Author: vartikachauhan

Indian Monsoon

The Indian summer monsoon typically lasts from June-September, with large areas of western and central India receiving more than 90% of their total annual precipitation during the period, and southern and northwestern India receiving 50%-75% of their total annual rainfall. Overall, monthly totals average 200-300 mm over the country as a whole, with the largest values observed during the heart of the monsoon season in July and August.

At the Equator the area near India is unique in that dominant or frequent westerly winds occur at the surface almost constantly throughout the year; the surface easterlies reach only to latitudes near 20° N in February, and even then they have a very strong northerly component. They soon retreat northward, and drastic changes take place in the upper-air circulation. This is a time of transition between the end of one monsoon and the beginning of the next. Late in March the high-sun reaches the Equator and moves farther north. With it go atmospheric instability, convectional (that is, rising and turbulent) clouds, and rain. The westerly subtropical jet stream still controls the flow of air across northern India, and the surface winds are north easterlies.

five special conditions- 1) The Sea Surface Temperature (SST) gradient between the north Atlantic and the north Pacific (conditions during December of the previous year and January of present year)
2) SST of the equatorial south Indian Ocean (conditions during February and March of the present year)
3) Mean Sea Level pressure in east Asia (conditions during February and March of the present year)
4) The surface air temperature over northwest Europe (conditions during January of the present year)
5) The warm water volume of the equatorial Pacific Ocean (conditions during February and March of the present year).

Cooperatives

  • Cooperatives play an important role in the growth of a country, although they are rarely the focus of policy planning.
  • According to the government, the formation of a new Union Ministry to manage the cooperatives sector will save it from neglect.
  • Cooperatives aren’t supposed to follow the market logic of maximising profits, but rather to evenly distribute the advantages to all stakeholders.
  • Cooperatives have made major contributions to poverty alleviation, food security, natural resource management, and environmental protection in India, albeit they are not consistent.
  • True, the sector has devolved into a tool of favouritism and plunder. In several states, mismanagement and corruption ruined the sector.
  • Cooperatives are effective at mediating politics at the local level, outside of the parliamentary system, in addition to helping localities and segments that markets may overlook.
  • As market conditions change, cooperatives in states like Kerala have expanded their businesses to include IT parks and medical schools.
  • More expansion opportunities, such as insurance, remain untapped, and the regulatory framework must keep pace.
  • Because cooperatives are on the Constitution’s State List, the Centre will have to come up with new ways to ensure the new Ministry’s legal validity.
  • However, the sector’s distributed capacity can be marshalled by a different Ministry.
  • Conclusion-The need for greater openness and efficiency in the sector is compelling; yet, this goal must be pursued not by terrifying the industry’s very soul, but by fostering a cooperative spirit.

Pegasus spyware

Pegasus is a spyware developed by the Israeli cyber arms firm NSO Group that can be covertly installed on mobile phones running most versions of iOS and Android. In November 2019, a tech reporter from New York City photographed an interception device displayed at Milipol, a trade show on homeland security in Paris. The exhibitor, NSO Group, placed the hardware at the back of a van, perhaps suggesting convenience of portability, and said it would not work on US phone numbers, possibly due to a self-imposed restriction by the firm. Until early 2018, NSO Group clients primarily relied on SMS and WhatsApp messages to trick targets into opening a malicious link, which would lead to infection of their mobile devices. A Pegasus brochure described this as Enhanced Social Engineering Message (ESEM). When a malicious link packaged as ESEM is clicked, the phone is directed to a server that checks the operating system and delivers the suitable remote exploit.

Pegasus infections can also be achieved via so-called “zero-click” attacks that do not require any interaction from the phone’s owner. It means that your phone could still be hacked even if you’re careful not to click on those malicious links. Most of these attacks exploit vulnerabilities in an operating system that the phone’s manufacturer may not yet know about and so has not been able to fix.

Many of the numbers were clustered in 10 countries: Azerbaijan, Bahrain, Hungary, India, Kazakhstan, Mexico, Morocco, Rwanda, Saudi Arabia and the United Arab Emirates, according to the reports.

