INTERNSHIP

We offer internships at Track2Training throughout the year and at other chapters during specific periods. Interns are not provided with any remuneration, food or accommodation, but will be equipped with professional skills and provided with a certificate at the end of the engagement.
Interns should be willing to work full-time or part-time. Work from home and this internship can be done along with other internships too.  Please fill the Internship Form given below:
Send a mail to contact@track2training.org




Areas of Interest

  1. Capacity building                 
  2. Monitoring & evaluation      
  3. Micro – enterprises establishment
  4. Watershed works.
  5. Sanitation works.
  6. Sericulture activities.
  7. Lac cultivation, processing & marketing.
  8. Animal husbandry
  9. Micro planning. 
  10. Child Development MDM ,Diet Plan


Chief Minister’s Urban Leaders Fellowship (CMULF) programme

 The present government of NCT of Delhi came to power in February 2015 on the basis of a manifesto crafted through an extensive series of ‘Delhi Dialogues’ with all sections of society. With an innate belief that the process of dialogue should be carried forth even after the formation of government, the Aam Aadmi Party-led Delhi Government constituted the Delhi Dialogue Commission vide its Cabinet Decision no. 2131 dated 27th February 2015.

The Commission was formed with the aim of providing a unique model of collaborative and inclusive development in Delhi. It was set up to bridge the knowledge and capacity deficit in the government, and to take advantage of the vast pool of domain expertise that lies outside the government. The Commission was tasked with the role of considering ideas, identifying the best practices and policies from around the world, and translating these into concrete recommendations to the Government of NCT of Delhi.

Since its formation, the Commission has submitted a number of policy reports and recommendations to the Government of NCT of Delhi on a wide array of development issues. These issues include an infant health insurance scheme, establishment of a Health Care Corporation in Delhi, Delhi Solar Policy, leveraging technology for dengue vector surveillance, piloting of battery electric buses etc.

The Dialogue and Development Commission of Delhi is envisioned as a think-tank of the Government of National Capital Territory of Delhi advising the government in finding sustainable, people centric solutions to the critical development challenges facing Delhi.

DDC Delhi has the following four broad functions:

1) Policy Design: Consider ideas, innovations, best practices nationally and globally, evidence of impact in a core set of policy areas and translate them into concrete policy recommendations for the Government of National Capital Territory of Delhi.

2) Support Policy Implementation: Support expeditious implementation of critical reforms by developing innovative models of contracting, model RFPs, leveraging technology and by actively bridging knowledge and capacity gaps, if any.

3) Promote Participatory Governance: Establish platforms that bridge the gap between government and external stakeholders such as the private sector, civil society, academia and communities in effective design and implementation of policies and government schemes.

4) Monitoring, Evaluation and Learning: Promote the use of data, evidence and modern monitoring and evaluation techniques for improved policy-making and better delivery of public services. Further, document the impact of reforms and policy innovations of the Government of National Capital Territory of Delhi to facilitate internal and external learning.

To fulfill its mandate, the Dialogue and Development Commission of Delhi’s work is organized around the following six sectors/verticals:

1) Social Sector: The Social Sector team advises and assists the government’s work in following areas:

  • a. Provide world-class education to every child, from early childhood education and higher education with a particular focus on outcomes of quality education.
  • b. Provide affordable and accessible healthcare facilities for all within the framework of a three-tiered universal healthcare system comprising of Mohalla Clinics, polyclinics and hospitals for tertiary care.
  • c. Ensure the welfare, social security and safety of all vulnerable sections such as children, women, elderly, SCs/STs, transgender, unorganized workers etc.

2) Environment: The Environment team advises and assists the government’s work in the following areas:

  • a. Reduce air pollution and carbon emissions substantially from current levels by forming a scientific understanding of underlying sources, and implementing innovative, evidence-backed mitigation measures.
  • b. Clean-up Yamuna by ensuring no untreated water flows into the Yamuna and develop a beautiful
  •  river side on the Yamuna, which will play a big role in maintaining the Yamuna  Eco system and creating a new tourist destination.
  • c. Make Delhi among India’s cleanest cities by working in close coordination with Municipal Corporations to get rid of open dhalavs and institute modern practices for collection, transportation & disposal of solid waste.

3) Transport and Infrastructure: The Transport and Infrastructure team advises and assists the
 government’s work in the following areas:

  • a. Create a world-class and affordable public transportation system comprising of buses, metro and efficient last-mile connectivity that gives priority to electric vehicles and non-motorized modes of transport.
  • b. Build well-designed, beautifully landscaped and safe roads that cater to the needs of all its users – the essential hallmark of a world-class city.
  • c. Provide dignified housing and essential services to all residents of Delhi with a focus on the needs of slum dwellers and residents of unauthorized colonies.

4) Economy: The Economy team advises and assists the government’s work in the following areas:

  • a. Undertake reform measures for the continued growth of Delhi’s economy including modernization of market and industrial areas, furthering the ease of doing business, nurturing the growth of culture and creative economy and establishing Delhi as the nation’s hub for start-ups.
  • b. Promote the growth of quality jobs and employment opportunities by investing in world-class skill training and better industry-government collaboration in labor-intensive sectors.
  • c. Undertake all possible steps to increase the participation of women in Delhi’s economy, including initiatives that connect housewives with job and business opportunities from or near their homes.

