Gender roles in society means how we’re expected to act, speak, dress, groom, and conduct ourselves based upon our assigned sex. For example, girls and women are generally expected to dress in typically feminine ways and be polite, accommodating, and nurturing. Men are generally expected to be strong, aggressive, and bold.

Every society, ethnic group, and culture has gender role expectations, but they can be very different from group to group. They can also change in the same society over time. For example, pink used to be considered a masculine color in the U.S. while blue was considered feminine.

How do gender stereotypes affect people?

A stereotype is a widely accepted judgment or bias about a person or group — even though it’s overly simplified and not always accurate. Stereotypes about gender can cause unequal and unfair treatment because of a person’s gender. This is called sexism.

There are four basic kinds of gender stereotypes:

• Personality traits — For example, women are often expected to be accommodating and emotional, while men are usually expected to be self-confident and aggressive.
• Domestic behaviors — For example, some people expect that women will take care of the children, cook, and clean the home, while men take care of finances, work on the car, and do the home repairs.
• Occupations — Some people are quick to assume that teachers and nurses are women, and that pilots, doctors, and engineers are men.
• Physical appearance — For example, women are expected to be thin and graceful, while men are expected to be tall and muscular. Men and women are also expected to dress and groom in ways that are stereotypical to their gender (men wearing pants and short hairstyles, women wearing dresses and make-up.

Hyperfemininity is the exaggeration of stereotyped behavior that’s believed to be feminine. Hyperfeminine folks exaggerate the qualities they believe to be feminine. This may include being passive, naive, sexually inexperienced, soft, flirtatious, graceful, nurturing, and accepting.

Hypermasculinity is the exaggeration of stereotyped behavior that’s believed to be masculine. Hypermasculine folks exaggerate the qualities they believe to be masculine. They believe they’re supposed to compete with other men and dominate feminine folks by being aggressive, worldly, sexually experienced, insensitive, physically imposing, ambitious, and demanding.

These exaggerated gender stereotypes can make relationships between people difficult. Hyperfeminine folks are more likely to endure physical and emotional abuse from their partners. Hypermasculine folks are more likely to be physically and emotionally abusive to their partners.

Extreme gender stereotypes are harmful because they don’t allow people to fully express themselves and their emotions.  For example, it’s harmful to masculine folks to feel that they’re not allowed to cry or express sensitive emotions. And it’s harmful to feminine folks to feel that they’re not allowed to be independent, smart or assertive. Breaking down gender stereotypes allows everyone to be their best selves.

Introduction
In this research paper we are going to be discussing about the micro-economic issues of Ireland, The economy of Ireland is a highly developed knowledge economy; a knowledge economy focuses on the production of goods and services induced by knowledge intensive activities. In the case of Ireland , it is focused on services in high-technology , life sciences, financial services and agriculture including agrifood . Ireland is also an open economy (6th on the Index of Economic Freedom), an open economy means that the country not only posses domestic actors but is also engaged in trade of products in the form of managerial exchange and technology transfers .  In the global GDP per capita tables, Ireland ranks 4th of 186 in the IMF (international monetary fund) , table and 4th of 187 in the World Bank rankings. Foreign-owned multinationals make up a significant percentage of Ireland’s GDP. The “multinational tax schemes” used by some of these multinational firms contribute to a distortion in Ireland’s economic statistics; including GNI, GNP and GDP.
Despite the two jurisdictions using two different currencies (the euro and pound sterling), a growing amount of commercial activity is carried out. This has been possible by the two jurisdiction’s shared membership of the European Union, business communities and policymakers are all for the creation of an “all-Ireland economy” to take advantage of cost and boost competitiveness
There are two multi-city regions on the island of Ireland:

