Learning is the process of acquiring new understanding, knowledge, behaviors, skills, values, attitudes, and preferences. The ability to learn is possessed by humans, animals, and some machines; there is also evidence for some kind of learning in certain plants.
PSP (Personal Software Process) provide a standard personal process structure for software developers. PSP consists of a set of methods, tables, scripts etc. that serve as a guideline for software developers to plan, measure and manage their work, including how to define their processes and measure quality and productivity. PSP provides software engineers disciplined methods for improving personal software development process.
PSP helps software engineers to –
Improve their estimating and planning skill. Make commitment they can keep. Manage the quality of their product. Reduce the number of defects in their work. PSP represents metrics based approach to software engineering. PSP deals with software engineers to identify the errors early and to understand the types of errors.
PSP Activities
Planning: This activity isolates requirements and specifications to be decided prior to the development and estimates the size and the cost of the project. Defect estimation is also made. Development tasks are identified and scheduled is created.
High-Level Design: External specifications and requirements for each component to be constructed and developed. Component design is also created. Prototypes are developed if requirements are complex.
High Level Design Review: Formal verification methods are applied to uncover errors in the design.
Development: The component level design is reviewed and refined. The code is generated, reviewed, compiled and tested.
Postmortem: Using Metrics and measures the effectiveness of the process is determined. It provides guidance for modification of process and its improvement.
2. Goal of PSP
The goal of PSP is to provide software engineers with disciplined methods for improving personal software development.
3. Advantages of PSP
PSP represents a disciplined, metrics-based approach to software engineering.
PSP resulting improvement in software engineering productivity and software quality are significant.
It helps the software engineers in developing high quality software products.
It guides the engineer for personal improvement.
It gives the confidence to do the job the way you know you should.
The PSP gives the command over your work.
4. Disadvantages of PSP
PSP is intellectually challenging and demands a level of commitment which is always not possible to obtain.
Training for PSP is lengthy and costs for the training are high.
Required level of measurement is culturally difficult.
Software categories are groups of software. They allow software to be understood in terms of those categories, instead of the particularities of each package. Different classification schemes consider differentaspects of software.
System Software
System software is a collection of programs written to service other programs. Ex. Compilers, Editor, operating system, drivers etc
2. Real – Time Software
Software that monitors or analyzes or controls real-world events as they occur is called real time. Elements of real-time software include a data gathering component that collects and formats information from an external environment, an analysis component that transforms information as required by the application. A control/output component that responds to the external environment and a monitoring component that coordinates all other components so that real-time response can be maintained. Ex. Weather Forecasting
3. Application Software
Application software consists of standalone programs that solve a specific business need. Application software is used to control the business function in real-time. Application software processes business or technical data.
Ex. Transaction Processing, Sales Processing, Manufacturing Software etc.
4. Engineering/Scientific Software
Characterized by “number crunching” algorithms. Application software is set of programs designed for engineering and scientific purposes. Applications range from astronomy to volcano logy, from automotive stress analysis to space shuttle orbital dynamics, and from molecular biology to automated manufacturing. Ex. Computer Aided Design (CAD), system stimulation etc.
5. Embedded Software
Intelligent products have become common place in nearly every consumer and industrial market. Embedded Software resides within product and is used to control products and systems for the consumer. Embedded software can perform limited and esoteric functions. Ex. Keypad control for a microwave oven, digital functions in an automobile such as fuel control, dashboard displays, and braking systems.
6. Product line Software
Designed to provide a specific capability for use by many different customers. Product line software can focus on a limited and esoteric marketplace. Ex. Word processing, spreadsheet, CG, multimedia, etc.
7. Web Based Software
The Web pages retrieved by a browser are software that incorporates executable instructions and data. Web apps can be little more than a set of linked hypertext files. It evolves into sophisticated computing environments that not only provide standalone features, functions but also integrated with corporate database and business applications.
