THE BALLAD

The ballad is a simple narrative poem in short stanzas telling a story. It may be called a short story in verse. Originally it used to be sung to the accompaniment of musical instrument like the hard by strolling bands of singers or minstrels. The word is derived from the Latin ‘Ballare’ which means to dance. This shows its connection with tribal dance.

A ballad deals with some episode of simple motive written in stanza suitable for all oral transmission. In ancient ballad, often, the authors were unknown. The themes were commonly furnished by the elementary aspects of life. Large space was given to tales of adventure and love, fighting and valour. Generally supernaturalism was an essential elements of such ballads.

HOW THE BALLAD IS EVOLVED:

The ballad begin to appear in England even before chaucer’s time. The earliest English Ballad is the fragmentary ‘Judas’ of the 13th century. The central characteristics of the Ballad are narative presentation, simplicity and spontaneity of expression. The most popular Ballad measure used to be there ‘quatrain stanza’ with rhyme at the end of the second and fourth lines.

TYPES OF BALLAD:

There are only two kinds of ballads. The traditional ballad and The Ballad of growth and the modern Ballad or the literary Ballad.

The traditional ballad: It is originated from the folk culture of each nation. Most of these ballads are of unknown of the authorship. They are the authentic ballads that have grown naturally among a primitive race and are transmitted orally from generation to generation. They are impersonal in character because they are not concerned with the subjective feelings of the narrator.

The Theme: The Ballad mostly deals with love and adventure. The narrator generally begins with the climatic episode and tells the story by means of action and dialogue. There is no attempt to give the details of place and time and no introductions are given. Most traditional ballads have a sudden and abrupt beginning as in the famous ballads ‘Sir Patrick Spens’ and ‘The Wife of Usher’s Well’. These ballads use refrains and repetitions. Many of these ballads have immense dramatic power and metrical beauty. Most of the ancient English ballads are collected in Bishops Percy’s ‘Reliques of Ancient English Poetry’ published in 1765. Majority of them are of Scottish origin. There are several ballads dealing with the legend of Robin Hood. Some other important traditional ballads are ‘Chevy chace’, ‘Edom O’ Gordon’, ‘Thomas, The Rhymer’ and ‘The Bailiff’s Daughter of Islington’.

Modern or Literary ballad (Ballad of Art): It is generally written by a learnt poet in conscious and sophisticated imitation of the traditional ballad. Many of the conventional features like the stanza form are retained in the literary Ballad. Bishop Percy’s collections of songs and ballads gave a powerful impetus to the writings of ballads. Some of the greatest literary ballads were written during the period of the romantic revival. The most well-known among them is Coleridge’s ‘Rime of the Ancient mariner’ in which the ballad metre is used. Wordsworth wrote two ballads-‘We are Seven and ‘The Tables Turned’. Keats’s famous ‘La Bella Dame Sans Merci’ represents a variation on the traditional Ballad stanza.

The Theme: The theme strongly resembles that of the traditional ballads. Literary ballads show enlargement of description, psychological interest and a more finished style. In ballads like Tennyson’s ‘The Revenge’, Browning’s ‘Herve Reil’ and Rossetti’s ‘The king’s Tragedy’ we not only this sterling qualities of the old ballads but also traits of originality which make them modern and original poems. The theme strongly resembles that of the traditional ballads.

Important Literary Ballads: Scott’s ‘Eve of St. John’, Kingsley’s ‘The Sands of Dee’ and William Morris’s ‘Shameful Death’.

Mock ballad: the mock ballad is a minor form of literary Ballad in which a comic theme is treated with the seriousness appropriate to a regular ballard. It follows the ballad conventions in all respects except in the choice of the theme.

Important mock ballads: Cowper’s ‘John Gilpin’, William Maginn’s ‘The Rime of the Ancient Waggoner’ and an excellent parody of Coleridge’s ‘The Rime of the Ancient Mariner’.

“ATITHI DEVO BHAVA” – Part 1.

Land of all Seasons:

India is the current tourism hot spot. The other epithets used while referring to the nation include ‘Destination of the Millennium’ and ‘Land of All Seasons’. Spanning an area of 3,287,263 square kilometers, India is a vast country and includes dry desert areas, evergreen forests, snowy Himalayas, a long coast, and fertile plains.The natural beauty and cultural diversity of the place echoes a rich tradition. India flaunts with equal grandeur bays and beaches, deserts and mountains, enigmatic green valleys and backwaters. There exists in India a comfortable juxtaposition of contrasts- the existence of bustling haats and swanky malls, emergence of nuclear families but a reluctance to let go on the joint family system, a rush to embrace modernity yet a firm resolve to preserve traditions; destination for both ayurveda and modern medical tourism; bustling communities and indigenous tribes.

India has a rich heritage and culture of warm hospitality. In India it is believed that honouring guests equals to honouring God. A guest is welcomed into our home and hearth with cheerful gratitude. The Sanskrit adage ‘atithi devo bhava’ dictates the respect granted to guests in India. This wonderful tradition of our country has become the unique selling point of the modern tourism industry. Ministry of Tourism, Government of India has pioneered an initiative that will help tap into the full potential of tourism in India. Ministry of Tourism, Government of India has introduced “Atithi Devo Bhavah Program”- a nation wide campaign that aims at sensitizing key stakeholders towards tourists, through a process of training and orientation. The endeavour is to boost tourism in India, which in turn would act as a catalyst for India’s economic growth.

The ‘Incredible India’ Campaign has been launched to create awareness about the effects of tourism and sensitizing people about preservation of our rich heritage and culture, cleanliness and warm hospitality. It also re-instills a sense of responsibility towards tourists and reinforces the confidence of foreign tourists towards India as a preferred holiday destination.

Some points prepared by the Ministry of Tourism, Government of India, Part -1:

‘Guest Is God – Atithi Devo Bhavah’

As the old saying goes, “Treat others as you would like to be treated yourself.” That is the essence of Atithi Devo Bhavah campaign. And for that to happen, we need to change our attitude towards tourists. Some of us have lost touch with the hospitality that we were famous for. Let us bring that warmth back. Let us truly embrace the spirit of Atithi Devo Bhavah.

WHY ATITHI DEVO BHAVAH? : Last year we had 3.3 million visitors, but when you consider that Singapore gets 7 million a year, Thailand 9.6 million a year and Malaysia 11.5 million, it is a small number. There is no reason why we can’t aim to increase our numbers by 100%. And that too would be just a beginning. However to do this we need to change our attitude towards those who visit us. Often tourists are mistreated, cheated and rudely dealt with. It is simple logic: if someone in a house is rude to you, as a guest, you don’t encourage your friends and relations to go there. This is perhaps the reason why, in spite of an incredible wealth of tourist spots, cultural attractions, natural wonders and destinations for the soul, India still isn’t amongst the top 15 tourist destinations of the world. The time has definitely come to get together to change this.