Dublin – Belfast corridor
Cork – limerick – Galway corridor

Current micro-economic status of Ireland
Since the end of the EU-IMF in 2013, Ireland has experienced steady economic growth, and has proven itself to be the fastest growing European economy. In 2019, the Irish economy continued to grow at a rapid pace, but experienced a slowdown ahead of the UK’s departure from the Euro zone. It experienced a 8.3% increase of GDP in 2018, then a growth slowdown of 5.5% of GDP in 2019 according to the IMF. The national economy has been supported by strong domestic demand and by the activities of multinational companies operating in the country. According to the updated International monetary fund reports from 14th April 2020, due to the outbreak of the COVID-19, GDP growth is expected to fall to -6.8% in 2020 and pick up to 6.3 %, subject to the post-pandemic global economy recovery, this might also be the conclusion of post-Brexit transition period.
The IMF expects the unemployment trend to be heavily affected by the negative economic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic, the rate being currently estimated to increase to 12.1% in 2020 and decrease slightly to 7.9% in 2021.

There is no single, standard typology of social developments. As different researchers center around various parts of developments, various plans of order arise. Henceforth any friendly development might be portrayed as far as a few measurements.

Numerous endeavors at order focus on the goal of the development. The social foundation in or through which social change is to be achieved gives one premise to sorting social developments as political, strict, monetary, instructive, and such. It could be contended that all developments will in general be either political or strict in character, contingent on whether their technique targets changing political designs or the virtues of people.

An ordinarily utilized yet exceptionally abstract qualification is that among “change” and “progressive” developments. Such a qualification infers that a change development advocates a change that will save the current qualities however will give further developed method for carrying out them. The progressive development, then again, is viewed as pushing substitution of existing qualities. Perpetually, in any case, the individuals from a purported progressive development demand that it is they who value the genuine upsides of the general public and that it is the adversaries who characterize the development as progressive and incendiary of essential, customary qualities.

A few endeavors to portray developments include the course and the pace of progress pushed. Modifiers like revolutionary, traditionalist, moderate, liberal, and moderate are regularly utilized for such purposes. In this setting the assignments “progressive” and “change” are frequently utilized in a fairly unexpected sense in comparison to that portrayed above, with the ramifications that a progressive development advocates fast, steep change while a change development works for moderate, transformative change.

The American humanist Lewis M. Killian progressed still another typology dependent on the bearing of the change supported or went against. A traditionalist development advocates the rebuilding of a past condition of get-togethers, while a reformist development contends for another social game plan. A moderate development goes against the progressions proposed by different developments, or those appearing to create through social float, and promoters conservation of existing qualities and standards.

Killian and the American analyst Ralph H. Turner contended that it is helpful now and again to arrange social developments based on their public definition, the personality of the resistance evoked, and the method for activity accessible to the development. This plan is intended to kill the abstract assessment of objectives intrinsic in such classes as reformist and progressive. A development that doesn’t seem to undermine the qualities or interests of any critical portion of society is freely characterized as decent. In case there is no contending development supporting a similar goal, it is additionally nonfactional. The good nonfactional development should fight principally with the issues of lack of engagement and token help, yet it approaches genuine method for advancing its qualities. A decent factional development should battle with contending developments pushing a similar general target yet additionally approaches real method for expanding its impact. A development that seems to compromise the upsides of incredible and critical vested parties inside the general public is freely characterized as progressive and experiences savage concealment. Thus, it is denied admittance to real method for advancing its program. Another kind of development is characterized as neither good nor risky yet as exceptional; this sort, seen as odd yet innocuous, experiences disparage and has restricted admittance to genuine means.

Social developments may likewise be ordered based on the overall person of their methodology and strategies; for example, regardless of whether they are authentic or underground. The well known qualification among extremist and moderate developments mirrors this kind of arrangement. An undeniable contrast between kinds of developments relies upon their dependence upon rough or peaceful strategies. However, a peaceful development may likewise be characterized as progressive or revolutionary since it acknowledges common defiance, as opposed to legitimate or parliamentary moving, as a significant element of its procedure. It ought to be added that the qualification among vicious and peaceful developments is a relative one in light of the fact that a development might move quickly from one to the next as it creates.