5) Governance: The Governance team advises and assists the government’s work in the following areas:

  • a. Establish and nurture platforms of participatory governance that bridge the gap between government and external stakeholders such as the private sector, civil society, academia and communities ineffective design and implementation of government schemes and policies.
  • b. Undertake appropriate administrative and institutional reforms to ensure that public institutions and governance in Delhi is capable of serving the needs and aspirations of the national capital of 21st century India.
  • c. Encourage the usage of modern IT and e-governance tools for transparent and efficient administration.
  • d. Promote a culture of research and innovation to address the most critical development challenges facing Delhi.

6) Monitoring, Evaluation & Learning: This team advises and assists the government’s work in the following areas:

  • a. Strengthen the use of data and modern monitoring tools such as Outcome budgeting, performance dashboards, 
  • high-frequency monitoring etc. for timely course corrections and improved policy implementation.
  • b. Conduct independent surveys and rigorous evaluations of government schemes and policies, either internally (for small/rapid assessments) or in collaboration with external organizations to generate insights on which programmed work and why.
  • c. Act as a knowledge hub on policy innovations and impact of various reforms of Government of National Capital Territory of Delhi and facilitate internal and external learning by publishing policy briefs, case studies, white papers etc. and hosting seminars and conferences.
  • Hon'ble CM Shri Arvind Kejriwal

    “The Delhi Government has received global acclaim for its policies, be it the transformation of government schools, the provision of high-quality primary health care at Mohalla Clinics, 24X7  electricity provided at the lowest tariff in India, and home delivery of government services. Through the CMULF programme, we welcome the most talented youth across India to join us in the journey of transforming Delhi into a modern world-class city.”

     

     HON’BLE CM SHRI ARVIND KEJRIWAL

    The Chief Minister’s Urban Leaders Fellowship (CMULF) programme provides a unique opportunity to young leaders across India to work within the Delhi Government to address some of the most pressing urban challenges in India, and experience what ‘making change happen’ looks like.

    The Fellowship aims to attract outstanding young Indians from across the country under the age of 35 years who are passionate about public service and are willing to work for two years with Delhi Government.

    The Fellowship programme is being managed by the Administrative Reforms department, Government of NCT of Delhi in close collaboration with the Dialogue & Development Commission (DDC), and participating line departments of Government of NCT of Delhi.

    • Remuneration of ₹1,25,000 per month will be provided to Fellows and ₹75,000 per month will be provided to Associate Fellows. In addition, a one-time grant of Rs 35,000 shall be provided at the… Read More
    • Selected fellows will undergo a structured induction programme over the first three weeks, consisting of two phases: Training (Two Weeks):  Fellows are trained on government processes and… Read More
    • The Chief Minister’s Urban Leaders Fellowship programme is structured to provide a unique set of learning opportunities to Fellows such as: An opportunity to engage on a wide range of urban and… Read More
    • The Fellows will be on probation for the first three months, and only after successful completion of activities in the probation period, the Fellows will be allowed to continue for the full length of… Read More
    • At the end of the induction training, each Fellow is assigned to one of the many departments of the Government of NCT of Delhi working under the supervision of the respective Minister. The… Read More
    • Providing a matchless exposure to the functioning of the government, the Fellowship will prepare the young professionals to contribute to public service. It will enable them to access a plethora of… Read More
    • In order to fine tune the skills of fellows in the areas of problem solving, organizational management and communication, people management and resourcefulness, the fellows are individually provided… Read More

Disposal of Nazul Land as per Delhi Development Act 1957

 Disposal of Nazul Land

3. Purposes for which Nazul land may be allotted. – Authority may allot Nazul land for public utilities, community facilities, open spaces, parks, playgrounds, residential purposes, industrial and commercial uses and such other purposes as may be specified from time to time by the Central Government by notification.

4. Persons to whom Nazul land may be allotted. – [(1)] The Authority may, in conformity with the plans, and subject to the other provisions of these rules, allot Nazul land to individuals, [body of persons, firms, companies], public and private institutions, co-operative house building societies, other co-operative societies of individuals, co-operative societies of industrialists and to the departments of the Central Government, State Governments and the Union territories.

[(2) The Authority shall, in conformity with plans and subject to the provisions of these rules, dispose the nazul land by auction for the following uses, namely: –

(i) health facilities;

(ii) education or higher education facilities;

(iii) socio cultural and community facilities;

(iv) sports facilities:

Provided that nothing in this sub-rule shall affect the allotment of land to the Central Government, a State Government, a Union territory, any local body, autonomous bodies or organisations owned by the Central Government:

Provided further that the land allotted under this sub-rule shall be utilised in accordance with the use specified in the allotment, and as per the norms of the Master Plan for the said use.]

[5. Rules of premium for allotment of nazul land to certain institutions. – Subject to the provision of sub-rule (2) of rule 4, the Authority may allot nazul land to –

(a) Central Government or State Government or Union territory Administration;

(b) autonomous body constituted by Central Government or State Government or Union territory Administration or partly by the Central Government and partly by one or more State Governments or Union territory Administrations;

(c) social or charitable institutions, eligible under rule 20;

(d) political organisations recognised by the Election Commission of India, or

(e) local bodies, for remunerative, semi-remunerative or un-remunerative purposes, at the premia and ground rent at such rates as the Central Government may determine from time to time:

Provided that use of land allotted under this rule shall be governed by the Master Plan norms, and the conditions subject to which such allotment is made.]

