Author: News Updates

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Why custodial deaths often go unpunished

By Karina Sharma

There are strong legal frameworks that protect the rights of the accused in police custody. But there are roadblocks to holding erring policemen accountable at every step

The brutality of the killings of Jayaraj and Bennicks in the Sathankulam police station in Thoothukudi, Tamil Nadu, is of a piece with police high-handedness which thrives in a broken criminal justice system. The police, responsible for those in their custody, acted in criminal breach of their constitutional and statutory duty.

The murderous assault on the father-son duo took place despite a strong legal framework that protects the rights of an accused in custody. Examples are Article 21 and 22 of the Constitution of India, provisions of the Code of Criminal Procedure (CrPC) relating to procedures of arrest and investigation, provisions of the Evidence Act relating to admissibility of evidence, and Supreme Court (SC) judgments like DK Basu vs State of West Bengal and Anesh Kumar vs State of Bihar.

One important safeguard is the medical examination of the arrestees, detailing injury marks if any. The medical officer’s report on Jayaraj and Bennicks recorded their injuries merely as “abrasions,” even though accounts suggest that both were bleeding profusely while in custody.

Another critical safeguard is that the police have to produce arrestees in court within 24 hours of the arrest, for the magistrate to ensure their legal rights are not violated. 

The presence of a lawyer during arrest reduces the possibility of physical harm and violation of the legal rights of the arrestees. In the absence of any mechanism, this constitutional right is often denied. For example, when lawyers went to the Sathankulam police station to meet Jayaraj and Bennicks, they were not allowed access.

In 2018, the National Crime Records Bureau (NCRB)’s latest annual report recorded 70 deaths in police custody –12 were from Tamil Nadu, the second-highest after Gujarat, with 14 deaths.

The question is: Will the outrage and attention the Jayaraj and Bennicks case has garnered finally bring about accountability? Going by the past record, it seems unlikely. There are roadblocks at each stage from the filing of a First Information Report (FIR) against the police to their prosecution. In the Thoothukudi case, initially, two sub-inspectors, Balakrishnan and Raghu Ganesh, were suspended, and departmental proceedings initiated against them. This is the usual response in such cases, but things get complicated after this step.

As per Section 176 (1A) of CrPC, every case of custodial violence shall be investigated by a judicial magistrate. But the 2018 NCRB report shows that of the 70 cases of custodial death in the year, judicial enquiries were ordered in only 28. Charge-sheets were filed only against 13 police personnel –11 of them were from Gujarat, the state with the highest number of custodial deaths. In Tamil Nadu, no police personnel were arrested, let alone charge-sheeted.

In the Thoothukhudi killings, while an enquiry by the judicial magistrate has been initiated, the magistrate, in a letter to the Madras High Court, has alleged that the police is trying to intimidate them and destroy the evidence. This is a reflection of the impunity the police enjoys. Eventually, the Madras High Court had to intervene. As of now, the Crime Branch-Crime Investigation Department (CB-CID) of Tamil Nadu Police has taken over the case and the five policemen accused of torture have finally been arrested and sent to judicial custody. 

Furthermore, the absence of direct evidence in custodial death cases is another hurdle. The Supreme Court, in the State of MP vs Shyamsunder Trivedi judgment, observed that the police, bound by the “ties of brotherhood”, would prefer to remain silent rather than assist the court. To address this concern, the law commission recommended twice (in its 113th & 152nd report) the insertion of Section 114-B into the Indian Evidence Act 1972, which reverses the burden of proof. Which is, if there is evidence that the injury was caused during the custody, the court may presume that the police officer having custody of the person caused it. This recommendation has not yet been taken up by Parliament.

Another roadblock is that cases go on for a long time, and witnesses often turn hostile under pressure. Just last week, seven policemen from Hapur, Uttar Pradesh, were exonerated in the case of the custodial death of Pradeep Tomar. His minor son, who witnessed the torture, narrated how the police used electric shocks and stabbed him with screwdrivers. But the victim’s family eventually turned hostile, contradicting their claims in the FIR. Multiple law commission reports have recommended a victim protection legislation. In 2018, the SC, in fact, approved the Victim Protection Scheme in Mahendra Chawla v Union of India case. While the mechanism was long overdue, the effectiveness of its implementation remains uncertain, given that the scheme hinges on the threat assessment analysis formulated by the police.

To ensure accountability, all relevant agencies–the magistrate, the bar, and the medical practitioner–must follow their mandate scrupulously. They are collectively responsible for ensuring the constitutional rights of an arrestee, especially the right against torture. Their non-compliance in procedures coupled with complacency costs lives.

Organic Farming

Organic farming is an alternative agricultural system which originated early in the 20th century in reaction to rapidly changing farming practices. Organic agriculture is a production system that sustains the health of soils, ecosystems and people. It relies on ecological processes, biodiversity and cycles adapted to local conditions, rather than the use of inputs with adverse effects. Organic agriculture combines tradition, innovation and science to benefit the shared environment and promote fair relationships and a good quality of life for all involved. It is defined by the use of fertilizers of organic origin such as compost manure, green manure, and bone meal and places emphasis on techniques such as crop rotation and companion planting. Biological pest control, mixed cropping and the fostering of insect predators are encouraged. Organic standards are designed to allow the use of naturally occurring substances while prohibiting or strictly limiting synthetic substances. 

Advantages of organic farming

  Reasons for advocation of organic farming include advantages in sustainability, openness, self-sufficiency, autonomy/independence, health, food security, and food safety. Organic methods can increase farm productivity, repair decades of environmental damage and knit small farm families into more sustainable distribution networks leading to improved food security if they organize themselves in production, certification and marketing. During last few years an increasing number of farmers have shown lack of interest in farming and the people who used to cultivate are migrating to other areas. Organic farming is one way to promote either self-sufficiency or food security. Use of massive inputs of chemical fertilizers and toxic pesticides poisons the land and water heavily. The after-effects of this are severe environmental consequences, including loss of topsoil, decrease in soil fertility, surface and ground water contamination and loss of genetic diversity..                                                                                              

How is organic farming different from conventional farming?

 While conventional agriculture uses synthetic pesticides and water-soluble synthetically purified fertilizers, organic farmers are restricted by regulations to using natural pesticides and fertilizers. An example of a natural pesticide is pyrethrin, which is found naturally in the Chrysanthemum flower. The principal methods of organic farming include crop rotation, green manures and compost, biological pest control, and mechanical cultivation. These measures use the natural environment to enhance agricultural productivity: legumes are planted to fix nitrogen into the soil, natural insect predators are encouraged, crops are rotated to confuse pests and renew soil, and natural materials such as potassium bicarbonate and mulches are used to control disease and weeds. Genetically modified seeds and animals are excluded.

While organic is fundamentally different from conventional because of the use of carbon based fertilizers compared with highly soluble synthetic based fertilizers and biological pest control instead of synthetic pesticides, organic farming and large-scale conventional farming are not entirely mutually exclusive. Many of the methods developed for organic agriculture have been borrowed by more conventional agriculture. For example, Integrated Pest Management is a multifaceted strategy that uses various organic methods of pest control whenever possible, but in conventional farming could include synthetic pesticides only as a last resort.

