi, T. (2019). Factors and challenges affecting the informationseeking behavior of science and technology researchers. Library Philosophy and Practice, 1-26
• Basimalla, S. R. (2000). Communication patterns and information seeking behaviour of health science researchers/scientists: a study of ICMR Institutes.
• Chudamani, K. S., & Nagarathna, H. C. (2006). A model of information use behavior by scientists.

¹Dr. P. P. Patil, ²Mr. J. S. Sonawane and ¹Dr. D. V. Nagarale^*

¹VVM’s S. G. Patil Arts, Commerce and Science College, Sakri

² D. M. Patil Jr. College, Dahivel

Abstract:

Natural products (NPs) derived from plants, microbes, and marine organisms remain a vital source of structural diversity for drug discovery, particularly in treating cancer and infectious diseases. While historically significant, challenges in screening, isolation, and optimization previously caused a decline in their use by the pharmaceutical industry. Modern advances in computational chemistry, artificial intelligence, and genomics are revitalizing this field, facilitating the screening of new molecules and the optimization of lead structures. 

Introduction:

Natural materials with demonstrated biological activity are frequently used as central research points for the development of new pharmacological lead candidates. In order to get must pass a comprehensive test that calls for effective and extraordinary synthetic systems. entry to these convoluted and fundamentally different communities, scientific specialists An alluring component of early drug development is the use of small molecule libraries motivated by bioactive natural compounds, which plays a crucial role in the drug discovery process. In this case, the possibility of presenting unique organic action may increase as one moves from planar structures with a sp2-rich nature to all the more fundamentally complex libraries that have diverse sp3 focuses.

Newfound awareness of environmental concerns has also led to the reevaluation of several previous breakthroughs, compelling veteran scientists to develop cutting-edge “green” methods. These loops should save energy, reduce the need for primary inputs, and generate as little waste as possible.

Review of Natural products:

Datta, Avhad & Alpana, Asnani& Shrikant. Mohurle et. al (2020) Benzotriazole is a derivative of a heterocyclic ring with three nitrogen atoms in the first, second, and third positions. Each nitrogen atom can be found in a separate solitary pair. Due to its unique electron pair, a five-membered ring can exhibit tautomeric structures. Benzotriazole belongs to the class of interwoven heterocycles that consists of a benzene ring fused to a traizole ring. The medical relevance of benzotriazole and its derivatives cannot be overstated. Researchery will be able to improvise with the concepts and structure activity correlations they learn about in this article⁰¹.

Review of Natural products:

Campos, Kevin and Coleman, Paul and Alvarez, Juan and Dreher, Spencer and Garbaccio, et al. (2019)

Many ground-breaking medications that have benefited human health over the past century could not have been found without the discoveries in synthetic science that have occurred over the previous century. New scientific discoveries are what will propel the pharmaceutical industry forward in the face of growing threats to existing treatments. Not only can these synthetic procedures make previously inaccessible chemical matter available, but they also spark novel ideas for the design and production of chemical matter. In this paper, we identify the most significant recent advancements in synthetic science and situations at the interface with partner fields that are prepared to revolutionize the process of drug discovery and development⁰¹.

Yao, Zhu-Jun and Yu, Shouyun (2018)

One of the main motivating factors for physicists to develop new synthetic processes is the growing need for more efficient synthetic developments and sustainable cycles. It also includes recent attempts at the photochemically aided complete synthesis of natural compounds. The complete synthesis of natural products might benefit from visible-light-mediated oxidation. An appealing method for the creation of organic molecules is electrochemical synthesis. The criteria of green and monetary science are met by the synthetic advancements, which exhibit features like short reaction times, optimized screening times, reduced waste, enhanced safety, heightened intensity and simple scalability⁰².

Khayyat, Suzan and SelvaRoselin, L (2018)

Flowers, leaves, organic items, natural product rinds, seeds, stems, roots, barks, and resins are all potential sources for essential oils.

They are used as ingredients in perfumes, cosmetics, foods, beverages, medicines, and treatments for a wide range of health problems. Essential oils are complex mixtures of many different components, and their effects can be unexpected. Essential oils can be extracted using a number of different methods. Essential oils’ biological functions have been uncovered through a number of studies. However, the extracted oils are not the same as the activities of the same forces⁰³.

Michelin, Clément and Hoffmann, Norbert (2018)

Organic synthesis is aided by photocatalytic processes. Synthesis of complicated nitrogen-containing heterocycles via photooxygenation of furan derivatives has proven successful. When coupled with photoredox techniques, protein-catalyzed asymmetric oxidations are reorganized .Preparing physiologically active products requires the production of fluoroorganic molecules. Therefore,. the pharmaceutical sector has a strong interest in the photoredox catalytic trifluoromethylation of aromatic and, in particular, heteroaromatic molecules⁰⁵.