In India, more than 40 journalists, three opposition leaders and two ministers in Prime Minister Narendra Modi’s government were reported to be on list. This included the opposition memeber, Rahul gandhi with two mobile phone numbers belonging to him found in the list. Mr Gandhi no longer has the devices so it was not possible to analyse them to determine if he had been hacked. India’s government has denied using unauthorised surveillance.

Vedic Literature

A few centuries after the decline of the Harappan civilization, a new culture flourished in
the same region and gradually spread across the Ganga-Yamuna plains. This culture came
to be known as the Aryan culture. There were significant differences between this culture
and the culture which preceded it.
Aryans settled on the banks of rivers Indus (Sindhu) and Saraswati (which is now non
existent). They composed many hymns in honour of the gods and goddesses they
worshipped. These were compiled in four Vedas – the Rig Veda, Sama Veda, Yajur Veda
and Atharva Veda. The word veda means knowledge of the sacred spiritual knowledge.
These vedas were considered infallible as they imparted the highest spiritual knowledge.
Initially the Vedas were transmitted orally. Since our knowledge of the early Aryans is
based on these Vedas, the culture of this period is referred to as the Vedic Culture. Scholars
divide the vedic period into the earlier and later Vedic period. The earlier is represented by
the Rig Veda while the latter by all other Vedic literature including the Brahmanas, Aranyakas
and Upanishads. Two epics, the Ramayana and the Mahabharata and the Puranas, though
compiled much later, also throw light on the life and society of an earlier period. For this
period archaeological evidence has also been found in some areas of Uttar Pradesh.

Society and religion
Though Aryan society was patriarchal, women were treated with dignity and honour. The family
was the smallest social unit; several families (kula) made a village (grama) and several
villages formed a vis. A number of villages formed a tribe or jana which was ruled by a
chief called rajan. His chief function was to protect the tribe from external attack and
maintain law and order. He was assisted by the members of two councils called sabha and
samiti. The Purohita performed religious functions while the senani looked after military
activities. There was no concept of the state or kingdom at this stage. Although the post of
Rajan had become hereditary, he could be removed from power if found weak and inefficient
or cruel.
Towards the later Vedic period, society was divided into four varnas – Brahamanas,
Kshatriyas, Vaishyas and Shudras. This was also called the Varna-Vyavastha. To begin
with it denoted categories of people doing different kinds of functions but with the passage
of time this division became hereditary and rigid. The teachers were called Brahmans, the
ruling class was called Kshatriyas, farmers, merchants and bankers were called Vaishyas
while the artisans, craftsmen, labourers were called Shudras. Moving from one occupation
to another became difficult. Simultaneously, the Brahmans also occupied a dominant position
in the society

NEW QUAD GROUP

The United States, Pakistan, Afghanistan and Uzbekistan have agreed to establish a new quadrilateral diplomatic platform to enhance regional connectivity. The US State Department announced the setting up of the new diplomatic platform on July 16, 2021 to help strengthen economic connectivity across the region. The department announced that representatives from Washington, Kabul, Islamabad, and Tashkent had agreed, in principle, to establish a new quadrilateral diplomatic platform focused on enhancing regional connectivity.

“The parties consider long-term peace and stability in Afghanistan critical to regional connectivity and agree that peace and regional connectivity are mutually reinforcing,” the State Department said. Afghanistan’s strategic location has for a long time been touted as a competitive advantage for the country.

This development comes as the security situation in Afghanistan has been deteriorating following the withdrawal of US military forces from the country. The drawdown is set to be complete by the end of August.
As the Taliban continues to seize new territory, US officials have been engaged in talks with countries neighboring Afghanistan to support the Afghan defense forces. Other south and central Asian countries are also engaged in talks to advance peace talks.

The new quad group’s formation is significant as it comes amid China’s efforts to extend its Belt Road Initiative (BRI) to Afghanistan. The Belt Road Initiative was launched by Chinese President Xi Jinping when he came to power in 2013. The Belt Road Initiative aims to link Southeast Asia, Central Asia, the Gulf region, Africa and Europe with a network of land and sea routes. Afghanistan due to its strategic location can provide China with a strategic base to spread its influence across the world. Pakistan Prime Minister Imran Khan had visited Uzbekistan in the past week for an official two-day visit during which he highlighted the benefits of regional connectivity and invited the nation to become party to China’s Belt and Road Initiative. 