Nutrient management in organic farming

In organic farming, it is important to constantly work to build a healthy soil that is rich in organic matter and has all the nutrients that the plants need. Several methods viz. green manuring, addition of manures and biofertilizers etc can be used to build up soil fertility. These organic sources not only add different nutrients to the soil but also help to prevent weeds and increase soil organic matter to feed soil microorganisms. Soil with high organic matter resists soil erosion, holds water better and thus requires less irrigation. Some natural minerals that are needed by the plants to grow and to improve the soil’s consistency can also be added. Soil amendments like lime are added to adjust the soil’s pH balance. However soil amendment and water should contain minimum heavy metals. Most of the organic fertilizers used are recycled by-products from other industries that would otherwise go to waste. Farmers also make compost from animal manures and mushroom compost. Before compost can be applied to the fields, it is heated and aged for at least two months, reaching and maintaining an internal temperature of 130°-140°F to kill unwanted bacteria and weed seeds. A number of organic fertilizers / amendments and bacterial and fungal biofertilizers can be used in organic farming depending upon availability and their suitability to crop. 

Limitations of organic farming

  • Proponents of organic farming have claimed that organic agriculture emphasizes closed nutrient cycles, biodiversity, and effective soil management providing the capacity to mitigate and even reverse the effects of climate change and that organic agriculture can decrease fossil fuel emissions
  • Nitrogen leaching, nitrous oxide emissions, ammonia emissions, eutrophication potential and acidification potential were higher for organic products. Excess nutrients in lakes, rivers, and groundwater can cause algal blooms, eutrophication, and subsequent dead zones. In addition, nitrates are harmful to aquatic organisms by themselves.
  • Organic farming requires 84% more land for an equivalent amount of harvest, mainly due to lack of nutrients but sometimes due to weeds, diseases or pests, lower yielding animals and land required for fertility building crops.While organic farming does not necessarily save land for wildlife habitats and forestry in all cases.
  • The variable nature of food production and handling makes it difficult to generalize results, and there is insufficient evidence to make claims that organic food is safer.

Impact of Covid 19

COVID 19 enters the world with the starting of the year 2020.In its beginning it strikes to leading powers of the world like America,CHINA,Italy, Britain. It grabs the people in the mouth of death and creates a situation of great economic depression all over the world. Slowly overtime, it is affecting developing and underdeveloped countries.COVID-19 impacts are both positive and negative. It shows its impact in every aspect. These aspects are-
1. Sociological 2. Economic 3. Political 4. Administration of country

Positive impacts of COVID 19 are– A. It reduces pollution level. B. Improve air index C. Give good time to spend with family D.Make people to understand that life and family are more important than money.

Whole world is fighting together against this pandemic. At this time everyone’s focus is on COVID-19 leaving aside other matters of economy, development and administration.COVID-19 came with many positive impacts but we can’t neglect its negative impacts also.

Negative impact of COVID-19 are–

  1. Sociological impact – As modernisation and urbanisation are increasing, emotional attachment is decreasing among people.And COVID 19 also introduces another weapon i.e. social distancing.It puts impact on festivals,rituals,ceremonies etc. It breaks the social bonding among people.
  2. Economical impact- Major impact of COVID 19 is on the world economy. Economy is on a downfall day by day. During lockdown the government is in loss of 35 thousand crore daily.Every source of the economy is on break.Each and every day of lockdown is like a burden on the government.It creates a situation when input is very less and output is on peak.
  3. Political impact- COVID 19 touched each and every field. Politics is also affected by it.Sessions of parliament are adjourned sine die.
  4. Education- Education is also affected by the COVID 19 . Colleges remain closed since march, all competitive exams are postponed. This impact of COVID 19 affects the development of our nation also.
  5. Administration of country- All above impacts affects the administration of the country.We cannot even imagine the future consequences and situation of our nation.COVID19 pulls us 30 years back.
    Conclusion – We all have to unite to fight against COVID 19, otherwise we have to face worse consequenses.COVID 19 strikes poor starta the most. It’s our moral duty to keep poor, so that the country’s administration can be improved.COVID 19 negative impacts can’t be underestimated but on other hand we also can’t underestimate the positive impacts.Problems for whose solution international conferences were now solved automatically.

Why Birds like to sit on Power Lines?

Birds sitting on power lines are one of the everyday scenes often taken for granted, ye one that brings endless fascination. When we see rows of birds on power lines, we often stare in wonderment. Why do birds like to perch on power lines? Why do they sit spaced evenly in a row? Did they get shocked? Why do they face the same direction?

Power lines are convenient and common rest stops for birds in cities and towns where there are very few trees. High-voltage wires make great lookout perches for passionate birds or the common perching birds like, sparrows, starlings, crows, grackles, to name a few. The feet of perching birds or songbirds are adapted to grabbing onto branches and power lines. Not all birds have this special adaptation.

Birds are social animals that like to interact with each other as they rest on power lines. Being high up gives the birds a good vantage point to see the surroundings and be on the look out with predators and food sources.

Birds can be seen at dusk or sunrise perched on overhead power lines. Every time a bird lands on the wire, the entire row of birds on the same wire would move over for the newcomer. Birds are instinctively such considerate and accommodating little creatures.

This high-voltage meeting appears to be an enormous flock of birds in the midst of migration, taking a short rest on power lines before heading on to their destination.

These bird formation on intersecting power lines almost seen staged and choreographed. Who would ever think that these little creatures would roost at every angle. Being bird brained is not necessarily a bad thing birds are smarter than most people think.

One theory is that birds space themselves evenly along power lines so that there is enough room to land and take off from the wire. This mandated a certain distance from the wings to spread during take off. But again, the bird can jump and then spread its wings. The other theory is that keeping a certain distance from each other avoid aggression and conflict.

Thousands of raptors are killed every year due to power lines, particularly in the western U.S. In wide open plains and deserts, power poles are often the only high perches available for hunters like bald and golden eagles and great horned owls, who survey the landscape for prey and take off into rising wing currents. Electric shock occurs when their wings brush against a two live wires when settling on top of a grounded pole.

COVID 19 and domestic issue

In this crucial time of fighting together against COVID-19 the people all over the country are bound by law to stay at home and follow the lockdown as directed by Honourable Prime Minister Narendra Modi.During Period it has been observed that cases of domestic violence are increasing rapidly.Domestic violence includes any kind of harm physically,emotionally and sexually by one member of family to another.In this time all the members of family are at home together there are more chances of differences to be caused due to distinct views, beliefs. Lots of cases of domestic violence are being reported nowadays. The main cause of this domestic violence is lack of education,lack of values and respect for each other.Surviving in this society doesn’t mean that a person could do anything just to please or calm down its own anger. In case of domestic violence one hurts another in order to calm down its anger which is not justified neither by values nor by law.To fix this issue of domestic violence one always needs to be calm. There must be proper polite discussions on knowledgable or interesting topics to make proper use of quarantine period.One must keep the feeling of respect towards another. This COVID-19 give us plenty of time which should be used in a good manner.The problem of domestic violence mainly arises from anger,aggression so people must take care of these feelings. They must do things which please themselves but do not offend others.Whether it is upper society or lower caste the cases of domestic violence  are everywhere so this must be stopped and the only solution is to stay calm,be positive, do not over react and give time to older as well as younger ones.

The Narwhal: The Fascinating Unicorn Whale of the Arctic Ocean

The Narwhal is a fascinating whale that live in the Arctic Ocean. it reminds many people of the mythical unicorn because one of the male’s teeth and occasionally one of the female’s teeth is hugely elongated.

A Narwhal has two teeth. The roots of the teeth are buried in the upper jaw. The left tooth actually grows through the upper lip, extending out of the whale’s mouth to form a straight, spiraled tusk. This may be as long as ten feet in the male. Unlike our teeth, a Narwhal’s tusk is somewhat flexible.

The “nar” in the narwhal’s name comes from an old Norse word that means “corpse”. The mottled black, grey, and white appearance of the adults reminded earlier people of a floating corpse in the sea. The scientific name of the narwhal is monodon monoceros, which in Greek means “one tooth, one horn”.