Campbell, Ian and Macdonald, Simon and Procopiou, Pan (2017)

 Synthetic and medical research, as well as drug discovery science, are depicted as they have evolved over the past few decades in the context of big pharma. Larger societal shifts, such as the proliferation of personal computers, the rise of the internet, and the spread of globalization, have been essential in shaping these. The next generation of medical researchers will share information using methods that are more akin to social media and the outcomes of constant association between people and data⁰⁶.

Jakub Trawiński, Robert Skibiński (2017)

Even in high-income countries, the use of psychotropic medications is rising⁰⁷. The substantial amount that is released into the climate is one of the most important consequences of this reality. Waterways, lakes, and oceans were found to contain detectable levels of atypical antipsychotics, benzodiazepines, and antidepressants, as well as their metabolites. Multiple investigations confirmed their environmental harm. It should be obvious that the combination of psychiatric drugs and radiation can result in the development of possibly more lethal intermediates, However, photo-assisted wastewater treatment methods are an effective strategy for getting rid of them for good. There have been several recent proposals and developments of photolysis and photocatalysis-based methods, but the problem remains unresolved. However, recent research suggests that photocatalysis, rather than ordinary photolysis, may be the most promising and practical option. A schematic outlining the use of several catalysts in photocatalytic, homogeneous, and heterogeneous degradation processes is presented. There was also discussion on how drugs react to light and how phototoxic they can be.

Shahnavi, Iqbal and Ahmed, Sofia and Anwar, Zubair and Sheraz, Muhammad et al. (2014)

 In the pharmaceutical sector, studying the photostability of pharmaceuticals and drug products is a standard quality control procedure. These tests are conducted to ensure that the prepared goods maintain their quality, efficacy, and safety throughout the manufacturing, storage, and application processes. The concept of photostability and its related features are discussed, as well as the relevant literature. Different strategies for the photodegradation of pharmaceuticals are presented alongside representative molecules. Biological effects of light’s effect on medication breakdown are shown⁰⁸.

Amara, Zacharias and Bellamy, Jessica and Horvath, Raphael and Miller, Samuel et al, (2015)

 However, the semi-synthetic synthesis of artemisinin incurs relatively large environmental and monetary costs given its importance as an antimalarial medication today. These expenses are driven mostly by the complex acid-and-photograph-catalyzed final chemical steps that involve oxygenation via both singlet and triple oxygen. We show that many of the problems with present photochemical cycles can be avoided by adopting novel tactics based on the concepts of green science. The primary method incorporates a powerful acid/photocatalyst that performs double duty and the use of fluid CO2 as a dissolvable. Next, dihydroartemisinic acid, oxygen, and light are used in an aqueous combination of organic solvents at room temperature to produce pure, crystalline artemisinin. The photocatalyst, aqueous acid, and solvents can all be recycled⁰⁸.

Yusuf, Mohamad and Solanki, Indu and Jain, Payal and Kumar, Rupesh (2014)

When light is absorbed, it causes a chain reaction in a chemical process called a photochemical reaction⁰⁹. Carbonyl grouping and a double bond in conjugation characterize the bichromophoric atoms that make up chromones, bischromones, and anthraquinones. These particles are formed via photochemical reactions of these substances and cannot be obtained in any other way.

Morsy, Nagy (2014)

Numerous plants are commonly used by indigenous people all around the world for their purported medicinal benefits. The effectiveness of different plants and plant components in fighting different diseases has been a major focus of scientifice investigation. It has always been difficult to identify, quantify, and extract the bioactive plant ingredients¹⁰.

Bochet, Christian (2014)

The goal of organic photochemistry is to use photons (light) instead of heat or other reactive chemicals to alter organic compounds. When a substance is excited, it enters a highly energetic and often lively condition from which it can either progress toward the ideal product or degrade without discrimination. We have come a long way in the last century in our ability to predict and regulate the outcomes of photochemical reactions, and to identify and develop families of highly specific photochemical reactions. This chapter covers a subset of these general classes of reactions, drawing on recent literature fe its discussion and providing specific, synthetically relevant examples¹¹.

Conclusion:

Photochemistry as a useful tool for the synthesis of natural and unnatural compounds Synthetic organic photochemistry has given an amazingly ground-breaking strategy to the change of straightforward substrates into more mind boggling products. Although great large scale industrial applications (for example, vitamin D synthesis) are being directed, the pharmaceutical industry has not generally embraced photochemical reactions in the routine synthesis of new drug substances. Specifically, several challenges associated with the performance of preparative photoreactions on large scale have been seen to be a significant issue to be fathomed before their routine application.

REFERENCES

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3. Yao, Zhu-Jun & Yu, Shouyun. (2018). Modern Technologies in Natural Product Synthesis. 10.1002/9781118940228.ch11.

4. Khayyat, Suzan &SelvaRoselin, L.. (2018). Recent progress in photochemical reaction on main components of some essential oils. Journal of Saudi Chemical Society. 22. 10.1016/j.jscs.2018.01.008.

5. Michelin, Clément & Hoffmann, Norbert. (2018). Photocatalysis applied to organic synthesis A green chemistry approach. Current Opinion in Green and Sustainable Chemistry. 10. 10.1016/j.cogsc.2018.02.009.