INSPIRATION BEHIND ATITHI DEVO BHAVAH ? : Respect has always been an integral part of the Indian soul. From time immemorial we have always respected our teachers, our elders, our parents and our guests. Perhaps this is why a great Indian Emperor once observed-‘In Hindustan our manner is very respectful and our hearts are always open’. In many ways, at that time India was the ultimate destination for the enlightened travellers. Now, thousands of years later, we can when bring that golden age back again. This inspired us to go back to those years, when Indian hospitality set the standard for the world. And we found the keystone of what we want to do ,

Or guest is blessed, Our visitor is God. That was how we arrived at our mission called ‘Atithi Devo Bhavah’.

To be continued………………

A STITCH IN TIME SAVES NINE

“A Stitch in Time Saves Nine” is a phrase and has a lot of wise meanings inside it when understood. This phrase reflects the hole in a cloth and tries to make the people understand that, a small hole in a cloth keeps on getting bigger if it is not fixed on time. It means that timely effort will help in preventing more work in future and also tries to teach – Prevention is Better than Cure. Hence, if a problem exists then one must fix it immediately. If not fixed in time. then even small problem can lead to a bigger problem.

Importance of “A Stitch in Time Saves Nine”

This phrase tells about the “Importance of Time“. Time is the most important part of life and according to many successful individuals, time is money. Time is precious because time is limited. There are 24 hours in a day and its constant and the human life of a particular person is also fixed, which shows that we can’t afford to waste time at all. And this is what the phrase describes.

Another concept that the phrase describes is “Effort in Time“. This is possible by dealing with problems in proper time. While dealing with a problem, there’s a need to contribute proper amount of effort in the right time and when the problem is not solved and delayed, then it will make the problem more hard to solve and more time will be consumed. So, following “Stitch in Time Saves Nine” saves effort and time.

Another advantage of the phrase is “Better Decision Making“. Following this concept ensures that a person has sufficient time to handle the problem and this is the most wise decision. This shows that within problem time interval, the person will solve the problem efficiently. And when the person delays the problem the time available for solving problem will be reduced . This will cause shortage of time. This will make the person more stressful and nervous. This would lead to poor decision.

This proverb is a learning for everyone. It is an important advice for everyone. It doesn’t target any specific person or age group or people rather a lesson for all, for everyone from different phases of life and walks of life. It advices the individual to carry out the responsibilities and immediately solve problem, how ever small and simple it may be.

FOR EXAMPLE: To students, it advices to get their doubts cleared from the beginning itself otherwise they will keep getting bigger and will need more time, affect the performance. Small doubts when not cleared will lead to bigger doubts and finally affect the scores. This advice is also important for officials and professionals and suggests them not to neglect the problems and postpone them. It is important to solve every problem with keen interest and sense of responsibility. Have you noticed, how with time the problems keep getting bigger and get things complicated ? This is what the proverb tries to teach everyone and warn us.

Action at right time and required moment saves a lot of time and effort in the future. Delayed actions, adds to the problems and aggravates them. Thus, we should tackle them before it gets difficult. This saying has a very valuable and rational meaning and has a lot to learn from.

Traits of an epic

An Epic is a long narrative in verse on a great and serious subject related in an elevated style. An epic tells a generally well-known story and is centered around a heroine or semi-divine figure whose actions depend on the faith or a tribe, a nation are a human race.

types of epics

Historically, there have been two types of epics the primitive a big for the epic of growth, and epic of art all literary epic.

The main traits of an epic are the following:

The subject matter of an epic is heroine ok or mythical kind full stop the hero is a figure of national or even cosmic importance as an Achilles in Homer’s Iliad, Aeneas in Virgil’s Aenid, Adam or Christ in Milton Paradise Lost and Rama in Ramayana.
The setting of an epic is vast and comprises several worlds. In Odyssey, the whole known word is the scene of action of Ulysses. In Virgil’s Aeneid and Dante’s Divine comedy, Earth, heaven, and hell are the scenes of action. In paradise lost also the scene of action has cosmic dimensions embracing Earth, heaven, and hell.
The action in an epic involves superhuman deeds such as the deeds of Achilles or the journey of Ulysses. Paradise Lost presents The War and heaven, Satan’s journey through chaos, and his audacious attempts to outwit God by corrupting mankind. The Ramayana presents several wars and the prolonged wanderings of the hero.
The action of an epic is often controlled by supernatural agents. Gods and Goddesses mingle with the humans and fight on both sides. In Homer, the Olympian gods participate in all activities and Paradise Lost devils, Angels, and God himself are involved.
The Epic contains several thrilling episodes like battles, duals, wanderings, ordeals, and the like.
In most Epics, there is a moral purpose. The hero represents a cause and the victory of good over evil is ensured. Sometimes characters themselves are personifications of good or evil.
In the narration of an epic, certain conventions are followed. It is narrated in an ornate, ceremonial, and grand style that is deliberately distanced from ordinary speech. Epic similes, figures of speech, classical allusions and references, and repetitions are used. The characters are given set speeches. The narration usually begins with an invocation to the muse or a guiding Spirit. Both ‘Aenid’ and Paradise Lost begin with such invocations. Usually, the narrative starts in the middle of the story as in Paradise Lost which begins with the fallen angels gathering their Forces for revenge. Only later does Milton tell tells us what happened before the Fall.
The Epic is usually divided into twelve books through Iliad and Odyssey have 24 books each. Spencer’s fairy Queen was planned in 12 book’s and Milton’s Paradise Lost also has 12 books.

Some of the famous Epics:

Milton’s “Paradise Lost”
Spenser’s “Faerie Queen”
Arnold’s “Sohrab and Rustom”
“Hyperion” by Keats
The Epic of Gilgamesh
The Homeric Poems – The Odyssey
The Mahabharata
Virgil – The Aeneid The Aeneid
Ovid – Metamorphoses
Firdawsi – The Shahnameh
Beowulf

The Epic

The Farce

Social Media and Self-Doubt

Magazines and advertising have long been criticized for upholding dangerously unrealistic standards of success and beauty, but at least it’s acknowledged that they are idealized. The models wearing Size 0 clothing are just that: models. And even they are made-up, retouched, and photoshopped. These days, however, the impossible standards are set much closer to home, not by celebrities and models but by classmates and friends. With social media, teens can curate their lives, and the resulting feeds read like highlight reels, showing only the best and most enviable moments while concealing efforts, struggles, and the merely ordinary aspects of day-to-day life. And there’s evidence that those images are causing distress for many kids. Donna Wick, EdD, founder of Mind-to-Mind Parenting, says that for teenagers the combined weight of vulnerability, the need for validation, and a desire to compare themselves with peers forms what she describes as a “perfect storm of self-doubt.” She’s so thin. Her grades are perfect. What a happy couple. I’ll never be that cool, that skinny, that lucky, that successful.