Narwhals are adapted for life in the Arctic and are rarely found below 65 degrees north in latitude. They are most abundant in the Arctic Ocean near Canada and Greenland. They also inhibit the water by Russia and Svalbard, which is the part of Norway. Occasionally, they are seen near Alaska.

The whales usually swim offshore at various depths in the water, often in he midst of ice. Researchers have recently discovered that narwhals off the coast of Greenland come as close as a kilometer to glacier fonts that are releasing chunks of ice. The animals don’t seem to be bothered by the noise that is created.

CORONA VIRUS Myths

It’s been almost close to 5 months with already half the year gone by. We are still on the road to recovery with hike in corona positive cases almost on a daily basis. With some states of the country extending the lockdowns and others taking drastic measures to control the spread of the virus. Still somehow we are falling back and missing out on something. With a scare that community transmission of the virus has started in India and the WHO confirming that the deadly virus can also be airborne and transit through air, it’s quite a terrible situation.

There is a lot of ‘what ifs’ and assumptions that people have conceived through various means which is not exactly true. I would like to burst some myths of this fatal virus in this article in order to educate people on the actual facts. This will benefit many by and large I hope.

So here are some facts about the corona virus that the World Health Organisation has stated.

FACT: People should NOT wear masks while exercising 

People should NOT wear masks when exercising, as masks may reduce the ability to breathe comfortably.

Sweat can make the mask become wet more quickly which makes it difficult to breathe and promotes the growth of microorganisms. The important preventive measure during exercise is to maintain physical distance of at least one meter from others.

FACT: The likelihood of shoes spreading COVID-19 is very low

The likelihood of COVID-19 being spread on shoes and infecting individuals is very low. As a precautionary measure, particularly in homes where infants and small children crawl or play on floors, consider leaving your shoes at the entrance of your home. This will help prevent contact with dirt or any waste that could be carried on the soles of shoes.

FACT: The coronavirus disease (COVID-19) is caused by a virus, NOT by bacteria

The virus that causes COVID-19 is in a family of viruses called Coronaviridae. Antibiotics do not work against viruses.

Some people who become ill with COVID-19 can also develop a bacterial infection as a complication. In this case, antibiotics may be recommended by a health care provider.

There is currently no licensed medication to cure COVID-19. If you have symptoms, call your health care provider or COVID-19 hotline for assistance.

FACT: The prolonged use of medical masks* when properly worn, DOES NOT cause CO2 intoxication nor oxygen deficiency

The prolonged use of medical masks can be uncomfortable. However, it does not lead to CO2 intoxication or oxygen deficiency. While wearing a medical mask, make sure it fits properly and that it is tight enough to allow you to breathe normally. Do not re-use a disposable mask and always change it as soon as it gets damp.

* Medical masks (also known as surgical masks) are flat or pleated; they are affixed to the head with straps or have ear loops.

FACT: Most people who get COVID-19 recover from it

Most people who get COVID-19 have mild or moderate symptoms and can recover thanks to supportive care. If you have a cough, fever and difficulty breathing seeks medical care early – call your health facility by telephone first. If you have fever and live in an area with malaria or dengue seek medical care immediately.

FACT: Drinking alcohol does not protect you against COVID-19 and can be dangerous

The harmful use of alcohol increases your risk of health problems.

FACT: Thermal scanners CANNOT detect COVID-19

Thermal scanners are effective in detecting people who have a fever (i.e. have a higher than normal body temperature). They cannot detect people who are infected with COVID-19. There are many causes of fever. Call your healthcare provider if you need assistance or seek immediate medical care if you have fever and live in an area with malaria or dengue.

FACT: There are currently no drugs licensed for the treatment or prevention of COVID-19

While several drug trials are ongoing, there is currently no proof that hydroxychloroquine or any other drug can cure or prevent COVID-19. The misuse of hydroxychloroquine can cause serious side effects and illness and even lead to death. WHO is coordinating efforts to develop and evaluate medicines to treat COVID-19.

FACT: Adding pepper to your soup or other meals DOES NOT prevent or cure COVID-19

Hot peppers in your food, though very tasty, cannot prevent or cure COVID-19. The best way to protect yourself against the new coronavirus is to keep at least 1 metre away from others and to wash your hands frequently and thoroughly. It is also beneficial for your general health to maintain a balanced diet, stay well hydrated, exercise regularly and sleep well.

FACT: COVID-19 is NOT transmitted through houseflies

To date, there is no evidence or information to suggest that the COVID-19 virus transmitted through houseflies. The virus that cause COVID-19 spreads primarily through droplets generated when an infected person coughs sneezes or speaks. You can also become infected by touching a contaminated surface and then touching your eyes, nose or mouth before washing your hands. To protect yourself, keep at least 1-metre distance from others and disinfect frequently-touched surfaces. Clean your hands thoroughly and often and avoid touching your eyes, mouth and nose.

FACT: Being able to hold your breath for 10 seconds or more without coughing or feeling discomfort DOES NOT mean you are free from COVID-19

The most common symptoms of COVID-19 are dry cough, tiredness and fever. Some people may develop more severe forms of the disease, such as pneumonia. The best way to confirm if you have the virus producing COVID-19 disease is with a laboratory test.  You cannot confirm it with this breathing exercise, which can even be dangerous.

These are a few important facts. Please check the validity of any news you come across on any platform. Make sure you follow only authoritative source. And please do not panic. Stay safe!

Children In Need Of Care and Protection


It is pertinent to note that the Parliament in the year 1986 took a bold step towards the welfare of neglected juveniles by passing the Juvenile Justice Act, the main purpose of which was to provide for the care, protection, treatment, development and rehabilitation of neglected or delinquent juveniles. However, the Juvenile Justice Act, 1986 has now been repealed by the passing of Juvenile Justice (Care and Protection of Children Act), 2000. The term neglected juvenile’ as used in the Act of 1986 has now been charged to ‘child In need of care and protection’ in the Juvenile Justice (Care and Protection of children Act), 2000.4 The definition of ‘child in need of care and protection is so wide as· to include hatred number of children. It is seen that the definition of ‘child in need of care and protection under the Act includes children who are found begging without having any home and any ostensible means of subsistence and is a destitute. These destitute children live and grow in a society where they are neglected and deprived of not only food,. clothing and shelter but also education. They also lack affection, care and guidance from adults. These street children not only live but also work and struggle in situations and circumstances that are not conducive for their growth and development. Since a majority of these children come from poor families who are migrants ·and live in slums or squatter dwellings, therefore, they do not have an equal sharing of socio – cultural and eonomic opportunities for care, protection and socialization. Poverty may be submitted as the primary as the primary cause of growing problem of street children in India. Poverty exposes these children to innumerable problems and as a result the child remains poor throughout the life. These children are not deprived of their rights but are also denied access to education and adequate health care.
UNICEF has defined ‘street children’ as children who live on the streets alone or with -their families, or children who spend· most of their times on the streets to fend themselves return home on -a regular basis). It is stated that while there are no recently published statistics, UNICEF reported that the number of street children in India was as high as 18 million in 2006.


These are the children who are more vulnerable in term of the harm/danger/risk to their right to survival/ development/ participation.

  1. Homeless children (pavement dwellers, displaced/evicted, etc.)
  2. Refugee and migrant children
  3. Orphaned or abandoned and destitute children
  4. Children whose parents cannot or are not able to take care of them
  5. Street and working children
  6. Child beggars
  7. Victims of child marriage
  8. Trafficked children
  9. Child prostitutes
  10. Children of prisoners
  11. Children affected by conflict/civil strife
  12. Children affected by disasters both natural and manmade
  13. Children affected by substance abuse, HIV/AIDS and other terminal diseases
  14. Disabled children
  15. Children belonging to ethnic, religious minorities and other marginalized groups
  16. The girl child
  17. The unborn child
  18. Children in conflict with law (those who commit crime)
  19. Children who are victims of crime.