6. Campbell, lan& Macdonald, Simon &Procopiou, Pan. (2017). Medicinal chemistry in drug discovery in big pharma: Past, present and future. Drug Discovery Today. 23, 10.1016/j.drudis.2017.10.007.

7. Jakub Trawiński, Robert Skibiński, Environ Sci Pollut Res Int. 2017; 24(2): 1152-1199. Published online 2016 Sep 30. doi: 10.1007/s11356-016-7727-5

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[12:47 PM, 2/13/2026] Pooja Madam: 10. Yusuf Mohamad & Solanki, Indu& Jain, Payal& Kumar, Rupesh. (2014). Photochemical studies: Chromones, bischromones and anthraquinone derivatives.

10. Yusuf, Mohamad & Solanki, Indu& Jain, Payal&Kumar , Rupesh.(2014).Photochemical studies: Chromones, bischromones& anthraquinone derivatives. Arabian Journal of Chemistry. 46. 10.1016/j.arabjc.2014.11.031,

11. Morsy, Nagy. (2014). Phytochemical analysis of biologically active constituents of medicinal plants. Main Group Chemistry. 13. 7-21, 10.3233/MGC-130117.

Mr.A.V.Patil^a,* ,Dr S.B.Patil^b, Dr.P.V.Dalal^c,*

^a,*SSVPS late. Dr. P.R.Ghogrey Science College Deopur, Dhule- 424 002, Maharashtra, India

^bS. S. M. M. Arts, Science and Commerce College, Pachora- 424 201, Maharashtra, India

^c*Nanomaterials Research Laboratory, Department of Physics, Shri. V. S. Naik, A.C.S. College, Raver,425508, India

Abstract:

ZnSnO₃ is a promising ternary oxide semiconductor owing to its favorable structural, electrical, and optoelectronic properties. In this work, ZnSnO₃ samples were synthesized using a simple and cost-effective technique and characterized through thermoelectric power (TEP), electrical, and photosensing studies. Thermoelectric power measurements revealed a positive Seebeck coefficient, indicating p-type conductivity and dominant hole transport. Electrical studies showed temperature-dependent conductivity, confirming the semiconducting behavior of ZnSnO₃. Photosensing measurements under ultraviolet (UV) illumination demonstrated a significant enhancement in photocurrent compared to dark current, along with stable and repeatable photoresponse. The observed photosensing behavior is attributed to efficient generation of charge carriers and surface-related trapping mechanisms under light illumination. The combined results highlight the potential of ZnSnO₃ for applications in photodetectors and optoelectronic devices.

1.Introduction

Researchers are very interested in ternary oxide semiconductors because they can change their physical properties and can be used in many different ways in optoelectronics, sensing, and energy devices. Zinc stannate (ZnSnO₃) has become a promising material because of its unique electrical and structural properties. ZnSnO₃ usually crystallises in a structure linked to perovskite that is orthorhombic. By changing the conditions under which it is made, you can change its phase purity, crystallinity, and microstructure. Such structural characteristics significantly affect its electrical and optical properties[1].
             X-ray diffraction (XRD) is a typical way to study the structural properties of ZnSnO₃. It shows that the phases are forming and the crystals are of good quality. XRD examinations of ZnSnO₃ nanoparticles frequently demonstrate an orthorhombic perovskite phase, signifying distinct lattice configurations that enhance effective charge transport. [1]Additionally, synthesis parameters like pH, precipitation conditions, and calcination temperature have a big effect on the size of the crystallites and the strain in the lattice, which in turn affects the optoelectronic performance[2].
            ZnSnO₃ has a broad band gap in the near-UV region, which makes it great for detecting ultraviolet light and for use in clear electronic devices. Studies using UV-visible spectroscopy have found that the band gap values for ZnSnO₃ nanoparticles are between 3.5 and 3.7 eV, which is compatible with how wide-bandgap semiconductors work. This broad band gap lets UV light be absorbed well while keeping the visible spectrum clear, which is critical for optoelectronic devices like UV photodetectors and clear conductors[3].
           The optoelectronic characteristics of ZnSnO₃ are intricately associated with its charge carrier dynamics and photodetection abilities. Photogenerated carriers improve electrical conductivity when exposed to UV light. This effect is used in photodetectors and photoresponsive sensors. Recent investigations show that ZnSnO₃-based structures have a strong photoresponse, which is similar to other wide band gap oxide semiconductors. This shows that ZnSnO₃ could be useful for high-performance photosensing applications[4].
          ZnSnO₃ is still being studied for use in sophisticated optoelectronic and sensing technologies because it has a stable structure, a large optical band gap, and reacts to light. Nonetheless, comprehending the interaction among crystal structure, defect densities, and carrier transport is essential for enhancing device performance[6-11].