Struggling to stay afloat

The fallout from these unrealistic standards becomes more dangerous once kids reach college, where they face higher stakes, harder work, and a largely parent-free environment. The pressure to look perfect to impress new peers, not to speak of friends and family back home, can be even greater. After a recent spate of college suicides, researchers at Stanford University coined the phrase “duck syndrome.” The term refers to the way a duck appears to glide effortlessly across a pond while below the surface its feet work frantically, invisibly struggling to stay afloat. Several students who have died had projected a perfect image on social media—their feeds packed with inspirational quotes and filtered images showing attractive, happy kids who seemed to excel with minimal effort. But behind the digital curtain they were struggling emotionally.

Hiding imperfection

For kids experiencing anxiety or depression, carefully edited feeds can act as a smoke screen, masking serious issues behind pretend perfection and making it harder for parents or friends to see that they need help. “It’s important to remember that just posting edited pictures online or pretending your life is a little more glamorous than it is is not in itself a problem,” says Jill Emanuele, PhD, a clinical psychologist at the Child Mind Institute. “Social media alone is unlikely to be at the heart of the issue, but it can make a difficult situation even harder.” Teens who have created idealized online personas may feel frustrated and depressed at the gap between who they pretend to be online and who they truly are. “If you practice being a false self eight hours a day, it gets harder to accept the less-than-perfect being you really are,” says Dr. Wick, “and as we all know there’s no harsher judge of a kid than herself.”

Other people’s perfection

Another, more prevalent problem, says Dr. Emanuele, is that for some teens their social feeds can become fuel for negative feelings they have about themselves. Kids struggling with self-doubt read into their friends’ images what they feel they are lacking. “Kids view social media through the lens of their own lives,” says Dr. Emanuele. “If they’re struggling to stay on top of things or suffering from low self-esteem, they’re more likely to interpret images of peers having fun as confirmation that they’re doing badly compared to their friends.”

Social media and teenagers: How to help

Take social media seriously. Don’t underestimate the role social media plays in the lives of teenagers, warns Dr. Wick. “The power of a visual image is so strong. It’s disorienting.” Many teens, she says, never knew a world where social media didn’t exist, and for them the things that happen online—slights, break-ups, likes, or negative comments—are very real. When you talk about social media make sure you’re really listening and be careful not to dismiss or minimize your teen’s experiences.

Encourage them to think outside the (crop) box. When you talk to your child about social media, encourage her to explore it in a more critical way. A great way to start is to try asking her what she thinks has been cropped or edited out of her friends’ “perfect” pictures and why. That can lead to larger questions. Do you think your friends are really the people they appear to be online? Are you? What’s the purpose of posting a photo? What is it about getting “likes” that feels good? Does looking at social media affect your mood?

Model a healthy response to failure. “Kids have to get the message that it is okay to fail,” says Dr. Wick. “And not only that it’s okay to fail, but that showing it is okay, too.” If parents hide their own failures, kids are less likely to be okay with anything less than success. “When things don’t work out as you’d planned or a project goes awry, show your child how to accept it with grace,” she adds. “Let kids know that failure is part of how we learn to succeed, that it’s nothing to be ashamed of and let them see you pick yourself up and try again.”
Praise (and show) effort. “Effort is something to be proud of,” says Dr. Wick. “It can’t be said enough.” Parents should let kids know that showing their work is something to be praised, not hidden. When your child has worked hard on something, praise her efforts no matter what the outcome. It’s also helpful to examine how comfortable you are showing your own efforts, especially those that don’t end in success. Being proud and open about your own work sets a powerful example for your child.
Go on a “social holiday.” If you’re worried that your child is getting too wrapped up in social media, try taking a social holiday. “This means everyone,” says Dr. Wick. If you’re asking your child to take a break, practice what you preach and pledge to stay off media as well. It can be every bit as hard for parents to unplug as kids.”
Trust people, not pictures. Finally, don’t rely on social media to let you know how your child is really doing. She may post smiling selfies all day long, but if she seems unhappy or sounds unhappy on the phone, don’t let it go. Make sure she knows it’s safe to talk to you by encouraging her to share her feelings and supporting her when she does. Reassure her that you’re not disappointed, and let her know you’re proud of her for reaching out. “I’m so glad you called. It sounds like you’re feeling really overwhelmed, I’m here and I love you. Let’s talk this through together.”

5 YouTube Channels Which Will give you Cultural Knowledge Peace of Mind

In today’s busy life ,people always try to find peace when they become exhausted . In that case they usually like to involve them self in their favorite time passing work .Here I am suggesting some of the YouTube channels which gives inner peace for your exhausted mind .

1.李子柒 Liziqi :: Liziqi is the most famous youtuber ,blogger ,Internet celebrity in this genre . She is a Chinese youtuber and also the first one in this type of video trending .Currently she has 15.8 Million subscriber in the whole world .She lives with her grandma in the countryside of Mianyang in Sichuan provinces in China .You will get a through idea of Sichuan Chinese culture specially food cuisine in her videos .Her video are authentic ,creative ,good in quality. There are almost 128 videos in her channel .She use the the old cultural & traditional process in her videos .She depends on the natural resources .Her videos depicts the picture of nature beauty ,humans dependence on nature ,nature kindness .She made various videos like — How to make Laba congee ,Construction of Wine table with winding canal ,Cucumber & other vegetable cultivation ,Various delicious food from wheat ,tomato ,peas ,peach, lotus ,mushroom ,Shu embroidery ,dress from grape skin ,Chinese cultural festival foods etc. You get good grips of traditional Chinese culture in her videos .She was also break the Guinness World Record by showing her patience of making a dress from the scratch in the Shu Embroidery video which is is a traditional Chinese embroidery .Here is the link of her channel — https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCoC47do520os_4DBMEFGg4A

2.Traditional Me :: This channel is run by a small Sri Lankan family consisting of A young girl ,her brother & grandma .They live in a remote village in Sri Lanka & depend on natural resources. Total subscriber of this channel is 1.11 Million from all over the world .They have released a total 38 videos still now .They used earthen pots for their cooking . You will be able to see various Sri Lankan food, their recipes ,spices , fruits , Sri Lankan ritual ,their tradition etc. You will also enjoy their beautiful brother – sister relationship ,their bickering ,their family love through out the videos. She made various videos on — aloe Vera (Dishes for warm climate) ,Rambutan (making sweet dessert dish) ,Hibiscus flower (dish for afternoon snack) ,Sour chili fish dry recipe ,Dishes from corn , eggplant dish , festival sweet snacks , chicken dish ,delicacy from spinach and many more .Here is the channel link — https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCfCw8GGyGpXmtxDTNJ7J5VA

3.Dianxi Xiaoge :: This channel is run by a Chinese country girl who is also an Chinese influencer & blogger Dianxi Xiaoge & her family . they lived in near the Myanmar border Yunnan province located in south western china .She lives with her grandparents ,brothers & her own parents with a Alaskan Malamute type dog ,whose name is Dawang . Dianxi Xiaoge is also called Apenjie by her family & other people .She has 7.63 Million followers & 238 videos in her channel . Dawang is also a very popular & most loved character for its funny & heart warming activity . Dianxi usually made her videos about Chinese Yunnan cultural foods like lard sealed pork ,Ham dishes , Acid pickle ,meat sauce ,Glutinous rice , Red three chop (An Yunnan traditional dish) ,process of making hairy tofu etc. She also made some videos on festive traditional food like Moon cake ,mid autumn day festive sweets ,Hand Pilaf etc. Her videos also included of various dishes of raw mango , sour bamboo shoot ,mountain crabs ,water bamboo shoot ,peaches ,cherries ,papaya ,shiso leaves ,mushrooms ,ginger ,Taso-ko spice ,litsea ,tamarind ,Sichuan pepper ,Dipping chili ,onion dregs etc. She also have some vlog videos on their living place ,Yunnan local foods ,local fruits etc. Her videos greatly reflect the Yunnan cuisine ,their culture ,people interaction ,their living hood .Here is the link of her channel —https://www.youtube.com/c/%E6%BB%87%E8%A5%BF%E5%B0%8F%E5%93%A5dianxixiaoge/featured .