Generally, children who are abused, neglected, abandoned and maltreated end up living in the streets. They do not have any other alternative and as such are faced to live their life in the streets. Mostly these children resort to varied odd jobs like rag pickers, shoe shine boys, washing utensils or serving ttea in dhabas or working as fitters etc on workshops or small mechanic shops. These children generally live in groups at construction sites without any habitation facilities. It is unfortunate that inspite of the various constitutional provisions for protecting the tender and young age of children, they continue to live in such deplorable conditions. Therefore, it is submitted that the poverty into which these children are born characteristics child labour.


• Child labour is undoubtedly the worst form of social evil existing in our Indian Society because children are required to work beyond their physical capacity and the number of hours they have to work interferes with their education, recreation and rest. Apart from this the wages that they get are not commensurate with the amount of work done. A major factor leading to child labour is poverty but at the same time equally important is the system that exploits the children and allows them to work. Child labour in India is said to be a product of socio – economic and cultural condition. Anti constitutional polices, inadequate legislative measures and lack of political will have also been considered as important factors responsible for the persistence of this unlawful social evil. In majority of the cases the attitude of parents and their inability to appreciate the Childs educational capabilities and intelligence have been taken as the root cause behind child labour.


• Further, in many cases the poor parents with bad habits and criminal tendencies win the confidence ·of the· child in convincing the child that education could not solve their problems and therefore the child is encouraged to work very early in life. As a result the child is not in a position to enjoy the benefit of state policy for free education to children only by the simple reason that the child cannot afford to miss the wages by going to school for education.
Therefore, as has already mentioned in the previous chapter the parliament enacted the Child labour (Prohibition and Regulation) Act, 1986 as a step towards concretizing the labour conditions of the child workforce. Next, the definition of ‘child in need of care and protection also includes a child who is being or is likely to be abused, tortured or exploited for the purpose of sexual abuse or illegal acts. It is unfortunate that not only in India but throughout the world children are being exploited and abused. It is said that though we are fortunate to live in a century which recognises the existence of children as being in their own right and not as objects to be treated at will, yet child abuse is rampant.

• Parents and guardians are generally assumed and expected to naturally act in the best interest of the child but it is seen that this is not always so. Since children have no political power and their opinions are not given due weight they are dependent upon the adults and state to protect their rights but when this does not happen there is every possibility of these children being victims of sexual abuse and exploitation. As a result the sexual abuse of children is increasing by the day in every society. Internet has also contributed towards the increase in instances of sexual abuse of children because child sex has turned into global business through internet. It is submitted that the use of children in pornographic literature is also increasing. Newspapers expose only the tip of the ice berg, because the victims and their guardians refrain from reporting cases of sexual abuse because of the shame and guilt associated with it Sexual abuse of children is not only one of the worst forms of exploitation of children but also amounts to the violation of the basic human rights of the child Many other factors are also responsible for the heinous crime of sexual abuse of children. Moral values of men are degrading ‘by the clay because man has become materialistic specially with industrialization and growth of metropolitan cities. As a result incidence of sexual abuse is on the rise. But it is submitted that when the society was a rural one and joint family system existed in majority in every society, incidents of sexual abuse specially rape were negligible.


However, with the decline in the joint family system moral and spiritual values have degraded and the desire for material wealth and enjoyment of life have become the major concern for men. Unimaginable levels of corruption is present in the society. Man wants to have maximum enjoyment at the cost of others. This tendency is said to breed promiscuity and vulgarity, and therefore, in relation to the opposite sex man has become unhealthy and sick.
However, with the decline of moral values in society, and specially in metropolitan cities, females belonging to middle class families come in contact with the upper strata of the society and they desire for material comforts and luxuries beyond their reach.

Consequently, to fulfill such desire they willingly practice prostitution. Also, many a times young girls run away from home either because of poverty or abuse at the hands of the parents only to be abused again in the outside world. Some of these girls also leave home with the hope of making it big in the glamour industry but when they realize it is not possible they are forced to take up prostitution. Therefore, it would not be fair to only blame men for the sexual abuse of children.


Another factor for the ever growing problem of sexual abuse is poverty. Poverty makes children come to big cities from rural area in search of all kinds of odd jobs like domestic servants, servants in hotels, dhabas, offices etc. but in reality what they get is torture, sexual abuse and forced entry into prostitution. However, sexual abuse of children is not only limited at the· hands of the strangers. Nowadays, children are not safe in the hands of their own family members. Many a times children suffer sexual abuse at the hands of family members. As a result of which the child suffers not only physically but psychologically as well. This effects the emotional state of a child because in many cases the child is not able to disclose this to anybody out of fear and also because most of the time the parents would not believe the child. Once child marriages were common in society.
In India the Constitutional provisions contained in Articles 21, 23, 24, 39 (e) promote and protect the interest of children. Apart from the Constitutional Provisions the Immoral Traffic Prevention Act, 1956 lays down provisions for the purpose of dealing with the problem of prostitution. The Indian penal Code, 1860 has also rriade certain acts committed against children as offences punishable in accordance with law.

Addressing the lack of safe shelters for children in conflict with the law, the court urged every state to evaluate the condition of their Child Care Institutions as well as to provide education, healthcare, and proper nutrition to its residents. The court reiterated that government registration in accordance with the provisions of the Juvenile Justice Act was compulsory for child care institutions run by individuals or NGOs to avoid incidents of trafficking or child sexual abuse.

FUTURE OF ILO

INTRODUCTION

The International Labour Organization (ILO) is a United Nations agency responsible for dealing with employment-related matters crosswise the world, including employment standards and problems of exploitation. The ILO records grievances against organisations that intrude upon established rules but does not sanction or disincentives organisations or governments. As we know, today and in future human resource will be in needed for carrying out activities for economic and social integration of the world. The ILO is a specified agency of the United Nations (UN) dedicated to improve labour conditions and living ideals throughout the world. ILO’s multilateral structure is exclusively placed to meet demands for the democratisation of labour and their work.

KNOWING ABOUT ILO

International Labour Organization (ILO) came into existence on April 11, 1919. The ILO’s first constitution was developed by the Commission on International Labour Legislation of the Peace Conference in 1919 and produced as a part of the Treaty of Versailles (that terminated the First World War, to reveal the belief that universal and eternal peace can be accomplished only if it is built on social justice), as an allied agency of the League of Nations. The ILO became the first associated exceptional agency of the United Nations in 1946 to deal with the economic and social difficulties confronted by the world in the early 20th century. In acknowledgement of its activities, the ILO was awarded the Nobel Prize for Peace in 1969. The ILO has 187 member states and has its headquarters in Geneva, Switzerland. It was formed to promote social advancement and to overcome social and economic clashes of interests with the help of discussion and cooperation. In contrast to the revolutionary movements of that time, it brought together governments, employers and workers at an international level to search for common rules, policies and behaviours from which all could benefit. The ILO was built on the belief that peace and justice go conjointly. Not in the sense that war is all the time a result of injustice, but rather that social justice is a crucial foundation for peace.  It sets international labour ideals, advances rights at work and promotes courteous employment chances, the enhancement of social protection and the firming up of dialogue on work-related matters. Decent work is recognized as a global aim, fostering inclusive development with equality, with a coherent combination of social and economic priorities, to lead to opportunities for both women and men to achieve decent and successful work under conditions of democracy, prosperity, protection and dignity.