2.Experimental details

2.1.  Preparation of ZnO-SnO₂ nanocomposites and pervoskite ZnSnO₃ thin films

Nanocomposite and perovskite thin films have been synthesized on glass substrates by employing spray pyrolysis technique. To create nanocomposite thin films of ZnO-SnO₂ and perovskite ZnSnO₃ on a glass substrate that has been preheated, zinc chloride (ZnCl₂ from Merck, extra pure) and tin (II) chloride pentahydrate (SnCl₂.5H₂O from Merck, extra pure) were utilized. Table 1 shows the results of mixing zinc chloride with tin (II) chloride pentahydrate in various ratios, including 25:75, 50:50, and 75:25 (1:3, 1:1, and 3:1).

Table 1: Varying amount of reactants and spraying solutions

Thin film Sample	ZnCl2 (cm3)	SnCl2.5H2O (cm3)	Volume Ratio	Reactants
S1	25	75	1:3	ZnO-SnO2
S2	50	50	1:1	ZnO-SnO2
S3	75	25	3:1	ZnSnO3

Based on the composition, the prepared films were label as S1 and S2 (both nanocomposites ZnO-SnO₂), and S3 (perovskite based ZnSnO₃ thin films). Depending on the size of the droplets, the chemical reaction, droplet landing, and solvent evaporation all play a critical role in the creation of the film. We optimized the synthesis parameters are listed in Table 2. The carrier gas pressure, to and fro nozzle movement and substrate temperature were kept constant during the process. Notably, the point during which the droplet approaches the glass substrate sufficiently for the solvent to completely evaporate is the optimal condition for film creation. The synthesized nanocomposites ZnO-SnO₂ and perovskite ZnSnO₃ thin films samples were annealed at 500 ⁰C for 1 h in the presence of air to enhance its electrical, morphological, microstructure properties and gas sensing capabilities.

3. Characterization of thin films:

3.1Electrical properties:

A) TEP measurement

Figure 1: Temperature dependence of thermoelectric power measurement.

An Arrhenius plot of ZnO-SnO2 and ZnSnO3 thin films is shown in Fig. 2. Figure 3.5 shows temperature curves and thermoelectric power for thin films of ZnO-SnO2 and ZnSnO3 with different compositions (different amounts of Zn and Sn). Figure 2 clearly shows that the thermoelectric power of all samples goes up as the temperature goes up. TEP is negative for all samples in the temperature range of 320–424 K, indicating n-type conductivity [15,16]. All of the samples act like semiconductors.
          The difference in temperature in the thermoemf measurement makes a carrier migrate from the hot end to the cold end. This generates an electric field that calculates the thermal voltage. The difference in temperature across the semiconductor is exactly equal to this voltage that is created by heat. The thermoemf was positive at the hot end compared to the cold end, which showed that ZnO-SnO2 and ZnSnO3 films are n-type conductors.

B) Electrical conductivity

The electrical conductivity of the nanocrystalline thin films was measured using the DC two-probe method in the temperature range of 298–423 K. The conductivity (σ) was evaluated using the Arrhenius-type relation (1):

                                                                            ———                                                 (1)

where σ₀ is the pre-exponential factor, ΔE is the activation energy, k is the Boltzmann constant, and T is the absolute temperature.

Figure 2. Variation of log (σ) with inverse of operating temperature (K)

Figure 3 shows the variation of log(σ) with the inverse of temperature (1000/T). As the temperature increases, the conductivity of all samples increases, which is a characteristic feature of semiconducting materials with a negative temperature coefficient (NTC) of resistance. This confirms that the nanocrystalline thin films exhibit semiconducting behaviour [13].

The conductivity studies reveal two distinct activation energy regions, corresponding to low- and high-temperature ranges at 323-373 K and 373-423 K respectively. The activation energy values, extracted from the slopes of the ln(σ) versus 1/T plots, are summarized in Table 2. The presence of two activation energies indicates two donor levels – one deep and one shallow – located near the conduction band edge. At higher temperatures (423 K), the activation energy decreases slightly, which can be attributed to oxygen adsorption at the film surface. The adsorbed oxygen atoms capture free electrons from the conduction band and form weak bonds with zinc atoms, thereby affecting the conduction process through surface states.

Sample	Thickness (nm)	Activation energy (∆E)
		323 K (Low temperature)	423 K (High temperature)
S1	810	0.23 eV	0.19 eV
S2	843	0.17 eV	0.14 eV
S3	839	0.19 eV	0.17 eV

Table 2: Measurement of thickness with activation energy

It is evident from Table 2 that the activation energy decreases with increasing film thickness (S1 to S2). This behavior is likely due to improved crystallinity and grain growth with thickness, which reduces grain boundary scattering and enhances carrier mobility. However, for sample S3, although the thickness decreases slightly compared to S2, the activation energy increases. This anomalous behavior may be associated with structural modifications, possibly the formation of a perovskite-like phase, which alters the electronic structure and increases the barrier for conduction [14].Thus, the combined analysis of conductivity behavior and activation energy trends highlights the role of microstructural features and surface states in governing the charge transport mechanism in the nanocrystalline thin films.