6. Allotment of Nazul land at pre-determined rates. – Subject to the other provisions of these rules, the Authority shall allot Nazul land at the pre-determined rates in the following cases namely:-

(i) to individuals whose land has been acquired for planned development of Delhi after the 1st day of January,1961, and which forms part of Nazul land:

PROVIDED that if an individual is to be allotted a residential plot, the size of such plot may be determined by the Administrator after taking into consideration the area and the value of the land acquired from him and the location and the value of the plot to be allotted;

(ii) to individuals in the low income group or the middle income group other than specified in clause (i) –

(a) who are tenants in a building in any area in respect of which a slum clearance order is made under the Slum Areas Act;

(b) who, in any slum area or the other congested area, own any plot of land measuring less than 67 square metres or own any building in any slum area or other congested area;

(iii) to individuals, other than those specified in clauses (i) and (ii), who are in the low income group or the middle income group, by draw of lots to be conducted under the supervision of the Land Allotment Advisory Committee;

(iv) to individuals belonging to Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes or who are widows of defence personnel killed in action, or ex-servicemen, physically handicapped individuals subject to the provisions of rule 13;

(v) to industrialists or owners and occupiers of warehouses who are required to shift their industries and warehouses from non-conforming areas to conforming area under the Master Plan, or whose land is acquired or is proposed to be acquired under the Act:

PROVIDED that the size of such industrial plot shall be determined with reference to the requirement of the industry or warehouses set up or to be set up in accordance with the plants and such industrialists and owners of warehouses have the capacity to establish and run such industries or warehouses and on the condition that the land allotted at pre-determined rates shall not, in any case, exceed the size of the land which has been, if any, acquired from such industrialist or owners and occupiers of warehouses and which form part of Nazul land:

PROVIDED FURTHER that in making such allotment, the Authority shall be advised by the Land Allotment Advisory Committee;

[***]

[7. ***]

OLD LAW ▼

8. Manner of allotment. – [Save as otherwise provided in sub-rule (2) of rule 4, rules 5, and 6, allotment of nazul land for any other purpose shall be made on payment of such premium as may be determined either by auction or by tender in accordance with the provisions of Chapter III or Chapter IV, as the case may be, of these rules.]

9. Allotment to owners in slum clearance areas. – Where a person who owns and resides in any building in any area in respect of which a slum clearance order is made under the Slum Areas Act, or whose land is acquired under that Act, applies for allotment of Nazul land for a residential purpose in lieu of his land cleared of building in accordance with the slum clearance order, or acquired under that Act, he may, subject to the minimum size of the plot of land being 67 square metres, allotted Nazul land for that purpose not exceeding 111.48 square metres without any charge:

PROVIDED that such person-

(a) belongs to a low income group or middle income group;

(b) accepts the allotment without the compensation payable under the said Act;

(c) does not claim to redevelop the land cleared of such building in accordance with that slum clearance order;

(d) has given up possession of such land or the land which has been acquired, to the competent authority under the said Act; and

(e) where the size of his land as aforesaid is less than 57 square metres, agrees to pay for the extra land at the pre-determined rates applicable to a person in the low income group or the middle income group to which he belongs.

10. Allotment of tenants in slum areas. – Where an individual who is a tenant in a building in any area in respect of which a slum clearance order is made under the Slum Areas Act, applies for allotment of Nazul land for a residential purpose/he may be allotted a plot of 67 square metres of Nazul land for that purpose on pre-determined rates:

PROVIDED that such individual-

(a) belongs to low income group or a middle income group;

(b) has given possession of the building occupied by him to the competent authority under the Slum Areas Act;

(c) does not choose to shift to any house in any slum clearance scheme;

(d) does not choose to be replaced in occupation of that building under the Slum Areas Act.

11. Allotment to owners of dangerous building in slum areas. – Where an individual who owns in any slum area or any other congested area, a plot of land measuring less than 67 square metres, or a house which is declared to be unfit for human habitation under the provisions of the Slum Areas Act, or any other law, is not permitted to re-build or re-develop under the Slum Areas Act or under any other law, applies for allotment of Nazul land for a residential purpose, he may be allotted a plot of land for that purpose not exceeding 67 square metres at pre-determined rates:

PROVIDED that he surrenders his land in the slum areas or congested locality.

12. Priority of allotment for residential purposes. – Subject to the availability of land for allotment for residential purposes, among the individuals referred to in clauses (i) and (ii) of rule 6, the individuals referred to in clause (i) shall be preferred to the individuals referred to in clause (ii) and those in clause (ii) shall be preferred to those in clause (iii).

13. Reservation for Scheduled Castes, Scheduled Tribes and others. – (1) The Authority shall, with the previous permission of the Central Government, reserve such percentage of Nazul land available for allotment for residential purposes at any given time, to individuals in the low income group or the middle income group, who are members of the Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes, widows of defence personnel killed in action, ex-servicemen, physically handicapped individuals or such other category of individuals as may be specified in the permission.

(2) Plots measuring not more than 111.48 square metres shall be allotted for residential purposes at pre-determined rates, to the individuals referred to in sub-rule (1), and where the number of such individuals exceed the number of plots reserved for each category of persons under sub-rule (1), the allotment shall be made by draw of lots under the supervision of the Land Allotment Advisory Committee.