4. 키미 Kimi :: It is a family YouTube channel .They live in a countryside of South Korea . They have 648K flowers & they have uploaded 90 videos till now .They specially show the countryside lifestyle ,their livelihood ,their eating habits ,farming in a relaxing manner .Some of their videos are on summer foods making ,routine for spring time ,tried day routine ,lunar new year habitual ,kimchi making process ,daily lifestyle in countryside ,sweet potato recipe etc. Their videos also include the countryside cultivation ,Korean cuisine foods making ,traditional practices etc. Here is the link of the channel — https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCip2Wb2oWTMVvCaVPherr3Q

Page 3 | Royalty-free korea photos free download | Pxfuel

Apart from the channels listed above ,there are some channels which will also comes in this genre —–

Her 86m2 Channel (https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCxEyrf1Ud59fvH9A5mNGwIg )

Poorna-The nature girl channel ( https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCtVDQNGBmS8DTP5fPzM_GmQ )

龙梅梅Longmeimei ( https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCKu9dQPZcggDmZagZIXGicg )

village foods ( https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCx8JpAU_-48MnzqjJO1cjIA ) ; Polin Lifestyle ( https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC4gDBTG2BMuiwJp_Fe2i_2w ) & many other channels .

Tiger conservation: Strides and hurdles

On International Tiger Day( July 29), Prime Minister Narendra Modi reaffirmed that the government is committed to ensuring safe habitats for tigers and nurturing tiger- friendly ecosystems in India, home to over 70% of the world’s tiger population.

The last tiger census (2018) pegged the big cat’s population at 2967, marking an increase of about 30% compared to the 2014 report ( 2226). In 2010, India had 1706 tigers, while in 2006 it was 1411. India’s tiger conservation journey started in 1973 with Project Tiger with nine reserves; today, it has 50 tiger reserves in 18 states.

The steady growth in the number of tigers and reserves happened because of state support; vigilance and conservation efforts by the forest department, especially its frontline staff; and the involvement of local communities that help secure forests and participate in ecotourism activities in many of the popular and revenue – generating tiger reserves.

While increased protection has encouraged tigers to breed, it has also led to migration from the safety of reserves. Once they leave the park, big cats encounter a different world.

The Management Effectiveness Evaluation of Tiger Reserves 2018 report shows that at least half of the 50 tiger reserves are facing threats from linear infrastructure ( roads, highways, and railway lines), fragmented forest corridors, poaching, pressure of human – wildlife conflict, mining, improper garbage disposal, and pollution.

About 20% of the reserves have unsustainable pressure from pilgrims visiting temples inside them.

India has made progress, but must remain acutely conscious of the need for the need for the tiger conservation.

The Epic

Introduction:

Impersonal poetry can be divided into two groups dash the narrative and The dramatic.

Epic:

In the first group, The Epic on the heroic poem is the most important. an epic is a long narrative in verse on a great and serious subject related in an elevated style. And nothing else is generally a well-known story and is centered around the heroic or semi-divine figure whose action depends on the fate of a tribe in addition to the human race. The action in an epic is serious and there is a good deal of physical and spiritual conflict. the characters and events or boat ride in detail, elaborate descriptions of places and actions are given, figures of speech are used and usually, an elevator and ornated style are adopted. Aristotle the epic second only to tragedy. It was the norm of great poetry in sixteenth and seventeenth-century England. Dryden wrote, “A hero poem, truly such, is undoubtedly the greatest work which the soul of man is capable to perform.

Two types of epics:

Historically, there have been two types of epics:

The primitive epic or The epic of growth
The epic of art or the literary epic.

The epic of growth:

The epic of growth is not entirely the work of a single author but is evolved from pre-existing legends, folk poems, and sagas. It is the final product of a long series of accretions and synthesis shaped by the conscious intervention of some great poet. Well-known examples of this type of EPIC are Iliad and Odyssey, the English Beowulf, and the Indian epics The Ramayana and The Mahabharata. All epics of growth deal with the same subject matter – the deed of heroes. These heroes belong to the race and their exploits form the core of mythology. As such the epics of growth contain supernatural and religious elements. The style of such an epic is marked by directness and simplicity. Stylistic devices may be repeater why they are never obscure.

The epic of art:

The epic of art or the literary epic is the product of individual genius. Of this kind, the earliest was Virgil’s ‘Aenid’. It became a model for the later epic poets. In English, the supreme example of a literary epic is Milton’s Paradise Lost. Arnold’s “Sohrab and Rustom” the fragmentary epic “Hyperion” by Keats and Spencer’s “Fairy Queen” also belong to this category stop a literary epic is the result of the poet’s erudition and scholarly research through it shares several of its characteristics with the epic of growth. Most traits of the traditional epic are found in the literary epic also.

Conclusion:

The Epic is an important literary form in English literature. In the earlier period, In the English language mostly authors wrote about Historical novels and Epic novels. They described the huge events, God’s and their stories and incidents. Even now Epic is mostly used to write about mythologies and God deeds and it is popular among the readers. Nowadays, authors are writing many fictional epics also.

Book Review: 1984 by George Orwell

Two must read books by Paulo Coelho

The Sonnet

The Sonnet is the lyric in fourteen lines in iambic pentameter governed by certain prescribed rules in general and in the arrangement of The rhymes. It aims at concentrated expression, but a fairly complex development of a single theme also is possible.

Origin of sonnet:

It derives its name from the Italian “sonnetto”which means “A little song” or sound sung to the strain of music. It has only one leading thought or emotion as in Milton’s ‘On his blindness’ or Keats’s ‘On first looking into chapman’s Homer’.

Sonnets were first written in Italy in the latter half of the thirteenth century. The form of composition is associated with the name of petrarch, through the form had been used even by Dante before him.

Composition of the sonnets:

A petrarchan sonnet is composed of two parts, the octave compressing the first eight lines and the sestet compressing the last six lines. The octave two has rhymes ‘a’ and ‘b’ are arranged in the a b a b a b a b scheme. The sestet has three rhymes arranged in various forms as cde, cde or cde, dcd or cde, dce. The octave may be divided into two stanzas of four lines each called quatrains and sestet into two of three lines is called the tercets. At the end of the eight lines, there is a pause called caesura followed by a turn of thought called volta. Milton wrote some of his sonnets in this manner.