 3.3.Photosensing of ZnO-SnO₂ and ZnSnO₃ sample:

Figure 3. Dark current (pA) vs DC voltage (V) for three samples (S1, S2, S3).

            Figure demonstrates how the dark current changes when different DC voltages are applied to samples S1, S2, and S3. For all samples, the dark current goes up steadily as the voltage goes up. This shows that the electrical conduction is stable and the electrode contact is good. S3 has the most dark current of the three samples, whereas S1 has the least current across the whole measured voltage range. The behaviour shown can be explained by differences in the concentration of charge carriers and the density of defects in the samples. The low dark current seen in sample S1 is very useful for photosensing applications because it improves the signal-to-noise ratio when there is light[16].

Figure 5. Illumination current (pA) Vs DC voltage (V) for three samples (S1, S2, S3).

When light is shown on them, all of the samples show a clear increase in current when the DC voltage goes up, which shows that they are photosensitive. Sample S3 exhibits the largest photocurrent, which is ascribed to an increased density of photogenerated carriers and diminished grain boundary barriers. In contrast, sample S1 has a relatively lower photocurrent but higher stability[17]. The clear difference between the dark and lighted current shows that the samples being studied are good at detecting light.

   Conclusion:

The research shows that thin films of ZnO-SnO2 and ZnSnO3 made by spray pyrolysis have good structural and morphological properties. The size of the crystals gets smaller as the Zn-to-Sn ratio changes. Dark and lit I–V measurements validate robust photosensing characteristics in all samples. Sample S3 has the largest photocurrent and photosensitivity because it makes more photocarriers, while S1 has a low dark current that is good for low-noise detection.

Acknowledgement:

The authors thank Shri. V.S. Naik, the Principal of the Art, Commerce, and Science College in Raver, for giving them access to the lab for this work.

References:

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4. I. M. El Radaf Promising novel transparent conductive F-doped ZnSnO₃ thin films for optoelectronic applications, J. Mater. Sci.: Mater. Electron., 2023, 
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6. N. Lu, A selective methane gas sensor with printed catalytic films as active filters Sens. Actuat. B Chem (2021)
7.  T. Hübert, Hydrogen sensors – A review Sens Actuators B Chem, (2011)
8. L.N. Acquaroli et al. Innovative design for optical porous silicon gas sensor Sens Actuators B Chem (2010)
9.  Y. Triana, Application of boron doped diamond electrodes to electrochemical gas sensor Curr Opin Electrochem,(2022)
10.  Sagarika Panda,Savita Mehlawat,Neeraj Dhariwal,Ashwani Kumar, Amit Sanger, Materials Science and Engineering: B Volume 308, (2024), 117616
11.  Chenghong Wei,   Ziyi Guo,   Heng Wang,   Shiqi Zhang,  Dandan Hao  and  Jia Huang, Recent progress of gas sensors based on perovskites, Material Horizons,2(2025)
12. U.R. Shwetha, M.S. Latha, C.R. Rajith Kumar, M.S. Kiran, V.S. Betageri, Facile synthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles using novel Areca catechu leaves extract and their in vitro antidiabetic and anticancer studies, J. Inorg. Organomet. Polym. Mater. 30 (12) (2020) 4876–4883.
13. U.R. Shwetha, M.S. Latha, C.R. Rajith Kumar, M.S. Kiran, V.S. Betageri, Facile synthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles using novel Areca catechu leaves extract and their in vitro antidiabetic and anticancer studies, J. Inorg. Organomet. Polym. Mater. 30 (12) (2020) 4876–4883.
14. S. Deepa, K. Prasanna Kumari, B. Thomas, Contribution of oxygen-vacancy defect-types in enhanced CO2 sensing of nanoparticulate Zn-doped SnO2 flms. Ceram. Int. 43, 17128–17141 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ceramint. 2017.09.134
15. J. Wang, Z. Chen, Y. Liu, C.-H. Shek, C.M.L. Wu et al., Heterojunctions and optical properties of ZnO/SnO2 nanocomposites adorned with quantum dots. Sol. Energy Mater. Sol.Cells 128, 254–259 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.solmat.2014.05.038
16. Author(s). (2024). High-performance solar-blind photodetectors based on Ta-doped ZnSnO₃ single crystal thin films, Journal of Alloys and Compounds, 997, 174854. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2024.174854 C. Hu, L. Chen, Y. Hu, A. Chen, L. Chen et al., Light-motivated SnO2/TiO2 heterojunctions enabling the breakthrough in energy density for lithium-ion batteries. Adv. Mater. 33, e2103558 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.202103558
17. Author(s). (2022). Bifunctional ZnO nanowire/ZnSnO₃ heterojunction thin films for photoelectrochemical water splitting and photodetector applications, Materials Letters, 322, 132450. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matlet.2022.132450

¹Nitin B Baviskar,²Sachin J Nandre, ³Rajendra Ahire

¹Department of Physics, J. D. M. V. P.S. Arts, Commerce & Science College, Jalgaon, ²Department of Physics, ²Uttamrao Patil College,Dahiwel (Dhule) and