8. Artificial Intelligence Software
AI software makes use of non-numerical algorithms to solve complex problems that are not amenable to computation or straightforward analysis Ex. Robotics, expert system, game playing, pattern recognition, theorem providing etc.
The society maintains its order by means of the Normative system . Normativity is the phenomenon in human societies of designating some actions or outcomes as good or desirable or permissible and others as bad or undesirable or impermissible. A norm in this normative sense means a standard for evaluating or making judgments about behavior or outcomes.
Normative system refers to the system of rules which the people are expected to accept , obey and appreciate .
When the people act in consonance with the norms they become “Conformists “.
People often choose to conform to society rather than to pursue personal desires – because it is often easier to follow the path others have made already, rather than forging a new one.
Norms which are implicit, specific rules, shared by a group of individuals . Conformity is action that is oriented to social norms and falls within the range of behaviour permitted by the norms .
Hence , conformity is the act of matching attitudes, beliefs, and behaviors to group norms. Unwillingness to conform carries the risk of social rejection. Conformity strongly affects humans of all ages.
Conformity implies behaving in accordance with the norms . It implies that the individual consciously approves of a particular behaviour and is presented to follow the same .
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Types of Conformity :-
Kelman stated three different types of conformity:
• Compliance (or group acceptance)
According to Kelman, , this occurs “when an individual accepts influence because he hopes to achieve a favorable reaction from another person or group. He adopts the induced behavior because….he expects to gain specific rewards or approval and avoid specific punishment or disapproval by conformity “
Compliance stops when there are no group pressures to conform, and is therefore a temporary behavior change.
• Internalization (genuine acceptance of group norms) According to Kelman , this occurs ‘
“when an individual accepts influence because the content of the induced behavior – the ideas and actions of which it is composed – is intrinsically rewarding. He adopts the induced behavior because it is congruent [consistent] with his value system”
This is the deepest level of conformity where the beliefs of the group become part of the individual’s own belief system. This means the change in behavior is permanent. Internalization always involves public and private conformity. A person publicly changes their behavior to fit in with the group, while also agreeing with them privately.
• Identification (or group membership)
According to Kelman , this occurs
” when an individual accepts influence because he wants to establish or maintain a satisfying self-defining relationship with another person or group.”
Individuals conform to the expectations of a social role, e.g.doctorsv, lawyers , nurses, police officers. It is similar to compliance as there does not have to be a change in private opinion. ___________________________________________
Causes of Conformity:-
Harry Johnson established a few causes of Conformity to the social norms . Some of them are :-
• Socialisation :- it is through the process of socialisation that social norms are internalised by the individuals. Hence , norms become an inseparable part of their personality . Proper social training always supports conformity.
• Hierarchy of Norms :- Norms are ranked in order of precedence . The hierarchy of norms as well their time and place aspect is part of culture . For instance , a soldier may be put to such a conflicting situation in which either he will have to attend to the needs of the ailing mother who is on the deathbed or rush to the battle ground to attend to the urgent call of the army . The hierarchy values and norms of his society help the soldier to make the appropriate decision.
It is through the socialisation hierarchy aspects of the norms are learnt . If the different aspects of the culture system are properly integrated an individual will have no difficulty in following the expected forms of behaviour .
• Social Control :- Various formal as well as Informal means of social control help the socialised actor to imagine and anticipate what would happen to him if he violated the norms . Thus sanctions lead to conformity even though they are not actually applied .
• Ideology :- People’s conformity to group norms depends to some extent upon the ideas and ideology that they hold . The norms partly express broader values that are more purely and precisely emphasized in ideology . Ideology strengthens faith in the existing system. Ideology adds to the norms themselves a kind of an “Intellectual ” support . Hence helps to motivate people to conform to its norms.
• Vested Interest :- Conformity to social norms does not always depend upon idealistic motives alone . Sometimes , due to vested interest or self – interest also people conform to them . Norms define rights as well as obligations . They protect our rights also . Some of the rights protect the exclusion of other members . Those who enjoy such advantages are likely to be satisfied with the norms that protect them . Hence , they support these norms with a greater sense of conviction than the disadvantaged persons . Property rights are a good example in this regard.