Some of the earliest writers of sonnet:

The sonnet was introduced in England by wyatt and Surrey in the 16th century. They discarded the Italian form and adapted a new rhyme sheme. Surrey wrote his sonnets in three quatrains in alternate rhymes followed by a concluding couplet.- a b a b, c d c d, e f e f, g g . This form was later used by Shakespeare with the marvelous success in his series of sonnet dedicated to Mr WH. so it came to be known as the shakespearean sonnet. romantic poets like Wordsworth and keat’s followed the shakespearean pattern. Spenser adopted a slightly altered form of the shakespearean sonnet. He used an intermixture of rhyme to connect each of the quatrains making it a b a b, b c b c, c d c d, e e.

The theme of the sonnets:

The common theme of a sonnet is love as the sonnets of Shakespeare, Philip Sidney and Elizabeth Barrett Browning. However several poets have used other themes also in their sonnets. Milton’s sonnet ‘On his blindness’, wordsworth’s sonnet addressed to Milton, Keats’s sonnet ‘On first looking into chapman’s Homer’ and Arnold’s Sonnet on Shakespeare are examples.

Some of the famous sonnets are:

Sir Thomas Wyatt, ‘Whoso List to Hunt’.
Sir Philip Sidney, Sonnet 1 from Astrophil and Stella.
William Shakespeare, Sonnet 29.
John Donne, ‘Death, Be Not Proud’.
William Wordsworth, ‘Composed upon Westminster Bridge’.
John Keats, ‘On First Looking into Chapman’s Homer’.

Conclusion:

Sonnet is one of the literary forms that used in majorly writing poems. It will contain fourteen lines and has a lot of poetical devices like, metaphor, allitration, personalification etc.

The Farce

Bookish Terms

Yoga- Benefits and its use to increase immunity against Covid.

If you thought that yoga was all about bending and twisting your body in odd shapes, it’s time to rethink. Yoga is much more. In very simple words, giving care to your body, mind and breath is yoga. Derived from the Sanskrit word ‘yuj’ which means ‘to unite or integrate’, yoga is a 5,000-year-old Indian body of knowledge. Yoga is all about harmonizing the body with the mind and breath through the means of various breathing exercises, yoga poses (asanas) and meditation.

Yoga improves strength, balance and flexibility.
Yoga helps with back pain relief.
Yoga can ease arthritis symptoms.
Yoga benefits heart health.
Yoga relaxes you, to help you sleep better.
Yoga can mean more energy and brighter moods.
Yoga helps you manage stress.

Yoga for Mental Health:

Anjaneyasana

This pose is also known as “the high lunge”. Doing the crescent variation of this exercise is known to help improve your blood flow, calm your mind.

Steps:

While standing, lunge one leg forward.
Bend the front knee, make sure your knee is in line with your ankle, stretch your back leg.
Press your ankle flat against the ground on both ankles.
Raise your arms to the sky and connect your palms.
Breathe in deeply and breathe out in an even flow.
Repeat 5 times per leg.

2. Garudasana.

This pose is known commonly as the eagle pose. This pose requires you to breathe while holding your body in balance. It helps prevent anxiety attacks while improving your focus. Steps are as follows:

Breathe in deep, shift the weight of your body onto one leg.
Slowly wrap one leg around the other.
Sink your hips and gently bend your knees.
Keep your ankle flat on the ground.
Keep your breathing even and slow.
Wrap one arm around the other at the elbows and wrists.

3. Natarajasana

Commonly referred to as “the dancer’s pose”, this asana is great for mood balancing. It can be beneficial for those who are fighting depression and anxiety.

How to Do It:

With both legs planted on the ground, bend one knee back; using your arm, grip the ankle.
Slowly keeping a steady posture, lean forward and lift your ankle towards the sky.
Extend your free hand in front of you.
Take 5 deep and even breaths.

Yoga to increase immunity against Covid:

1. Shishuasana:

Sit on your heels. Keeping your hips on the heels, bend forward, and lower your forehead to the floor.
Keep the arms alongside your body with hands on the floor, palms facing up. (If this is not comfortable, you can place one fist on top of another and rest your forehead on them.)
Gently press your chest on the thighs.
Hold.
Slowly come up to sit on the heels, uncurling vertebra by vertebra and relax.

Shishuasana is an excellent pose to decongest the chest and relax the mind.

2.Setu Bandhasana:

To begin, lie on your back.
Fold your knees and keep your feet hip distance apart on the floor, 10-12 inches from your pelvis, with knees and ankles in a straight line.
Keep your arms beside your body, palms facing down.
Inhaling, slowly lift your lower back, middle back and upper back off the floor; gently roll in the shoulders; touch the chest to the chin without bringing the chin down, supporting your weight with your shoulders, arms and feet. Feel your bottom firm up in this pose. Both the thighs are parallel to each other and to the floor.
If you wish, you could interlace the fingers and push the hands on the floor to lift the torso a little more up, or you could support your back with your palms.
Keep breathing easily.
Hold the posture for a minute or two and exhale as you gently release the pose.

Setu Bandhasana opens the heart and improves blood circulation, increasing energy in the body.

3.Dhanurasana:

Lie on your stomach with your feet hip-width apart and your arms by the side of your body.
Fold your knees and hold your ankles.
Breathing in, lift your chest off the ground and pull your legs up and back.
Look straight ahead with a smile on your face. Curve your lips to match the curve of your body!
Keep the pose stable while paying attention to your breath. Your body is now taut as a bow.
Continue to take long deep breaths as you relax in this pose. But don’t get carried away! Do not overdo the stretch.
After 15 -20 seconds, as you exhale, gently bring your legs and chest to the ground. Release the ankles and relax.

Yoga’s incorporation of meditation and breathing can help improve a person’s mental well-being. “Regular yoga practice creates mental clarity and calmness; increases body awareness; relieves chronic stress patterns; relaxes the mind; centers attention; and sharpens concentration.

SHAKESPEAREAN ROMANCES

The plays of Shakespeare’s final period (1608-12) are called Romances. In Shakespeare’s own time they were simply classified as tragedies and comedies. Shakespeare must have written his tragedy and comedy plays under the influence of his younger contemporaries. Beaumont and Fletcher were very popular. The masques at the court of James I also must have influenced Shakespeare. Shakespeare’s romances are in fact, neither tragedies nor comedies but are a mixture of both.

Dowden has pointed out that the last plays of Shakespeare reveal society, serenity, and sanity as contrasted with the storm and strain of the tragedies. They supplement the tragedies with their more relaxed atmosphere and are marked by great forbearance, sense of reconciliation and forgiveness. However, Lytton Strachey thinks that these plays express a mood of boredom rather than serenity.

The romances of Shakespeare have certain common characteristics. They have motifs common in romance literature such as improbable happenings, separation, wanderings, reunion and reconciliation. They contain several elements of the tragi-comedies made popular by Beaumont and Fletcher. There are only a few memorable than heroes. In these plays Shakespeare has returned to his lyrical style of the earlier plays.

