Tag: #antagonists

The heavy burden of social suffering!

The wretchedness the pandemic has caused to the helpless focuses to the repulsive manners by which social orders are composed.

It is a cliché that enduring is a piece of life. Nobody, actually nobody, is excluded from it.

A profound philosophical understanding of this case is given by the incomparable Buddha: the simple actuality of human presence involves enduring in light of the fact that everything on the planet is fleeting , transient. Its impending vanishing is experienced as a misfortune, causing anguish. This basic blemish on the planet keeps all of us in a close perpetual condition of ‘dukkha’ or radical uneasiness.

Unpreventable truth

There is a second, critical sense in which every single individual are liable to anguish. We as a whole experience a profoundly negative, undesirable experience when day by day schedule is disturbed by infection, affliction, maturing, demise, characteristic fiasco or when an incident surprisingly collides with our life. Some portion of their life cycle, all people are similarly powerless against it. Buddha conversed with extraordinary shrewdness about it as do the Indian stories. For sure, most religions on the planet endeavor to address and comprehend this pervasive, certain human enduring that is both physical and mental (sentiments of significant futility, misery and gloom). Incomprehensibly, our very ability to reflect, to recollect our past and envision a future increases this affliction.

Buddha talked not just about the profoundly felt enduring brought about by major, troublesome scenes throughout everyday life yet in addition minor, constant, day by day enduring — offense caused inside a person by an exertion going waste, an unfulfilled desire or a botched chance, by the persevering disturbances inside social cooperations. In a roundabout way, he separated enduring by its length — present moment, wordy or long haul, ceaseless. The incomparable Asoka presented another measurement, certainly recognizing enduring by its source, by what causes it, as emerging inside human office or outside it. Claiming up obligation, he communicated regret at the huge and proceeding with anguish he caused to the individuals of Kalinga. He recognized how the misery brought about by a war he pursued started a chain response, making an ever-enlarging circle of co-victims.

The dim and awful Mahabharata additionally talks about war, a moderately short 18-day scene wherein monstrous human enduring was caused by one gathering on another. Accordingly, we may recognize types of human enduring by their (a) source, (b) power and gravity and (c) length. With these, we can home in on a third type of ‘dukkha’ — in which grave disturbances brought about by people become a suffering component of day by day life, as when humankind was constantly assaulted by the two universal wars.

Horrible pictures

Such giant wretchedness dispensed by one gathering of people on another or by the rulers on the managed may be called socio-political affliction. This indefensible experience, a result of different demonstrations of commission or exclusion by influential individuals in the public arena who do battle, force cruel monetary measures, purposely sow social divisions or work to serve a couple with no respect for the government assistance of the bigger, feeble populace, is totally avoidable. As of not long ago in mankind’s history, this foundational brutality and organized persecution was scarcely perceived the truth about: something not given to however made by people.

It is this man-made enduring that has as of late attacked our lives. It is instigated neither exclusively by COVID-19 nor by the choice to lockdown however generally by how the lockdown has been taken care of, helping us to remember Arthur Schopenhauer’s remark that “the world is Hell, and men are from one viewpoint the wounded spirits and on the other the villains in it”. Lakhs of destitute, shoeless specialists walking many kilometers under the searing sun. A pregnant lady conveying a heap on her head, or lying in a truck pushed by her better half; a mother conveying an infant on the asphalt and minutes after the fact rising up to reestablish her excursion or pulling a wrecked bag on wheels with a four-year-old sticking to it; a 10-year-old crumbling on the side of the road, depleted by the heat;a cart puller from Delhi cycling right to Bihar with all his family and common merchandise; scores stowing away in the guts of a dumper to evade the correctional look of the police, thousands spending unlimited evenings on the stage trusting that the guaranteed train will show up and take them home, hundreds killed on the railroad track or the street by speeding vehicles or trains, their food, blood and chappals thronw all over the place.

These pictures that have flashed past us are breaking, first since they show the sheer corporeality of misery — agony and injury, incredible weariness and depletion, presentation to over the top warmth, stomachs throbbing with hunger, dried throats, sickness and tipsiness; and second, since they display unendurable mental trouble — stifled anger, pain at the predicament of old guardians or little youngsters, nostalgia, dread, loss of poise, mortification, social dismissal, selling out, the relentless acknowledgment that you live with other people who treat you as dispensable waste, as trash. They all join to produce a far reaching assault on one’s personhood joined by a sentiment of overpowering misery that one exists by any means. We have been seeing here a concentrated type of what a large number of individuals experience every day in a few or another piece of the world, distinctly bringing into help that huge scope disturbances, for example, the current pandemic compound basic enduring of millions and point to the repulsive manners by which numerous social orders are presently sorted out.

Moral detachment

There is some kind of problem with this world, and gravely, amazingly amiss with our ethical lack of concern to this every day forswearing of mankind to other people. How could it be that we, bodily creatures, similarly powerless against agony and pain, permit others to encounter expresses that we won’t acknowledge for a moment? How might we acknowledge a procedure of self-development that just neglects to make us moral? By what method can a country be worked without sahahridyata (mutual sentiments, empathy)?How can a social structure exist that renders unnecessary those very individuals who put their life and blood in looking after it? Is it accurate to say that we are occupied with an obsolete ceremony of savagery which we know to be inadequate without the penance of the most valuable, the most imperative among us?