The Constitution laid the framework for the Organization, defined its goals and objectives as well as its comprehensive structure and also established certain “methods and principles for controlling workplace conditions that all industrial communities should strive to implement to the degree that their particular circumstances allow which are of “limited, urgent and special importance.” The elements of the ILO incorporate the turn of events and advancement of principles for national enactment to ensure and improve working conditions and standard of life. The ILO likewise gives specialized help with social strategy and organization and in workforce preparing; encourages agreeable associations and country ventures; incorporates work measurements and behaviours research on the social issues of global rivalry, joblessness and underemployment, work and modern relations, and innovative change (including robotisation); and assists with ensuring the privileges of universal vagrants and composed work.

FUTURE OF ILO

In its primary 10 years span the ILO was mainly concerned with legislative and research attempts, with describing and endorsing proper minutest standards of labour legislation for approval by member states, and with placing for alliance among workers, employers, government delegates, and ILO specialized staff. During the global economic depression of the 1930s the ILO pursued ways to fight widespread unemployment. With the post-war breakup of the European colonial empires and the extension of ILO association to include under-developed and developing countries, the ILO focused itself to new issues, including the social problems created by the liberalization of international trade, the problematic situation of child labour, and the relationship between working situations and the environment. The ILO has international public servants and technical-assistance specialists working in states throughout the world.

As the most established association in the UN framework, moving toward its 100th commemoration in 2019, the ILO faces extraordinary challenges and strains. Before the fiscal slump or economic depression, the worldwide economy has examined the bar of an administrative system which was formulated in 1919. The association’s architect just confer it with offsetting social advancement with the limitations of an interconnected open economy, yet speculated for the most part on instruments of influence to guarantee this would occur.

International labour standards are legal processes drawn up by constituents of the ILO (governments, employers, and workers) which encompass fundamental principles and labour rights. These are either agreements that are legally binding international treaties and can be ratified only by the member states, or guidelines and offer non-binding guidance. In certain cases, a convention sets out the underlying principle to be implemented by ratifying nations, while a related guideline reinforces the convention by offering a more detailed plan of action on how it should be enforced. Recommendations may also be independent, meaning they are not related to any convention. Conventions and recommendations are created by the representatives of governments, employers and workers and are taken up at the ILO’s yearly International Labour Conference. If a standard is adopted, it is mandatory for the member state to send it to its expert authority (normally parliament) for consideration under the ILO Constitution. This means consideration for ratification, in the case of conventions. When ratified, a convention is normally applied in that country after one year from the date of ratification. Ratifying countries are obliged to apply the convention in their national law and practice and to report at regular intervals on its implementation. Unless the nation breaks the convention they ratified, proceedings for redress and prosecution may be launched (ILO, 2009).

CONCLUSION

ILO go hand in hand with peace and social justice. This organization will always be important to deal with mankind and societal issues. For over 100 years, the ILO has been the only international organisation with the constitutional order to bring labour, capital and the state together to endorse decent work.

The ILO was questionably the most successful in the organisation’s olden times, starting with a convention approving the lengthy sought-after 48-hour working week and a further 66 international labour standards settled before the flare-up of the Second World War. Whether the standards and employment rights related to working age, maternity protection, occupational safety, reimbursement in the event of an accident, illness insurance, holiday pay, old age insurance, the advantageous effects for workers’ health and happiness was irrefutable. Health and wealth go in accord.

REFERENCES

https://www.britannica.com/topic/International-Labour-Organization

https://theconversation.com/the-international-labour-organization

https://www.ilo.org/

FACTS WHICH NEED NOT BE PROVED

INTRODUCTION

Section 56 to 58 deal with facts which need not be proved because either facts (a) are indisputable as they are too well known to require proof (“judicial notice”) or (b) are undisputed and their proof is dispensed with because they are admitted by both the parties. There are some facts which are not so notorious and well known that they require no proof. If it becomes relevant in a case to know as to, who is the president of India or the Chief Minister of UP, a party need not adduce any evidence to that effect.  Again if it is a question at issue as to what is the distance between Banaras and Allahabad, a party need not prove it. The court may take a judicial notice of these facts if they are relevant to the issue. Sections 56 and 57 deal with judicially noticeable facts. Section 58 postulates that things admitted need not to be proved. A Dispute is difference of opinion between the parties on questions of fact or of law. In the system of an adversarial proceeding that is prevalent in India as a British legacy, “facts in issue” are the facts” asserted and denied” by the parties and the Court has to adjudicate on those issues. If there is no dispute between the parties as to certain matters,   the court might dispense with proof of those facts and, in legal parlance, those facts are said to be “common ground”. And the court may dispense with proof of facts admitted by both the parties to a case because there is no dispute as to the existence of those facts.

FACTS JUDICIALLY NOTICEABLE (Sections 56 & 57)

Certain facts are so scandalous in themselves, or are stated in so authentic manner in well- known and accessible publications, that they require no proof. The Court, if it does not know them, can inform itself upon them without formally taking evidence. These facts are said to be judicially noticed. ”Judicial Notice” is a manoeuvre by which the court “notices” or takes cognizance of certain facts which are broadly known to exist. Those facts are so well known to be true that their formal proof is considered redundant and unnecessary. Section 56 states that a fact judicially noticeable need not be proved, whereas Section 57 enumerates in clauses (1) to (13), the facts which have to be judicially noticed and which need not to be proved.

Principle/Object:

In the cases of the facts dealt by these Sections, the judge’s belief in their existence is induced by the general knowledge acquired, otherwise than in particular proceedings before the Court and independently of the action of the parties therein. The judicial notice is taken for the common affairs of the life which are of general knowledge. The rationale of “judicial notice” is not that the Court knows them as do many others; but it is the intrinsic indisputability of the facts because of their notoriety. Two reasons have been put forward for the doctrine of judicial notice; (a) Firstly, it expedites the hearing of cases if well-known facts are judicially noticed; (b) secondly, it tends to produce uniformity of decisions on matters of fact. The wisdom of administration with proof of matters within the collective knowledge of everyone has never been questioned.

FACTS ADMITTED NEED NOT BE PROVED (Section 58)

Another set of facts which need not be proved are facts which have been admitted. There are two methods of holding trial, one is the inquisitorial system in which the judge also acts as an investigator of facts; and the other is the adversary system in which the judge sits like a silent umpire; he can either advice any party nor ask for the production of any evidence. He gives his judgement on the basis of the contentions argued before him, i.e., according to the issues between parties. Facts which have been admitted on both sides are not in issue and therefore, no proof need to be offered of them. A court in general has to try the questions on which parties are at issue, and not those on which they have agreed. Admissions which have been deliberately made for the purpose of suit, whether in pleading or by the agreement, which acts as an estoppel to the admission of any evidence contradicting them.

Principle/ Object:

What is admitted need not be proved, is the simple principle lying under this section. The object of this is to save time and expense at a trial. One of the principal effects of admission is to shorten the litigation just as the effect of res judicata is to give finality of litigation.

In Union of India v. Ibrahim Uddin[1]

The Supreme Court observed, “Admission is the best piece of substantive evidence that an opposite party can rely upon, though not conclusive, is the decisive of the matter, unless successfully proved withdrawn or proved erroneous. Admission may in certain circumstances, operate as an estoppel. The question which is needed to be considered is what weight is to be attached to an admission and for that purpose it is necessary to find out as to whether it is clear, unambiguous and a relevant piece of evidence and further it is prove in accordance with the provisions of evidence act. It would be appropriate to offer an opportunity to the person under cross examination to tender his explanation and clear the point on the question of admission.”[2]

In, Raman Pillai v. Kumaran Parameswarn[3]

The facts in question were admitted in written statement. In a suit for title, admissions were made by the predecessor in interest of the plaintiffs in their written statement in earlier judicial proceedings to the effect that the right in the suit property were lost by adverse possession and limitation and the predecessors of the respondents had perfected the title. Certified copy of written statement was held to statement in question was not a public document.