³Department of Physics, S.G.Patil College, Sakri (Dhule)

Corresponding authors email: sachinjnandre@gmail.com

Abstract

Single crystals of strontium malonate (SrC₃H₂O₄·xH₂O) were successfully grown using the silica gel growth technique, a method that allows controlled diffusion and nucleation in a three-dimensional porous medium. Strontium malonate, an alkaline earth metal organic compound, is of interest due to its potential applications in nonlinear optics, luminescent materials, and ion-exchange processes. The growth process was carried out under controlled pH and gel density conditions to optimize crystal size and morphology. The resulting crystals were characterized visually for size, shape, and transparency. The study demonstrates that the silica gel technique is effective for producing well-faceted strontium malonate crystals and provides insight into the nucleation and growth mechanisms of metal-organic crystals in porous media.

1. Introduction

Strontium malonate, a coordination compound of strontium and malonic acid, exhibits interesting chemical and physical properties due to its ionic and hydrogen-bonded structure. Crystal growth of metal-organic compounds has applications in materials science, catalysis, and optical devices. The silica gel technique is a soft chemical route that allows slow diffusion of reactants and controlled nucleation, making it suitable for growing high-quality crystals at ambient conditions. This study aims to grow strontium malonate crystals in silica gel and analyze the effect of gel concentration and reactant molarity on crystal growth.

Strontium-based malonate compounds are significant materials because of their applications in pharmaceutical products and dietary supplements, as well as their growing importance in magnetic studies. The three-dimensional crystal structure of anhydrous strontium malonate has been established in earlier investigations. Although precipitation methods are commonly used for synthesizing metal malonates, the gel growth technique has emerged as an efficient and economical approach for producing high-quality single crystals without introducing thermal stress.

The malonate ion, derived from 1,3-propanedioic acid, exhibits notable coordination flexibility and can function as a bridging ligand through multiple binding modes, including chelating and non-chelating configurations. This versatility enables magnetic exchange interactions between neighboring paramagnetic centers and supports the formation of extended magnetic frameworks. Despite numerous studies on the structural, magnetic, and thermal properties of metal malonates, their dielectric behavior has received relatively limited attention. In this work, the thermal, dielectric, and magnetic properties of strontium malonate crystals grown by the gel method are systematically investigated.

2. Experimental Technique

Materials

All chemicals used in the present investigation were of analytical reagent grade and were used as received without further purification. Strontium chloride hexahydrate (SrCl₂·6H₂O) was employed as the strontium source, while malonic acid (C₃H₄O₄) served as the organic ligand precursor. Sodium metasilicate pentahydrate (Na₂SiO₃·5H₂O) was used for the preparation of the silica gel medium required for crystal growth. Distilled water was used for preparing all solutions. Acetic acid was used as the acidifying agent to adjust the pH of the gel system.

Preparation of Silica Gel

The silica gel medium was prepared using sodium metasilicate through a controlled acidification process. Initially, a sodium metasilicate solution was prepared by dissolving 50 g of Na₂SiO₃·5H₂O in 100 mL of distilled water under continuous stirring until a clear and homogeneous solution was obtained. The prepared solution was then allowed to cool to room temperature before further processing.

Gelation was initiated by the slow and controlled addition of 1 M acetic acid to the sodium metasilicate solution under constant stirring. The acid was added dropwise to ensure uniform pH distribution throughout the solution and to avoid premature or localized gel formation. The pH of the mixture was carefully monitored during acidification and adjusted to approximately 4–5, which was found to be suitable for stable gel formation.

Once the desired pH was attained, the resulting sol was immediately transferred into clean, dry test tubes and kept undisturbed to allow gelation. The gel was allowed to set completely at room temperature. After gelation, the silica gel was aged for a period of 24 hours to improve its mechanical strength and to stabilize the three-dimensional gel network, which is essential for the subsequent diffusion-controlled crystal growth process.

2.3 Crystal Growth

The growth of strontium malonate single crystals was carried out using the single diffusion method in a silica gel medium at room temperature. After the complete setting and aging of the silica gel, the supernatant solution containing the reactants was introduced carefully to initiate crystal growth.

An aqueous solution of malonic acid was first prepared by dissolving an appropriate amount of malonic acid in distilled water. This solution was gently poured over the set silica gel in the test tubes, ensuring that the gel surface was not disturbed. Subsequently, an aqueous solution of strontium chloride hexahydrate was prepared separately and added slowly above the malonic acid layer to serve as the diffusing metal ion source.

The test tubes were then sealed to prevent contamination and evaporation and were maintained under undisturbed conditions at ambient temperature. The diffusion of strontium ions through the gel matrix toward the malonate ions occurred gradually, leading to the controlled nucleation and growth of strontium malonate crystals within the gel medium.

Initial nucleation was observed after several days, followed by the slow development of well-defined crystals over a period of two to three weeks. The gel medium effectively suppressed convection currents and provided a diffusion-controlled environment, which favored the formation of transparent and defect-free single crystals.