CHIEF CHARACTERISTICS:

1. The scene of these plays is unknown, remote and the setting is imagery. Cymbeline is set in early Britain and the setting of the Tempest is somewhere in the Mediterranean.

2. The happenings are fanciful. There is no logical cause and effect relationship. In the light of reason, the events appear absurd the feats of magic in The Tempest, the concealment of Hermione for sixteen years in The Winter’s tale and the abduction of two sons of Cymbeline would appear unnatural. But in Shakespeare’s world of imagination these events are delightful.

3. The romances are full of anarchronisms, long lapses of time (as in The Winter’s Tale), wizardry and fantastic voyages (as in The Tempest). These become part of the apparatus of the play.

4. Characters are types. They do not have marked personalities of the characters in the great comedies or tragedies. However, heroines are most memorable than heroes. Miranda, Perdita, and Imogen are lovely but weak. Villains like Iachimo in Cymbeline and Leontes in The Winter’s Tale are not hardened Villains. Even Ferdinand in The Tempest is no match for Benedick or Orlando.

5. Pastoral scenes are a part of the romances. In The Winter’s Tale, Florizel and Perdita are a part of pastoral life.

6. The supernatural element is predominant in the romances. The Tempest and Cymbeline are examples. The Tempest also shows Prospero’s magic and the elusive character Ariel. In The Winter’s Tale the Delphic Oracle is introduced and in Pericles the King’s Wife Thaisa becomes a priestess in the temple of Diana.

7. In the romances sea is dominant. There is shipwreck in Pericles and The Tempest. Sea voyage are mentioned in all of them. Sea is a symbol of regeneration.

8. The romances show breakdown of family relationships, separation of family members and their eventual reunion and restoration. In the opening of each play a father looses the offspring through his own folly and at the end the child is restored. This recovery of lost children is a part of the romances. In The Winter’s Tale, Perdita is restored to King Leontes; in Cymbeline the two sons of the king is restored; in The Tempest Fredinand is restored to his father and in Pericles, Marina is restored to her father, the King.

9. The romances are marked by a spirit of reconciliation and forgiveness. In The Tempest, Prospero’s forgives his wicked brother Antonio; in Cymbeline Posthumous reconciles with Imogen and in The Winter’s Tale, Leontes reconciles with Hermione.

10. In the romances there is an assumption that the events in the world of the play are subject to forces other than normal. There is a sense of magical reason of the errors of action. This assumption helps to enhance the dramatic situation and keeps the audience aware of the mystery of human personality.

A critic has called the romances ‘divine comedies’ because the divine grace imposes its beneficent will on the humans. The romances are ethical and spiritual and are the creations of an older and more sober Shakespeare. As Dowden has pointed out, the one word that interprets Shakespeare’s last plays is ‘reconciliation’, a word ‘over all, beautiful as the sky’.

Save a ‘GEOLOGICAL HERITAGE’ Part-2.

Development at the cost of nature. Part-2 :

Growth and development are inevitable and necessary to absorb the growing needs of the economy. But the problem lies in the truth that none of this growth is monitored. Giant machines dig the earth out and transport mud to all corners of the city. Ratty trucks with the broken remains of gigantic rocks can be seen ferrying the roads primarily during dusk or night. Most of this quarrying is illegal. Contractors excavate mud and destroy rocks in remote spots often under the dark cover of night for a paltry sum.

Mass destruction of rocks has exacerbated the depletion of green cover. Precious fauna and flora has been destroyed. Loss of these rocks has meant ground water depletion which has further compounded the city’s water woes. Years ago tiny lakes dotted the entire city including the famous Jubilee and Banjara hills localities. Today lakes are found only on the city outskirts in places like Shamirpet. Lakes closer to the city are shrinking every passing year.

Fighting For Conservation :

Though Hyderabad has seen the gradual depletion of rock cover, ecological conservation is an issue that has not found much voice with the population. Most citizens, especially those new to the city, are too busy focusing on seeing a snazzy Hyderabad finding its spot on the global map. But even in this bleak scenario there is a ray of hope for the rocks.

Since 1996, a group of concerned citizens have come together to prevent indiscriminate destruction of the rocks and protect the rocky landscapes. Their organization ‘Society to Save Rocks’ (STSR) has since then been working hard to preserve the rocky ecosystem in the city and state.

Due to their dedicated campaigning, the Government of Andhra Pradesh has added nine rock formations in Regulation No. 13 of the Hyderabad Urban Development Authority (HUDA) for the protection of Heritage Buildings and Precincts. This act of the governments was hailed by conservationists across the country as a great step in recognising the importance of the rocks and the need to protect them. Today Hyderabad is the only city in India where rocks are protected as a natural heritage. Encouraging the government to preserve these rocks by promoting them as tourist attractions i5 an alternative that the Society is pushing for.

But despite STSR’s dedicated efforts, the city faces a challenge as much land in and around the city has already been sold off. Durgam Cheruvu, one of the designated heritage sites is the best place where the government’s attempt at conservation and apathy towards rocks, are both visible. Years ago the lake lay hidden between rocky cliffs and was inaccessible. A few years ago it was converted to a model tourist spot with boating and other leisure facilities. But entire stretches of hills on one bank of this protected area have been destroyed in the past decade to accommodate the fast-growing Hi-tech city. Durgam Cheruvu thus epitomises the ongoing conflict between development and protection in the city.

However some individuals have successfully managed to integrate rocks that abut their house into the structure of their homes. The rock forms as much a part of their home’s interior as does their sofa or any other furniture. Some builders and companies too have taken the initiative to include rocks in their building complexes. While they have included a natural rock structure within their building premise, their focus remains on decorative appeal rather than ecological consideration for the rocks.

Over the years, due to the efforts of organizations like the STSR, the rocks of Hyderabad have found a voice. But the din of the construction industry and growing needs of an expanding city are far louder than the voice of these few individuals. What the rocks require are greater public support and a deeper appreciation of their existence. Locals, tourists and governments need to take a pro-active approach to ensure that growth includes preservation of rocks and their eco-systems. After all if a booming economy overtakes billions of years nature, the consequences and blame will have to be borne by none other than the citizens themselves for the only people who stand to gain will in reality be the ones of who lose.

THE ELIZABETHAN THEATRE

The early part of the Elizabethan age was a period of strolling players. It was a time when the actors had to go to the audience instead of the audience coming to the actors. These strolling players performed in improvised theatres anywhere in tavern, yards, palaces or gentleman’s house.

DRAMATIC COMPANIES OF ELIZABETHAN PERIOD:

There were many such touring traumatic companies but the most important where the Admiral’s Men and Chamberlain’s Men. When both these companies where patronised by Queen Elizabeth. James I who succeeded Elizabeth took Chamberlin’ Men under his protection and thereafter the company was called the “King’s Men“. It was to this company that Shakespeare belonged for most of his career as a dramatist.