Other causes
Robert Bierstedt gives four causes for the question – ” why we conform to the norms “ Some causes are :-
• Indoctrination :- We conform to the norms simply because we have been indoctrinated to do so . Indoctrinated refers to the process of injecting into the personality of the child the group norms . The norms that are indoctrinated become a part and parcel of the personality of the individual. Conformity to the norms becomes very natural because of indoctrination.
• Habituation :- What is customary is likely to become habitual in many cases . Some norms are indoctrinated in the beginning , but they become habitual practices afterwards. We are taught to wash our hands and mouth before and after meals but after a while it becomes a matter of habit . Repetition makes a practice a habit and most of the folkways come to be rooted in the individual in this way . Habituation reinforces the norms and guarantees the regularity of conformity.
• Utility :- Norms help us interact with others with much comfort and ease . We appreciate the unity of norms and hence we conform to them . In many social situations we realised the utility of the norms to which we conform.
• Group Identification :– We conform to the norms of our own social groups rather than to those of groups to which we do not belong . We thus conform to the norms because conformity is a means of group identification . By conformity to the norms we express our identification with the groups . Sometimes , some groups even conform to some irritating folkways because they are their own and they identify them with their society and their own social groups.
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Social Control and Conformity
“ Social control ” refers to various ways and means by which a group or society attempts to achieve social order . Social Order could be achieved by making the people accept and follow the group norms . Behaving in accordance with norms or rules can be referred to as Conformity.
Thus , one of the main purposes of social control is conformity . Social control also involves the processes and means whereby deviations from social norms are limited by the group.
Conformity to institutionalised norms is ,of course , ‘normal ‘. The individual having internalised the norms , feels something like to need to conform.
Both internalised need and sanctions are effective in bringing about conformity . Conformity is achieved by two different ways – : Immediate conformity which is the result of social pressure or control : Long term result of conformity which is the product of socialisation .
Social factors constrain the individual to follow the group pattern . The reason an individual greatly values group life is because the group provides us many advantages and satisfaction.
The social control towards conformity is always in terms of the prevailing norms . Many individuals who don’t agree with certain norms accept and conform to them outwardly . Those who are not convinced of them lack the power to resist them .
Thus in conformity we find two factors which may or may not be consistent :compliance and conviction .
“Conformity without conviction occurs when the individual cannot withdraw from the group or values much his membership in the group and does not wish to offend or is afraid of the consequences of non Conformity. “
Group norms are actually group standards which the members are encouraged to imitate or follow . But some deviation is bound to be there in every group.
“ As the deviation from the norm becomes greater the more serious the offence becomes in the eyes of the group and the more serves becomes the penalty .”
Conformity influences the formation and maintenance of social norms, and helps societies function smoothly and predictably by the self-elimination of behaviors seen as contrary to unwritten rules.
Hence, for social control it’s important to have social conformity where deviations from social norms are limited by the group .
Nepal’s president, Bidya Devi Bhandari, dissolved the country’s parliament on 22nd July 2021 and called for fresh elections in November. Bhandari’s office said that the decision was made on the recommendation of the cabinet headed by caretaker Prime Minister K.P Sharma Oli. Bhandari rejected bids for the prime ministerial post from Oli and opposition leader, Sher Bahadur Deuba from the Nepali Congress party, after both leaders failed to muster support to form a new government by the deadline. This is the second time in six months that the country’s parliament has been dissolved. The parliament was last dissolved in December 2020 by Oli following a feud with the ruling Nepal Communist party. The parliament was reinstated in February after the Supreme Court said that it was a breach of the constitution. The latest dissolution is expected to be challenged in court like the previous one. Oli became prime minister in 2017 with support from the Nepal Communist party. However, Oli lost support after a split in the party. He came to power this month as the head of a minority government, but needed the support of half of the parliament to continue. He had already lost a vote of confidence in early May after a faction of the Nepal Communist party refused to support him.
