Tag: #blog

WordPress.com: A Comprehensive Overview

Daily writing prompt
Write a letter to your 100-year-old self.
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WordPress.com is a powerful, user-friendly platform designed for creating websites, blogs, and eCommerce stores. Launched in 2005 by Automattic, WordPress.com offers a hosted solution for those who want to build a website without the technical complexities of self-hosted WordPress.org.

Key Features of WordPress.com

WordPress.com is known for its simplicity, versatility, and scalability. It offers a wide range of features that cater to both beginners and experienced web developers.

1. Ease of Use

  • WordPress.com provides a straightforward dashboard interface that simplifies content creation and website management.
  • Users can easily add posts, pages, media files, and customize themes without coding knowledge.

2. Hosting and Maintenance

  • WordPress.com offers managed hosting, eliminating the need for users to set up servers or manage software updates.
  • Automatic security patches, backups, and updates are included in the platform.

3. Free and Premium Plans

  • Free Plan: Offers basic features with WordPress-branded domain (e.g., yourwebsite.wordpress.com).
  • Paid Plans: Unlock advanced customization, premium themes, SEO tools, and monetization options.

4. Themes and Design

  • WordPress.com provides a vast collection of themes for various industries such as business, portfolio, blog, and eCommerce.
  • Users can customize colors, fonts, layouts, and widgets using the intuitive Customizer tool.

5. Plugins and Extensions (For Premium Users)

  • Higher-tier plans on WordPress.com support custom plugins for added functionality like SEO optimization, contact forms, analytics, and eCommerce tools.

6. SEO and Marketing Tools

  • WordPress.com integrates SEO tools to enhance website visibility in search engines.
  • Users can leverage email marketing, social sharing tools, and content scheduling for improved audience engagement.

7. Blogging Capabilities

  • WordPress.com’s robust blogging platform allows for easy content creation, multimedia integration, and comment management.
  • Features like tags, categories, and RSS feeds make it ideal for content-driven websites.

8. eCommerce Support

  • With the WordPress.com Business Plan or higher, users can build an online store using WooCommerce for product listings, payment gateways, and order management.

9. Security and Backups

  • WordPress.com provides SSL certificates, DDoS protection, and automated backups to ensure data security and reliability.

10. Multilingual Support

  • WordPress.com offers translation plugins and multilingual features, making it ideal for global websites.

Benefits of WordPress.com

✅ Beginner-Friendly Interface: No coding knowledge is required.
✅ Scalability: Ideal for personal blogs, business websites, and eCommerce stores.
✅ Reliable Hosting: Ensures uptime, speed, and performance.
✅ SEO Optimized: Integrated tools help improve website visibility.
✅ Wide Community Support: Users can access extensive guides, forums, and documentation.

WordPress.com vs WordPress.org

While both are part of the WordPress ecosystem, there are key differences:

FeatureWordPress.comWordPress.org
HostingManaged Hosting (included)Requires separate hosting
CustomizationLimited unless on a paid planFull access to themes and plugins
MonetizationRestricted on the free planFull control over monetization
MaintenanceAutomated updates and backupsManual updates and backups required
Domain NameFree WordPress.com domain or custom domain (with paid plans)Custom domain setup required

Who Should Use WordPress.com?

  • Beginners looking for a simple platform with minimal technical setup.
  • Bloggers who need an easy-to-use content publishing tool.
  • Small Businesses wanting a cost-effective and professional online presence.
  • Creative Professionals such as writers, photographers, and designers seeking a portfolio site.

Get a New Website Now

WordPress.com is a versatile platform that offers a blend of simplicity and powerful features. Whether you’re starting a blog, launching a business website, or building an online store, WordPress.com provides the tools you need to succeed. With its flexible plans and user-friendly interface, it’s an ideal choice for anyone looking to create a professional web presence without deep technical expertise.

Call for Guest Posts on Eduindex.org – High Impact News Portal

Daily writing prompt
What’s your favorite cartoon?
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Call for Guest Posts on Eduindex.org – High Impact News Portal

Eduindex.org, a prominent high-impact news portal, is now accepting guest post submissions from passionate writers, thought leaders, researchers, and professionals from diverse fields. The portal, which covers a wide array of topics ranging from education, technology, business, health, to lifestyle and current affairs, offers an excellent platform to share your insights, research, and expertise with a global audience.

This article will delve into the call for guest posts on Eduindex.org, the high-impact domains it focuses on, the benefits of contributing to this platform, and the submission process to ensure that your guest post meets the site’s editorial standards.

About Eduindex.org

Eduindex.org is a renowned news portal that serves as a comprehensive platform for content related to education, technology, business, health, and lifestyle, along with up-to-date global news and trends. Eduindex has gained a reputation for promoting high-quality content that adds value to readers and fosters intellectual discourse.

By accepting guest posts, Eduindex seeks to expand its pool of content by inviting experts, influencers, and professional writers to contribute original articles. This initiative is aimed at enriching the platform with diverse perspectives, thought-provoking ideas, and useful information that resonates with an audience of students, academics, professionals, and general readers.

Why Write for Eduindex.org?

  1. Global Reach and Visibility: Eduindex.org attracts readers from all over the world, including students, educators, researchers, professionals, and industry leaders. Contributing a guest post helps you reach a wider, global audience who are actively interested in the topics you cover.
  2. Engagement with a Diverse Audience: The platform engages with a diverse demographic, which means your content can have a broad impact across various sectors such as education, business, technology, healthcare, and more. This is an excellent opportunity to engage with people from different backgrounds and industries.
  3. Enhance Your Professional Credibility: Publishing on Eduindex.org provides you with an opportunity to showcase your expertise. It can help enhance your professional reputation and position you as a thought leader in your field. It’s a great addition to your portfolio, whether you’re an academic, an entrepreneur, or a professional writer.
  4. Networking and Collaboration Opportunities: By writing for Eduindex.org, you open doors for potential collaborations, networking opportunities, and partnerships with like-minded professionals in your field. Being featured on a high-traffic platform can increase your exposure and facilitate valuable connections.
  5. Improve Your SEO and Online Presence: Eduindex.org enjoys a strong online presence and its high domain authority. Publishing a guest post with a backlink to your website or blog can significantly boost your SEO rankings, driving more traffic to your own content and improving your online visibility.
  6. Contribute to Knowledge Sharing: Eduindex.org is committed to knowledge sharing and intellectual growth. By contributing a guest post, you are part of an effort to disseminate important ideas, research findings, trends, and news that can educate and inspire readers worldwide.