14. Reservation not to affect right to general allotment. – Notwithstanding the reservation of Nazul land made in rule 13, where any such individual as is referred to in that rule, fails to get an allotment of a plot of land in the Nazul land so reserved, by the draw of lots held under that rule, he or she shall be entitled to the allotment of a plot of land for residential purposes at pre-determined rates by draw of lots under clause (vii) of rule 6, in any Nazul land not reserved under the first mentioned rule:

PROVIDED that such individual belongs to the low income group or the middle income group

15. Allotment to individuals not accepting allotment of Nazul land on certain conditions. – Where an individual belonging to the low income group or the middle income group does not accept allotment of Nazul land for residential purposes on conditions mentioned in rule 9, 10 or 11, other than the conditions mentioned in rule 17, he shall be entitled to the allotment of Nazul land, at pre-determined rates, for residential purposes-

(a) under rule 13, if he is an individual referred to in that rule;

(b) under clause (iii) of rule 6, in any other case.

16. Certain persons entitled to allotment by auction. – Subject to the other provisions of these rules, all [individuals including the following categories of individuals, companies and firms] , shall be entitled to the allotment of Nazul land for residential purposes, by auction, namely:

(i) individuals not residing in any building owned by them in any slum area in respect of which a slum clearance order is made under the Slum Areas Act;

(ii) individuals whose land situated in any such area as is referred to in clause (i) is acquired under the Slum Areas Act and who reside elsewhere;

(iii) individuals who do not accept allotment on conditions mentioned in rules 9, 10 and 11 and who are not entitled to allotment under rule 15;

(iv) co-sharers of joint ancestral land or buildings in a slum area under the Slum Areas Act whose individual share is not less than 67 square metres in such land or building.

17. General restriction to allotment for residential purposes. – Notwithstanding anything contained in these rules, no plot of Nazul land shall be allotted for residential purposes, to an individual other than an individual referred to in clause (i) of rule 6, who or whose wife or husband or any of his or her dependent children, whether minor or not, or any of his or her dependent parents or dependent minor brothers or sisters, ordinarily residing with such individual, own in full or in part, on lease-hold or free-hold basis, any residential land or, house or who has been allotted on hire-purchase basis any residential land or house in the Union territory of Delhi:

PROVIDED that where, on the date of allotment of Nazul land,-

(a) the other land owned by or allotted to such individual is less than 67 square metres, or

(b) the house owned by such individual is on a plot of land which measures less than 67 square metres, or

(c) the share of such individual in any such other land or house measures less than 67 square metres, he may be allotted a plot of Nazul land in accordance with the provisions of these rules.

18. Size of plots. – Save as otherwise provided in these rules, the maximum size of a plot allotted to an individual for a residential purpose shall be-

(i) 104 square metres in the case of an individual belonging to the low income group;

(ii) 167 square metres (but not less than 105 square metres) in the case of an individual belonging to the middle income group; and

(iii) 500 square metres in any other case.

19. Allotment of industrial and commercial plots. – (1) Save as otherwise provided in clause (v) of rule 6, the number and size of the plots of Nazul land for an industrial or commercial purpose shall be determined, from time to time, by the Authority.

(2) In making an allotment of plot for an industrial or commercial purpose, the Authority shall be guided by the advice of the Land Allotment Advisory Committee.

(3) The Land Allotment Advisory Committee shall, in making its recommendations to the Authority, take into account such relevant factors as it may deem proper in the circumstances of the case.

(4) Without prejudice to the generality of the provision of sub-rule (3), the Land Allotment Advisory Committee shall consider whether the setting up of the industry or commercial establishment is required to shift from a non-conforming area to a conforming area under the plans.

20. [Eligibility for allotment, to social or charitable institutions]. – [***] No allotment of Nazul land to public institution referred to in rule 5 shall be made unless-

[(a) according to the aims and objects of that institution –

(i) it directly sub serves the interests of the citizens of India;

(ii) it is generally conducive to the planned development of the National Capital Territory of Delhi;

(iii) it is apparent from the nature of work to be carried out by that institution, that the same cannot, with equal efficiency, be carried out elsewhere than in the National Capital Territory of Delhi;]

(b) it is a society registered under the Societies Registration Act, 1860 (21 of 1860) or such institution is owned and run by the Government or any Local Authority, or is constituted or established under any law [for the time being in force or it is a company, firm or trust for the purpose of establishment of [hospitals, dispensaries or higher/technical education institutes,] [or such other charitable purpose as deemed fit by the Central Government and notified by an order in this regard.]

(c) it is of non-profit making character;

(d) it is in possession of sufficient funds to meet the cost of land and the construction of buildings for its use; and

(e) allotment to such institution is sponsored or recommended by a Department of the Government of National Capital Territory of Delhi] or a Ministry of the Central Government:

[PROVIDED that in case of allotment to a company, firm or trust for the purpose of establishment of [hospitals, dispensaries or higher/technical education institutes] by tenders or auction, as the case may be, such company, firm or trust, as the case may be, shall not be required to be sponsored by a Department of the Government of National Capital Territory of Delhi or a Ministry of the Central Government.]

[PROVIDED that nothing in this rule shall apply to the provisions of sub-rule (2) of rule 4.]

[21. ***]

OLD LAW ▼

22. Vesting of lease-hold rights. – Where Nazul land is allotted to a co-operative society, lease-hold rights thereof shall subject to the terms of the lease-deed between the President of India and the society, remain with such society.

23. Agreements between the co-operative societies and their members. – Where Nazul land has been allotted to a co-operative society, such members of the society who are allotted a plot or flat by such society shall execute a sub-lease in favour of the society in respect of each plot or flat allotted to them. The terms and conditions of such sub-lease shall, as nearly as circumstances permit, be in accordance with Form A and Form B appended to these rules. In addition, such sub-lease may contain such covenants, clauses or conditions, not inconsistent with the provisions of Form A or Form B as may be considered necessary and advisable by the society, having regard to the nature of a particular sub-lease.