Oh dear, this ethical coarseness — the capacity to separate from foiling conditions, to not see or feel for them, hear or consider them — isn’t only a protective mental methodology to keep normal yet an imbued propensity, comprising what we are, a piece of our preparation since adolescence, a quality in our character. Maybe, it is basic to our picked, liberal way of life — one supported by social and financial procedures that begin in the painstakingly shrouded abuse of others. Without a doubt, a portion of these practices have an old genealogy — for example, the various leveled station framework established on abuse of basic others; others are a lot of a result of present day innovation and association. Doesn’t a typical irreverent string go through the remote control bombarding of regular citizen populaces, the sorted out hardware of destructive savagery, the catastrophic demolition of the earth and the auxiliary destitution of millions?

We are largely at fault in this grave bad behavior. However, this common obligation is reviewed. Those with more influence and riches, the individuals who run the state and the huge companies must bear more noteworthy duty regarding aggregate affliction.

There may have been when a great many people arranged themselves to a world that was minimal more than what Schopenhauer called ‘a reformatory province’, where life itself was seen as discipline, in which nothing untoward or unpredictable was found in the tortures of life. Common cataclysms and man-made abuse were seen as a major aspect of the request for things. This appears to have changed all over the place and in India as well, especially by the experience of the counter pilgrim battle and the energy of contemporary political majority rules system. Today an ever increasing number of individuals consider some others liable for part of their anguish and expect governments that are run in their name to take care of business. Undoubtedly, when suitable, they straightforwardly, freely accuse governments as well. Along these lines, individual residents and governments, be careful!

PLANT GROWTH PROMOTING RHIZOBACTERIA

Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacteria or PGPR is a group of bacteria that can be found in the rhizosphere or it can be said that bacteria that colonize the roots of the plants that enhance plant growth. It is observed that the rhizosphere is the zone of maximum microbial activity. It is the rhizosphere region of the plant from where most of the essential mico and macro- nutrients are extracted. The different species of Bacteria, Fungi, Actinomycetes, Protozoa, and Algae can be found in the rhizosphere region, Bacteria being the most abundant.
The term PGPR was introduced by Kloepper and Schroth. They concluded that PGPR are not only associated with the roots to exert beneficial effects on plant development but also have positive effects on controlling phytopathogenic microbes. Therefore, PGPR is one of the active ingredients in biofertilizer.
Based on the interactions , PGPRs are of 2 different types :

  1. SYMBIOTIC or INTRACELLULAR BACTERIA (iPGPR) live inside plants and exchange metabolites directly by biofertilization, stimulation of plant growth, rhizoremediation, and plant stress control. While performing direct growth promotion, they behave as Biofertilizers.
  2. FREE – LIVING or EXTRACELLULAR BACTERIA (ePGPR) live outside plant cells and indirectly increases plant growth by reducing the impact of disease, by Antibiosis, induction of systemic resistance, and competition for nutrients and niches. While performing indirect plant growth promotion, they behave as Biopesticide.

PGPR shows an important role in sustainable agriculture industry.
Undoubtedly, there is an increased demand of crop production now-a-days and also a significant reduction of synthetic chemical pesticides and fertilizers which is a big challenge. So, the use of PGPR has been proven to be one of the best ways of increasing crop yields by facilitating plant growth.
PGPR show synergistic and antagonistic interactions with microorganisms within the rhizosphere and in bulk soil, which indirectly boosts the plant growth rate. PGPR also works as a biofertilizer for agricultural sustainability.
Agriculture is one of the human activities which leads to the increasing amount of chemical pollutants with the excessive and continuous use of chemical fertilizers and pesticides. This causes further environmental damage causing a serious risk for human health.
For e.g. N2O is excessively released by continuous use of nitrogen fertilizers which causes Greenhouse effect and finally Global Warming. Farmers apply a high concentration of nitrogen fertilizers in the form of ammonium nitrate to increase crop yield but continuous use of nitrogen fertilizers decreases the Biological Nitrogen Fixation in soil.

For Sustainable Agriculture fulfillment, crops which are produced must be grown with disease resistance, salt tolerance, drought tolerance, heavy metal stress tolerance, and better nutritional value. Also, the use of soil microorganisms is the one possible way. Soil microbes increase the nutrient uptake capacity and water use efficiency in the soil. Among these soil microorganisms, PGPRs are mostly used which are capable of performing all the activities without environmental contamination. PGPR include the species of Pseudomonas, Bacillus, Enterobacter, Klebsiella, Azobacter, Variovorax, Azosprillum and Serratia.
But it is found that agricultural industries worldwide still not use the concept of PGPRs. This is due to the inconsistent properties of inoculated PGPR which can greatly influence the crop production.

 A PGPR must :

  1. Possess its survival in soil by tolerating several environmental factors.
  2. Be compatible with the crops on which it is inoculated.
  3. Be interactive with the already existing microflora in soil.
  4. Have a broad spectrum of action.
  5. Be safe for the environment.
  6. Enhance plant growth.
    Another challenge is that all Rhizobacteria do not possess the same mechanisms which is a major disadvantage for the environment therefore, PGPR still are not used as a biofertilizer in global agricultural productivity.