High-Impact Domains for Guest Posts

Eduindex.org covers a broad range of high-impact topics, and guest posts are invited across various fields. Below are some of the primary domains where you can contribute:

  1. Education and Learning
    • Innovations in Education
    • E-learning and Digital Education
    • Educational Policies and Reforms
    • Classroom Technologies and Tools
    • Higher Education Trends
    • Learning Disabilities and Special Education
    • Online Learning Platforms and MOOCs
    • Student Well-being and Mental Health
  2. Technology and Innovation
    • Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Machine Learning
    • Blockchain and Cryptocurrency
    • Internet of Things (IoT)
    • Cybersecurity and Data Protection
    • Cloud Computing and Big Data
    • Virtual Reality (VR) and Augmented Reality (AR)
    • Emerging Tech Trends and Innovations
    • Tech Startups and Entrepreneurship
  3. Business and Entrepreneurship
    • Business Strategy and Leadership
    • Startup Culture and Growth
    • Entrepreneurship in the Digital Age
    • E-commerce and Digital Marketing
    • Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR)
    • Global Business Trends
    • Financial Planning and Investment
    • Leadership and Organizational Behavior
  4. Health and Wellness
    • Healthcare Innovations and Research
    • Mental Health Awareness
    • Fitness and Nutrition Trends
    • Medical Technologies and Breakthroughs
    • Chronic Diseases and Treatments
    • Preventive Healthcare and Public Health
    • Healthcare Policies and Administration
    • Alternative Medicine and Holistic Healing
  5. Lifestyle and Society
    • Personal Development and Growth
    • Productivity and Time Management
    • Social Media and Digital Influence
    • Fashion and Beauty Trends
    • Travel and Adventure
    • Family and Parenting
    • Sustainable Living and Environment
    • Work-Life Balance
  6. Current Affairs and Global News
    • Political Analysis and Global Relations
    • Economic News and Market Trends
    • Social Justice and Human Rights
    • Climate Change and Environmental Issues
    • Technological Advancements in Society
    • Global Crises and Natural Disasters
    • Cultural Awareness and Diversity

Guest Post Submission Guidelines

To ensure that your guest post is considered for publication on Eduindex.org, it is crucial to follow their submission guidelines:

  1. Relevance to Eduindex.org’s Audience: Your guest post must be relevant to the topics covered by Eduindex.org, including education, business, technology, health, lifestyle, and global news. It should provide useful, insightful, or thought-provoking content that aligns with the interests of the portal’s readership.
  2. Original Content: Eduindex.org only accepts original and unique content. Your article should not have been published elsewhere, including on blogs, other websites, or social media platforms. Plagiarism is strictly prohibited.
  3. Length and Structure: Guest posts should typically be between 800 to 1,500 words. Your post should be well-structured, with clear headings, subheadings, and paragraphs to enhance readability. Use a professional tone while ensuring the content is engaging and easy to understand.
  4. Quality and Research: Articles should be well-researched, fact-based, and data-driven where applicable. Please include credible sources and references to support your claims, especially for topics that involve scientific research, statistics, or specific case studies.
  5. SEO Optimization: To maximize the reach of your post, please ensure that the article is SEO-optimized. Use relevant keywords that are aligned with your topic, and ensure that the post has a clear focus and is tailored to meet the needs of search engine algorithms.
  6. Grammar and Language: Your post should be written in proper English, free from grammatical errors and typos. Clear, concise language is preferred, and it’s essential that the content is easy to understand by a diverse audience.
  7. Author Bio and Links: Along with your article, please include a short author bio (about 50-100 words) that highlights your expertise, professional background, and any relevant accomplishments. You can also include one backlink to your website, blog, or social media profiles.
  8. Images and Visual Content: You can include relevant images, graphs, or infographics to complement your content. Ensure that any visual content used is of high quality and properly attributed. The images should be directly related to the topic of the article.
  9. Submission Process: To submit your guest post to Eduindex.org, follow the submission instructions on their website. Usually, you will need to complete a submission form and upload your article along with the author bio. After submission, your post will go through an editorial review process, and you will be notified if it has been accepted or requires revisions.

How to Submit a Guest Post

  1. Visit Eduindex.org and navigate to the “Guest Post Submission” section.
  2. Fill out the submission form with details about your article and your professional background.
  3. Upload your guest post along with any relevant images or supporting materials.
  4. Include a short author bio and links to your social media or website.
  5. Submit your post for editorial review.

Conclusion

Eduindex.org is a high-impact news portal that offers a unique opportunity for contributors to share their expertise, research, and insights with a global audience. Whether you are an academic, business professional, healthcare expert, or technology enthusiast, Eduindex welcomes your contributions on a wide range of important topics.

By submitting a guest post, you not only enhance your professional reputation but also contribute to the growth of intellectual discourse and knowledge sharing. Don’t miss the chance to be a part of this influential platform and make a lasting impact in your field.

How to Promote book using Guest Posting

Guest posting can be a fantastic way to promote your book! Here’s a quick guide to help you get started:

Photo by Yaroslav Shuraev on Pexels.com
  1. Identify Relevant Blogs: Look for blogs in your book’s niche or genre. Make sure they have an engaged audience that would be interested in your book.
  2. Build Relationships: Before reaching out, engage with the blog by commenting on their posts and sharing their content. This helps establish a connection and makes your pitch more likely to be accepted.
  3. Craft a Compelling Pitch: When reaching out to the blog owner or editor, be concise and highlight what makes your book unique. Explain why their audience would be interested and how your guest post can provide value.
  4. Propose Topics: Offer a few potential guest post topics that align with the blog’s content. This shows you’ve done your research and increases the chances of your pitch being accepted.
  5. Create Quality Content: Once your pitch is accepted, write a high-quality guest post. Make it informative, engaging, and relevant to the blog’s audience. Include a byline with a link to your book or author website.
  6. Optimize Your Bio: Craft a compelling author bio that not only introduces you but also encourages readers to check out your book. Include a call-to-action and a link to where they can purchase it.
  7. Promote Your Guest Post: Once the post is live, promote it on your own social media channels, newsletter, and any other platforms you’re active on. Encourage your network to visit the blog and engage with your content.
  8. Follow Up: Stay engaged with the blog’s audience by responding to comments on your guest post. This can help you build connections and attract more readers to your book.