[24. Manner of realization of premium or price of plots. – (1) Save as otherwise provided in rules 29, 36 and 40, premium or price of plots of Nazul land chargeable in accordance with the provisions of these rules shall be realized in instalments in the following manner, namely:

(a) 25 per cent of the total land premium for the plot, along with such earnest money, not exceeding 10 per cent of the premium, as may be decided by the Authority, shall be deposited at the time of submitting the application for allotment of land;

(b) 50 per cent of the premium shall be deposited within 60 days of the issue of demand-cum-allotment letters; and

(c) balance premium after adjusting the earnest money shall be deposited before taking over possession of the land or within two months of the receipt of communication from the Authority offering possession, whichever is earlier.

(2) If the premium or price of land as provided in sub-rule (1) is not deposited, the earnest money deposited shall be forfeited and it shall be competent for the Authority to allot the land to any other person including a co-operative society in accordance with the prescribed procedure.]

25. Nazul land for use of the Authority. – With a view to enabling it to perform its functions under the Act, the Authority may, with the previous permission of the Central Government, set apart such Nazul land for its own use on such terms and conditions as may be specified in the permission.

What are Different Types of Pollution

There are various types of pollution chiefly arising as a result of anthropogenic causes. Also contributing to pollution is globalisation, where humanity’s constant need for natural resources has slowly started to change the face of the earth.

Though the quality of living has drastically improved, other new issues have risen that gradually impact human health and the environment. In this article, we shall explore the meaning, causes and types of pollution. Also, we shall analyse the repercussions of pollution on human health and the environment.

Types of Pollution

What is Pollution?

“Pollution is the introduction of substances (or energy) that cause adverse changes in the environment and living entities .”

Pollution need not always be caused by chemical substances such as particulates (like smoke and dust). Forms of energy such as sound, heat or light can also cause pollution. These substances that cause pollution are called pollutants.

Pollution, even in minuscule amounts, impacts the ecological balance.  Pollutants can make their way up the food chain and eventually find their way inside the human body. Read on to explore the types of pollution and their implications.

Types of Pollution

As stated before, there are different types of pollution, which are either caused by natural events (like forest fires) or by man-made activities (like cars, factories, nuclear wastes, etc.) These are further classified into the following types of pollution:

  • Air Pollution
  • Water Pollution
  • Soil Pollution
  • Noise Pollution

Besides these 4 types of pollution, other types exist such as light pollution, thermal pollution and radioactive pollution. The latter is much rarer than other types, but it is the deadliest.

Air Pollution

Air Pollution

Air pollution refers to the release of harmful contaminants (chemicals, toxic gases, particulates, biological molecules, etc.) into the earth’s atmosphere. These contaminants are quite detrimental and in some cases, pose serious health issues. Some causes that contribute to air pollution are:

  • Burning fossil fuels
  • Mining operations
  • Exhaust gases from industries and factories

The effects of air pollution vary based on the kind of pollutant. But generally, the impact of air pollution ranges from:

  • Increased risk of respiratory illness and cardiovascular problems
  • Increased risk of skin diseases
  • May increase the risk of cancer
  • Global warming
  • Acid rain
  • Ozone depletion
  • Hazards to wildlife

Among the other types of pollution, air pollution is theorized to have a planet-wide implication. Scientists have even speculated an apocalypse-like scenario where air pollution if left unchecked, can bring about an extreme form of global warming called the runaway greenhouse effect. Though this is purely speculative, it is a phenomenon that has already occurred on Venus.

Water Pollution

Water Pollution

Water Pollution

Water pollution is said to occur when toxic pollutants and particulate matter are introduced into water bodies such as lakes, rivers and seas. These contaminants are generally introduced by human activities like improper sewage treatment and oil spills. However, even natural processes such as eutrophication can cause water pollution.

Other significant causes of water pollution include:

  • Dumping solid wastes in water bodies
  • Disposing untreated industrial sewage into water bodies
  • Human and animal wastes
  • Agricultural runoff containing pesticides and fertilisers

The effects of water pollution are very pronounced in our environment.  Furthermore, toxic chemicals can bioaccumulate in living beings, and these chemicals can travel their way up the food chain, ultimately reaching humans.

Among the other types of pollution, water pollution has severe consequences on humans. For instance, in 1932, a grave case of water pollution incapacitated the inhabitants of an entire city in Japan with neurological diseases and mental illness for many decades. However, the immediate cause was not apparent but was eventually attributed to acute mercury poisoning. Methylmercury was dumped into the surrounding bay and had ultimately bioaccumulated inside the fish. The local population then consumed these fish, and this resulted in the manifestation of ill effects and neurological diseases.

Other consequences of water pollution include:

  • Disruption of the ecosystem
  • Threats to marine life
  • Increased risk of water-borne diseases
  • Increases toxic chemicals (such as mercury) in water bodies
  • Eutrophication

Soil Pollution

Soil Pollution

Soil pollution, also called soil contamination, refers to the degradation of land due to the presence of chemicals or other man-made substances in the soil. The xenobiotic substances alter the natural composition of soil and affect it negatively. These can drastically impact life directly or indirectly. For instance, any toxic chemicals present in the soil will get absorbed by the plants. Since plants are producers in an environment, it gets passed up through the food chain. Compared to the other types of pollution, the effects of soil pollution are a little more obscured, but their implications are very noticeable.