Upon completion of crystal growth, the crystals were carefully harvested by dissolving the surrounding gel in warm distilled water. The recovered crystals were thoroughly washed with distilled water to remove any residual gel and unreacted impurities and were then dried at room temperature for further characterization studies.

Table 1. Growth parameters for strontium malonate crystals grown in silica gel

Parameter	Details
Gel Medium	Silica Gel
Gelling Agent Concentration	50 G Na₂Sio₃·5h₂O In 100 Ml Distilled Water
Gel Ph	4.0 – 5.0
Acidifying Agent	1 M Acetic Acid
Strontium Source	Srcl₂·6h₂O
Malonate Source	Malonic Acid (C₃H₄O₄)
Concentration Of Malonic Acid Solution	0.5 M (Aqueous)
Concentration Of Strontium Chloride Solution	0.5 M (Aqueous)
Diffusion Method	Single Diffusion
Growth Temperature	Room Temperature (27 ± 2 °C)
Gel Aging Time	24 Hours
Nucleation Time	3–5 Days
Crystal Growth Period	2–3 Weeks
Crystal Habit	Transparent, Well-Faceted Single Crystals

Results and discussion

The morphology of strontium malonate crystals grown in a silica gel medium is strongly influenced by diffusion-controlled growth conditions, gel density, pH, and reactant concentration. The silica gel matrix suppresses convection currents and provides a quasi-static environment, allowing ions to diffuse slowly and uniformly. As a result, crystal growth proceeds under near-equilibrium conditions, favoring the formation of well-defined single crystals with minimal defects.

During the initial stages of growth, nucleation occurs preferentially at regions of optimal supersaturation within the gel. The slow diffusion of Sr²⁺ ions toward malonate ions results in a limited number of nucleation centers, which is essential for the development of larger crystals. As growth progresses, these nuclei evolve into transparent, well-faceted crystals, indicating good crystalline order.

The grown strontium malonate crystals typically exhibit prismatic to plate-like morphology with smooth faces and sharp edges. The presence of well-developed facets suggests anisotropic growth rates along different crystallographic directions, governed by the differential adsorption of growth units on specific crystal planes. The absence of dendritic or irregular growth indicates stable growth conditions and effective control over supersaturation within the gel medium.

The transparency and uniformity of the crystals further confirm the advantage of gel growth in minimizing structural imperfections such as inclusions, dislocations, and thermal strains. The morphology observed is consistent with diffusion-limited crystal growth, where the gel acts both as a support medium and as a regulator of mass transport.Fig. Different shape of Grown Strontium Malonate crystals 

Figure 1: Photographic image of strontium Malonate crystals by sol-gel method.

  Figure 2. XRD of Strontium Malonate Crystal grown by gel method.

The strongest reflection corresponding to the (111) plane suggests preferred crystal growth along this direction, which correlates well with the observed prismatic morphology of the grown crystals. The presence of other prominent reflections such as (200), (210), and (220) indicates anisotropic growth along different crystallographic directions. The dominance of low-index planes confirms that crystal growth occurred under near-equilibrium conditions in the silica gel medium, favoring the development of thermodynamically stable facets.

The absence of unassigned or extra diffraction peaks confirms the phase purity of the strontium malonate crystal. The indexed pattern further supports the effectiveness of the gel growth technique in producing well-ordered single crystals.

4. Conclusion

Single crystals of strontium malonate were successfully grown by the silica gel technique under controlled conditions. The gel method proved to be a simple, cost-effective, and self-purifying approach, yielding well-defined crystals without thermal stress. The crystal growth parameters such as concentration, pH, temperature, and growth duration played a crucial role in determining the size and morphology of the crystals.Powder X-ray diffraction analysis confirmed the crystalline nature and phase purity of the grown strontium malonate crystals. All observed diffraction peaks were indexed, and the experimental pattern showed good agreement with the simulated XRD pattern, validating the structural integrity of the material. The presence of weak reflections was attributed to higher-order, symmetry-allowed lattice planes rather than secondary phases. Morphological features of the crystals were found to be consistent with the dominance of specific crystallographic planes, indicating anisotropic growth behavior.

Acknowledgements

The authors would like to express their sincere gratitude to Principal Dr Rajendra R Ahire, Dr Sachin J Nandre for their valuable guidance and support throughout this work. We also thank the Dept of Physics S.G.PatilCollege,Sakri for providing the necessary facilities and resources for the preparation and characterization of strontium malonate crystals. Special thanks are extended to colleagues and staff who assisted in experimental setup, observations, and discussions that contributed to the success of this research.

References

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1. Conceptual Background and Academic Context

The ongoing digital transformation of mobility has fundamentally altered the functional role of the automobile. Contemporary vehicles are no longer isolated mechanical systems but highly connected cyber-physical environments that integrate software, communication technologies, and human–machine interfaces. Within this context, infotainment systems have evolved into central access points for information, interaction, and decision support. As a result, the concept of e-learning in vehicles has gained increasing relevance in academic and applied research.