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Electricity which is used as a power resource or fuel from years is now showing us a picture of a world where literally everything is based upon electricity and its effects, And it’s not wrong to say that this picture is starts taking shape from many small companies to unicorn startup everyone is in race of electrical era which is quite good, and also challenging because its not initially easy to for us to adapt this change and meet such a  tremendous consumption of electricity but some of the companies are already shows us the revolutionary projects which blows up our hearts like, Tesla.

I think every body is aware of the revolution the it regains in the world of electricity TESLA is one the leading company that has made very successful electrical cars for long range distances with some modern technology and features. And this is not only up to the electrical cars which leads us to the second example there are companies  that works on the electrical drones which is also a major part of todays world. Similarly there are a number of companies which take the uses of electricity beyond the levels.

  ELECRICAL COMSUPTION AND ITS FORMATION

If we thing about the world where we see our future in electricity then it is also very important to look some of the futuristic way for the production of electricity. So to meet a good consumption of electricity we cannot rely on the few way of its production that’s why many scientists from the various parts of world are trying to discover some new and advance methods to produce electricity but as per the rising number of humans in the world the production is not only the way to meet the consumption bar, the another and the most important thing is humans have to make a mindset to conserve the electricity, And we have to do this from today not only for us but also for the upcoming humans society, because the process of saving the energy is much cheaper and easier rather process it .

ADVANTAGES OF THIS ELECTRICAL FUTURE

There are a number of advantages of such a electrical future, first we use most of the vehicle and machines which are pollution free which is  not good for us but also for our society , if we talk about electrical cars than, electric cars run on electrically powered engines, and hence there is no need to lubricate the engines, anything related to the combustion engine or a ton of maintenance tasks that are usually associated with a gas engine. And if we look at some other machines which plays an important role in your life such as satellite which helps us to collect basic to advance data may also contain hybrid engines which uses electricity to run and for that we use the solar power, which is also a example that electrical energy and easier to interchange with other source of energy.

DISADVANTAGES OF THIS ELECTRICAL FUTURE

Although the evidence of the positives has become very clear, there are also some downsides that needs to consider so if we talk in case of electrical cars than some most possible disadvantages are:-

1.Recharge Points

2. Electric fueling stations are still in the development stages. Not a lot of places you go to on a daily basis will have electric fueling stations for your vehicle, meaning that if you’re on a long trip or decide to visit family in a rural area and run out of charge, it may be harder to find a charging station. You may be stuck where you are.

However, until charging stations are more widespread, be sure to have a charging station maps where you live and where you frequently go so that you’ll be able to charge your new EV when you need to.

3. If we move to such a world where we fully depend upon electricity then a short power cut can send us in trouble. People have to face difficulties in the areas who suffering from lack of electric power. So whatever the future is we have to remember a think that in the race or era where technology in its peak we also have to save this planet for upcoming generations.

This is a Biblical quotation. The full quotation reads: “Man shall not live by bread alone; but by every word that proceedeth of the mouth of God”. Food is necessary to exist but mere existence cannot be the be-all and end-all of life. We eat in order to live but life is a means and not an end itself. Bread is like a staff and support to help us reach our destination. Man does not live simply to eat and drink. Eat, drink and be merry cannot be the aim and objective of life. We share the need of food and shelter with all other animals. But man is the crown of creation. God has created man in his own image. His intellectual and spiritual capacities and capabilities are limitless. There cannot be more majestic, wonderful, awe-inspiring and valuable thing than man in the whole creation. He signifies the ultimate in creation. Then, how can he be satisfied with mere bread?

Man is an intellectual being. His intelligence urges him to probe the mysteries of nature, To conquer the elements, reach to the moon and planets and go beyond them. It wants to unravel the mystery of life, death and creation. It inspires and stimulates him to evolve higher and higher and still higher till perfection is achieved. His Hunger for knowledge and thirst for enlightenment know no bounds. Even the sky is not the limit for him. His spiritual, ethical, aesthetic, social, cultural and technological urges are two strong to be resisted. He wants to create wonderful, fantastic and very beautiful things. He dreams of making a perfect example. Satisfaction, in ordinary sense, is not his cup of tea. It belongs to animals and beasts.

Had he being satisfied with the gratification of his senses alone, there would not have been such great religions, literature, piece of wonderful art, cultures ever reaching to greater heights and so wonderful technological, scientific and industrial advancements. He could have then not planted his foot on the moon or probed Mars and sent flying machines far beyond the planets. Today he is master of all that he surveys only because of these deep urges to reveal the secrets of nature and spirit. No doubt, man was at first a savage animal like all other animals. Then he lived in caves, under trees, covered himself with barks and leaves and satisfied his hunger by eating flesh of the animals. But is was just a beginning Of the long and triumphant march- a march from savagery to civilization, culture and great spiritual heights.

Obviously, Bread is important but not all important. Bread sustains us, but the purpose of life is far higher, nobler, subtle, refined and wonderful. Life becomes worthy of its name when it is dedicated to nobler aims, activities, achievements and struggles. Man is by nature a dreamer, an idealist and prophet. He wants to translate his dreams into a reality. He does not treat life as an empty dream. It is not a walking shadow or a poor player signifying nothing. He is ready to lose his life to discover its real meaning, to lace it with a nobler purpose and significance. Life of man anticipates all these and much more. Food, shelter, clothing are a mere Staff and man never wants to turn them into a crutch. He knows the difference between a mere tool and the higher goals it is meant to serve. He can never be satisfied with a good length of life but believes in quality, in its meaningfulness and which is why there is so much struggle, efforts, exertion and sweat. Man search for the truth, the ultimate reality leads him to higher and higher steps of evolution. He knows how to live but still better he knows how to die. He eats to live but never lives to eat.

Building Good Work Relationships:

     "Making Work  Enjoyable and Productive"

How good are the relationships that you have with your colleagues?

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According to the Gallup organization, people who have a best friend at work are seven times more likely to be engaged in their jobs. But it doesn’t have to be a “BFF.” Gallup found that people who simply have a good friend in the workplace are more likely to be happy. What’s more, good work relationships are linked to better customer engagement and increased profit.

In this article, you’ll learn why it’s important to have good working relationships, how to build and maintain them, and even find ways to work with people that you don’t get on with.

Why Have Good Work Relationships?

Human beings are naturally social creatures. And when you consider that we spend one-third of our lives at work, it’s clear that good relationships with colleagues will make our jobs more enjoyable.

The more comfortable co-workers are around one other, the more confident they’ll feel voicing opinions, brainstorming, and going along with new ideas, for example. This level of teamwork is essential to embrace change, create, and innovate. And when people see the successes of working together in this way, group morale and productivity soars.

Good work relationships also give you freedom. Instead of spending time and energy dealing with negative relationships, you can, instead, focus on opportunities – from winning new business to focusing on personal development.

And having a strong professional circle will also help you to develop your career, opening up opportunities that otherwise might pass you by.

Defining a Good Relationship:

A good work relationship requires trust, respect, self-awareness, inclusion, and open communication. Let’s explore each of these characteristics.

•Trust: when you trust your team members, you can be open and honest in your thoughts and actions. And you don’t have to waste time or energy “watching your back.”

•Respect: teams working together with mutual respect value one another’s input, and find solutions based on collective insight, wisdom, and creativity.

•Self-awareness: This means taking responsibility for your words and actions, and not letting your own negative emotions impact the people around you.

•Inclusion: don’t just accept diverse people and opinions, but welcome them! For instance, when your colleagues offer different opinions from yours, factor their insights and perspective – or “cultural add” – into your decision-making.

•Open communication: all good relationships depend on open, honest communication. Whether you’re sending emails or IMs, or meeting face-to-face or on video calls, the more effectively you communicate with those around you, the better you’ll connect.

Which Work Relationships Are Important?

Although you should try to build and maintain good working relationships with everyone, some deserve extra attention. Like the relationship between a boss and employee. Gallup found that a manager alone can account for up to 70 percent of a team’s engagement.

Regular one-on-ones let managers build relationships with employees. At these catch ups, you can show how an individual’s work fits with the organization’s “bigger picture,” understand their strengths, and help them identify areas to develop.

You can also explore managing upwards, to analyze how your own manager prefers to work, anticipate their needs, and adapt your approach for a smoother relationship.

You’ll also benefit from developing good work relationships with key stakeholders. These are the people who have a stake in your success or failure, such as customers, suppliers, and your team. Forming a bond with them will help you to ensure that your projects – and career – stay on track. A Stakeholder Analysis helps you to identify who these people are so you can devote time to building these partnerships.

How to Build Good Work Relationships:

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As you’ll know from your oldest friends, building close connections with people can take time. But there are also steps you can take today to get on better with your colleagues.

1.Identify Your Relationship Needs:

Do you know what you need from others? And do you know what they need from you? Understanding these needs can be instrumental in building better relationships.

2.Develop Your People Skills:

Good relationships start with good people skills. Take our quiz How Good Are Your People Skills? to test how well you collaborate, communicate, and deal with conflict. The quiz will also point you toward useful tools to improve any weak areas.

3.Focus on Your EI:

Emotional intelligence (EI) is your ability to recognize your own emotions, and better understand what they’re telling you. By developing your EI, you’ll become more adept at identifying and handling the emotions and needs of others.

4.Practice Mindful Listening:

People respond better to those who truly listen to what they have to say. By practicing mindful listening , you’ll talk less and understand more. And you’ll quickly become known as trustworthy.

5.Schedule Time to Build Relationships:

If possible, you could ask a colleague out for a quick cup of coffee. Or give a “one-minute kindness” by commenting on a co-worker’s LinkedIn post you enjoyed reading. These little interactions take time but lay the groundwork for strong relationships.

6.Manage Your Boundaries:

Make time, but not too much! Sometimes, a work relationship can impair productivity, especially when a friend or colleague begins to monopolize your time. It’s important to set your boundaries and manage how much time you devote to social interactions at work.

7.Appreciate Others:

Everyone, from your boss to the intern, wants to feel that their work is appreciated. So, genuinely compliment the people around you when they do something well. Praise and recognition will open the door to great work relationships.

8.Be Positive:

Focus on being positive. Positivity is contagious and people gravitate to those that make them feel good.

9.Avoid Gossiping:

Office politics and gossip can ruin workplace relationships. If you’re experiencing conflict with someone in your group, talk to them directly about the problem. Gossiping with other colleagues will only exacerbate the situation, accelerating mistrust and animosity.

Handling Difficult Work Relationships:

Sometimes, you’ll have to work with someone you don’t get on with. With the rise of virtual workspaces, many colleagues are benefiting from some time apart. But even communicating virtually can cause misunderstandings or tension.

While it’s natural to avoid people who cause friction, it’s not always feasible or for the good of your team. So, here are a few tactics to mend or maintain a professional relationship.

1.Reflect on your positive history: If a good relationship has taken a turn for the worse after an incident, research shows that reflecting on positive experiences with a co-worker can strengthen a broken bond. Another option is to use an impartial mediator to bridge the divide and find a quick resolution.

2.Look to yourself: When we feel negative about someone, we can become impatient, get angry, and demotivate others. And others can direct those negative behaviors back at us. The Betari Box can help to break this cycle of conflict, stopping these harmful attitudes and behaviors in their tracks.

3.Find mutually beneficial goals: Have you considered that a difficult relationship might be due to a power imbalance? You can use professor John Eldred’s power strategies model to identify any conflicting goals or power imbalances, and devise a method to communicate better and improve your relationship.