Critics say that Oli has been preoccupied with planning rallies and political meetings to muster support. Since the dissolution of the parliament in December, hundreds of political rallies have been organized by both the ruling and opposition parties. 14 petitions were submitted by opposition parties to court clamming that this is unconstitutional and unethical action by current PM, Oli.
Nepal’s Supreme Court on Monday reinstated its parliament, which was dissolved by caretaker Prime Minister K.P. Sharma Oli in May, and ordered that his rival Sher Bahadur Deuba be appointed as prime minister. It also ordered that Sher Bahadur Deuba, who has previously served four terms as prime minister, be re-appointed as prime minister by 5 p.m. local time on Tuesday.
Before we get to that point we need to know the contrast between the two currencies. Dollar is considered as the strongest currency in the World. Each country in this World needs to have their cash as solid as Dollar since it is accepted that Stronger money = Stronger Economy. Be that as it may, is it in every case valid ? Since Countries like Japan and China have lower cash yet they are checked under nations with Strongest Economy.
So how is that conceivable that notwithstanding having the more fragile cash they have solid economy ? Fundamentally it relies upon , regardless of whether a nation is trade(export) orientated or import orientated ? The nations which purchases items or work from different nations are called import situated nations and these nations like to keep their money esteem higher so they can purchase merchandise from different nations at modest expense. Then again , nations which offer merchandise to different nations are called send out(export) orientated nations and these nations like to keep their cash esteem low so different nations purchase more and their creation builds which befits the economy. Nations like USA are import orientated while nations like China are trade orientated.
So what kind of nation is India is it import orientated or trade orientated ? India purchases products from different nations so it is significantly import orientated, yet larger part of India’s economy comes from exportation. India gives best specialists to I.T Sectors . At the point when organizations of different nations visit India they employ our people to work for them which consequently offers advantage to our economy. Numerous financial analyst accept that our economy ought to be more lower , while some accept that it ought to be higher.
PROS OF THE SITUATION:
*With more grounded rupee imports would be less expensive; you could now get the most recent iPhone for only 1000 INR. So everybody would claim an iPhone if 1 USD rises to 1 INR.
*Purchasing products from different nations in a global market will be less expensive which is advantageous for a non-industrial nation.
*Unrefined petroleum costs would go down significantly which we import the most, in this way the cost of petroleum and diesel will fall making the transportation cost modest if 1 USD approaches 1 INR.
*As the transportation cost would diminish the items that are made in India would be less expensive and effectively accessible to purchase.
*One would not travel abroad for a task. For instance, in the event that they get 3000$ abroad that will simply be equivalent to 3000 INR. So why bother voyaging? Yet, there is another side to it as well.
CONS OF THE SITUATION:
*Full stop on sends out we can trade merchandise due to the money contrast. The fares will become costly and on the off chance that we contrast Indian items if and other cutthroat nations, we will turn out to be far more costly and this will hamper our fares which isn’t useful for our economy.
*No unfamiliar venture: unfamiliar organizations put resources into India because of modest work now if an organization used to pay the laborer Rs20000 that is 300$ now they need to pay them 20000$ so they would begin putting resources into different nations as opposed to in our own if 1 USD approaches 1 INR.
*We will confront financial closure and expansion in joblessness for instance if my organization beneficiaries a designer from India for Rs75000 that is around 1000$ and if 1INR = 1 $ for what reason will I pay quite a lot more to the Indian specialist when I have choices. In this way, the Indian laborers need to deal with less expense or leave the work. The equivalent would occur with different callings too.
*In case they are chipping away at such a lot of lower compensation how might they pay their EMI? They proved unable. Joblessness will influence the banks as advances would be left neglected.
*We will confront financial log jam as cash would not be exchanged at a similar speed if 1 USD approaches 1 INR.
In this beautiful day , I’m here to say about what is real Happiness in life.
1)The real success/happiness according to me is being yourself in public freely.
2)Being happy with your own skin.