THE THEATRES OF THE TIME:

The first permanent theatre was built in 1576 by James Burbage, father of one of the colleagues of Shakespeare at Shoreditch, to the north of London. It was called the theatre as it was the only one of its kind in existence. Soon other theatres were also built thus the famous ‘Rose’ was built in 1587 the ‘Globe’ in 1599 and the ‘Fortune’ in 1600. Most of the theatres of the time was small as they were expected to accommodate only a limited number of spectators. They were different in shape, the Swan was after octagonal but the fortune was square. Part of the theatre that is the yard in the front of the stage was open to the sky where is the backstage as well as the galleries found in the yard was roofed.

THE STAGE ARRANGEMENT AND PRACTICES:

Throughout the Elizabethan period the theatre was half open to the sky and the place were acted during day time. But towards the end of Shakespeare’s career great changes for the better took place. In 1608 James Burbage bought the refectory of old Blackfriars Monastery and convert it into an indoor playhouse. Here plays where acted by candlelight and therefore most stage effects were possible.

The stage arrangement in the Elizabethan theatre was not so elaborate as in a modern one. Its main drawback was that there were no proper stage appliances to produce the effect of change in time and place. Placards were sometimes used to announce the location of the action. Shakespeare considered such devices as very and realistic and therefore tried to convey the effects of place time and action through the dialogues between characters. For instance, in Hamlet, Act I, scene 1, to let the audience know that the time of action is dawn for Horatio says to Marcellus and Bernardo.

“But look, the morn in russet mantle clad Walks o’er the dew of yon eastern hill”

There was no drop curtain in the Elizabethan theatre. The end of a scene was so often indicated by a rhyming couplet. In Hamlet, Act II,

“. . . I will have grounds
More relative than this, play is the king, Wherein I catch the conscience of the king”

NO FEMALE ACTORS:

A feature of great importance of Elizabethan stage was that there were no female performers. The acting profession was entirely masculine. It was only in the Restoration period that professional actresses became the accepted part of the English theatre. Women’s part was therefore played by young boys train from childhood for the purpose. The dramatic company for which Shakespeare wrote his plays, perhaps did not have many such ‘actresses’ and that is the reason why there are only a few women in most of his place. He had his own difference about the effect that was likely to be produced by these boy actresses and so he tried to overcome the difficulty by making his heroine is like Roselind, Viola and Beatrice appear under the disguise of boys. It was likely that this boy actors are not able act successfully like the part of somewhat grown up women of the type of Lady Macbeth and Cleopatra. Shakespeare himself is aware of this difficulty when he makes Cleopatra complain

“. . . and I shall see
Some squeaking Cleopatra boy may greatness”

AUDIENCE:

The audience of the Elizabethan age consisted of a small motley crowd drawn from all sections of society differing in tastes, education and wealth. Most of them were highly superstitious believing in ghost and witches and witchcraft and found of witnessing scenes of violence like brutal fights and bear biting. Those who could pay well was seated in the galleries from where they could have a better view of the performances. Some of the most privilege person sat on the stools on the stage and this enables them to pass remarks on the acting of the players. The rest of the audience known as groundlings, the most unruly and noisy section of the spectators, who pay just the penny stood on the floor around the uncovered part of the stage which jutted into the yard.

RELIGIOUS TO NON-RELIGIOUS DRAMA:

The Elizabethan age was a period of transition from the old religious trauma tomorrow and non religious plays. It is often said that the church was the cradle of English drama. In the beginning the dumb show were performed inside the church or the church premises by the clergyman. After the Renaissance there was a revival of learning and the demand was for the new type of classically influenced non-religious drama. At first this plays were written according to the classical tradition, observing the three unities of time, place and action. Later this rules were broken and the modern type of drama was evolved.

THE PLAYWRIGHTS OF THE PERIOD:

The first English dramatist of some originality was Robert Greene, who was one of “University wits“. The famous “Spanish tragedy” written by Thomas kyd is considered to be first tragedy in English. However, Christopher Marlowe, the author of Tamberline, The Jew of Malta, Dr. Faustus and Edward II is recognised by all as the father of english tragedy.

SHAKESPEARE’S CONTRIBUTION:

The presiding deity, however, of the Elizabethan stage, was William Shakespeare whose dramatic carrier extended to about 20 years from 1590 to 1610. Starting as an errand boy and actor of minor parts, be slowly rose to prominence and dominated the stage for years together without any break and without arrival anywhere in the vicinity. At the end of his career having earned a fortune sufficient to live comfortably for the rest of his life. ‘Shakespeare return to his native town, Stratford-on-Avon.’

The Violence of Development: Lakshadweep Development Authority Regulation, 2021

ABOUT LAKSHADWEEP

Lakshadweep is the smallest Union Territory of India and covers an area of 32 sq. km. It has 36 islands out of which 10 are inhabited. The island is directly under the control of Central Government through an administrator. It has 3 main group of islands:

Amindivi Islands (Northernmost Island)
Laccadive Islands
Minicoy Islands (Southernmost Island)

It has tiny islands of coral origin and are surrounded by fringing reefs (hence called as Atoll). The capital is Kavaratti, which is the principal town of the UT and the Pitti Island (uninhabited) has a Bird Sanctuary.

The island has a population of 64,429 (according to Census of India, 2011). More than 93% of the population is indigenous and are Muslims. Because of the populations economic and social backwardness, the entire population is classified as Scheduled Tribes and there are no Scheduled Castes in the UT. The main occupation of the people is fishing, coconut cultivation and coir twisting. And tourism is an emerging industry. Under Participatory Guarantee System (PGS) of India, the entire island was declared as an Organic Agricultural Area.

WHAT IS LDAR 2021 ?

The latest Draft Lakshadweep Development Authority Regulation, 2021, for the creation of a Lakshadweep Development Authority (LDA) which will be the administrative body for the island and will pan the development of the island.

PROVISIONS

CONSTITUION OF LAKSHADWEEP DEVELOPMENT AUTHORITY : The LDAR empowers the government to be identified as the administrator of the island and has the power to constitute Lakshadweep Development Authority. The authority will plan the development of any area in the island, which could be identified in a bad layout or in obsolete condition. This authority has power to prepare land use pans, zonation’s of land uses, indicate areas for different types of development etc. And only Cantonment areas are exempted from this.
Definition of ‘Development’: Development is defined as the process of carrying out of building, engineering, mining, quarrying or other operations, in, on, over or under land, cutting of a hill or any portion thereof or the making of any material change in any building or land or in the use of any building or land.
LEGAL PENANLTIES: As per the DDAR, the development plan will not be questioned by anyone, either before or after being approved. It empowers the administering body to forcibly relocate or remove residents or citizens from their own property for carrying out any developmental activity. It establishes penalties for those who will violate the laws. Such as imprisonment for obstructing the development plan’s work or workers.
FEES FOR CHANGING ZONES: It stipulates that islanders and citizens must pay a processing fee for changing zones, which implies that localities will be paying fees to gain approval for altering or changing zones as per the development plan as well as for permission to develop their own land.