Pradhan Mantri Shram Yogi Maan-dhan (PM-SYM)

The Pradhan Mantri Shram Yogi Maan-dhan (PM-SYM) announced in the interim
budget 2019 has been notified by the Ministry of Labour and Employment. Features
of the PM-SYM PM-SYM is a voluntary and contributory pension scheme on a 50:50
basis where prescribed age-specific contribution shall be made by the beneficiary and
the matching contribution by the Central Government. The salient features of the
PM-SYM are:

Each subscriber under the PM-SYM, shall receive minimum assured pension of
₹ 3000/- per month after attaining the age of 60 years, If the subscriber dies during the period of receipt of the pension, the spouse of the beneficiary shall be entitled to receive 50% of the pension received by the beneficiary
as a family pension, If the beneficiary had died due to any cause (before age of 60 years), his/her spouse
will be entitled to join and continue the scheme subsequently by payment of regular
contribution or exit the scheme as per provisions of exit and withdrawal, The subscriber must not be a taxpayer.
The scheme is expected to benefit as many as 42 crore workers are estimated to be engaged in the unorganized sector of the country whose monthly income is ₹ 15,000/per month or less and belong to the entry age group of 18-40 years who are not be coveredunder New Pension Scheme (NPS ), Employees ’ State Insurance Corporation (ESIC )
scheme or Employees’ Provident Fund Organisation (EPFO).

Enrollment process- The Unorganised Worker will be required to visit the nearest Common service centre (CSC) and get enrolled for PM-SYM using Aadaar card and Savings bank/Jan-Dhan account number on self-certification basis. First subscription to be paid in cash and auto debit from next month onwards. Later, facility will be provided where the UW can also visit the PM-SYM web portal or can download the mobile app and self-register using Aadhar number/savings bank account/Jan-Dhan account number on self-certification basis.The enrolment will be carried out by all the CSC in the country. Customer Care number 1800-2676-888 (available 24*7).Web portal/app will also have the facility for registering the complaints.In case of any doubt on the scheme, clarification provided by the Joint Secretary & Director General (Labour Welfare) will be final.

Saving Biodiversity

We have lost 7% of intact forests since 2000 globally. Climate change along with pandemic exerts an additional stress on ecosystem. Focusing on maintaining a healthy ecosystem concept of “ONE HEALTH” for all organisms should needed to be in cooperated everywhere. In 2018 India, PM’s science and tech and innovation advisory council in consultation with MO environment, forest, climate change, approved a National mission on biodiversity and human well being. Banglore based biodiversity working in prepare road maps on same. This will strengthen science of restoring, conserving, and sustainably utilizing India’s natural heritage and target. India will emerge as a leader linking conservation of natural assets and socialist well-being.

Important framework: Mission offers a holistic framework, integrated approaches, and widespread societal participation and empower India to restore, our natural assets by millions of crores of rupees, mitigation programs, biodiversity-based agriculture while also creating millions of green jobs in restoration of degraded lands (1/3 of total land) and nature tourism, helps to meet convention on biological diversity, generate a strong national community committed to sustaining biodiversity, Scientific inputs, especially related to geospatial informatics and policy, can guide the development of strategies for conservation and ecosystem management.

Need for a cadre:

  • We need a strong and extensive cadre of human resources required to meet the enormous and complex environmental challenges of the 21st century.
  •  It needs training professionals of the in sustainability and biodiversity science, along with an investment in civil society outreach.
  • Public engagement, whether it is in the policymaking arena, or in exploration, restoration and conservation of biodiversity, is a critical component of the planned Mission.