Some of the common causes of soil pollution are:

  • Improper industrial waste disposal
  • Oil Spills
  • Acid rain which is caused by air pollution
  • Mining activities
  • Intensive farming and agrochemicals (like fertilisers and pesticides)
  • Industrial accidents

The effects of soil pollution are numerous. Specific wastes, such as radioactive waste become particularly hazardous when they are not well-contained. A well-documented example is a nuclear accident in Chernobyl, which has left an area of 2,600 kmuninhabitable for several thousand years.

Other effects of soil pollution include:

  • Loss of soil nutrients, which renders the soil unfit for agriculture
  • Impacts the natural flora and fauna residing in the soil
  • Degrades vegetation due to the increase of salinity of the soil
  • Toxic dust (such as silica dust) can cause respiratory problems or even lung cancer

Noise Pollution

Noise Pollution

Noise pollution refers to the excessive amount of noise in the surrounding that disrupts the natural balance. Usually, it is man-made, though certain natural calamities like volcanoes can contribute to noise pollution.

In general, any sound which is over 85 decibels is considered to be detrimental. Also, the duration an individual is exposed plays an impact on their health. For perspective, a normal conversation is around 60 decibels, and a jet taking off is around 15o decibels. Consequently, noise pollution is more obvious than the other types of pollution.

Noise pollution has several contributors, which include:

  • Industry-oriented noises such as heavy machines, mills, factories, etc.
  • Transportation noises from vehicles, aeroplanes, etc.
  • Construction noises
  • Noise from social events (loudspeakers, firecrackers, etc.)
  • Household noises (such as mixers, TV, washing machines, etc.)

Noise pollution has now become very common due to dense urbanisation and industrialisation. Noise pollution can bring about adverse effects such as :

  • Hearing loss
  • Tinnitus
  • Sleeping disorders
  • Hypertension (high BP)
  • Communication problems

Frequently Asked Questions

What are the different types of pollution?

The different types of pollution include:

  • Air pollution
  • Water pollution
  • Soil pollution
  • Radioactive pollution
  • Noise pollution

Name the harmful pollutants responsible for polluting the environment.

The harmful pollutants responsible for polluting the environment are:

  • Nitrogen oxide
  • Sulphur oxide
  • Mercury
  • Particulate matter
  • Chlorofluorocarbon
  • Volatile organic compounds

What are the different types of pollutants?

The different types of pollutants are:

  • Primary Pollutants: These are the pollutants that are emitted directly from the sources such as volcanic eruptions, combustion of fossil fuel, etc. These include nitrogen oxide, sulphur oxide, etc.
  • Secondary Pollutants: These are the pollutants that are not directly emitted from the sources but are formed when primary pollutants react in the atmosphere. For eg., ozone.

What is radioactive pollution?

Radioactive pollution is the pollution caused by the release of radioactive substances in the atmosphere during activities such as nuclear explosions, mining of radioactive ores, etc.

What are the consequences of mercury pollution?

Mercury pollution is the pollution caused by the release of mercury from mercury products or emissions from coal-burning power plants in the air, water or land. Mercury pollution results in neurological and behavioural disorders in humans. Insomnia, memory loss, headaches, and tremors are some of the symptoms of mercury pollution

Environmental Pollution – Types, Causes, Controls and Abatement Strategies

 Environment Pollution: Types, Causes, Effects:

Environmental Pollution is not a new phenomenon, yet it remains one of the greatest threats to the health and well-being of humanity and one of the major environmental causes of death and morbidity. For example, substances such as plastic materials, heavy metals, etc., once released into the atmosphere. By natural processes, it cannot be degraded and are harmful to living organisms. In environmental pollution, pollutants originate from a source, are transported by air or water, and are dumped into the soil by human beings.


The long-term impacts of pollution are still being felt despite global attention to the issue. Day by day, our atmosphere is becoming more and more polluted due to anthropogenic activities. It is usually due to the pollutants released into the air, water, soil, etc., through many human activities. Let us examine the different types of environmental pollution.

Environment Pollution: Introduction, Causes & Types

What is Environmental Pollution?

  • Environment Pollution is the addition of contaminants into the natural environment that causes detrimental effects to nature, natural resources and mankind.
  • Any unnatural and negative changes in all the dimensions like chemical, physical and biological characteristics of any component of the ecosystem i.e. air, water or soil which can cause harmful effects on various forms of life and property is called environmental pollution.

What is a Pollutant?

  • Any substance which causes harmful effects or uneasiness in the organisms, then that particular substance may be called as the pollutant.

The materials that cause pollution are of two types:

  1. Persistent pollutants: Those pollutants which remain consistent in the environment for a long period of time without any change in its original form are called persistent pollutantsFor example pesticides, nuclear wastes, and plastics etc.
  2. Non-persistent pollutants: These pollutants are the opposite of persistent pollutant and break down in the simple form. If this process of breaking down is done by living organisms, then such pollutants are referred to as biodegradable pollutants.

From another perspective, pollutants can be classified as follows:

  1. Primary Pollutants: Primary pollutants are those which remain in the form in which they were added to the environment for ex. DDT, Plastic
  2. Secondary Pollutants: Secondary pollutants are formed due to interaction of primary pollutants amongst themselves viz. PAN by the interaction of NOx & Hydrocarbons.