HOW TO CHOOSE MOST APPROPRIATE ANTIBACTERIAL CHEMOTHERAPY?

Choosing an antibacterial drug therapy can depend on various factors which are mentioned below:

BACTERIOSTATIC V/S BACTERICIDAL
Antibacterial chemotherapeutic agents can be categorized as bacteriostatic and bactericidal on the basis of their interaction with the targeted bacterial pathogens.
Bacteriostatic drugs work by inhibiting the growth of specific bacteria. Static drugs work by reversibly inhibiting the growth i.e. if the agent (drug) is removed or if its effect if over, the microorganism will get recovered and will grow again causing the same infection again.
Bactericidal drugs work by directly killing the target bacteria from the location. Cidal drugs may act as static drugs at low concenteration.

Use of any drug also depends on the immune system of the host because static drug does not completely eliminate the target bacteria. For patients with strong immune system, either static or cidal drugs can be used for curing infection while in case of immunocompromised individual, only cidal drugs are essentially required for complete removal of the bacterial infections.

SPECTRUM OF ACTIVITY
On the basis of their range or spectrum of activity, the chemotherapeutic agents can be broadly categorized into 5 different categories:

  1. Narrow spectrum antibiotics are only active against less no. of microorganisms. They target only a specific strains of bacterial pathogens, especially gram positive bacteria.
  2. Moderate spectrum antibiotics target most of the gram positive bacterial pathogens as well as most systemic, enteric and urinary tract gram negative bacterial pathogens.
  3. Narrow and moderate spectrum antibiotics are known to cover all the β-lactam antibiotics which can effectively work against gram positive and negative bacteria. Some members of this classification are only effective against gram negative while others can also kill gram positive bacteria.
  4. Broad spectrum antibiotics, as the name suggests targets a broad range of bacterial pathogens which includes almost all the prokaryotic organisms except mycobacteria and pseudomonas. They are also effective against polymicrobic infections (mixed infections caused by multiple bacterial species). It is used when other spectrum antibiotics fail to treat infections due to drug resistance. There is a risk of superinfection while using broad spectrum antibiotics.
  5. Anti-mycobacterial antibiotics are only effective against mycobacterial strains of pathogenic bacteria.

DOSAGE AND ROUTE OF ADMINISTRATION
• Dosage –
The minimum or maximum amount of drug that a patient is given is the dosage of the drug. The dosage of the particular drug needs to be determined carefully to ensure that the optimum level of that particular drug is achieved at the site of infection for the elimination of the infection without causing any toxic side effects. Therefore, the selection and standardization of dosage of a particular drug is done so that it has the minimum side effect.
• Route of administration –
It can be defined as the method by which a drug is introduced in the patient’s body. There are different ways of administration of a drug. The most preferred drugs are the one that can be administered orally because it is easier for the patients to take them even at their home without visiting the health care professionals again and again. However, it is observed that not all drugs can be absorbed from the gastro intestinal tract. E.g. Bacitracin, Polymyxin and many antifungals. These drugs may be available to the patients in the form of topical preparations so that they can be applied for the treatment of superficial skin infections.
The another condition arises when a patient is unable to take oral drug initially due to some illness like vomiting. In that condition, the drug is preferably administered through parenteral route i.e. intramuscular or intravenous injections. In general, for most of the drugs, the drug levels in plasma introduced via intravenous is higher than that of oral or intramuscular route.

POTENTIAL FOR SIDE EFFECTS
The adverse effects which are seen in the patient’s body after administration of any drug can be classified into 3 main types:

  1. PHARMACOLOGICAL SIDE EFFECTS
    These are the toxic side effects which the drug shows by damaging the infected or even healthy cells by the production of some toxic chemicals on cell surface or their interior.
  2. ALLERGIC SIDE EFFECTS
    Some drugs show the allergic reactions in the patient’s body which is due to the antigen-antibody reaction which in turn effects other cells and show some allergy.
  3. BIOLOGICAL TYPE SIDE EFFECTS
    This type of side effect is worst and it involves interference of the drug with the normal microflora of the body which is followed by either local chemical damage or superinfection.

POTENTIAL INTERACTION BETWEEN DRUGS
Most of the time, antibiotics are administered in the patient’s body as a single agent but many time it becomes necessary to take two or more drugs at a time. So, different drugs administered at a single time show some interaction among them.
The interaction may be positive or negative.
Sometimes, a synergistic or positive interaction is shown by two antibiotics when they are administered together. Some drugs show bactiostatic effect when used as a single agent but are able to show bactericidal effect when combined with other antibiotic.
On the other hand, some drugs when used together show negative effect or antagonistic effect. Antagonism can occur between two antimicrobial or between one antimicrobial and one non-antimicrobial. The antagonistic interactions thus cause toxic side effects, loss of drug activity, decreased effect of drug at the site of infection. For e.g. Penicillin and bacteriostatic drugs are antagonists of each other.