CONCLUSION

Taking into account the Indian Evidence Act provisions and the aforementioned judicial rulings, it can be determined that the facts are not legally recognizable by the courts, such as laws existing and applicable in India; articles of war; state seals; the facts relating to legislative, executive and judicial processes in India, or to any other sovereign or state recognised by the Indian Government; the rule of law etc. need not be proved by the parties to the suit.

[1] (2012) 8 SCC 148

[2] indiankanoon.org

[3] AIR 2002 Ker 133

Lack of Jobs and Livelihood

India may be fastest major growing economy in the world but that may mean little to the country’s 127 crore people many to whom continue to struggle to find right kind of jobs. India’s unemployment rate stood at 5% in 2015-16 compared to 3.8% in 2012-13, according to fifth annual survey of unemployment published by ministry of labors and employment. At first glance, it seems like a reasonable unemployment rate for a country the size of India however, a separately quarterly survey conduct by the government on jobs being created in key sectors tells a different story.

For a country where 1.2 crore people enter the workforce each year, the pace of job creation remains far below what is needed even though the economy is growing at over 7%. Across eight key employment generating sectors, only 1.35 lakh jobs were added in calendar year 2015, quarterly surveys of employment showed. In other words, jobs created were equal to only 1 percent of the addition to workforce. These sectors include textiles including apparels, leather, metals, automobiles, gems &  jewellery, transport, information technology and handlooms.

Impacts on jobs during pandemic covid-19:

Job loss is the most severe immediate impact of COVID-19 crisis while lower economic growth and rise in inequality would be the long-term effects, according to a survey by the Indian Society of Labour Economics (ISLE). The online survey was conducted on 520 ISLE members in the last week of May. The preliminary results showed that loss of employment was considered as the most severe immediate impact of the crisis while lower economic growth and rise in inequality were probable long-term impact.

 As per the survey, the immediate policy priorities suggested were protection of workers and families, short-term employment creation and income transfers to affected workers. Short-term policy requirements were support to MSMEs, expansion of MGNREGA, job creation, cash transfers and social security while the long-term measures included need for building a stronger public health system, universalisation of social security and policies for welfare and rights of migrants.

The survey was discussed at a two-day virtual international conference on “Implications of the COVID-19 Crisis for Labour and Employment in India: Impact, Strategies, and Perspectives” on June 8-9.

the latest ILO data on the labor market impact on the COVID -19 pandemic reveals the devastating effects on workers in the informal economy and no hundreds of millions of enterprises worldwide.

GENEVA (ILO NEWS)- according to the ILO monitor third edition: COVID-19 and the world of work, the drop in working hours in the current (second) quarter of 2020 expected to be significantly worse than previously estimated.

Regionally, the situation has worsened for all major regional groups. Estimates suggest a 12.4 per cent loss of working hours in Q2 for the Americas (compared to pre-crisis levels) and 11.8 per cent for Europe and Central Asia. The estimates for the rest of the regional groups follow closely and are all above 9.5 per cent.

Compared to pre-crisis levels (Q4 2019), a 10.5 per cent deterioration is now expected, equivalent to 305 million full-time jobs (assuming a 48-hour working week). The previous estimate was for a 6.7 per cent drop, equivalent to 195 million full-time workers. This is due to the prolongation and extension of lockdown measures.

conclusion

This study was undertaken with the primary object to study the impact (positive as well as negative) of economic liberalisation on employment generation in India. It aimed at studying whether employment opportunities have increased or decreased or remained constant during post-liberalisation period, whether there is any qualitative improvement in employment conditions, whether employment generation programmes initiated by the Government of India have been successful in achieving their objectives, etc.

References

  • Bloombergquint.com
  • Peoplematters.in
  • Economictimes.indiatimes.com
  • Ilo.org

Fashion

Fashion is a term which means ‘an ongoing trend ‘. It refers to how people dress and what kind of external getup most people think is making them look stylish, up-to-date and sophisticated. While etiquettes and manner also somehow comes into the count but it comparatively more superficial and dynamic. It changes with winds of time very fast. This can be seen from the vast difference between how people used to dress before and now. Films are the mirror to the society. And therefore is comparison is seen live by comparing how the actors used to dress before and now

Tinsel town celebrities have always been the trend setters to the common people. People, especially the girls always are inclined towards one or more actresses because of how they look and they also want to look the same. More or less everyone have a fashion idol.

Fashion used to be very different in metros and small towns in earlier days. But now the difference have gone down to a great extent due to many reasons. First if all the demand of online shopping malls have increased. Shopping sites such as jabong, snapdeal ,myntra, etc. does the work of delivering fashion at the doorstep. These websites run all over the country and they are available at most of the pin codes. And since the girls wear all kinds of clothes, now those fashions have come into the real market too. The growth of social media and overall the demand of time which lures everyone to look confident and updated, have made people quite inclined towards making himself look fashionable.
Especially when in college, girls think a lot about it. Not only women, men’s fashion market have also gone up. Shopping sites make available most of the branded clothes at lower prices than the real market and this is the reason man and women both are going after new trends.
While it is a good thing to be trendy and follow the latest innovations in designs, fabrics and others, one thing to be careful is to decide carefully whether it fits us and the place we live in. We should maintain the decorum of the place where we are living and not go against it. Blending in and deciding what to wear will be more acceptable without gaining negative attention. Also it must suit us. That’s a very important thing. If it is not suiting us but we are following it because it is the latest trend that is the worst thing we can do to how we look. We must be comfortable and when all these are kept in mind, we look our best. Westernized dressing style is not a bad thing but it must be decent. Our societies are still conservative and that is why we must be sensitive towards it. Moreover we have our own cultural heritage. We must therefore be proud of our ethnicity. Good thing is that our ethnic fashion have also evolved a lot and popularization of innovated designs have also attracted lot of attention and acceptance.

The fashion industry is changing constantly. New styles are being incorporated into old styles. Many ideas are passed down as others are removed or altered. Others are tested. The latest idea that is being tested are the expectations for genders, particularly in models. Over the years more and more models have expressed their own personal styles and beliefs. Photographers and designers have also begun to work with this and amplify it. But what’s changed?
We all have a general idea of what is masculine and what is feminine, in a more commonly known sense. For a woman its slender and thin. Long legs and an elegant posture; curves and smooth, clear skin. For a male it’s tall, built and active. The reason for these specific ideas of each gender can be traced back in history. Men have usually been seen as the more physically active gender while women have been seen as more elegant and nurturing.
In today’s fashion industry, these ideas are becoming known as the old way of thinking. We have begun to see successful men, who aren’t as muscular and men who cross-dress. Cross-dressing has become very popular in the last few years. Directors have begun to give male models the same treatment as female models. One prime example is in cycle 20 of America’s Next Top Model. Just like the ladies, the guys have to wear colorful, heavy-handed makeup. They even wore acrylic press-on nails in one shoot. All of these things have also tied into for acceptance toward sexuality. More and more male models are coming out and expressing their pride. This, without a doubt, has taken fashion to a stronger and more interesting level. This new boldness has tested social norms and has made a strong statement. It is becoming less unusual to see men wearing makeup or more “feminine” clothing.
The idea for female models has changed too. There is more diversity physically, racially and in many other ways. Different styles are more accepted, such as pin-up models. Women having tattoos has become more acceptable, and has become its own genre in the modeling industry. There has also been an increase in plus-size models. Though it is still encouraged, women are no longer pressured to have the perfect hourglass figure. Now in days, it is more common to encourage women to love their figures, unique as they are. One major change that has been repeated is women taking on the role of men. In fashion, short hair has become a trend. Along with other modifications, female models have acted out the idea that women can be just as successful, strong and independent as men. This is quite an admirable message, in my opinion.
Going back to the idea of unique, modeling has become more diverse, racially. In the past, models were known to be predominately Caucasian, and now just about anyone can be a model. Comparing the early 1900s to this decade is quite amazing when you see how far we’ve come as far as acceptance.
Going more in depth with the changes in fashion photography,
As there have been changes, things have also stayed the same. Many things have even repeated. Fashion always repeats its self, and at the moment the fashion industry has traveled back to years 1950-1980. For some reason this generation of designers couldn’t reference one decade. At the very least, new styles have been incorporated into the classics. Today you can get clothes inspired by something already made in the last 70 years. This has made for some very interesting shoots. Moshino’s Spring 2013 fashion week in Milan is a good example of this. The clothes bring back the retro edge of the 60s.
Focusing more on another view of changes in fashion photography, modesty has greatly decreased. In the past, men and women were more private. A woman could be beautiful with a turtleneck on. A woman could do that now, but generally speaking we show more skin now than what was acceptable in the past. One’s “birthday suit” was only seen in the past in artwork like paintings and sculptures. Now it can either be art or fashion. It is most often used, today, to draw attention and to gain publicity. Fashion in Europe often includes a runway show where models wear little to no clothing, and possibly one accessory, all to advertise the accessory. This can be taken in many ways; artistic, demeaning, bold, confident or inappropriate. However, fashion always has an effect. Fashion can have more impact on a way of thinking than music.

The impact of fashion is like a chain reaction. A designer comes out with a new line for the season, a few other designers come out with their own version of the same thing and all those variations of the same style are copied by people lower in the fashion industry and sold for cheaper. These cheaper products are also lower in quality. However, no one cares as long as they have the “in” look. In the past there was always a specific look that was being promoted by a majority of designers. Today, there are more looks than designers. Men and Women have plenty of styles to admire and take on and none of them are exactly the same.
The most influential change in fashion photography has been the technological improvement. The obvious changes have been the quality of the cameras and lighting. Looking further into it, the editing software has improved. This has been positive and negative. It has taken fashion photography up a few levels, but it’s also been tied to another issue. Editing software has been overdone and used to alter the physical appearance of models, given them an unreal, flawless look. This has caused the general public to feel like having small things such as stretch marks and scars are uncommon and unattractive. It makes people feel like being as beautiful as a model is impossible.

Juvenile Justice Board


In pursuance of Section-4 of the Juvenile Justice (Care and Protection of
Children) Act, 2015 read with rule-3 of the Juvenile Justice (Care & Protection of Children) Model Rules, 2016, the State Government constitutes Juvenile Justice Boards in the districts time to time, for exercising the powers & to discharge duties, conferred on such Boards in relation to Children in Conflict with Law under this Act and Rule.

As per section-8 of the Juvenile Justice (Care & Protection of Children) Act, the Board shall, notwithstanding anything contained in any other law for the time being in force but save as otherwise expressly provided in this Act, have power to deal exclusively with all proceedings under this Act, relating to children in conflict with law. The powers conferred on the Board by or under this Act may also be exercised by the High Court and the Children’s Court, when the proceedings comes before them in appeal, revision or otherwise.
As per Sub-section 3 of Section-8 of the Juvenile Justice (Care &
Protection of Children) Act, the Board shall perform the following functions, namely:-


a. ensuring the informed participation of the child and the parent or guardian, in every step of the process;
b. ensuring that the child’s rights are protected throughout the process of apprehending the child, inquiry, aftercare and rehabilitation;
c. ensuring availability of legal aid for the child through the legal services institutions;
d. directing the Probation Officer, or in case a Probation Officer is not available to the Child Welfare Officer or a social worker, to undertake a social investigation into the case and submit a social investigation report within a period of fifteen days from the date of first production before the Board to ascertain the circumstances in which the alleged offence was committed;
e. adjudicate and dispose of cases of children in conflict with law in accordance with the process of inquiry specified in section 14;
f. transferring to the Committee, matters concerning the child alleged to be in conflict with law, stated to be in need of care and protection at any stage, thereby recognising that a child in conflict with law can also be a child in need of care simultaneously and there is a need for the Committee and the Board to be both involved;
g. disposing of the matter and passing a final order that includes an individual care plan for the child’s rehabilitation, including follow up by the Probation Officer or the District Child Protection Unit or a member of a non-governmental organisation, as may be required;
h. conducting inquiry for declaring fit persons regarding care of children in conflict with law;
i. conducting at least one inspection visit every month of residential facilities for children in conflict with law and recommend action for improvement in quality of services to the District Child Protection Unit and the State Government;
j. order the police for registration of first information report for offences committed against any child in conflict with law, under this Act or any other law for the time being in force, on a complaint made in this regard;
k. order the police for registration of first information report for offences committed against any child in need of care and protection, under this Act or any other law for the time being in force, on a written complaint by a Committee in this regard;
l. conducting regular inspection of jails meant for adults to check if any child is lodged in such jails and take immediate measures for transfer of such a child to the observation home; and
m. any other function as may be prescribed.

Ineffective working of Juvenile Justice Board:

There are many instances which might contribute to the concluding of the fact that the juvenile justice board is currently crumpling with insufficient funds,distorted infrastructure and lacking facilities to carry out its functions that it ought to carry out with full diligence. One of such instance is that the escape of 34 juveniles from Chennai’s Kellys juvenile home in 2016. Those who have been brought back confessed that they did such an act to escape from the torture in the home. There are several haunting truths inside juvenile homes that prove that the juvenile justice board is incapable of controlling even the basic functions that has been endowed to them. The current vocational training programmes that are being provided to the juveniles are of cooking, tailoring and hair cut. As per today’s times, such vocational training programmes stand outdated and cannot comply with the new existing market and practices that are followed and thus the juveniles don’t take interest in learning out of the courses. Even when the training/learning of computer science was introduced, most of the inmates created a ruckus by breaking. Several studies have been made that reflected the haunting episodes which are uncontrolled and not monitored by the juvenile justice board. There are number of complaints and cases where a juvenile is beaten up by the police authorities as soon as he is brought in an observation home and later by the senior inmates. They are forced to accept their involvement in criminal cases.

Many observers have documented the tendency of police to arrest and detain children in inhuman condition without good reason. In an incident, a 14-yearold juvenile from Jamnagar was sodomised allegedly by the four boys at the observation home on Gondal Road, Rajkot. They allegedly also beat four inmates with polymer pipes and two of the accused forced others to perform oral sex. They also filmed the victims naked. The peon who was on duty when the incident took place at the observation home, did not made any attempt to stop this incident or to report this incident. It has been found that in many cases the perpetrators are staff members including caretakers, security guards, etc in the observation homes. As per the report of Careshare India, it was even called as ‘pillai jail’ because of the overburdening of inmates. Scare hygiene, insufficient nutrition, lack of space, lack of drainage systems, water shortage-all this makes the children prone to contagious diseases and low hygiene levels in the homes.

All these indicate the lack of effective working of the juvenile justice board. There are several reasons for such incongruous nature of boards such as overcrowding, lack of community support etc. There are several problems that a juvenile justice board has to encounter with which they are not looking into. In such condition, empowering them with the discretion of deciding the fate of many juveniles is a threat to justice.