According to their existence in nature:

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  1. Quantitative Pollutants: These substances are already present in the atmosphere but they become pollutant when their concentration level reaches to a particular level which is above a threshold limit.
  2. Qualitative Pollutants: These are man-made pollutants eg. Fungicides, herbicides etc.

According to origin:

  1. Man-made Pollutants
  2. Natural Pollutants

According to the nature of disposal:

  1. Biodegradable Pollutants
  2. Non-biodegradable Pollutants

Types of Environment Pollution:

AIR POLLUTION:

  • Air pollution is the presence of one or more disadvantageous content in such quantity and for such duration, as it is catastrophic, or tend to be catastrophic, to human health and welfare, animal or plant life.
  • It is the contaminants of air by the discharge of detrimental substances.

Some of the air pollutants, their sources, and effects:

Name of the pollutants

Sources

Health effects

Nitrogen oxides

Industries, vehicles and power plants

Problems in the lungs, respiratory systems and causes asthma and bronchitis.

Carbon monoxide

Emission and burning of fossil fuels

Severe headache, irritation to mucous membrane, unconsciousness and death.

Carbon dioxide

Burning of fossil fuels

Vision problem, severe headache and heart strain.

Suspended particulate matter

Vehicular emission and burning of fossil fuels.

Lung irritation reduces development of RBC and pulmonary malfunctioning.

Sulphur oxide

Industries and power plant

Irritation in eyes and throat, allergies, cough etc.

Smog

Industries and vehicular pollution

Respiratory and eye problems

Hydrocarbons

Burning of fossil fuels

Kidney problems, irritation in eyes, nose and throat, asthma, hypertension and carcinogenic effects on lungs.

Chlorofluorocarbons

Refrigerators, emission from jets

Depletion of ozone layer, global warming

  •  Other pollutants are cadmium, lead, mercury, silica, coal dust and particles and radioactive pollutants.

Control measures:

  • Policy measures
  • Modification of industrial process and selection of suitable fuels and its utilization.
  • Collection of pollutants and convert it into less toxic forms by different methods.

Government initiatives:

  • National air quality monitoring programme (NAMP)
  • National ambient air quality standards (NAAQS)

WATER POLLUTION

  • Addition of certain substances such as organic, inorganic, biological and radiological to the water, which degrades the water quality and makes it unhealthy for use.
  • Water pollution is not only confined to surface water but also spread to groundwater, sea, and ocean.

Sources

Point sources: These are directly pointed towards the water bodies from the source of origin of pollution and are thus easy to regulate.

Non-point sources: These sources are related to many diffuse sources and are thus difficult to regulate.

Some of the sources are:

  • Industrial and community wastewater: Industries like mining, iron and steel, pharmaceuticals, food processing, soap and detergent and paper and pulp.
  • Agricultural sources, thermal pollution (discharge of hot water by thermal power plants cause deficiency of dissolved oxygen in water) and underground water pollution.
  • Marine pollution: river discharge, manmade pollution and oil spills etc.

Effects

  • An excessive amount of mercury in water can cause Minamata disease in humans and dropsy in fishes; Lead in large amount can cause dyslexia, Cadmium poisoning causes Itai – Itai disease, etc.
  • Polluted water has less amount of Dissolved oxygen (DO) content which is important for sensitive organisms, thereby eliminates sensitive organisms.
  • Excess of nitrate in drinking water is dangerous for infants and human health, excess fluoride cause neuromuscular disorder and teeth deformity, hardening of bones and painful joints.
  • Biological magnification and eutrophication.

Note: ‘Eu’ means healthy and ‘trophy’ means nutrition. The improvement of nutrients in water bodies causes eutrophication. Domestic waste discharge, agricultural waste, land drainage and industrial waste in a water body leads to a rapid increase in nutrients in a water body which initiates early ageing of water bodies.

Control measures

  • Usage of water should be minimized by changing the techniques involved.
  • Recycling and treatment of water should be used to the maximum extent possible.
  • The quantity of discharge of wastewater can be minimized.
  • Excessive use of pesticides and fertilizers should be avoided.
  • Organic farming and efficient use of animal residues as fertilizers.

SOIL POLLUTION

  • Addition of unwanted substances to the soil which negatively affects physical, chemical and biological properties of soil and reduces its productivity is called soil pollution.
  • The factors which disturb the biological balance of the soil and deteriorate the quality, texture, and mineral content are called soil pollutants.
  • Use of fertilizers, pesticides, insecticides, dumping of solid waste, deforestation, and pollution due to urbanization and other anthropogenic substances causes soil pollution.

Sources

  • Industrial waste: lead, cadmium, mercury, alkalies, organic substances, and chemicals.
  • Agricultural waste: fertilizers, pesticides, insecticides, and manures.
  • Discarded materials and radioactive elements and plastic bags.

Effects

  • Agriculture: It reduces soil fertility and thus crop yields; increase soil erosion and salinity.
  • Ecological imbalance and imbalance in flora and fauna further increases.
  • Problems in urban areas like clogging in drains, the release of gases, foul smells, and problems in wastewater management.
  • Release of radioactive rays, biomagnification and pollutant gases cause health problems.

Control measures

  • Afforestation, reforestation and use of organic farming.
  • Solid waste management and reduction of waste from the construction area.
  • Stop the use of plastic bags and use bags of degradable materials like paper and cloth.
  • Biomedical waste should be collected and incinerated in incinerators.

