Author: sumaihaa

Bard of Avon

I assume that only some can recognize the name “Bard of Avon” of the great poet, playwright, actor “William Shakespeare”. The name “Bard of Avon” was given to him in recognition of his stature as great poet and the unofficial national poet of England. Many of us might have known him by his famous plays, poems and Sonnet. But it is not necessary that we all know about him and his life.

Speaking of the great person, the life of Shakespeare has a fair number of facts, but on these facts the industry of commentators has constructed an additional mass of great magnitude and complexity. His birthdate was not clear but from the church records, he was baptized in the parish church at Stratford-on-Avon on April 26, 1564. He may be born on April 23 which happens also to be his death date in 1616. His father, John Shakespeare was a burgess of the town and also done the occupations of a butcher, glover and a farmer. He attended the grammar school of the town. Ben Johnson himself a competent scholar affirmed that Shakespeare knew “small latin and less Greek”. A bond dated November 28, 1528 shows clear evidence of Shakespeare’s marriage on that date to a certain “Anne Hathway of Stratford”. He was only eighteen when he was married and his bride was eight years older than him.

In 1584, Shakespeare left his native town. The reason is unknown. But the most popular explanation which appeared after his death was that he as accused of hunting on the estate of local magnate, Sir Thomas Lucy and he fled to escape the consequences. Shakespeare the reappears as a rising star and again disappeared after 1592. During the time he is said to wandering the country and finally coming to London. In London he has done may jobs like holding horses at the stage door. On the face of them such tales are not improbable, but they grew up when the dramatist had become a half mythical figure. It is also said that he may have spent much of the time in the Low countries on service with the armies of the Earl of Leicester.

In 1592, Robert Greene in a carping book called A Groatsworth of Wit, mentions in his own conceit the only Shakescene in a country”. In 1595, his name appears on the payroll of the Lord Chamberlain’s company of actors. His chief function was to write dramas for his company and the fruit of such labour was his plays.

About 1610, Shakespeare left London for Stratford, where he stayed at new place, a house that he had bought in 1597. He may have written his plays there, but it is likely that his connection with his company of actors ceased when the globe theatre was burned down during a performance of Henry VIII in 1613. His will, executed document is dated March 25, 1616. His death occurred a month later April 23.

Shakespeare’s poetical work is worthily represented in the numerous lyrics that are scattered through the plays. His two long narrative poems “Venus and Adonis” ( 1593) were the oldest of his writings. The sonnets themselves consist of 154 numbers which are all composed in the English form of the sonnet.

His plays that are usually accepted as beind Shakespeare’s almost endless discussion has risen. For example, A midsummer night’s dream, Macbeth, Twelfth night, Love’s Labour’s Lost etc.,

He more likely lived the life of a common man and so.

The life of people between the two world wars

We all know that how the world wars made people life a tragedy during the period 1919-1939. People suffered by many factors that cant be described by words. More than the war the life after the war made an big impact in people who have seen them.

After the beginning of civilization, the world hadn’t seen a war on a large scale as during world war-I. Millions if people died and many countries of Europe were near collapse. At the end of war everyone welcomed the peace treaty which was signed at Versailles in 1919. Britain was one look forward the treaty more eagerly because they are the most affected one. They were not invaded or defeated like France and Germany, but was badly shaken up, she had to repay the great national debt all by herself since her alliez were totally crushed economically.

In 1918, the parliament was selected on an almost universal suffrage. According to the presentation of the people’s act 1918, all men over twenty one and all women over twenty five were given the franchise. Women are no longer be ignored. The end of world war resulted in the demobilisation of the army, this made several hundreds of men unemployed. Employers wished to reduce wages since the profit margin was very narrow. In 1924, the labour party won the election and formed its first government with Ramsay MacDonald as prime minister. It remained in power for just eleven month.

The time between 1924 and 1929 when the conservatives held the reins, was a grim period in England. Trade had declined drastically and the problem of unemployment become more serious. A General strike of all trade unions was declared in 1926. It failed very quickly since the government took steps to provide transport and food. The financial crisis created a panic and the labour government could not deal with the disaster. MacDonald called for a National Government to handle the situation. Drastic measures were adopted by National Government to face the crisis. Gradually, the panic subsided and the economy began to improve. Between 1923 and 1938, certain new industries began to expand. Companies involved in all kinds of electrical work such as writing, cables and lambs grew rapidly.

Economic conditions had not improved and to make matters worse, a crash in the new York stick exchange in 1929 led to a depression which engulfed the whole of Europe. The financial crisis created a panic and the Labour government could not deal with the disaster.

Soon after world war-I ended, the Irish problems became explosive. In 1919, the Irish leaders declared Ireland independent. The British police force was nicknamed the Black and Tans because of their khaki uniforms and black helmets. The new dominion was called the Irish free state. Soon after the war came to an end, there was the immediate post war mood of frivolity and gay abandon. People’s expectations of peacetime prosperity were dashed as inflation and unemployment continued to rage. This led them into self-questioning mood. The people were slowly becoming disillusioned with the ideas of empire and democracy.

Political enfranchisement went far ahead of education with the result that the man in the street become important politically. The experience of the first world war with its large scale devastations, coloured the thinking of the people.

Business and their Objectives

Basically, business is any human activity undertaken on a daily basis in order to make money through production, distribution, purchase and sales of goods and services.

Business activities are classified on the basis of size, ownership and function. Under the basis of size, business activities are divided into two categories.

Starting with small scale business whereas small scale units require less capital. They only require small number of workers. Eg: Handloom and powerloom businesses.

Adding to, Large scale business requires huge capital. They require large number of workers and produce the goods on large scale. Eg: Manufacturing textiles in a large textile mill.

On the basis of ownership business activities may be grouped into three catogories.

Private Enterprises, an enterprise said to be aprivate enterprise where it is owned, managed and controlled by persons other than government. Public Enterprise, an entrrprise where it is owned, managed, and controlled by Government or any other agencies. Joint enterprise is said to be a joint enterprise owned, managed and controlled by Government and private enterpreneurs.

Every business enterprise has certain business objectives which regulate and generate its activities. Objectives are needed in every area where performance and results directly affects survival and prosperity of a business. They may be classified into five catogories.

Economic objective of business refer to objective of earning profit and also other objectives that are necessary to be pursued to achieve the profit objective, which includes creation of customers, regulation innovations and best possible service use of available resources. Social objectives of business, which are desired to be achieved for the benefit if the society by utilizing its scarce resources, the society expects something in return for its welfare. No activity of the business should be aimed to giving any kind of trouble of the society.

The organizational objectives denote those objectives an organisation intends yo accomplish during the course of its existence in the economy like expansion and modernization, supply of quality of goods to customers, customers satisfaction. Human objectives refers to the objectives aimed at the well being as well as fulfillment of expectations of employees as also of people who are disabled, handicapped and deprived of proper education and training. The human objectives may include economic well being of the employees, social and psychological satisfaction of employees and development of human resources. National objectives is an important role in the country, every business must have the objective of fulfilling national goals and aspirations. The goal of the country may be to provide employment opportunity to its citizens, earn revenue for its exchequer, become self-sufficient in production of goods and services, promote social justice. Business activities should be conducted keeping these goals of the country in the mind, which may be called national objectives of business.