Nepal Issue

Nepal’s president, Bidya Devi Bhandari, dissolved the country’s parliament on 22nd July 2021 and called for fresh elections in November. Bhandari’s office said that the decision was made on the recommendation of the cabinet headed by caretaker Prime Minister K.P Sharma Oli. Bhandari rejected bids for the prime ministerial post from Oli and opposition leader, Sher Bahadur Deuba from the Nepali Congress party, after both leaders failed to muster support to form a new government by the deadline. This is the second time in six months that the country’s parliament has been dissolved. The parliament was last dissolved in December 2020 by Oli following a feud with the ruling Nepal Communist party. The parliament was reinstated in February after the Supreme Court said that it was a breach of the constitution. The latest dissolution is expected to be challenged in court like the previous one. Oli became prime minister in 2017 with support from the Nepal Communist party. However, Oli lost support after a split in the party. He came to power this month as the head of a minority government, but needed the support of half of the parliament to continue. He had already lost a vote of confidence in early May after a faction of the Nepal Communist party refused to support him.

Critics say that Oli has been preoccupied with planning rallies and political meetings to muster support. Since the dissolution of the parliament in December, hundreds of political rallies have been organized by both the ruling and opposition parties. 14 petitions were submitted by opposition parties to court clamming that this is unconstitutional and unethical action by current PM, Oli.

Nepal’s Supreme Court on Monday reinstated its parliament, which was dissolved by caretaker Prime Minister K.P. Sharma Oli in May, and ordered that his rival Sher Bahadur Deuba be appointed as prime minister. It also ordered that Sher Bahadur Deuba, who has previously served four terms as prime minister, be re-appointed as prime minister by 5 p.m. local time on Tuesday.

Muhammad-bin-Tughlaq

The Tughlaq administration, also called as Tughluq or Tughluk dynasty, was a Muslim line of Turkey which managed over the Delhi sultanate in medieval India. Its rule began in 1320 in Delhi. Ghiyasuddin Tughlaq was the first ruler of this dynasty. Khusrau Khan, the last ruler of the Khilji administration was executed by Ghazni Malik. Slave dynasty was the one which mark the beginning of delhi sultanate.

He was intellectual of reasoning, philosophy, astronomy, mathematics, calligraphy and physical sciences. He had good knowledge of various languages such as Turkish, Sanskrit, Persian and Arabic. The famous traveller Ibn Battuta visited India during his reign.  He was a liberal king who believed in equality. He gave freedom to Hindu as well as Jains.

Reforms- Taxation in the Doab: The Sultan made a stupid budgetary examination in the Doab between the Ganges and Jamuna. He expanded the rate of duty as well as restored and made some extra Abwabs or cessess, Transfer of Capital (1327): It seems that the Sultan needed to make Deogir as his second capital so that he may have the capacity to control south India better. Deogir was renamed Daulatabad. After two or three years, Muhammad Tughlaq chose to forsake Daulatabad basically on the grounds that he soon found out that he couldn’t control south India from Delhi and he couldn’t control north from Daulatabad, Introduction of Token Currency(1330): Muhammad Tughlaq chose to present bronze coins, which were to have the same worth as the silver coins. Muhammad Tughlaq may have been effective in the approach if he could keep individuals from moulding the new coins, Khurasan Expedition: The Sultan had a dream of widespread victory. He chose to win Khurasan and Iraq and activated a gigantic armed force for the reason. Be that as it may, his campaign demonstrated a disappointment, Quarachi Expedition: This campaign was propelled to counter Chinese attacks. It likewise gives the idea that the campaign was coordinated against some headstrong tribes in Kumaon-Garhwal district with the objective of bringing them under Delhi Sultanate.

He died in Thatta while battling in Sindh against Taghi, a Turkish slave.

COPA América

Copa América, known until 1975 as the South American Football Championship, is the main men’s football tournament contested among national teams from south america. It is the oldest still-running international football competition, as well as the third most watched in the world.The competition determines the champions of South America. Since the 1990s, teams from North America and Asia have also been invited to compete.

The 2021 Copa América was the 47th edition of the Copa america, the international men’s football championship organised by South America’s football ruling body CONMEBOL. The tournament took place in Brazil from 13 June to 10 July 2021. The tournament was originally scheduled to take place from 12 June to 12 July 2020 in Argentina and Colombia as the 2020 Copa América. On 17 March 2020, CONMEBOL announced that due to the COVID-19 the tournament had been postponed for a year, in conjunction with UEFA’s decision to also postpon to 2021.