Applying Pollution Control Technologies

Application of pollution control methods has demonstrated considerable effectiveness in controlling pollution problems – particularly those of a local character. Application of appropriate technologies is based on a systematic analysis of the source and nature of the emission or discharge in question, of its interaction with the ecosystem and the ambient pollution problem to be addressed, and the development of appropriate technologies to mitigate and monitor pollution impacts.
In their article on air pollution control, Dietrich Schwela and Berenice Goelzer explain the importance and implications of taking a comprehensive approach to assessment and control of point sources and non-point sources of air pollution. They also highlight the challenges – and opportunities – that are being addressed in countries that are undergoing rapid industrialization without having had a strong pollution control component accompanying earlier development.
Marion Wichman-Fiebig explains the methods that are applied to model air pollutant dispersion to determine and characterize the nature of pollution problems. This forms the basis for understanding the controls that are to be put into effect and for evaluating their effectiveness. As the understanding of potential impacts has deepened, appreciation of effects has expanded from the local to the regional to the global scale.
Hans-Ulrich Pfeffer and Peter Bruckmann provide an introduction to the equipment and methods that are used to monitor air quality so that potential pollution problems can be assessed and the effectiveness of control and prevention interventions can be evaluated.
John Elias provides an overview of the types of air pollution controls that can be applied and the issues that must be addressed in selecting appropriate pollution control management options.
The challenge of water pollution control is addressed by Herbert Preul in an article which explains the basis whereby the earth’s natural waters may become polluted from point, non-point and intermittent sources; the basis for regulating water pollution; and the different criteria that can be applied in determining control programmes. Preul explains the manner in which discharges are received in water bodies, and may be analysed and evaluated to assess and manage risks. Finally, an overview is provided of the techniques that are applied for large-scale wastewater treatment and water pollution control.
A case study provides a vivid example of how wastewater can be reused – a topic of considerable significance in the search for ways that environmental resources can be used effectively, especially in circumstances of scarcity. Alexander Donagi provides a summary of the approach that has been pursued for the treatment and groundwater recharge of municipal wastewater for a population of 1.5 million in Israel.
Comprehensive Waste Management
Under the pollution control perspective, waste is regarded as an undesirable by-product of the production process which is to be contained so as to ensure that soil, water and air resources are not contaminated beyond levels deemed to be acceptable. Lucien Maystre provides an overview of the issues that must be addressed in managing waste, providing a conceptual link to the increasingly important roles of recycling and pollution prevention.
In response to extensive evidence of the serious contamination associated with unrestricted management of waste, governments have established standards for acceptable practices for collection, handling and disposal to ensure environmental protection. Particular attention has been paid to the criteria for environmentally safe disposal through sanitary landfills, incineration and hazardous-waste treatment.
To avoid the potential environmental burden and costs associated with the disposal of waste and promote a more thorough stewardship of scarce resources, waste minimization and recycling have received growing attention. Niels Hahn and Poul Lauridsen provide a summary of the issues that are addressed in pursuing recycling as a preferred waste management strategy, and consider the potential worker exposure implications of this.
Shifting Emphasis to Pollution Prevention
End-of-pipe abatement risks transferring pollution from one medium to another, where it may either cause equally serious environmental problems, or even end up as an indirect source of pollution to the same medium. While not as expensive as remediation, end-of-pipe abatement can contribute significantly to the costs of production processes without contributing any value. It also typically is associated with regulatory regimes which add other sets of costs associated with enforcing compliance.
While the pollution control approach has achieved considerable success in producing short-term improvements for local pollution problems, it has been less effective in addressing cumulative problems that are increasingly recognized on regional (e.g., acid rain) or global (e.g., ozone depletion) levels.
The aim of a health-oriented environmental pollution control programme is to promote a better quality of life by reducing pollution to the lowest level possible. Environmental pollution control programmes and policies, whose implications and priorities vary from country to country, cover all aspects of pollution (air, water, land and so on) and involve coordination among areas such as industrial development, city planning, water resources development and transportation policies.
Thomas Tseng, Victor Shantora and Ian Smith provide a case study example of the multimedia impact that pollution has had on a vulnerable ecosystem subjected to many stresses – the North American Great Lakes. The limited effectiveness of the pollution control model in dealing with persistent toxins that dissipate through the environment is particularly examined. By focusing on the approach being pursued in one country and the implications that this has for international action, the implications for actions that address prevention as well as control are illustrated.
As environmental pollution control technologies have become more sophisticated and more expensive, there has been a growing interest in ways to incorporate prevention in the design of industrial processes – with the objective of eliminating harmful environmental effects while promoting the competitiveness of industries. Among the benefits of pollution prevention approaches, clean technologies and toxic use reduction is the potential for eliminating worker exposure to health risks.
David Bennett provides an overview of why pollution prevention is emerging as a preferred strategy and how it relates to other environmental management methods. This approach is central to implementing the shift to sustainable development which has been widely endorsed since the release of the United Nations Commission on Trade and Development in 1987 and reiterated at the Rio United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED) Conference in 1992.
The pollution prevention approach focuses directly on the use of processes, practices, materials and energy that avoid or minimize the creation of pollutants and wastes at source, and not on “add-on” abatement measures. While corporate commitment plays a critical role in the decision to pursue pollution prevention (see Bringer and Zoesel in Environmental policy), Bennett draws attention to the societal benefits in reducing risks to ecosystem and human health—and the health of workers in particular. He identifies principles that can be usefully applied in assessing opportunities for pursuing this approach.