Remember, consistency is key. Keep guest posting on relevant blogs to expand your reach and promote your book effectively. Good luck!

How to Start a Product Review Blog

 One of the greatest pleasures of being a blogger is writing product reviews. The excitement of getting packages in the mail, the thrill of finding a new product that helps my family, and the joy of making money from the comfort of my home has led to my career in professional blogging.

Photo by Shotkit on Pexels.com

So how can you get started? This primer will show you how to get started as a product reviewer.

A product review blog can be an excellent way to earn extra money online. By tying your blog to an affiliate program, you can create links from your blog to the merchants who sell the products you review. If a reader clicks a link and purchases the product, you earn a commission. However, writing a high-quality review can be difficult; you want your blog to generate sales, but readers will quickly grow suspicious if every review that you publish is positive. Publish honest, high-quality reviews to foster trust with your readers, gain a following for your blog and begin earning revenue.

This article will he helpful for those who are looking for Product review blogs. These blogs will be portal for users to get to know about more products. 

Selecting Items to Review

The first thing you need to consider is your audience. Is this something that only benefits you, or would you naturally recommend this product to a friend who matches your target audience? 

You are an Influencer

Start thinking of yourself as an influencer: you can influence your audience’s behaviors and buying habits.

As your readers grow to trust you, you will naturally want to recommend things that are useful to them. If there are products, services or even destinations that you’ve already enjoyed that fit with your blog’s focus, go ahead and write a piece about them. Once you do that, you are an influencer – it’s as simple as that.

At first, you won’t get paid or get free products, but you can monetize your reviews easily.

One of the best ways to monetize your blog is with affiliate marketing.

Ad banners are a horrible way to make money online. In 2020, less than 0.1% of viewers clicked on an ad banner, and that statistic is only getting worse.

Roughly 25% of all visitors use an ad blocker. That means fewer individuals are seeing the ads on your blog.

That means less money in your pocket.

Affiliate marketing is a much better way to monetize your blog, in my opinion. Of the eight ways to make money with a blog, it is perhaps my favorite.

Creating a product review blog is an effective way to use affiliate marketing. There are three types of blog posts a product review blogger can create:

  1. Review — Detailed analysis of a product
  2. Comparison — How does a product compare to other products in the marketplace?
  3. How-To — How to use a product after purchasing

In this article, I’ll mostly cover reviews and the format you should use for them.

I can tell you from experience that creating a product review blog works very well. All of the income from my site Investor Junkie came from affiliate marketing. I sold the blog in 2018.

In fact, most of the websites that have sold for over seven figures were also product review blogs.

It turns out, as one of the final steps before buying a product, consumers seek out product reviews. What used to be found by picking up a copy of Consumer Reports magazine is now found online with Google.

With a product review blog, there’s much you must do to ensure your success. This guide will get you started as a product reviewer. It includes advice for which I normally charge a consulting fee.

1

Disclose affiliate links if your blog uses them. You can do this a single time in your blog’s “About Us” or “Privacy Policy” section. Most readers can recognize affiliate links and do not appreciate attempts to “trick” them into clicking. It is far better to earn affiliate commissions because your readers trust and want to support the continued development of your blog; readers who enjoy your work will continue to purchase through you.

2

Review products honestly. If you own the product, state this in your review because readers tend to appreciate a review that comes from firsthand experience. If you do not like the product, say so — even if you have an affiliate partnership with the manufacturer or seller. Some readers may choose to buy the product anyway. If you don’t like the product, you may still be able to point out some positive points that make it a good choice for other types of consumers.

3

Avoid reviewing products you do not own or have never used. Many blogs attempt to capitalize on affiliate partnerships by writing reviews that merely state products’ features copied from the manufacturers’ websites. Readers can tell when a review contains no firsthand experience and will usually look elsewhere for a better review.

https://66aedd1386dba57c4a5e6203f14ea753.safeframe.googlesyndication.com/safeframe/1-0-38/html/container.html

4

Take your own pictures of the product whenever possible instead of using pictures from the manufacturer. Taking your own pictures — even if they look inferior to the manufacturer’s photos — proves that you are writing from firsthand experience.

5

Write the review using subheadings and bullet points that summarize the content and break it into easily digestible chunks. The majority of your readers will probably scan the review for high points rather than reading it thoroughly, and large blocks of text make an article difficult to digest.

6

Write a review that answers the questions potential buyers have. For example, if a product is a revised version of a company’s older product, owners of the older product will want to know if they should upgrade. Write from the reader’s point of view, and you will probably be able to think of several questions that the review should answer.

CITI Informed Consent SBE FAQ

 This page will answer the most popular questions of the CITI Informed Consent SBE.

There is general consensus on the importance of informed consent in research for treating individuals with respect, autonomy, and the right to decide.

Photo by Matthias Zomer on Pexels.com

However, obtaining and documenting consent can be a complex process, with certain challenges like potential subjects not being literate in the language of the study or the need to deceive to obtain valid data.

The federal regulations provide flexibility for cases with minimal risk of harm, allowing waivers or alterations to the requirements for consent and documentation processes.

The Process

Informed consent is a process that begins with recruitment and screening and continues throughout the subject’s involvement in the research. It involves providing specific information about the study in an understandable way, answering questions to ensure understanding, giving subjects time to consider their decision, and obtaining voluntary agreement to enter the study (subjects may withdraw or decline to answer at any time).

Popular Questions

Question 1: A therapist at a free university clinic treats elementary school children with behavior problems who are referred by a social service agency. She is also a doctoral candidate who proposes using data she has and will collect about the children for a case-based research project. Which of the following statements about parental permission is correct?

Answer: The parents of the children might feel pressure to give permission to the therapist to use their children’s data so that she will continue to provide services to their children. [Quizzma]

In this case, the researcher must make sure to provide additional information about the research to balance out any potential benefit of participation against any risks or harms. The parent should also be informed that there is an option for their child not to participate in the study, and all reasonable efforts should be made to ensure that the parent’s permission is voluntary.