CRITICISMS

Following concerns were raised by the people of Lakshadweep:

VIOLATION OF FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS : The LDAR provides the Government and Development Authority constituted by Government, the supreme powers to acquire, alter and transfer the properties owned by the residents of the island which violates the fundamental rights of the residents of Lakshadweep as guaranteed in Article 14 and 21 of the Constitution.
INTERESTS ON REAL ESTATE : Many residents have been suspecting and fearing that LDAR might seeking real estate interests to usurp the small landholdings and properties owned by the native islanders. There have been proposals of bringing “Transferable Development Rights” to the island which has raised another major concern and fear among islanders for being migrated forcefully.
FORCIBLE RELOCATION AND EVICTION: The LDAR has given the power to relocate people for development plans has become one of the major concerns and issues. According to the regulations provided, the owner has to develop his holding as per the plan prepared by the authority or else they will be penalized in case of non-compliance with the regulation.
ECOLOGICAL CONCERNS: Lakshadweep is a part of coral ecosystem and it has inherited this cultural and ecological uniqueness as well as fragility. This ecosystem can get destroyed easily if the development activities around them are not regulated. The regulations which provide the government supreme powers for acquiring and developing land can be disastrous for this ecosystem.
THREATEN THE CULTURE AND LIFE: The island is very vulnerable to destruction and any further large-scale infrastructural development can have large ecological and social footprint which can negatively affect the potentiality and sustainability of the area as well as the life forms present in the island.
IGNORES PEOPLE’S NEEDS AND GEOGRAPHICAL REALITIES: Lakshadweep has unique geography, ecology and culture and for protecting and preserving this uniqueness it is important to limit the development activities in the island. The LDAR tries to expand the road connectivity ignoring the geographic conditions of the island and the interests of the people. And the LDAR has also provided the regulation that no one can raise or question the strategies or actions provided by the development authority, before or after being approved. This shows that the needs, interests and concerns of the people are undermined.
VIOLATES THE OBJECTIVES OF LAND ACQUISITION ACT, 2013: The Act promotes the consultation with institutions of self-government and Gram Sabha’s, local people and tries to have a transparent and informed process for land acquisition.

FRENCH REVOLUTION (1789-1799)

France was for years ruled by the spots like Louis XIV. The kings ruled the country as they like without caring for the good of the common people. As a result of this indifference of the autocratic monarchs. There was famine and suffering all over the country the popular upsurge against the tyranny of kings culminated in the abolition of monarchy and their establishment of the French public.

CAUSES FOR THE REVOLUTION:

The French revolution started with the breaking open of the state prison “Bastille” on 14 July 1789 their reign of terror that followed their beheading of King Louis XVI and his Queen ended only when Napoleon became Emperor in May 1804. In 1793 England was forced to declare war against French Revolution because the French Revolutionary rules offered to help all nations who wished to follow the example of the French and overthrow their kings. The war continued up to the “Battle of Waterloo” in 1815 when Lord Wellington inflicted a crushing defeat on Napoleon.

EFFECTS OF REVOLUTION:

NATIONAL DEBT: This prolonged war of twenty years had lasting effects on England. The most important and immediate effect was the huge National Debt. It has been estimated that the cost of the war from the beginning to the end was nearly £1,000,000,000. The nation which consisted of nineteen million people had to pay annually a large amount by way of interest. In 1815 the country had to raise £ 74,000,000 by taxation alone.

UNEMPLOYMENT: The peace that followed the war was the cause of a fall in the prices of coal and iron. Many men employed in the industry was thrown out of their jobs. alAfter the signing of the peace treaty nearly half a million of soldiers sailors and others who had been engage directly in the war were dismissed from active service. They added to the already swelling army of the unemployed. Thus the problem of unemployment become much more accurate than before.

CORN LAW: During the twenty years of War there was no import of European corn into England. This caused the price of corn to go high. But the agricultural lords stood to the benefit by this. However after the Restoration of peace the free flow of European corn was resumed which brought down the price of English corn. This was resented by the English agriculturist. The corn law was passed in 1816 and this have disastrous effect on the poor and especially in the time of famine. Their sufferings led to the formation of Anti-corn law League. It was this association that was ultimately responsible for the repeal of the corn law in 1846 by the then Prime Minister of Robert Peel.

THE BATTLE OF PETERLOO: In 1819 the magistrates of Manchester foolishly attempted to arrest a radical leader known as Orator Hunt at a large gathering in St. Peter’s field. On meeting with resistance from the crowd the government officer order the cavalry charge upon the unarmed mob. Eleven persons were killed and 600 wounded. The even popularly was called the battle of peetalu or the Manchester massacre was used by agitators to embarrass the government. To get their grievances redressed the poor agitated for parliamentary reform and after much opposition from the lords the first reform bill was passed in 1832.

THE ARMY AND NAVY BECOME THE NATIONAL INSTITUTIONS: Another effect of the French revolution was that both navy and army recognized as national institutions. The battle of Trafalgar won by Lord Nelson during the Revolutionary war in 1805 highlighted the greatness of the English navy. Their victory was commemorated renaming a part of London as Trafalgar square where the statue of Nelson stands on a lofty column. Trafalgar square with its 1.5 metre column top by the statue of Admiral Horatio Nelson looking out to the River Thames, is one of the favourite tourist spots in London. It is the traditional end of most protest marches and rallies in the capital. With the victories of Lord Wellington at Waterloo in 1815 on land the army became popular as it had never been before. Barracks were built to house the troops and the haphazard billeting of soldiers in public houses came to an end. This was done to the great relief of both the civilian population and the soldiers themselves.

INFLUENCE IN ENGLISH LITERATURE: The French revolution ushered in a new era in the history of English literature. Coming when it did, English romanticism should be considered as a byproduct of the great political event. Romanticism or the romantic movement started when Wordsworth and Coleridge together published the Lyrical ballads in 1798. Wordsworth discarded the artificial style and showed by practice that beautiful poems could be written on ordinary subjects and in ordinary language. The movement was completed by younger poets like Byron, Shelley and keats.

Rate this:

Land of all Seasons:

Some points prepared by the Ministry of Tourism, Government of India, Part -1:

‘Guest Is God – Atithi Devo Bhavah’

Rate this:

Importance of “A Stitch in Time Saves Nine”

Rate this:

types of epics

Some of the famous Epics:

Rate this:

Rate this:

Rate this:

Rate this:

Introduction:

Epic:

Two types of epics:

The epic of growth:

The epic of art:

Conclusion:

Rate this:

Origin of sonnet:

Composition of the sonnets:

Some of the earliest writers of sonnet:

The theme of the sonnets:

Some of the famous sonnets are:

Conclusion:

Rate this:

Yoga for Mental Health:

3. Natarajasana

Yoga to increase immunity against Covid:

Rate this:

Rate this:

Development at the cost of nature. Part-2 :

Fighting For Conservation :

Rate this:

Rate this:

ABOUT LAKSHADWEEP

WHAT IS LDAR 2021 ?

PROVISIONS

CRITICISMS

Rate this:

Rate this: