Medical negligence during Covid-19

Law on Medical Negligence in India: How and when to file a case | Medical Negligence Law Guide

NEGLIGENCE DURING THE COVID-19 PHASE

With the COVID 19 pandemic surrounding the globe and in excess of 2 million active instances of the same, the caring administrations by the medical experts is the main redeeming quality going with the careful steps that are the duty of the considerable number of citizens. Be that as it may, the security of the residents is being taken consideration by the clinical organization yet what it involves for the clinical clique who is over and over being blamed for negligence in discharge of average duty. On one hand the medical practitioners are being hailed as ‘Corona warriors’ but on the other hand, with the increase in cases wouldn’t there be a increase in negligence?

India had only 111 Covid-19 testing   centers to deal with a population of 1.35 billion people. This accounts to the medical negligence of the practitioners along with the hospital administrations especially at a time when every state is trying to reduce the number of cases. The number of beds available in the hospitals is comparatively less and as a result the citizens are dependent on understaffed and under-funded state run health facilities for COVID 19 diagnosis and treatment. This is a serious issue as people do not believe on the state authorities. A lady who was quarantined after her Spain visit states that there is a lack of basic amenities in the hospitals. People fear to come forward as they doubt the skills of the administration to treat their disease. Global health experts claimed that India does not have enough infrastructure and other facilities to face the pandemic. The claim nearly became evident with the increasing number of cases in India. Not only hospital authorities but the government has been lacking service, testing is another major concern. India has performed a little over 100,000 tests — a rate of nearly 47 tests per million people compared with 4,572 tests per million in the U.S., 2,753 tests per million in the U.K, and 8,800 per million in South Korea[1]. At present, India is not adequately testing to identify new cases, which might be hiding the true number of cases. An incident of severe medical negligence was noted when the Patna All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS-P) handed over the body of a COVID-19 positive patient to his family members.

In the midst of the vulnerability made by the COVID-19 pandemic, the judiciary remains the sole symbol of would like to review the worries of residents oppressed by the absence of satisfactory medical framework and the rising occasions of clinical negligence. There is trust that vital estimates will be taken by the Supreme Court, to safeguard the confidence and any expectation of the individuals.

VIEWS

Medical Negligence is, by and by, a hard issue to set up. On the off chance that negligence cases result from the current emergency, they will be tried comparable to target norms of care. The courts will think about the real factors and conditions of the case, including that the medicinal services staff were acting in an emergency. Considering past cases and the law’s methodology, the significance of clinical rules, conventions, staff preparing, ability appraisal, and enlistment expect a fundamental centrality, and all means should be completely reported. Documentation of steps taken in every one of these issues will demonstrate pivotal in safeguarding any cases brought. In any case, the COVID 19 is a phenomenal occasion and the relevance of the above laws in such conditions of most extreme criticality and affectability stays to be questionable. After the lockdown ends it would be unmistakable component of the lawful framework to observe such case emerging out of clinical carelessness in taking care of crown positive patients.

It isn’t expressed that specialists (doctors) are careless or reckless, however while carrying out a duty which requires a great deal of knowledge and care, regularly numerous experts fail to perform their duty towards the patient. Medication which is perhaps the noblest profession requires setting a domain which can profit the victims of different diseases. Numerous specialists even the expert in some cases dismisses little things to be dealt with while practicing which may bring about harms to the patients that could have been maintained with a permanent disability from that time or even the demise of the patients.

This type of negligence makes patients more prone to harm than to heal. And to avoid these sorts of accidents, prevention and careful behavior of doctors is important. The most prevalent way of doing this is relevant laws and statutes to ensure a patients well being. In a case where a US-based doctor who was Indian from origin lost his 29-year-old wife who was a child psychologist during their visit to India fifteen years ago. The Supreme Court asked the Kolkata-based hospital and three doctors to pay over Rs 11.41 crore[2]. “A bench of justices C K Prasad and V Gopala Gowda arrived at a figure of Rs 6.08 crore as compensation after considering aspects such as loss of consortium, pain and suffering and the cost of litigation.”

Another such case was noted where the Apex Court awarded a compensation of 1.8 crores to a women who had lost her eyes in 1996.[3] Cases like this are evidence of the medical malpractice in India. The government requires making strict rules to prevent the same, so that the justice prevails. People of India should be provided with adequate medical facilities, hygiene and sanitation. Laws should be strict for not only medicine but for all such professions to maintain a certain standard of care and prevent breach of duty.

[1] https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-51922204

[2] THE OUTLOOK

[3] Krishna Iyer v. State of Tamilnadu and Others, 2015 STPL(Web) 1239 SC

The Indian Tax System

There are various references in History which act as evidence that taxation existed in olden times also. Some references are ‘Arthashastra’ by Chanakya, King Dalip’s regime and Caesar Augustus. The word “Tax” originated from “Taxation” meaning ‘an estimate’. These were imposed and collected on the trade of commodities or livestock in a disorganised manner. The importance of tax increased with time and became a source of government income and expenditure.

TAX STRUCTURE IN INDIA 

India has a well developed taxation structure. The tax system in India is mainly a three-tier system which is based between the Centre, State governments and the Local Government organisations. In most cases, these local bodies include the local councils and the municipalities. According to the Constitution of India, the Government has the right to levy taxes on individuals and organisations. However, the Constitution states that none has the right to levy or charge taxes except the authority of law. 

The tax structure in India is divided into two components: Direct Taxes (such as income tax) and indirect taxes (such as custom duty). 

I. Direct Taxes: Direct taxes are those taxes that are not shifted, that is, the incidence of which falls on persons who pay them to the government, the taxpayer. According to Article 265, each tax levied or collected has to be backed by an accompanying law, passed either by the Parliament or the State Legislature. 

The direct taxes in India are: 1. Wealth Tax- 

Wealth tax is one of the major direct taxes in India. It is also known as the Wealth Tax Act, 1957. This tax is applicable to all the citizens of India. Wealth tax is the cess levied on owned property. It applies to those who enjoy property ownership benefits. It is applicable to every property owner till he or she retains the ownership of that particular property. The tax paid on property depends entirely on the current market rate. In case the property is not generating any income, then also wealth tax has to be paid. 

2. Corporate Income Tax- 

Corporate income tax is levied in many different forms in India. Corporate Income Tax is primarily meant to be paid by domestic corporations. Domestic corporations in India pay a minimum income tax rate of 35 per cent along with a surcharge of 2.5 per cent. Corporate income tax is also applicable to foreign organisations that have their own economic bases working in the country. These types of corporations are required to pay tax on 40 per cent of their income along with a surcharge of 2 per cent. This surcharge goes as a reservation for funding the state‘s education. Corporate income tax is also applicable to all the people that are working for any corporation in or outside India. 

3. Personal Income Tax- 

This is the most common form of tax in India. The system of personal income tax in India is very similar to the taxation system in the United States of America. It is based on the personal income of an individual. If the annual income of an individual is under Rs. 1, 80, 000/- then he or she is exempted from paying any personal tax. There are further allowances made under the personal income tax domain for the physically handicapped and elderly. 

II. INDIRECT TAXES: An indirect tax is defined as a tax levied on goods and services rather than on income or profits. Given below are the indirect taxes imposed in India: 

1. Sales Tax- 

Sales tax is the tax levied by the State Government on goods bought and sold in the country. This policy is followed in most industrially developed countries in the world. The taxes levied under sales tax are not the same for all kinds of goods. 

2. Custom Duties-

Custom duties were introduced in India through the Customs Act in 1962. This duty was introduced with the aim of checking illegal exports and imports of goods. Taxes are charged for all the goods that are imported into the country, mainly to protect the industries in India. 

Shortcomings of Indian Tax System: 1. Canon of Justice: The increased activities of the Government of India to develop the infrastructure and economy indicate a regressive tax structure that is against the canon of justice. The lower and middle income groups have to bear more burden of taxation as compared to the higher income groups because the government tries to raise amounts by indirect taxation. 

2. Agricultural Income: Agricultural income is not taxed in India. Hence, there is a higher burden of taxes on the urban areas. 

3. Complex Tax Framework: India has a complex tax framework with contradictory tax exemptions. Efforts are being made by the IT Department to enhance and simplify transparency of the tax system to help the individual taxpayers by reducing their compliance costs. 

4. Removal of Tax Incentives: Tax exemptions are given to achieve the objectives of development but they promote rent seeking behaviour, contributing to the complex tax laws. Exemptions lead to tax leakage and tax abuse which makes the system counterproductive and dysfunctional. 

5. Refunds: Getting refunds of tax from the Income Tax Department is a difficult process. It should be made easier by easy accessibility through internet services and refunding electronically. 

6. PAN: The tax base must be increased by extending PAN to cover all citizens serving as a Citizen Identification Number. 

7. Monopolistic Power of Tax Officials: The tax officials operate within a geographical limit with ambiguously defined roles that leads to abusive behaviour on their part. A high degree of discretionary power and lack of adequate monitoring and reporting mechanisms leads to corruption. The tax officials misuse the rules of the government and extract illegal payments from taxpayers. 

8. Lack of Supervision: There is a lack of supervision and monitoring of officers and holding them accountable for their actions. There must be promotion and enforcement of ethical standards, merit based recruitments, promotion procedures and regular staff rotation schemes to prevent the creation of a nexus. 

9. Decrease in Tax Revenue due to Corruption: Corruption decreases tax revenue, which leads to a shortfall in the funds of the government. This forces governments to resort to public borrowing and public debt, thereby endangering fiscal sustainability. Corruption adds to the adverse effect over investment and growth. 

10. Broadening the Tax Base: The majority in India do not file personal income tax. To bring them into the tax net, the government adopted a “one-in-six” scheme under which an individual satisfies one out of six criteria. This measure has increased the number of individual income tax payers, but a lot needs to be done still. 

India was different from other countries as they were made by the Indian citizens without any sort of external interference. 

There are different types of taxes in India. The system of taxation in India is clearly vested in the hands of authorities such as the central government, state government and the local governments. The taxes that are levied by the central government are on personal income, central excise, custom duties and service tax.

Bulletins

Bulletins are the news that are published everyday. The bulletins are a synonym for the news. So this article is going to give a huge information about the news world.

The news is what is new. A news is what everyone want to know about. As per John Bogart( city editor,New York)

“When a dog bites a man that is not news but when a man bites a dog it is news”.

The news is the unusual events or happenings. Former managing director of New York Times says “you can find out today that will be not known”. Joseph publishers New York world original distincts among romantic, thrilling, unique, curiosi, humorous or apt to talked about.

Elements of news

  • New fresh and updated
  • Unpublished
  • Unusual
  • Interesting
  • Informative

Ingredients of news

Ingredients of news means news worthiness. The things that makes a news worthy are:

  • Timeliness
  • Proximity
  • Prominence
  • Conflict
  • Sports and weather
  • Human interest
  • Government policies and interest
  • Follow up

Values of news

  • Accuracy
  • Balance(not biased)
  • Clarity(clear cut presentation)
  • Brevity(presented in simple language with proper fact and figure and exact words used)
  • Impact (present in such an attractive way that readers take interest)

Sources of news

  • News agencies (international, national, local)
  • Reporters( channels, newspapers, radio stations)
  • Internet(social media)
  • Television, Radio( electronic media)
  • Important places – assemblies, parliament, courts, railway stations, bus stops, police stations, airports, schools, colleges, universities, companies, corporate offices, industries etc.

How are the news processed

  • Gathering of the news by different news sources
  • News selection
  • Editing

Different types of news

  • Literary news : The news which is full of imagination, consists of elaborate explanation which is not so important though. Language is given much importance.
  • Journalistic news : The news which has no imagination and the content is only the gist of the incident. Language is not given much importance.
  • Hard news : The news which is published as soon as the incident takes place as the news get stated faster.
  • Soft news : The news which do not lose its importance with time.

Now let us take a look on some famous quotes on news

“It’s amazing that the amount of news that happens in the world every day always just exactly fits the newspaper”. – Jerry Seinfeld

“Fake news is cheap to produce. Genuine journalism is expensive.” – Toomas Hendrik Ilves

“The media transforms the great silence of things into its opposite. Formerly constituting a secret, the real now talks constantly. News reports, information, statistics, and surveys are everywhere.” – Michael de Chateau

Keywords used in the world of news

  • Deadline : After 12am, no news will be published in the newspaper and this is called deadline.
  • Dateline : The place and date should be written at the beginning of the news and this is called dateline.
  • Credit line : A line of copy acknowledging the source or origin of a news dispatch, published article or other work.
  • By line : The line following the heading in a news item that gives the name of the writer of the article.

https://www.brainyquote.com/topics/news-quotes

https://news.google.com/foryou?hl=en-IN&gl=IN&ceid=IN:en

23 Million Women Drop Out Of School Every Year When They Start Menstruating In India

In India, 23 million girls drop out of school early when they start menstruating and many of them end up facing acute health problems

1.71% adolescent girls in India remain unaware of menstruation .

2.Menstruation is a rarely discussed topic in homes and schools in India.

3.Since 2010, the government has stepped up to address menstrual hygiene.

It was the occasion of an annual function at a secondary school in Rajasthan’s Dholpur district in May 2017. Manoj Kumar, the district health officer was one of the dignitaries invited to the function. While giving a short speech on the importance of education, Mr Kumar noticed the alarmingly low number of girls present in the crowd of school students. On enquiring further, he was told that many girls drop out of school on reaching the sixth or seventh standard as they reach puberty. In a remote district like Dholpur, a primary school is barely equipped with a functional toilet, let alone something as essential as sanitary napkin dispensers. But more than the infrastructure for young girls in Dholpur, like millions of others in districts, towns and cities across India, menstruation remains a biological event shrouded in mystery and taboo, not to be spoken about openly.

    355 million is the number of menstruating women in India, accounting for nearly 30 per cent of the country’s population. Menstruation continues to be a subject of gender disparity in India. Myths about menstruation are largely prevalent, forcing many girls to drop out of school early or be ostracised for the duration of their menstrual cycle every month. A 2014 report by the NGO Dasra titled Spot On! found that nearly 23 million girls drop out of school annually due to lack of proper menstrual hygiene management facilities, which include availability of sanitary napkins and logical awareness of menstruation. The report also came up with some startling numbers. 70 per cent of mothers with menstruating daughters considered menstruation as dirty and 71 per cent adolescent girls remained unaware of menstruation till menarche. A 2014 UNICEF report pointed out that in Tamil Nadu, 79 per cent girls and women were unaware of menstrual hygiene practices. The percentage was 66% in Uttar Pradesh, 56% in Rajasthan and 51% in West Bengal.

    Lack of Awareness

    Lack of awareness makes for a major problem in India’s menstrual hygiene scenario. Indian Council for Medical Research’s 2011-12 report stated that only 38 per cent menstruating girls in India spoke to their mothers about menstruation. Many mothers were themselves unaware what menstruation was, how it was to be explained to a teenager and what practices could be considered as menstrual hygiene management. Schools were not very helpful either as schools in rural areas refrained from discussing menstrual hygiene. A 2015 survey by the Ministry of Education found that in 63% schools in villages, teachers never discussed menstruation and how to deal with it in a hygienic manner.

    Lack of Sanitary Napkins and Adequate Facilities

    In a city, availing a sanitary napkin for a woman aware of menstrual hygiene is a normalised process. Not only are sanitary napkins available in pharmacies and grocery stores in cities, they are commercialised via advertisements so that they are treated as any other product. In rural areas, sanitary napkins are found with difficulty. Most girls rely on home-grown or other readily available material, the latter often being unhygienic and unsanitary. Only 2 to 3 per cent women in rural India are estimated to use sanitary napkins. The lack of demand results in storekeepers not stocking up on sanitary pads. This results in women resorting to unhygienic practices during their menstrual cycle, such as filling up old socks with sand and tying them around waists to absorb menstrual blood, or taking up old pieces of cloth and using them to absorb blood. Such methods increase chances of infection and hinder the day-to-day task of a woman on her period.

    Impact on Women’s Health

    Surveys by the Ministry of Health in 2002, 2005, 2008 and 2012 found out that most problems related to menstrual hygiene in India are preventable, but are not due to low awareness and poor menstrual hygiene management. This resulted in development of some serious ailments for adolescent girls. Roughly 120 million menstruating adolescents in India experience menstrual dysfunctions, affecting their normal daily chores. Nearly 60,000 cases of cervical cancer deaths are reported every year from India, two-third of which are due to poor menstrual hygiene.

    Other health problems associated with menstrual hygiene like anaemia, prolonged or short periods, infections of reproductive tracts, as well as psychological problems such as anxiety, embarrassment and shame.

    Government Schemes On Menstrual Hygiene

    From a ban on advertisements on sanitary napkins in 1990, to a full-fledged feature film, PadMan, on a low-cost sanitary napkin entrepreneur in 2018, India has indeed come a long way. It was eight years back in 2010, when the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare launched the Freeday Pad Scheme, a pilot project to provide sanitary napkins at subsidised rates for rural girls. The scheme was launched in 152 districts across 20 states and sanitary napkins were sold to adolescent girls at the rate of Rs. 6 per pack of six napkins by Accredited Social Health Activists (ASHAs). The estimated cost for the entire scheme was Rs 70 crore.

    A year later, the Union government launched the SABLA scheme across 2015 districts in the country. The scheme aimed at improving health conditions for adolescent girls with menstrual hygiene as an important component. Two years later, under the then ongoing Nirmal Bharat Abhiyan, focus on menstrual hygiene was added as a key component of the sanitation mission. In 2014, the Union government launched the Rashtriya Kishor Swashthya Karyakram, aimed at improving the health and hygiene of an estimated 243 million adolescents. Menstrual hygiene was also included as an integral part of the programme.

    Under the ongoing Swachh Bharat Abhiyan, menstrual hygiene has been given high importance. The Swachh Bharat (Gramin) guidelines explicitly state that funds allocated for information, education and communication (IEC) maybe spent on bettering awareness on menstrual hygiene in villages. Adequate knowledge of menstrual hygiene and development of local sanitary napkin manufacturing units is encouraged by Swachh Bharat Mission (rural) and self-help groups are to help in propagating such efforts.

    Recently, Union Minister for Drinking Water and Sanitation Uma Bharti said that sanitary napkin, similar to a toilet, is a right of every woman. Reiterating that menstrual hygiene was a key concern for the ministry, Ms Bharti at a recent press conference said that she spoke to Union Minister for Textile Smriti Irani and Union Minister for Woman and Child Development Maneka Gandhi on making affordable sanitary napkins available to women in rural areas.

    Looking Ahead: An India With Proper Menstrual Hygiene

    “The myths and taboos surrounding menstruation need to be broken down effectively before schemes and incentives make their way to make life better for menstruating women,” said a WaterAid India official.

    Conditions for menstruating women in India can only improve when awareness on menstrual hygiene is spread. IEC on menstrual hygiene, under Swachh Bharat Abhiyan or any other state scheme must educate women across all ages on what menstruation is and why the taboos surrounding it do tremendous harm. Simultaneously, sanitary napkins must be provided to menstruating women to ensure that they do not fall prey to age old unhygienic traditions of using cloth, soil or sand. It must be remembered that 88% of India’s menstruating women do not use sanitary napkins. Making sanitary napkins available to over 300 million women and ensuring that they do use these will be a herculean task, and can only be achieved with due cooperation all stakeholders and proper coordination between them to improve the status menstrual hygiene in India.

    Education Policy from 1968-2020

    OVERWIEW
    It has been a major step for our education sector. The policy that we were following before was the National Policy on Education (NPE) formulated by the Government of India to promote and regulate education in India. The policy covered elementary education to higher education in both rural and urban India. The first NPE was promulgated by the Government of India by Prime Minister Indira Gandhi in 1968, the second by Prime Minister Rajiv Gandhi in 1986, and the third by Prime Minister Narendra Modi in 2020.
    THE EDUCATION POLICIES
    In 1968
    The government of Prime Minister Indira Gandhi announced the first National Policy on Education in 1968, which called for a “radical restructuring” and proposed equal educational opportunities in order to achieve national integration and greater cultural and economic development. The policy called for fulfilling compulsory education for all children up to the age of 14, as stipulated by the Constitution of India and specialized training and qualification of teachers. The policy called for a focus on the learning of regional languages, outlining the “three-language formula” to be implemented in secondary education – the instruction of the English language, the official language of the state where the school was based, and Hindi. Language education was seen as essential to reduce the gulf between the intelligentsia and the masses. Although the decision to adopt Hindi as the national language had proven controversial, the policy called for the use and learning of Hindi to be encouraged uniformly to promote a common language for all Indians. The policy also encouraged the teaching of the ancient Sanskrit language, which was considered an essential part of India’s culture and heritage. The NPE of 1968 called for education spending to increase to six percent of the national income.
    In 1986
    The government led by Rajiv Gandhi introduced a new National Policy on Education. The main points of this policy was that, it was called for “special emphasis on the removal of disparities and to equalize educational opportunity,” especially for Indian women, Scheduled Tribes (ST) and the Scheduled Caste (SC) communities; to achieve such social integration, the policy called for expanding scholarships, adult education, recruiting more teachers from the SCs, incentives for poor families to send their children to school regularly, the development of new institutions, and providing housing and services. The NPE called for a “child-centred approach” in primary education and launched “Operation Blackboard” to improve primary schools nationwide; the policy expanded the open university system with the Indira Gandhi National Open University, which had been created in 1985; the policy also called for the creation of the “rural university” model, based on the philosophy of Mahatma Gandhi, to promote economic and social development at the grassroots level in rural India; 1986-education policy expected to spend 6% of GDP on education.
    2020
    In 2019, the Ministry of Human Resource Development released a Draft New Education Policy 2019, which was followed by a number of public consultations. The Draft NEP discusses reducing curriculum content to enhance essential learning, critical thinking and more holistic experiential, discussion-based and analysis-based learning. It also talks about a revision of the curriculum and pedagogical structure from a 10+2 system to a 5+3+3+4 system design in an effort to optimize learning for students based on the cognitive development of children.
    On 29 July 2020, the cabinet approved a new National Education Policy with an aim to introduce several changes to the existing Indian education system.
    RECENT EDUCATION POLICY 2020 BRIEF
    Another major step taken in the History of India becoming a global superpower was awaited with the change in the Education Policy. In 2019, Modi Government released a draft which stated about changing the Education Policy. It was approved by the Union Cabinet at a meeting presided by Prime Minister Narendra Modi on Wednesday, 29th July 2020. The new education system aims at bringing in transformation reforms in the education system of schools and higher education. Replacing the 34-year old education system is another major move in the direction of strengthening India as a global power. The new NEP also includes the renaming of the HRD Ministry back to the Education Ministry. Promoting the spirit of “Ek Bharat Shreshtha Bharat”, Prime Minister Narendra Modi tweeted, “Aspects such as widening the availability of scholarships, strengthening infrastructure for Open and Distance Learning, Online Education, and increasing the usage of technology have received great attention in the NEP. These are vital reforms for the education sector.”
    Key Points-
    ~All higher education institutes excluding the medical and law colleges will be governed by a single regulator.
    ~MPhil courses will now be terminated.
    ~Board exams will now be more application and knowledge-based.
    ~Both the public and private higher education institutes will be governed under the same norms.
    ~To promote and give more emphasis on the regional language/mother-tongue, instruction medium up to class 5 will be in local/home languages.
    ~All entrance exams for higher education institutes and universities will be held commonly.
    ~School curriculum to focus more on core concepts.
    ~Vocational education will also be imparted from 6th grade onwards.
    10+2 study cultures discontinue and new structure of 5+3+3+4 will be followed, subjecting to the respective age group of 3-8, 8-11, 11-14, and 14-18 years.
    These were all the changes in detail that were proposed and introduced in the New Education Policy 2020.

    SOCIAL MEDIA

    One in three-person have heard this word before and may had used it too frequently. But what social media stands for? Social media is a collective term for websites and applications which focus on communication, community-based input, interaction, content-sharing, and collaboration.  There are plethora of social media platforms present out there, which not only allow you to share your thoughts and ideas with the world but also provide a stage to do online business.

    Types of platforms-

    1. Facebook and Instagram: they are a popular free social networking website that allows registered users to create profiles, upload photos, and videos, send messages and keep in touch with friends, family, and colleagues.
    2. Twitter: it is a free microblogging service that allows registered members to broadcast short posts called tweets. Twitter members can broadcast tweets and follow other users’ tweets by using multiple platforms and devices.
    3. Linkedln: it is a social networking site designed specifically for the business community. The goal of the site is to allow registered members to establish and document networks of people they know and trust professionally.

    And much more others.

    Social media networks help a person to expand his clients and work with larger networks easily.  You need to answer the question-  how much social media help my business to grow? And you are all set to join a large community of people needing your goods.

    social media monitoring- analytics: what is happening at websites, who visited there and are interested in your business help you find a target audience you can put efforts to make a sale.

    Social media is a large field where you can do diverse actions, make friends, learn new things, see what is trending in the world, stay updated with current happenings, and much more.

    But you need to use it wisely due to ongoing cyber threats and lots of misshaping. to every coin, there are two sides you need to know both before flipping the same!

    India And Superstitions.

    Superstition, a belief or practice typically resulting from ignorance, a misunderstanding from Science or causality, a belief in fate or magic, perceived supernatural influence, or fear of that which is unknown.

    Superstitions allow people to explain events that otherwise seem random and to feel they have a measure of control over outcomes that would otherwise seem out of their hands.

    Approximately 70% of people in India believe in superstitions and force others too to believe in them.

    Some common superstitions believed in India and their scientific reasons…..

    Avoid standing under Peepal tree at night.

    Peepal tree is defamed as it is said that if one will stand or go near the Peepal tree at night then that person will be possessed by an evil spirit.

    Scientific reason – In the morning when photosynthesis happens, trees and other plants absorb carbon dioxide, change it into energy and give out oxygen in the air that we breathe. But at night, plants exhale carbon dioxide while there is a lack of sunlight.

    Why should we not sleep under a peepal tree at night?

    Lemon and Green chilies.

    Shop keepers, businessmen, people at home usually hang lemon and green chilies so as to avoid bad luck and evil spirits.

    The logic here is that since goddess of misfortune ( who can bring bad luck to the shop owners or business), likes pungent, sour and hot things, individuals hang lemon and green chilies so that the goddess eats her favorite food and goes back from their fully satisfied.

    What is the significance in India of hanging lemon and chili tied to a thread outside of one's house? - Quora

    Not to sleep facing the North side.

    It is said if one sleeps facing the North side then he/ she would die.

    Scientific reason – It’s about the relation between Earth’s magnetic field and the human body’s field. They made this rule of sleeping with our heads in the South direction to avoid harmful effects related to blood pressure and other diseases that asymmetry with the Earth’s magnetic field would create.

    north sleep facing

    Broken mirrors.

    People of ancient Rome spread the rumors that breaking mirrors will give you 7 years if bad luck.

    Scientific reason – The logic behind the number 7 is that as per Roman beliefs, it takes 7 years for a life to renew itself.

    Broken Mirror Superstition - How to Avoid 7 Years of Bad Luck!

    Twitching eyes.

    It is believed if your left eye blinks then you are going to hear a bad news. If your right eye jumps, you will see someone you haven’t seen in a long time. If your left eye jumps then your loved one/ friend is doing something behind your back. If your left eye jumps, then your loved one/ friend is in trouble.

    Scientific reason – The logical reason behind it is that twitching is caused due to alcohol, stress, allergies, strain or dry eyes.

    What Does It Mean if My Eye Won't Stop Twitching? - The Atlantic

    Adding one rupee to a gift sum.

    Whenever we hand over a sum of money to anyone as a gift we often out in a coin of Rs. 1 to it and the wedding ‘lifafah’ always has a coin stuck to it.

    Scientific reason – The main reason to add extra coin is to make the entire sum an odd number which becomes indivisible, and therefore it is good for the person or the newly married couple. If the number is even by that logic, then the sum will end in a zero which means ‘the end’.

    DharamVigyaan: Why we add 1Rs to a gift sum?

    Swallow Tulsi leaves, never chew.

    There is one popular belief that Tulsi is Goddess Lakshmi’s Avtar and hence one should not chew the leaves, not show disrespect.

    Scientific reason – Although a Tulsi leaf is healthy, it also contains a little amount of Arsenic. So to save your teeth from turning yellow, and saving the enamel from degrading, you do not chew but swallow.

    Eating Tulsi leaves can have these 5 side effects! | The Times of India

    Why are cashews so expensive?

    Cashews are delicious. When we’re in the mood for a nutty snack, cashews are hard to resist. The only problem is, they can really hurt your wallet over time, especially when compared with other nuts.Cashews are not a cheap indulgence.  No wonder gorging on roasted, salted or plain cashews is pure bliss, but what makes this rich, crunchy, silky nut so expensive?

    The reason behind the expensive cashew nuts is their growing climates. Cashew can only be harvested in tropical climates such as India, Vietnam, Brazil, and some African countries. It grows in a single nut attached to the bottom of a fruit called cashew apple which takes two to three months to develop.

    Cashews are in high demand and supply is limited. That is the primary reason for their high price.

    The seed is removed from the apple. The cashew seeds have to be steamed and then dried for 24 hours to make it easier to remove the outer shell. Cashew seeds are cracked individually by hand. Cashews need proper processing in order to make them edible, but most of the extraction and processing is done manually, which makes this task tough!

    The cashews have a toxic substance under the shell similar to poison ivy, therefore workers oil their hands to protect them. The shell’s oils cause damage to the skin of the workers responsible for processing the seeds. Roasting the cashew nuts to destroy the toxins is dangerous as well, as the toxins are released into the air. After the toxins are removed, the cashews must be graded and sorted. The entire process is labor-intensive as well as hazardous, which helps explain part of why cashews are so expensive. Cashews are then dried to reduce the moisture content making it easier for peeling. Lastly the kernel is carefully peeled one by one to reveal the final product!

    I was amazed at the long labour intensive techniques involved in bringing cashew nuts to our table.  This made me realise the reason behind the high price tag of the cashew nuts I love.

    THE BEAUTY OF MOVIE POSTERS

    When I was in primary school, I would always look outside my school bus through the window to look up at the billboards that had the movie posters. And I was so captivated by it that I started to read and study different kinds of posters.

    Movie posters is something that most of us don’t pay much attention to, but it is far more important than just a piece of design or art. Movie posters fall somewhere between the realm of design and art. To make the poster feel cinematic, it requires a certain kind of aesthetic, sensibility and should also share a glimpse of the story. A movie poster can work wonders for the film, it can make it or break it. That’s why there are multiple poster designing agencies that only work in making the poster for the film.

    In Hollywood, there are awards for remarkable poster art. The bar for posters is much lower in our country (mainly Bollywood). Before the trailer or the teaser of the film, the first thing that the audience sees is the poster. Without a poster, we are solely relying on words which can get dull very quickly.

    As people who are not into filmmaking, we do not break down these posters and find the true meaning, so I will be breaking down 3 movie posters and show how I analyse a poster and discover the beauty that it holds.

    Poster #1 : PSYCHO (1960) By Alfred Hitchcock

    Psycho is a 1960 psychological thriller-horror movie directed by Alfred Hitchcock. The poster was designed by legendary graphic designer, & academy award winning film maker Saul bass. The poster contains 3 major things- the lead character of the movie, the title and the names of the cast, director, producer etc. the colours that are mainly used here are yellow, blue, red, white and black.

    In the poster, the girl is looking away from the man in the back on the left side of the poster. She is also in her undergarments which indicates that she’s either a model or she is a victim to an assault. The picture of this character and the title are both in yellow, which indicates that there might be a connection between the two. The two men in red are smaller compared to the women in yellow, which indicates that their role is smaller compared to that of the woman’s. The fact that they are in red might symbolise that one could either be the love interest or a murderer. It also highlights the genre of the movie- which is thriller- horror. The colour black in the background sets the mysterious tone of the film.

    So, what message does this poster send? The artist is trying to send the genre across to the viewers as the message. The genre is psychological thriller-horror. (Although it would have been easier had there been a weapon to give more clarity to the viewers)

    Poster #2: JAWS (1975) by Steven Spielberg

    Jaws is a 1975 horror-adventure film whose poster was designed by Roger Kastel.  This is a well know and an iconic film. It is still well known throughout the different age generations.

    When we first look at the poster two things capture our attention. The first thing is the title “jaws” which is written in red bold letters. The red colour could be seen as representing blood and violence which is a hint to the films content. This allows the audience to know what they are getting into and what they can expect out of this film. The second thing that captures our attention is the shark attack and the victim who is unaware of her fate. The teeth of the shark are also visible which suggests that what was about to happen to the woman. The colour of the shark and the colour of the water are pretty similar, which tells us that the shark is camouflaged in water and also gives the element of surprise which makes it eviller. All these elements make the audience want to buy a ticket to the film and find out what happens next. 

    Poster #3: LITTLE MISS SUNSHINE (2006) by Valerie Faris & Jonathan Dayton

    Little Miss Sunshine is a comedy-drama film and its poster was designed by BLT Communications.

    The first few things that we notice about this poster is the bright yellow colour, the Volkswagen van, and the characters running towards it. The image used on the poster is a still from the film. The yellow van signifies freedom and the word Volkswagen means ‘people’s car’ in German. These vans are notorious for breaking down and the films has used this to comic effect in their poster portraying a family running to keep up with a vehicle which has trouble breaking. The image of the car denotes travel which also has connotations of adventure and freedom, all key themes in the film. The image gives a clear visual representation of the plot and reflects the light-hearted tone of the film. The colour yellow ties in with the name of the film. This poster gives a clear visual representation of the story, cast, crew and genre. Together the image, colours and tag-lines create a representation of the film’s genre. From the poster, it is clear that audiences can expect a comedy, adventure drama.

    Hence, posters are more important than you think. The saying “a picture is worth 1000 words” is true. One picture can tell a story in more detail than 1000 words ever could.

    4 MAJOR LEARNING LESSONS FROM THE BOOK ‘THE ALCHEMIST’

    1. NEVER GIVE UP

    While pursuing your dream, you will come along many obstacles in your path, and they may make your moral down and you will think that you are not capable of achieving that thing, but don’t give up because god is testing you so give your best shot every time.

    2. OVERCOME THE FEAR OF FAILURE

    Fear of failure is worse than the failure itself and this the only thing that will hold you back from attaining your dream. So, the best way is to embrace this failures as learning and move ahead in your quest of finding your destiny.

    3.TAKE ACTION

    You will never learn how to do things unless you implement them , by taking actions because actions are the only ways of learning how to correctly do the things, and if you don’t take actions you will never learn.

    4. ENJOY THE JOURNEY

    Enjoy this journey of reaching towards your destiny, because this is the moment where you will learn many things ,you will meet many people, there will be ups and downs but these things only makes your journey memorable. So, enjoy every bit of these journey.

    The Alchemist by Paulo Coelho

    “Indira Banerjee The only Women judge in Supreme Court at Present. “


    India is a massive democratic and independent country .All men and women are equal in this era no discrimination of gender in any matter like employment business government jobs. Many women work in different different sector. Women and men are valued equally in societies that are safer and healthier. Equality between men and women is a fundamental human right. Gender equality benefits everyone.
    Indira Banerjee is the best example for Women empowerment. Indira Banerjee is the only women judge in Supreme Court at present and she become the only 8th women Judge of the supreme Court.
    List of 8 Female Judge in Supreme Court:-
    1. Fathima Beevi (6 oct 1989 – 29 Apr 1992)
    2. Sujata Manohar(8 Nov 1994 – 27 Aug 1999)
    3. Ruma Pal (28 Jan 2000- 2 Jun 2006)
    4. Gyan Sudha Mishra(30 Apr 2010 – 27 Apr 2014)
    5. Ranjana Desai(13 Sept 2011 – 20 Oct 2014)
    6. R. Banumathi (13 Aug 2014 – 19 july 2020)
    7. Indu Malhotra (27 Apr 2017 -13 Mar 2021)
    8. Indira Banerjee(27 Aug 2018- 23 Sep 2023)

    Indira Banerjee, who was born on September 24, 1957, went to Loreto House in Kolkata for her education. She subsequently moved on to Presidency College for her Bachelor’s degree, and then on to Calcutta University for law school. In July 1985, she began working as a lawyer at Calcutta High School.
    On February 5, 2002, she was named to the Calcutta High Court as a permanent judge. She was sent to the Delhi High Court in August of 2016. In April 2017, she succeeded Justice Sanjay Kishan Kaul as Chief Justice of the Madras High Court. Following Justice Kanta Kumari Bhatnagar, Justice Banerjee is the second woman to lead the chartered High Court.
    Justice Banerjee’s name was suggested for elevation to the Supreme Court by the Supreme Court Collegium on July 16, and the Centre accepted it yesterday.
    Justice Banerjee is the Supreme Court’s eighth female judge.

    In addition, she releases a new album. With Justice R Banumathi and Justice Indu Malhotra already on the Supreme Court, Justice Indira Banerjee’s appointment brings the total number of female judges on the court to three, a number that has never been reached since the court’s creation in 1950.

    In the judiciary, more women are needed.
    It’s past time for those in charge of appointing judges to the high court and the Supreme Court to recognise the need of providing enough representation for women in the judiciary. Without diluting merit, the superior judiciary should have reserved seats for women, similar to the subordinate judiciary.
    We should be concerned about more than just the economic consequences of the dearth of female (judges) in the employment. Women at all levels of the judiciary are critical in addressing certain issues that can have far-reaching social and political consequences: one, insufficient representation in the courts can exacerbate biases; second, a lack of women in courts raises questions about the courts’ legitimacy as representatives of the societies they serve; and third, the presence of women judges signals equality of opportunity for women.

    Complaints Never End!

    What is the most important goal of you as a person? Having a perfect life, Or a happy one? Do we even have proper definitions to these terms available. Why is it so that we all are always just complaining, being sad about something or other going wrong in our lives. Why do we only wish to count the things we are lacking and not the ones which are present for us everyday. Well, may be because we are too busy in proving ourselves superior these days that we just couldn’t accept if anyone around possess anything better than us. And the fun fact is the other person is trying to do the same thing, and thus they try to hide their shortcomings and outshine themselves while actually they are into the same thought as yours. Moreover, in today’s scenarios people not only tend to show their superiority by their possessions but also in the problems of their life. Say, if you go to someone to vent about your problems they will try to demean the depth of your problem and describe their’s as a major issue.

    WHAT IS THE ISSUE WITH US?

    !ACCEPTANCE! The most important thing to have in life. And the thing most lacked by us, humans. It is the one thing which can solve 50% of our stress because as they say ” It’s all in the mind”. Accepting doesn’t mean to learn to settle for less, or to stop working to improve or to grow. Having a simple meaning, still a very crucial term to understand. As when interpreted wrong it could even make you resistant to your own growth. Acceptance is the the gratitude for good things and priviledges we have even if it’s those basic things like food to eat which thousands of people in the world are still deprived of, shelter to live while there are so many who still have no roof on their heads and still keep lurking here and there, clothes to wear that still is very hard to even afford for some and books to learn, as education being the strongest weapon to survive in this World has to be considered a basic necessity for all. However, many of them doesn’t even understand the meaning of this term. Acceptance is the sense of Belongingness we get from our beloved family and friends around us, the ones who care for us and deserve to be loved back. The true value of such relations is understood by the individuals who have no friends, by the kids who lost their families/ parents at an early age, those old age people whose children separated from them. Thus, instead of trying to make them feel inferior or boasting about oneself we should be celebrating ans supporting each other with love and care as we humas are here for each other, by each other. Acceptance is the fact that life doesn’t need to be perfect and happiness doesn’t come from luxuries. Rather, it solely depends on your state of mind in every situation.

    Life is made up of both, JOYS and SORROWS..

    Problems and situations has to be present each day! Or else what else you could be doing with the time regularly. Being stressed regularly is a burden, likewise enjoying regularly will bore you with it someday soon too. Imbalance works nowhere, and that is why you get both joys and sorrows equally or based on the decisions you make in life. This is what our lives are all about, as days of relaxation and entertainment are there to make us realise the beauty of our life. The troublesome days are here to provide you with lessons of life, to build your knowledge of how you solve and create, to let you grow. Solving problematic situations gets you acknowledged with the opportunities you can use to create the methodologies and ethics to be followed by you for the entire lifetime. With every step you climb, you learn from the bygones and take precautions from making similar mistakes and realise the value of certain things or people you should have been happy about. This is how the life cycle works, right.

    Realise before it goes away.

    As the times passes, individuals and possessions come and go, it depends upon you which ones you hold or let go. Complaining or being jealous doesn’t helps you get something but, acceptance surely would strength you to move on and find happiness and peace in the hardest situations too. Learn to value what belongs to you, and not always what you desire. Materials doesn’t die along with you,those are feelings and satisfaction that survive until the end and provide you the smile at the end of the day.

    In such cases, Often The best motivations are when you look up to some real life stories and the protagonist of these stories growing through. Because, then you could believe the actual importance to a specific lesson. So here are a few links for you to hear actual people and learn ;

    It took me 20 years to accept myself

    You don’t find happiness, you create it!

    CHILD LABOUR

    Child Labour refers to the practise of using young children in factories, but it is increasingly used to refer to the employment of minors in general, particularly in jobs that may interfere with their education or threaten their health. Children have always worked alongside their parents in the fields, the marketplace, and around the home as soon as they were old enough to accomplish simple tasks. Child labour is not a new occurrence, nor is it limited to a single state.

    Facts and myth about child labour– Employers are thought to obligate children by hiring them. However, the fact is that employers are simply concerned with profit, and child labour can be exploited at no cost to them. Many industries rely significantly on child labour because children are willing to work for little or no pay and for extended periods of time without complaining. Industries such as bead manufacturing, glass manufacturing, carpet manufacturing, gem and stone polishing, matches, and fireworks have grown solely on the power of young labour. There is a vested interest in the recruitment of underage labourers since it benefits them. The main cause is low salaries. Which employer prefers a child above an adult. Poverty is NOT an option. These statistics reveal that the vast majority of children employed in these businesses are from Scheduled Castes, Scheduled Tribes, or Other Backward Castes.

    Second, while it is true that child labourers come from impoverished families, it should be noted that child labour also perpetuates poverty because the child labourer who survives the harsh conditions becomes an unskilled adult who is not employed even in the industry that previously exploited him or her. Furthermore, child employees are paid a pittance or receive no pay at all. Child labour also lowers adult salaries and keeps adults out of work. Third, some people believe that if youngsters labour, they will be equipped with skills for the future. When we look at the facts, we can see that the activities assigned to child labourers, such as labelling, filling, and transporting, are simple and repetitive. By doing these exercises, youngsters are not so much learning a skill as they are being subjected to gruelling, monotonous work. Furthermore, the job done by young labourers jeopardises their prospects. Children’s health is harmed by exposure to the elements, dust, harmful gases, and chemical solutions, which shortens their lives. Some people believe that children work faster and have nimble fingers, which are required for certain types of work, particularly knotting carpets, but it is a myth that child labour is necessary and that children are capable of weaving better carpets than adults, but children were allegedly employed in simple tasks for which they had a special aptitude lost to adults. Adults were not only employed in all of these enterprises, but they outnumbered children in the studied units. Furthermore, their pace of physical production was higher than that of children.

    Child labour is an International Problem– Child labour is still a major issue in many regions of the world in the early twenty-first century. According to research conducted during the International Year of the Child in 1979, more than 50 million children under the age of 15 were working in a variety of vocations, many of which were dangerous. Many of these youngsters reside in impoverished nations, where their living conditions are deplorable and their educational opportunities are limited. These families frequently lack the necessities of life, such as proper food, clothing, and shelter, as well as water for bathing. 20,000 children in India, for example, work 16-hour days in match factories. Child labour issues are not restricted to developing countries. They occur everywhere poverty exists in Europe and the United States. The most important efforts to reduce child labour abuses around the world are led by the INTERNATIONAL LABOUR ORGANIZATION (ILO), which was created in 1919 and is now a special agency of the United Nations. Among its members, the organisation has implemented various child-labor conventions, including a minimum age of 16 years for admittance to all work, a higher minimum age for specialised categories of employment, mandatory medical examinations, and night work control. Slavery, prostitution, debt bondage, and forced military service were added to the list of the worst types of child labour by the ILO in the late twentieth century.

    CONCLUSION– It is possible to infer that The Child Labour (Prohibition and Regulation) Act is an Act that was passed in order to adopt all of the international standards against child labour that have been adopted by the United Nations. Furthermore, the Supreme Court’s explanation and analysis, as well as those of other courts, have made the Act a significant piece of legislation that has contributed to reducing the scourge of child labour to a bare minimum. Although a lot of laws have been enacted to prevent child labour, no law will be effective in eradicating the evil of child labour unless the laws are properly enforced and unless each and every individual does something to help in eradicating the problem aside from the application of the law.

    Natural calamities in india

    Natural Calamities are events that take place due to either natural activity or human-made activity. It leaves long-lasting effects on human lives and properties. It is increasing day by day all over the world. It is because of the misuse of environmental resources by humans. India suffers due to its vulnerable geographical location. Despite knowing it, the country still doesn’t have a proper disaster management unit.

    There are different kinds of Natural Disasters in India that happen frequently and leave painful effects on the Indians’ Iives.

     Earthquake is one of the frequently occurring natural disasters in India. It happens because of high internal pressure between huge rocks within the Earth’s crust. It causes them to break apart. It shakes the land. If the intensity is high, houses, apartments, etc. collapse or get damaged. India faces mild earthquakes frequently. However, the country has faced multiple severe earthquakes as well.

    Drought is another major natural calamity that is caused by the absence of rain. There are three types of droughts – meteorology, hydrology, and agriculture-related. More than 10% area in India is prone to drought. The north-western part of India is particularly prone to dryness.

    Cyclones occur in India mainly because of the Bay of Bengal and the Arabian Sea. Some states like West Bengal, Orissa, Tamil Nadu, Maharashtra, Gujarat, etc. are prone to it. Every year, India faces five to six cyclones. It happens because of the variation of temperature and pressure in oceans.

    Wildfire or forest fire is also frequent in India as India has dry and warm forests prone to it. It is dangerous for wild animals, nearby local people, and the environment as well.

    Apart from these, other natural calamities occur in India like floods, landslides, avalanches, etc.

    Several human activities are aiding natural disasters. Growing population and consumerist tendencies are the main factors behind it. With the increasing population, the demand and use of natural resources are increasing. As a result, unwanted environmental change is occurring. Water scarcity, global warming, climate change are some effects of it. Apart from these, the neverending desire and want of humans is crucial for natural disasters. Water is going down the average level. Industrial solvents are polluting the rivers and the sea. Dirty, unclean gases from industries and vehicles are polluting the air. Many men made creations are destroying wildlife. Furthermore, excessive cutting of trees has contributed to global warming we are facing now. The more people will exploit nature; the more natural calamities will occur.

    Solution

    There are various ways in which the effect of natural calamities can be minimized. The government should have a secure financial backup for managing disasters. It is because floods destroy properties and effects human lives. Money is an essential thing for recovery. There should be a proper disaster management unit in every state that all well connected to every corner of the state. Here, strong leadership is of utmost importance. The government should invest more in researches on natural disasters. Suggestions from other countries should be taken. People should be thoroughly aware of any upcoming natural disasters so that they can take proper precautions. The government should focus on new inventions that help control natural disasters. Above all, we should leave our consumerist nature and start believing in sustainability. We should stop doing things that are not friendly to our environments. If these things can be maintained appropriately, not only India but any part of the world can efficiently handle the outcomes of a natural disaster.

    WOMEN EMPOWERMENT

    Women’s empowerment equips and allows women to make life determining decisions through the different problems in soceity. they may have the oppurtunity to redefine gender roles or other such roles, which in turn may allow them more freedom to pursue desired goals. women empowerment has become a significant topic of discussion in development and economics. economic empowerment allows women to control and benefit from resources, assets, and income. it also aids the ability to manage risk and improve womens’s well being. it can result in approaches to support trivialized genders in a particular political or social content. while often interchangeably used, the more comprehensive concept of gender empowerment concerns people of any gender, stressing the distintion between biological and gender as a role. women empowerment helps in boosting the status of women through literacy, education, training, and awarness creation. furthermore, women’s empowerment refers to womens ability to make strategic life choices which had been previously denied them. it refers to increasing and improving the social, economic, political and legal strength of the women, to ensure equal right to women. women empowerment helps women to control and benefit from resources, assets, income and their own time, as well as the ability to manage risk and improve their economic status and wellbeing. many of the barriers to women empowerment and equity lie ingrained in cultural norms. many women feel these pressures while others have become accustomed to being treated inferior to men.