Measures should be been taken by the board instead of depriving the juveniles of rehabilitative scope. Instead of imposing the threat of punishments, law could have made arrangements that would help the juveniles reintegrate into the society.

Being healthier and fit:

We always require some sort of physical exercise for our bodies no matter how much we blame ourselves for looking healthy and good. So if we didn’t work on our fitness in the appropriate time, we ‘d definitely experience early health issues in the future, for example, so many people encounter poor immune difficulties at an early age and are becoming the victim of covid 19.That’s why staying healthy is one of the greatest ways to keep our body alive. In fact, being healthy should be part of your overall lifestyle. Keeping a safe lifestyle may help avoid chronic conditions and long-term illnesses. Feeling good about yourself and taking care of your wellbeing are essential to your self-esteem and self-image.Maintain a healthier lifestyle by doing what ‘s best with the body. Daily workout can alleviate all the tension pressure, depression and frustration. So if this physical activity begins to be part of your routine, you’ll start feeling confident and happy about your body since it’s automatic confidence booster.Without physical exercise , the body gradually lacks energy, stamina, and capacity to work properly. Being more active can help you reduce the blood pressure , increase your blood supply, maintain your weight under check, and much more.

In reality , people who are regularly active and safe live longer as they have strong immunity and have been in full possession over their bodies from the start. This can also help you avoid smoking and tobacco.This can enhance good mindset and perspective. A healthy attitude will improve your motivation, enhance your inner strength, motivate you, and develop courage to face challenging tasks. 

Below are a few guidelines that will help you keep active and healthy:

1.Eating a safe and nutritious diet: 

Nutrition is one of the most critical ways that keep us safe and active. But, when keeping a good and balanced existence, we will concentrate on what we consume in our bodies . In addition, eating well is about balancing essential food items that do contain proteins , fats and carbohydrates. And we should remain completely away from all sorts of unhealthy food which contains toxins and excess fats.  

2.Improve the consistency of sleep: 

Quality and quantity are very relevant when it comes to developing sleep habits for health purposes. Quantity is the sum of time you get to sleep. We must maintain atleast 7 to 8 hours of good and quiet nap. Consistency, on the other hand, applies to several different aspects of sleep that make the rest and recovery cycle a success. Keep your sleeping arrangements as quiet and comfortable as possible.

3. stay active: 

Staying actively engaged is another way of ensuring that the body is healthy. Proper fitness strengthens not just the body but also the mind which offers other advantages. Those involve managing appropriate amounts of weight as well as enhancing overall wellbeing and cognitive function. If it comes to physical fitness, you can make a determined effort to work out three to four days a week.To assure that you work on a daily basis, pick stuff that you truly enjoy. It may be meditation, cycling, surfing, etc. 

While physical exercise is really necessary, it is not the only factor that matters about your overall health. It is necessary to strive and remain healthy every day of the life! When necessary, take a walk to work or get off public transport a couple minutes earlier. Little things like taking the stairs instead of the elevator also count. 

4.Manage and reduce stress:

Unless and until you don’t have a peaceful mind your regular exercises too wont work for keeping you healthy and fit.Sometimes even because of  unmanaged stress and depression could actually manifest as physical illnesses.For this meditation and yoga is truly helpful because it keeps our mind calm and peaceful.Another effective way to cope with depression is just by taking a conscious effort not to let anything affect you. Whoever comes up with a “don’t think, be relaxed.” You should even indulge yourself in soothing baths, massage, etc.

5. Maintaining social relations: 

Another special and highly effective method to attain and sustain a healthier lifestyle is by engaging in relationships. Social experiences and good connections benefit improve emotional health in the same manner that meditation does. That’s because loving others and receiving love will help you stay healthy!

6. stay hydrated: 

Water has many benefits when it comes to leading a sustainable life. Some of them is because it allows to disinfect the body; not only externally, but internally. Eight glasses a day has been recommended over long stretches of everyday use. The 2 liters you drink should enable the body to replace everything that is lost by saliva , urine, and ventilation. It helps avoid dehydration and exhaustion

7.Maintain proper hygiene and try having regular checkups:

A clean body is a healthy body. Personal hygiene goes a long way to ensure this by eliminating any opportunistic pathogens lying around on your skin, hair or even in your mouth.

It is very important to ensure that you have regular medical checkups. It doesn’t matter whether you are 20 and at the peak of your health or 70 where everything seems to hurt. Screening allows you to identify and promptly deal with serious conditions.

The best way to benefit from these guidelines is to use them in the everyday life. Don’t make it a one-time occurrence for you to get a salad and oversleep one day and assume you ’re safe to go. Allow a totally different and long-term lifestyle improvement. Your body is going to praise you for that.

Unemployment or Underemployment?

As of late India has gone into a phase of segment profit which will keeps going up to 2055 we have the 35 years to support our monetary improvement to make further move to the development era with the 66% of the number of inhabitants in India is between 16 to 65 age bunch this is the compose time to talk about business issues.

Right off the bat unemployment is the focused issue in India on the grounds that as indicated by NSSO study 2017-18 in work rate in India is 6.1%which is 45 years high in the country. PLFS review likewise shows that Rural urban disparities,gender imbalances in unemployment.Comparing to the informed uneducated are increasingly utilized in the country.The two principle central purposes of joblessness issues in the nation are initially business aberrations dependent on training and second is the joblessness dependent on sexual orientation disparity.

To handle with the principal issue as we as a whole of us realize we need to change the current instruction framework from tutoring to higher studies.Although govt is making various strides like Atal advancement mission,Atal fiddling labs and for university training NSDC aptitude advancement plan’s these measures are on the whole going in constructive way.By expanding the eagerness towards development we need to begin brooding focuses at region shrewd in the nation to energize thoughts of the students.These hatching focuses running presentelh in first rate institutes.We must improve mindfulness about govt plan’s especially in country zones like PMKVY.for school dropouts and school drop outs we ought to give some expertise preparing and confirm them.We likewise need to improve financial plan on credits for independent work of the people. MUDRA conspire doing great in this way. MSME sector additionally critical to make business enormously in Rural urban regions.

Second is the Gender imbalance the likely populace of about half are not in the standard of monetary advancement of the country.To remember that part of individuals for the standard business Govt is taking numerous estimates which will do the trick somewhat however we need to improve the more in the coming years.First we need to expand the labor proportion by taking rigid measures on infanticide. second young ladies dropouts from school instruction must be reduced. In this govt started plan resembles better bachao better padhao sukanya samruddhi yojana are doing well.For the utilized ladies Maternity advantage leave act 1971.In the provincial territories ladies are for the most part in masked business. To handle this issue we need to guarantee bookings for females for all most in all areas from parliament to private associations.

Another serious issue In this nation about employment. This is entire diverse issue from joblessness .Most of the affected here are the informed people.I f we don’t focus on this issue care completely it will make social,economical,political suggestions on the nation.

By and by in India university instruction in India is likewise unsatisfactory aside from some institutions.The aptitudes which the vast majority of the understudies learned in the school’s aren’t adequate to work in the ventures and companies.This will deny youngsters of taught sector fathom this issue we team up the businesses and organizations with colleges.They to be prepared by these enterprises in the schools itself.By gilding consents to schools to change their prospectus as per the need of the industry.From the most year of graduation it self understudies must be locked in with industry and friends activities.Apart from building and medication we need to expand the understudies into arts,management,science sector. There by businesses additionally enhance.

As of now India’s migraine is be the under employment.If the informed individuals land the correct position this will build up the organisation in this manner nation and accordingly work for the jobless individuals of this nation