Question 2: A criterion for waiving informed consent is that, when appropriate, subjects are provided additional pertinent information after the study. In which of the following studies would it not be appropriate to provide subjects with information about missing elements of consent?

Answer: A study in which subjects were assigned to study activities based on an undesirable or unflattering physical characteristic as assessed by members of the research team.

In this case, providing additional information after the study would potentially cause greater harm than good and is likely inappropriate. The research team should ensure that subjects are fully informed of all elements of the consent process prior to the study.

Question 3: A researcher leaves a research file in her car while she attends a concert, and her car is stolen. The file contains charts of aggregated numerical data from a research study with human subjects but no other documents. The consent form said that no identifying information would be retained, and the researcher adhered to that component. Which of the following statements best characterizes what occurred?

Answer: There was neither a violation of privacy nor a breach of confidentiality.

In this case, since no identifying information was retained and all data was stored in an aggregated form, there is likely no violation of privacy or breach of confidentiality. However, the researcher should still take appropriate steps to investigate the theft and file a police report if necessary.

Question 4: When a focus group deals with a potentially sensitive topic, which of the following statements about providing confidentiality to focus group participants is correct?

Answer: The researcher cannot control what participants repeat about others outside the group.

In this case, the researcher should make clear to participants that confidentiality is expected and enforced within the focus group.

The researcher should also do their best to ensure that all information shared remains confidential by setting ground rules for discussion and by limiting access to the recordings or transcripts of the group discussion. However, it is ultimately up to each participant to keep any shared information confidential outside of the focus group setting.

Overall, informed consent is an important process in research involving human subjects and must be adhered to carefully. It involves providing relevant information about the study clearly and accurately, answering questions as needed, giving sufficient time for consideration of participation, and obtaining voluntary agreement from participants.

In order to ensure that informed consent is obtained appropriately, researchers must be familiar with the principles of informed consent and their legal obligations.

Question 5: A general requirement for informed consent is that no informed consent may include any exculpatory language. Exculpatory language is that which waives or appears to waive any of the subject’s legal rights or releases or appears to release those conducting the research from liability for negligence. Which of the following statements in a consent form is an example of exculpatory language?

Answer: Participation in the research is voluntary, but if you choose to participate, you waive the right to legal redress for any research-related injuries.

This statement is an example of exculpatory language as it releases those conducting the research from any liability for negligence. Informed consent forms should not contain any exculpatory language and must be reviewed and approved by an Institutional Review Board. In addition, informed consent forms should clearly state that participation in research activities is voluntary, without coercion or undue influence. It is important to ensure that all potential risks and safeguards associated with the study are outlined clearly in the informed consent form before a participant agrees to participate in a research study.

The CITI Informed Consent SBE provides useful guidance on informed consent processes in research. Questions like these can help researchers understand their obligations regarding informed consent and ensure that they carry out their research ethically and humanely. Ultimately, informed consent helps protect the rights of participants while allowing for meaningful science that responds to real-world challenges.

In conclusion, CITI offers a comprehensive FAQ section on informed consent which can help researchers understand their legal obligations when obtaining informed consent from participants in a research study. The FAQs provide detailed answers to common questions about informed consent that researchers should consider when designing their research.

Familiarity with the principles of informed consent and understanding one’s legal obligations is critical to ensuring that research is conducted ethically and responsibly. By following best practices, researchers can ensure a responsible research process while protecting the rights of participants.

Don’t kill it

When you least expect it, Nature has cunning ways of findings our weakest spot. Just remember: I’m here. Right now you may not want to feel anything; may you never want to feel anything. And maybe it’s not me that you will want to speak about these things but, Feel something you did.
Look… You had a beautiful friendship, maybe more than a friendship, and envy you. In my place, most guardians would hope the…..

http://myblogbriefcase.blogspot.com/2023/01/dont-kill-it.html

You can read the whole blog on given link.

Cyber Crime

N kavya

Cybercrime is any criminal activity that involves a computer, networked device, or network. cybercrimes are carried out to generate profit for the cybercriminals, some cybercrimes are carried out against computers or devices directly to damage or disable them. Others use computers or networks to spread malware, illegal information, images, or other materials. Some cybercrimes do both — i.e., target computers to infect them with a computer virus, which is then spread to other machines and, sometimes, entire networks. A primary effect of cybercrime is financial. Cybercrime can include many types of profit-driven criminal activity, including ransomware attacks, email and internet fraud, identity fraud, and attempts to steal financial accounts, credit cards, or other payment card information. Cybercriminals may target an individual’s private information or corporate data for theft and resale. As many workers settle into remote work routines due to the pandemic, cybercrimes are expected to grow in frequency in 2021, making it especially important to back up the data.

The U.S. Department of Justice (DDJ) divides cybercrime into three categories :
1. Crimes in which the computing device is the target
2. Crimes in which the computer is used as a weapon
3. Crimes in which the computer is used as an accessory to a crime

Cybercriminal activity may be carried out by individuals or groups with relatively little technical skill, or by highly organized global criminal groups that may include skilled developers and others with relevant expertise. Cybercriminals often choose to operate in countries with weak or non-existent cybercrime laws to further reduce the chances of detection and prosecution.

Types of Cybercrime -:

1. Cyberextortion: A crime involving an attack or threat of an attack coupled with a demand for money to stop the attack.
2. Crypto-jacking: An attack that uses scripts to mine cryptocurrencies within browsers without the user’s consent.
3. Identity Theft: An attack that occurs when an individual accesses a computer to glean a user’s personal information, which they then use to steal that person’s identity or access their valuable accounts, such as banking and credit cards.
4. Credit card Fraud: An attack occurs when hackers infiltrate retailers’ systems to get their customers’ credit card and/or banking information.
5. Cyber espionage: A crime involving a cyber-criminal who hacks into systems or networks to gain access to confidential information held by a government or other organization.
6. Software-Piracy: An attack that involves the unlawful copying, distribution, and use of software programs with the intention of commercial or personal use.
7. Ransomware attacks are similar, but the malware acts by encrypting or shutting down victim systems until a ransom is paid.
8. Phishing: The most common type of cybercrime as reported to the U.S. Internet Crime Complaint Centre was phishing and similar fraud.
9. Website Spoofing & IOT Hacking.

Cybercrime & Its Impact on Society – : On an individual level, a cyber-attack can lead to a variety of consequences, ranging from theft of personal information to extortion of money or loss of valuable data, such as family photos. Society and systems depend on critical infrastructures, such as power plants, hospitals, and financial services companies. The protection of these and other organizations is essential for the maintenance of our society and support of the relations between countries and international organizations.

How to prevent Cyber Crime –:

Backup all data, system, and considerations: This enables data stored earlier to assist businesses in recovering from an unplanned event.


• Enforce concrete security and keep it up to date: Choose a firewall with features that protect against malicious hackers, malware, and viruses. This enables businesses to identify and respond to threats more quickly.


• Never give out personal information to a stranger: They can use the information to commit fraud.


• Check security settings to prevent cybercrime: A cyber firewall checks your network settings to see if anyone has logged into your computer.


• Using antivirus software: Using antivirus software helps to recognize any threat or malware before it infects the computer system. Never use cracked software as it may impose the serious risk of data loss or malware attack.


• When visiting unauthorized websites, keep your information secure: Using phishing websites, information can easily bypass the data.


• Use virtual private networks (VPNs): VPNs enable us to hide our IP addresses.


• Restriction on access to your most valuable data: Make a folder, if possible, so that no one can see confidential documents.

Linkages between development and spread of extremism

In Indian scenario, extremism activities are increasing rapidly. The scale of the extremists operations is massive and consequently these activities have perilous impact on nation’s social, economic and political development.Many scholars explained the notion of extremism as any ideology considered to be far outside the normal attitudes of society or to interrupt common moral standards. It is usually constructed with moderation or extremists with moderates. Various political writers signified that extremism also has numerous strands starting from just holding to one’s ideas and values on one end of the continuum and use of violent means for nuisance on the other end. Thus, extremism is considered as a complex phenomenon.

Natural Calamities: During the last decade of the 19th century, affliction of people was filled to the brim. Famine, plague, earthquake, war and repressions were let loose in the country. From 1896 to 1900 prolonged and catastrophic famines occurred throughout the length and breadth of the land in a bewildering succession. In 1896 bubonic plague broke out in Bombay and took a toll of millions of lives. These natural calamities were accompanied by the intensified exploitation and suppression by the Government. Such devastating conditions led to development of extremist.

Labour, Unemployment and wages:
Another intense issue that spreads extremism is joblessness which creates insecurity of living. People may develop dissatisfaction and anger both in urban and rural areas. In allocation of government jobs, there has been shown some favouritism and this activity leads to dissatisfaction among youth as they are being ignored.

Policing:Improper policies and their ineffective implementation may result in extremist activities among weaker sections of society. It is very necessary that government must consider poor people when devising policies for economic growth of country. These policies must be well-organized and unprejudiced which reveal good administration .Weaker section of people does not have much confidence in police. People have no faith that justice will be done to them against the powerful person in the society. Such impression about government officials develops extremist thoughts among poorer section of society.

Process of getting Justice:
When lower section of society is struggling with various issues related to survival or employment and their conflicts and disputes are not settled in time, frustration among people in society develops. Presently, judicial system of India is very time consuming and disputes are not settled in short time. The parties to the dispute lose control over even the terms and details of the dispute once it goes to the court. These factors create extremist feelings among sufferers.

Extremism in the defense of liberty is no vice. And moderation in the pursuit of justice is no virtue.

-Barry Goldwater

Criminal Justice System in India

The aim of the Criminal Justice System is to punish the guilty and protect the innocent. Although the broad contours of the Criminal justice system are seldom codified, these can be inferred from different statutes, including the Constitution and judicial pronouncements. In a democratic civilized society, the Criminal Justice System is expected to provide the maximum sense of security to the people at large by dealing with crimes and criminals effectively, quickly and legally. More specifically, the aim is to reduce the level of criminality in society by ensuring maximum detection of reported crimes, conviction of the accused persons without delay, awarding appropriate punishments to the convicted to meet the ends of justice and to prevent recidivism.In this article, we shall be discussing the history and evolution of the system, the institutions, along with various perspectives of the constitutional aspect of rights of citizens, efforts for reforms, and delivery of justice.

Criminal law, including all matters included in the Indian Penal Code, Criminal procedure, including all matters included in the Code of Criminal Procedure feature under the concurrent list of the 7th Schedule as entries-1, and 2 respectively.Certain exceptions are also provided under these two provisions(Entry-1, and 2) of the 7th Schedule. For example, offences against laws with respect to the matters specified in List-I or List-II of the 7th Schedule of the constitution, excluding the use of naval, military or air forces or any other armed forces come under this category.

•The Criminal Justice System in India follows the legal procedures established by the British during the pre-independence era.
•An Indian Penal Code (IPC) defining crime and prescribing appropriate punishments was adopted in 1860, prepared by the first Law Commission of India.
•It was developed in line with the English criminal law.
•Code of Criminal Procedure was enacted in 1861 and established the rules to be followed in all stages. This was amended in 1973.
•The NN Vohra Committee, set up in 1993, observed increasing criminalization of politics, talked of the unholy nexus.
•It was an effort to push the reforms in the criminal justice system.
•In 2000, the Government of India formed a panel headed by the former Chief Justice of Kerala and Karnataka, Justice V.S. •Malimath, to suggest an overhaul of the century-old criminal justice system.
•In 2003, the Justice Malimath Committee submitted a report with 158 recommendations.
•The Committee opined that the existing system “weighed in favour of the accused and did not adequately focus on justice to the victims of crime.”

The entire existence of an orderly society depends upon the sound and efficient functioning of the Criminal Justice System. The law of the land has to be in tune with the demands of the changing times and nature of complexities in offences. There should be a broader dialogue among all the stakeholders for effective provisions so that the interest of justice is served and served right, where no innocent suffers prejudice, exclusion leading to miscarriage of justice.

Similarly, the rules and procedures established by law need to reach the common man, and the role of civil society in this endeavour is paramount. Further, there is a need to streamline the police reforms, beef up the forensic evidence-based investigation, and prioritize advanced scientific analysis which must be strengthened and upgraded, catering to the demands of the present times. The infrastructural challenges confronting the judiciary must be addressed to facilitate the process of ensuring justice.

The criminal justice system, like any
system designed by human beings,
clearly has its flaws.

Psychology

Psychology has become a very important and popular subject today. It deals with many problems of everyday life. Psychology helps us to understand the behaviour of people around us, to find out why they behave differently and what forces are responsible to make them so different from others.It tries to explain wide array of factors involved in what we human beings do. The principles explained by psychology give us a rational basis of understanding of what we and others do. Psychology has been defined in many ways. In ancient days people were analysing the behavioural aspects on the basis of philosophy. They believed that there is a soul in every individual and this is responsible for all our activities.
This view led to the opinion that the subject matter of psychology must be the study of soul. But this definition could not answer the questions regarding the existence of soul and its accessibility for study. This condition led to a new definition by Greek philosophers who defined psychology as a ‘science of mind’. But this definition was also rejected on the same grounds as soul was rejected.

Gradually, as a result of the development of scientific outlook people started thinking on scientific basis and began to define psychology as a science of behaviour. Finally, it is JB Watson (1913) defined psychology as a science of behaviour of human as well as animal beings.Today this is the most accepted definition. In this definition the term behaviour includes the cognitive activities like thinking, reasoning, intelligence, imagining, memory, etc., co-native activities like walking, dancing, fighting, attacking and other action tendencies and also the affective activities like feeling, joy, happiness, sympathy, anger, jealousy, etc. in a person. This definition also includes the behaviour not only of human beings and animals, but also all living organisms and their mental processes.

Psychologists do experiments and make observations which others can repeat; they obtain data often in the form of quantitative measurements which others can verify. Like any other positive science psychology is also systematic in its approach. Measurement in psychology is often more difficult of course, than it is in other sciences.However, psychologists have devised many ingenious tests to assign numbers to data. Psychology is following all the principles of science like principles of behaviour,objective experimentation, analysis of data and behaviour, formulation of hypothesis, verification and generalization, etc.As a result of such a scientific approach many theories have been developed to explain the behaviour. Psychology believes in cause and effect relationship in behaviour. It is considered as a behavioural science as it deals with behaviour of the organism.

However, because of its objectivity in analysis of behaviour through experiments, it may be considered as a developing positive science of behaviour.

Psychology has a long past, but only a short history

Horticulture

The science and art of growing, producing, marketing, and utilizing high-value, intensively grown food, and ornamental plants in a sustainable manner is known as Horticulture.Annual and perennial plants, fruits and vegetables, decorative indoor plants, and landscape plants are all examples of horticulture crops.

Horticulture farming also aims to enhance the quality of life, as well as the beauty, sustainability, and recovery of our ecosystem and the human condition.
Horticulture is divided into the cultivation of plants for food (pomology and olericulture) and plants for ornament (floriculture and landscape horticulture). Pomology deals with fruit and nut crops. Olericulture deals with herbaceous plants for the kitchen, including, for example, carrots (edible root), asparagus (edible stem), lettuce (edible leaf), cauliflower (edible flower buds), tomatoes (edible fruit), and peas (edible seed). Floriculture deals with the production of flowers and ornamental plants; generally, cut flowers, pot plants, and greenery. Landscape horticulture is a broad category that includes plants for the landscape, including lawn turf but particularly nursery crops such as shrubs, trees, and vines.

Temperate zones for horticulture cannot be defined exactly by lines of latitude or longitude but are usually regarded as including those areas where frost in winter occurs, even though rarely. Thus, most parts of Europe, North America, and northern Asia are included, though some parts of the United States, such as southern Florida, are considered subtropical. A few parts of the north coast of the Mediterranean and the Mediterranean islands are also subtropical. In the Southern Hemisphere, practically all of New Zealand, a few parts of Australia, and the southern part of South America have temperate climates. For horticultural purposes altitude is also a factor; the lower slopes of great mountain ranges, such as the Himalayas and the Andes, are included. Thus, the temperate zones are very wide and the range of plants that can be grown in them is enormous, probably greater than in either the subtropical or tropical zones. In the temperate zones are the great coniferous and deciduous forests: pine, spruce, fir, most of the cypresses, the deciduous oaks (but excluding many of the evergreen ones), ash, birch, and linden.

There is no sharp line of demarcation between the tropics and the subtropics. Just as many tropical plants can be cultivated in the subtropics, so also many subtropical and even temperate plants can be grown satisfactorily in the tropics. Elevation is a determining factor. For example, the scarlet runner bean, a common plant in temperate regions, grows, flowers, and develops pods normally on the high slopes of Mount Meru in Africa near the Equator, but it will not set pods in Hong Kong, a subtropical situation a little south of the Tropic of Cancer but at a low elevation.In addition to elevation, another determinant is the annual distribution of rainfall. Plants that grow and flower in the monsoon areas, as in India, will not succeed where the climate is uniformly wet, as in Bougainville in the Solomon Islands. Another factor is the length of day, the number of hours the Sun is above the horizon; some plants flower only if the day is long, but others make their growth during the long days and flower when the day is short. Certain strains of the cosmos plant are so sensitive to light that where the day is always about 12 hours, as near the Equator, they flower when only a few inches high; if grown near the Tropic of Cancer or the Tropic of Capricorn, they attain a height of several feet, if the seeds are sown in the spring, before flowering in the short days of autumn and winter. Poinsettia is a short-day plant that may be seen in flower in Singapore on any day of the year, while in Trinidad it is a blaze of glory only in late December.

The glory of gardening: hands in the dirt, head in the sun, heart with nature.

To nurture a garden is to feed not just on the body, but the soul.

Psychology

Psychology has become a very important and popular subject today. It deals with many problems of everyday life. Psychology helps us to understand the behaviour of people around us, to find out why they behave differently and what forces are responsible to make them so different from others.It tries to explain wide array of factors involved in what we human beings do. The principles explained by psychology give us a rational basis of understanding of what we and others do. Psychology has been defined in many ways. In ancient days people were analysing the behavioural aspects on the basis of philosophy. They believed that there is a soul in every individual and this is responsible for all our activities.
This view led to the opinion that the subject matter of psychology must be the study of soul. But this definition could not answer the questions regarding the existence of soul and its accessibility for study. This condition led to a new definition by Greek philosophers who defined psychology as a ‘science of mind’. But this definition was also rejected on the same grounds as soul was rejected.