Hosts Brazil were the title holders, having won their ninth title in 2019, which they also hosted. Argentina won their fifteenth title after defeating Brazil 1–0 in the final, their first senior title since the 1993 of the same tournament. They also equalled Uruguay’s overall record of Copa América titles.

The trophy was Messi’s first with Argentina after a string of painful, agonizing, maddening failures, including perhaps the most demoralizing defeat of his career — against Germany in the World Cup final — inside the same stadium, Rio’s hulking Maracanã, in 2014.

When the whistle blew to end the final, Messi — his relief palpable — dropped to his knees and was immediately surrounded by his teammates. Moments later, they were lifting him above their shoulders and tossing him in the air.

Tropical cyclones

Tropical cyclones are intense circular storms that originate over the warm tropical oceans with more than 119 kilometres per hour speed and heavy rains. Mainly, the greatest damage to life and property caused not from the wind but from other secondary events including storm surges, flooding, landslides and tornadoes. Tropical cyclones are among the foremost destructive weather phenomena and also known as typhoons or hurricanes. They include a number of different hazards that can individually cause significant impacts on life and property, such as storm surge, flooding, extreme winds, tornadoes and lighting.

Tropical cyclones are known by various names in different parts of the world. In the North Atlantic ocean and the eastern North Pacific they are called hurricanes, and in the western North Pacific around the Japan, and China the storms are referred to as typhoons. In the western South Pacific and Indian ocean they are variously referred to as severe tropical cyclones, tropical cyclones, or simply cyclones. All these different names refer to the same type of storm. The tropical cyclone is formed when a transfer of water vapour and heat from the warm ocean to the overlying air occurred primarily by evaporation from the surface of the sea. As we know that warm, moist air rises, it expands and cools, quickly and become saturated and released latent heat due to the condensation of water vapour. By this process, the column of air in the core of the developing disturbance is warmed and moistened.  The temperature difference is formed between the warm, rising air and the cooler environment that causes air to become buoyant and enhance its upward movement. If the surface of the sea is too cool then there will not be enough heat available and the rate of evaporation will be low to provide fuel to the tropical cyclone. Even the supply of energy will also be cut off due to warm surface water layer is not enough deep. It happens because the tropical system modifies the underlying ocean. The sea surface becomes cool due to the falling of the rain from the deep convective clouds and the strong winds in the centre if the storm will further create turbulence. If this resulting mixing brings cool water from the below the surface layer to the surface, the fuel supply for the tropical system will be removed.

A tropical cyclone that remains over the ocean and moves into higher latitudes will change its structure and become extra tropical as it encounters cooler water. Each year the impacts of tropical cyclones and other weather, climate and water extremes around the Earth give rise to multiple casualties and significant damage to property and infrastructure, with adverse economic consequences for communities that can persist for many years. 

 

Asymmetric information

Asymmetric information, also known as “information failure,” occurs when one party to an economic transaction possesses greater material knowledge than the other party. This typically manifests when the seller of a good possesses greater knowledge than the buyer; however, the reverse dynamic is also possible. Almost all economic transactions involve information asymmetries. Asymmetric information can also be viewed as the specialization and division of knowledge, as applied to any economic trade. Asymmetric information examples are everywhere. In the financial world, consider a situation where a lending firms enters into an agreement with a borrower. The lender establishes the terms and agreements that the borrower must stipulate to, and, usually, background checks are done.

Moral hazard is a situation in which one party gets involved in a risky event knowing that it is protected against the risk and the other party will incur the cost. It arises when both the parties have incomplete information about each other.

In a financial market, there is a risk that the borrower might engage in activities that are undesirable from the lender’s point of view because they make him less likely to pay back a loan. It occurs when the borrower knows that someone else will pay for the mistake he makes. This in turn gives him the incentive to act in a riskier way. This economic concept is known as moral hazard.

Adverse Selection describes a situation in which one party in a deal has more accurate and different information than the other party. The party with less information is at a disadvantage to the party with more information. This asymmetry causes a lack of efficiency in the price and the number of goods and services provided. Most information in a market economy is transferred through prices, which means that adverse selection tends to result from ineffective price signals.