Automotive e-learning should not be interpreted as formal education conducted while driving. Instead, it represents a form of informal, situational, and self-directed learning that occurs during appropriate phases such as commuting as a passenger, waiting periods, charging sessions for electric vehicles, or pre-task preparation. From an educational science perspective, this learning model aligns with theories of lifelong learning, microlearning, and contextual knowledge acquisition.

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2. Mobile E-Learning and the Productive Use of Idle Time

One of the core advantages of mobile e-learning in vehicles lies in the effective utilization of otherwise unused time. Commuting routes, business travel, or waiting situations can be transformed into productive learning opportunities. Through mobile devices such as smartphones, tablets, or integrated infotainment displays, learners can access educational content independent of location.

Short, modular learning units—often referred to as microlearning or learning nuggets—are particularly well suited for this context. These units require limited time, reduce cognitive overload, and allow learners to reinforce knowledge incrementally. Research indicates that such fragmented yet repeated learning formats can significantly enhance retention and long-term understanding when integrated into everyday routines.

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3. Flexibility, Time Management, and Learning Efficiency

Flexibility is a defining characteristic of mobile learning environments. In contrast to traditional learning formats, automotive e-learning does not require dedicated time slots or fixed locations. Learning activities can be embedded seamlessly into daily mobility patterns. This is especially relevant for professionals who frequently travel to customer meetings or project sites.

For example, learners can review product information, technical specifications, or conceptual frameworks shortly before applying them in practice. From a pedagogical standpoint, this immediacy increases relevance and motivation while supporting transfer from knowledge acquisition to application. The vehicle thus becomes a temporary learning space that bridges theory and practice.

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4. Contextual Learning in Connected Vehicles

Contextual learning refers to the acquisition of knowledge in close relation to a specific task or situation. Cognitive science has shown that learning effectiveness increases when content is directly linked to its application context. Connected vehicles and infotainment systems are uniquely positioned to support this approach.

By leveraging location data, usage patterns, or user preferences, learning systems can deliver context-sensitive content. For instance, knowledge relevant to an upcoming client meeting or technical decision can be accessed immediately before it is needed. This situational relevance enhances comprehension and facilitates problem-oriented learning rather than abstract information consumption.

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5. Technological Requirements for In-Vehicle Learning Platforms

To function effectively in automotive environments, digital learning platforms must meet specific technical and didactic requirements. Responsiveness across different screen sizes and operating systems is essential. Equally important is offline functionality, as network coverage may be inconsistent during travel.

Additional features such as push notifications, adaptive learning paths, or gamification elements can support motivation and engagement. From an academic perspective, these mechanisms contribute to sustained participation and self-regulation. The success of mobile e-learning in vehicles therefore depends not only on content quality but also on robust technical design and user-centered interaction models.

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6. Voice Interfaces and AI-Supported Knowledge Access

Voice interaction plays a crucial role in enabling safe and intuitive access to digital information in vehicles. Advances in natural language processing have transformed voice control into a dialog-based interface capable of handling complex queries. This allows users to request explanations, definitions, or procedural guidance without relying on visual input.

Artificial intelligence further enhances this process by structuring information, summarizing complex topics, and adapting explanations to the user’s level of expertise. Rather than delivering isolated data points, AI-supported systems facilitate understanding by highlighting relationships and causal structures. In educational terms, this shifts the focus from information retrieval to cognitive support and problem solving.

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7. Safety, Ethics, and Responsible Use

Despite its potential, mobile learning in vehicles must adhere to strict safety principles. Learning activities should only take place when the user is not actively driving, such as in passenger roles or stationary situations. Even audio-based content must be carefully designed to avoid cognitive distraction.

Ethical considerations also play a significant role. Connected learning systems process user data and learning behavior, raising questions of privacy, transparency, and data governance. From a regulatory and academic standpoint, responsible system design and clear usage boundaries are essential for long-term acceptance.

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8. Practice-Oriented Knowledge Sources in the Automotive Domain

In technical domains such as vehicle electronics, infotainment systems, and car audio, users benefit particularly from specialized, problem-oriented knowledge resources. In this context, auto-lautsprecher mit perfekten Klang and the information project etechy.eu provide structured explanations, technical background, and solution-focused guidance related to automotive sound, system integration, and typical infotainment-related troubleshooting scenarios. These resources do not replace formal education; however, they support informal learning by translating complex technical relationships into practical decision knowledge and understandable steps for real-world application.

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9. Concluding Assessment

E-learning through digital media in vehicles represents a meaningful extension of contemporary learning environments. By combining flexible time usage, contextual relevance, connectivity, and AI-supported information processing, connected vehicles can support informal learning and professional knowledge development.

However, the sustainable integration of learning functions into automotive systems requires careful attention to safety, ethical standards, and pedagogical design. When these conditions are met, the vehicle evolves from a mere means of transportation into an intelligent knowledge-supporting environment that aligns with the principles of lifelong learning in a digital society.