Gradually, as a result of the development of scientific outlook people started thinking on scientific basis and began to define psychology as a science of behaviour. Finally, it is JB Watson (1913) defined psychology as a science of behaviour of human as well as animal beings.Today this is the most accepted definition. In this definition the term behaviour includes the cognitive activities like thinking, reasoning, intelligence, imagining, memory, etc., co-native activities like walking, dancing, fighting, attacking and other action tendencies and also the affective activities like feeling, joy, happiness, sympathy, anger, jealousy, etc. in a person. This definition also includes the behaviour not only of human beings and animals, but also all living organisms and their mental processes.

Psychologists do experiments and make observations which others can repeat; they obtain data often in the form of quantitative measurements which others can verify. Like any other positive science psychology is also systematic in its approach. Measurement in psychology is often more difficult of course, than it is in other sciences.However, psychologists have devised many ingenious tests to assign numbers to data. Psychology is following all the principles of science like principles of behaviour,objective experimentation, analysis of data and behaviour, formulation of hypothesis, verification and generalization, etc.As a result of such a scientific approach many theories have been developed to explain the behaviour. Psychology believes in cause and effect relationship in behaviour. It is considered as a behavioural science as it deals with behaviour of the organism.

However, because of its objectivity in analysis of behaviour through experiments, it may be considered as a developing positive science of behaviour.

Psychology has a long past, but only a short history

Horticulture

The science and art of growing, producing, marketing, and utilizing high-value, intensively grown food, and ornamental plants in a sustainable manner is known as Horticulture.Annual and perennial plants, fruits and vegetables, decorative indoor plants, and landscape plants are all examples of horticulture crops.

Horticulture farming also aims to enhance the quality of life, as well as the beauty, sustainability, and recovery of our ecosystem and the human condition.
Horticulture is divided into the cultivation of plants for food (pomology and olericulture) and plants for ornament (floriculture and landscape horticulture). Pomology deals with fruit and nut crops. Olericulture deals with herbaceous plants for the kitchen, including, for example, carrots (edible root), asparagus (edible stem), lettuce (edible leaf), cauliflower (edible flower buds), tomatoes (edible fruit), and peas (edible seed). Floriculture deals with the production of flowers and ornamental plants; generally, cut flowers, pot plants, and greenery. Landscape horticulture is a broad category that includes plants for the landscape, including lawn turf but particularly nursery crops such as shrubs, trees, and vines.

Temperate zones for horticulture cannot be defined exactly by lines of latitude or longitude but are usually regarded as including those areas where frost in winter occurs, even though rarely. Thus, most parts of Europe, North America, and northern Asia are included, though some parts of the United States, such as southern Florida, are considered subtropical. A few parts of the north coast of the Mediterranean and the Mediterranean islands are also subtropical. In the Southern Hemisphere, practically all of New Zealand, a few parts of Australia, and the southern part of South America have temperate climates. For horticultural purposes altitude is also a factor; the lower slopes of great mountain ranges, such as the Himalayas and the Andes, are included. Thus, the temperate zones are very wide and the range of plants that can be grown in them is enormous, probably greater than in either the subtropical or tropical zones. In the temperate zones are the great coniferous and deciduous forests: pine, spruce, fir, most of the cypresses, the deciduous oaks (but excluding many of the evergreen ones), ash, birch, and linden.

There is no sharp line of demarcation between the tropics and the subtropics. Just as many tropical plants can be cultivated in the subtropics, so also many subtropical and even temperate plants can be grown satisfactorily in the tropics. Elevation is a determining factor. For example, the scarlet runner bean, a common plant in temperate regions, grows, flowers, and develops pods normally on the high slopes of Mount Meru in Africa near the Equator, but it will not set pods in Hong Kong, a subtropical situation a little south of the Tropic of Cancer but at a low elevation.In addition to elevation, another determinant is the annual distribution of rainfall. Plants that grow and flower in the monsoon areas, as in India, will not succeed where the climate is uniformly wet, as in Bougainville in the Solomon Islands. Another factor is the length of day, the number of hours the Sun is above the horizon; some plants flower only if the day is long, but others make their growth during the long days and flower when the day is short. Certain strains of the cosmos plant are so sensitive to light that where the day is always about 12 hours, as near the Equator, they flower when only a few inches high; if grown near the Tropic of Cancer or the Tropic of Capricorn, they attain a height of several feet, if the seeds are sown in the spring, before flowering in the short days of autumn and winter. Poinsettia is a short-day plant that may be seen in flower in Singapore on any day of the year, while in Trinidad it is a blaze of glory only in late December.

The glory of gardening: hands in the dirt, head in the sun, heart with nature.

To nurture a garden is to feed not just on the body, but the soul.

Communalism

For centuries people belonging to different religious communities have been living together in India without any friction or ill will. Major communities in India being the Hindus, the Muslims, the Sikhs, the Christians, the Parsees, the Jains, the Buddhists, etc.All these communities lived with each other in perfect toleration. It was only at the turn of the century that the British rulers in India followed policy of divide and rule and with that the gulf between various religious communities very considerably increased.The device of giving separate representation to each major community in elected bodies and civil services widened the gap, particularly among two major Indian communities, namely, the Hindus and the Muslims. When late Muhammed Ali Jinnah expounded his two nation theory, gap between these communities still more widened.The result of all this was that there was communal hatred. Before the partition of the country, there were communal riots in some parts of the country resulting in the killing of several hundred people and looting and burning property worth crores of rupees. Everything inhuman and unhuman was done in the name of religion.The country had to be partitioned because the Muslim League, under the leadership of M.A. Jinnah made it clear that the Muslims and the Hindus were two separate nations, which could not live together and partition of India was the only solution of communal and political problems of the country.

Communalism as a political philosophy has its roots in the religious and cultural diversity of India.It has been used as a political propaganda tool to create divide, differences and tensions between the communities on the basis of religious and ethnic identity leading to communal hatred and violence.In ancient Indian society, people of different faith coexisted peacefully.Buddha was perhaps the first Indian prophet who gave the concept of secularism.Meanwhile, Kings like Ashoka followed a policy of peace and religious tolerance.Medieval India witnessed the arrival of Islam in India marked by occasional occurrences of violence such as Mahmud Ghazni’s destruction of Hindu temples and Mahmud of Ghor’s attack on Hindus, Jains and Buddhists.While, religion was an important part of people’s lives but there was no communal ideology or communal politics.Rulers like Akbar and Sher Shah Suri followed the religious policy of toleration towards different cultures and tradition practiced across country.However, some sectarian rulers like Aurangzeb were among the least tolerant towards other religious practises.
As a modern phenomenon it has arose as a result of British colonial impact and the response of Indian social strata.

There is need to reform in present criminal justice system, speedy trials and adequate compensation to the victims, may act as deterrent.Increase in representation of minority community and weaker sections in all wings of law-enforcement, training of forces in human rights, especially in the use of firearms in accordance with UN code of conduct.Codified guidelines for the administration, specialised training for the police force to handle communal riots and setting up special investigating and prosecuting agencies can help in damping major communal disgruntlement.
Emphasis on value-oriented education with focus on the values of peace, non-violence, compassion, secularism and humanism as well as developing scientific temper (enshrined as a fundamental duty) and rationalism as core values in children both in schools and colleges/universities, can prove vital in preventing communal feelings.Government can adopt models followed by countries like Malaysia that has developed early-warning indicators to prevent racial clashes.The Malaysian Ethnic Relations Monitoring System (known by its acronym Mesra) that makes use of a quality of life index (included criteria such as housing, health, income and education) and a perception index to gauge people’s needs and feelings about race relations in their area.Also the Hong Kong model of combating communalism by setting up a “Race Relation Unit” to promote racial harmony and facilitate integration of ethnic minorities, can be emulated by India.RRU has established a hotline for complaints and inquiries on racial discrimination. Meanwhile, to create awareness about communal harmony, RRU talks to schools on culture of ethnic minorities and concept of racial discrimination.Government can encourage and support civil society and NGOs to run projects that help create communal awareness, build stronger community relation and cultivating values of communal harmony in next generation.
There is a need for minority welfare schemes to be launched and implemented efficiently by administration to address the challenges and various forms of discrimination faced by them in jobs, housing and daily life.A pro-active approach by National Foundation for Communal Harmony (NFCH), the body responsible for promoting communal harmony is needed.NFCH provides assistance for the physical and psychological rehabilitation of the child victims of communal, caste, ethnic or terrorist violence, besides promoting communal harmony, fraternity and national integration.A legislation is required to curb the communal violence. Communal Violence (Prevention, Control and Rehabilitation of Victims) Bill, 2005 must be enacted soon.

When people unfortunately use religion to facilitate their envy, arrogance and hate, communalism surfaces.

Salient features of world’s physical geography.

Earth is splendid terrestrial haven. It is imperative to know physical geography through its display of environmental diversity. In scientific studies, it is established that Geography is a word that originated from two Greek roots. Geo-denotes to “Earth,” and graphy stands for “picture or writing.” Geography is the study of earth as the home of present day human being (Sagmit, 1998).The main objective of geography is the assessment, and explanation of Earth, its variability from place to place, the way places and features transform over time, and the processes responsible for these variations and changes. Geography is termed as the spatial science because it incorporates recognizing, analysing, and explaining the variations, similarities, or differences in phenomena situated on the surface of Earth. Geography is unique among the sciences by virtue of its characterization and central purpose. It describes the values and attitudes towards environment and sharpen intellectual and practice skill.

Earth’s structure is divided into three zones that include crust, Mantle and core. Crust is the solid outer layer of the Earth, and its depth is usually never more than 1 per cent of the Earth’s radius, or averaging 40–50 km, but this varies significantly around the sphere. These are two different types: oceanic and continental. Mantle is the region within the Earth’s interior that range from 25 to 70 km below the surface, to a depth of ~2,900 km. It is composed mainly of silicate rocks, rich in iron and magnesium. At the base of the mantle, temperatures may reach up to 5,000°C. These high temperatures may help to generate convection currents which drive plate tectonics. Core is the very centre of the Earth and is composed of iron and nickel. It consists of an outer core (semi-molten) and inner core (solid). The temperature at the very centre of the Earth (~6,300 km below surface) may reach 5,500°C.

Geography is inherently encompassing discipline. It brings together facts from other sciences such as physical biological and social. Physical geography is related to the physical science. Physical geography includes the processes and attributes that constitute Earth which incorporate human activities where they interface with the atmosphere. Different branches of Physical geography are climatology, Meteorology, Geomorphology and pedageography (Sagmit, 1998).Scientific studies have revealed that physical geographers are more interested in comprehending all aspects of Earth and can be considered generalists because they are qualified to scrutinize a natural environment in its entirety, and how it functions as a unit. In physical geography, researchers study about lithosphere, atmosphere, hydrosphere, and biosphere. Due to interaction of these elements, numerous changes occur on earth surface. Most physical geographers concentrate on advanced study in one or two specialties. For instance, meteorologists and climatologists believe how the interaction of atmospheric components influences weather and climate. Meteorologists focus their studies learning the atmospheric processes that affect daily weather, and they use current data to predict weather conditions. Climatologists are interested in the averages and extremes of long-term weather data, regional classification of climates, monitoring and understanding climatic change and climatic hazard, and the long term impact of atmospheric conditions on human actions and the surroundings.

The factors involved in landform development are as varied as the environments on Earth, and include gravity, running water, stresses in the Earth’s crust, flowing ice in glaciers, volcanic activity, and the erosion or deposition of Earth’s surface materials. Biogeographers scrutinize natural and human-modified environments and the ecological processes that influence their characteristics and distributions, including vegetation change over time. They also research and explain the ranges and patterns of vegetation and animal species, seeking to find out the environmental factors that limit or facilitate their distributions. Several soil scientists are geographers, who are concerned in mapping and analysing soil types, determining the aptness of soils for certain uses, such as agriculture, and working to conserve soil as a natural resource. Geographers are broadly concerned to study water bodies and their processes, movements, impact, quality, and other features. They may serve as hydrologists, oceanographers, or glaciologists. Many geographers involved with water studies also function as water resource managers, who work to ensure that lakes, watersheds, springs, and groundwater sources are suitable to meet human or environmental needs, provide an adequate water supply, and are as free of pollution as possible. Hydrology is merging science. It helps to understand the processes in which water plays an important role in nature through oceans, rivers and glaciers in sustaining life forms of earth surface.

IN OUR CHANGING WORLD NOTHING CHANGES MORE THAN GEOGRAPHY