DIFFUSION

The spreading out and mixing of a substance with another substance due to motion of its particles is called diffusion  It is based on motion of its particles and is fastest in gases and slowest in solids. The rate of diffusion increases on increasing temp. (kinetic energy increases giving faster motion to particles). Light gases diffuses faster than heavier ones. Egs- smell of food reaches us even at considerable distances, smell of perfume is spread all over the room,     spreading of ink in water on its own when put undisturbed for sometime, dissolving of oxgen and co2 in water for survival of aquatic plants and animals, disappearance of chalk from blackboard when leave uncleaned for 15 days.

The common unit of measuring temperature is degree celsius and the SI unit of measuring temperature is Kelvin
0 degree = 273 kelvin / kelvin scale temp. = celsius scale temp. + 273
melting point of ice = 0 degree /273k and boiling point of water is 100 degrees/ 373k.

Change of state from one form to other can be done by- 1.Changing the temperature 2.Changing the pressure. Effect of change in temperature : The process of changing solid to liquid by heating is called melting/ fusion. The temp. at which this happen at atmospheric pressure is called melting point of that substance. This happens due to weakening of attraction forces due to high kinetic energy in particles.

The process in which a liquid substances changes into gas rapidly on heating is called boiling. The temp. at which this takes place at atm pressure is called its boiling point. The process of changing a gas to a liquid by cooling is called condensation. This happens as gas looses its kinetic energy and particles come closer. When liquid changes to solid by cooling it is called freezing.

LATENT HEAT OF FUSION: The latent heat of fusion of a solid is quantity of heat in joules required to convert 1kg of solid to liquid without any change in temperature. It is 3.34*10^5 joules per kg. Heat energy is used up in changing the state by overcoming the force of attraction between the particles so the temp. remain the same even after supply of energy, further heating increases the kinetic energy rising temp. Ice at o degree is more effective in cooling than water at same temp. as for melting each kg of ice takes latent heat from substance whereas water do not have any such latent heat. When solid melts it absorbs heat from liquid also when liquid freeze to form a solid an equal amount of heat is given out.

Latent heat of vaporization: It is the quantity of heat in joules required to convert 1 kg of liquid to vapors/gas without change in temp. The temp. don’t rises due to overcoming force of attraction. When water changes to steam it absorbs latent heat, when steam condenses to form water an equal amount of latent heat is given out therefore burns caused by steam is much severe than boiling water as steam contains more heat than water.

Sublimation- the changing of solid directly into vapors on heating and gas on solid by cooling; substances = ammonium chloride, iodine, camphor, naphthalene ,etc. solid co2(dry ice) sublimes to form liquid co2.

Effect of change of pressure- Gases can be liquefied by applying pressure and lowering temp. Dry ice is extremely cold substance it is used as deep freeze to keep food and ice cream cold. Solid co2 changes to Gas by decrease in pressure and higher atmospheric temp. So it is always kept under high pressure.

Cabinet Reshuffle

With number of changes taking place in the country in recent times, one of a major change is taken place in the union cabinet. The Modi government had introduced new members in the council giving rise to a whole new cabinet of ministers for different departments on July,7th 2021. The total members counted as 43 among which 36 are new faces and 12 had been dropped out from the cabinet which includes, Health Minister Harsh Vardhan, IT and Law Minister Ravi Shankar Prasad and I&B Minister Prakash Javadekar, and brought Sarbananda Sonowal, Narayan Rane, Jyotiraditya Scindia and others. Many prime ministers all over the world have been known to have sacrificed this or that ministerial pawn in order to cover up their own leadership failure. Harsh Vardhan’s departure is as close an admission of governmental floundering as prime ministerial hubris would allow.

The new department of cooperation is granted to our home minister Amit Shah. New list is as follows-

Rajnath Singh: Defence Minister, Nitin Gadkari: Road Transport and Highways Minister, Nirmala Sitharaman: Finance Minister, Corporate Affairs Minister, Narendra Singh Tomar: Agriculture and Farmers’ Welfare Minister, S Jaishankar: External Affairs Minister, Arjun Munda: Tribal Affairs Minister, Smriti Irani: Women and Child Welfare Minister, Piyush Goyal: Commerce & Industry Minister, Consumer Affairs Minister, Food & Public Distribution Minister, Textiles Minister, Dharmendra Pradhan: Education Minister, Skill Development and Entrepreneurship Minister, Pralhad Joshi: Parliamentary Affairs Minister, Coal Minister, Mines Minister, Narayan Rane: Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises Minister, Sarbananda Sonowal: Ports, Shipping and Waterways Minister, AYUSH Minister, Mukhtar Abbas Naqvi: Minority Affairs Minister, Dr Virendra Kumar: Social Justice and Empowerment Minister, Giriraj Singh: Rural Development Minister, Panchayati Raj Minister, Jyotiraditya Scindia: Civil Aviation Minister, Ramchandra Prasad Singh: Steel Minister, Ashwini Vaishnaw: Railways Minister, Communication Minister, Electronics & IT Minister, Pashu Pati Kumar Paras: Food Processing Industries Minister, Gajendra Singh Shekhawat: Jal Shakti Minister, Kiren Rijiju: Law & Justice Minister, Raj Kumar Singh: Power Minister, New & Renewable Energy Minister, Hardeep Singh Puri: Petroleum & Natural Gas Minister, Housing & Urban Affairs Minister, Mansukh Mandaviya: Health and Family Welfare Minister, Chemicals & Fertilisers Minister, Bhupender Yadav: Environment, Forest & Climate Change Minister, Labour & Employment Minister, Mahendra Nath Pandey: Heavy Industries Minister, Parshottam Rupala: Fisheries, Animal Husbandry and Dairying Minister, G Kishan Reddy: Culture Minister, Tourism Minister, Minister for Development of Northeast, Anurag Thakur: Information & Broadcasting Minister, Sports & Youth Affairs Minister. Other 28 will hold the charge as Ministers of State.

This new cabinet marked a starting of new journey not only in terms of development but also along with growth with social equality as the members itself are chosen from different social backgrounds including, 12 ministers from Scheduled Caste communities from states such as Tamil Nadu, Rajasthan, Karnataka, Uttar Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, West Bengal. Two of them are likely to be Cabinet ministers. From the Scheduled Tribe communities, eight representatives from Arunachal Pradesh, Jharkhand, Chhattisgarh, Odisha, Assam, and Madhya Pradesh are inducted. Three of these are Cabinet ministers. Also, 19 members from Other Backward Class (OBC) communities. 11 women members had aslo been accomodated giving rise to women empowerment.

According to people aware of the details, the selection of ministers has also been done with the intent of bringing on-board people with administrative experience as the government has faced criticism including over the state of the economy, job crisis, rising prices, and the response to the second Covid-19 wave.

Dr. Ambedkar’s philosophy of caste in India

In India Caste System consists of two different concepts that are Varna and
Jati, the real concept of Varna has almost disappeared in the present
context and has changed into Jati. Caste is such a deep-rooted and pervasive
concept, it is a rigid form of stratification system, in which mobility of rank
and status is not allowed. The members of backward classes are not a part
of Hindu society even then, they had started observing untouchability
towards Dalits- who themselves have a caste hierarchy.
During his lifetime Dr. Ambedkar had played three roles: caste leader,
untouchable spokesman, and that of a national statesman. He was a guide,
guru, and decision-maker for his caste, the Mahars of Maharashtra.

According to him, no civilized society other than Indian one practices rituals
of the remote past even today. Its religion is essentially primitive, and its
tribal code, despite the advancement of time and civilization, operates with
all its pristine vigor even today. The prevalence of exogamy was well-known
in the primitive world. The caste system has made Hindu society stagnant
which creates hurdles in integration with outsiders. Even internally, Hindu
society fails to satisfy the test of a homogeneous society, as it is just a
conglomeration of different castes. The caste system does not allow lower
castes to prosper which led to moral degradation. The battle for the removal
of untouchability becomes the battle for human rights and justice.
Dr. Ambedkar criticized old Law books like Manusmriti and Arthshastras
who showed the inferiority and bitterness towards the suppressed class. He
also criticized the higher standard of Brahmans who are category above of
all. The Brahmans are somehow responsible for social exploitation and the
backwardness of untouchables.