3)Spreading happiness to the people you love.
4)Seeing their happiness with your own eyes.
5)Real Success lies in how you being happy with yourself and doesn’t change yourself for others .
6) You are unique.Nobody in this world is as exactly like you. No matter what everyone thinks you be yourself and do what matters to you.They will just think only they are not going to help you or live your life only you are going to live your life.Don’t expect appreciation from others instead appreciate yourself and grade yourself higher.
7)Always cherish who you are . Even you itself didn’t appreciate yourself then who will ?? . You can live only once so adore the things which matters to you . Avoid the negatives . Accept the positivity in life and move on…
Biological diversity’ means the variability among living organisms from all sources including, inter alia, terrestrial, marine and other aquatic ecosystems and the ecological complexes of which they are a part; this includes diversity within species, between species and of ecosystems. The word Biodiversity means Gk. Bios- Life, diversity- forms. The occurrence of difference species of organisms with the whole range of their variants (Biotypes) & genes adapted to different climates, environments along with their interactions & processes. This term was coined by Walter G. Rosen- 1985. Biodiversity refers to the numbers, variety and variability of living organisms and ecosystem. It includes all terrestrial, marine and other aquatic organisms. Also covers diversity within species, between species as well as variations among ecosystems.
Biodiversity has contributed in many ways to the development of human culture, and, in turn, human communities have played a major role in shaping the diversity of nature at the genetic, species, and ecological levels.
Types of Biodiversity
Genetic diversity – Diversity of genes within a species. i.e. genetic variability among the populations and the individuals of the same species. Genetic diversity is the total number of genetic characteristics in the genetic makeup of a species. Ex. Domestic Dogs. Humans have created distinct breeds of dogs within the species by selectively breeding individuals.
Species diversity – Diversity among species in an ecosystem. “Biodiversity hotspots” are excellent examples of species diversity. Species diversity is defined as the number of species and abundance of each species that live in a particular location. Each species is distinct from other species in form & character such as cow & goat. Species diversity is the most common level to describe biodiversity of any area.
Ecosystem diversity – Diversity at a higher level of organization, the ecosystem. To do with the variety of ecosystems on Earth. Ecosystem diversity deals with the variations in ecosystems within a geographical location and its overall impact on human existence and the environment. EX. deserts, forests, grasslands, wetlands and oceans. Ecological diversity is the largest scale of biodiversity, and within each ecosystem, there is a great deal of both species and genetic diversity.
VALUES OF BIODIVERSITY
1. Consumptive value : The most important point of consumptive use is that some rural communities closets to the forests or other natural areas can prosper through the sustainable harvesting of wildlife species. Hunting, Direct consumption-herbs, plants, mushrooms are all consumptive uses.
2. Productive Value : Products that are commercially harvested for exchange in formal markets. Each species is valuable to human. The global collection of genes, species, habitat & ecosystems is a resource that provides for human needs. It is also essential for human survival in the future. This is often then only value of biological resources that is reflected in the income accounts.
3. Social Value : Social value of biodiversity refers to religious and cultural importance. Trees are worshiped as God. ex. Banyan tree, Peepal Tree. Flowers, Tulsi leaves are offered during pooja.
4. Ethical Value : ‘All life must be preserved’ based on ‘Live & let live’. This means we don’t use the species directly or indirectly, but we feel sorry about the loss of species. They have a existence value.
5. Aesthetic Value : It is related to the beauty of biodiversity. The pleasure, excitement & visual peace of any area. Concept of Eco- tourism & willingness to pay are gaining grounds, leading to monetary estimate for aesthetic value of biodiversity.
6. Option Value : The option values of biodiversity suggests that any species may be proved to be a valuable after someday. At present the potentials/ uses/ values are unknown. Ex. Growing technology field is searching new species for causing the diseases of cancer & AIDS.
HOT SPOTS OF BIODIVERSITY
A biodiversity hotspot is a bio-geographic region that is both a significant reservoir of biodiversity and is threatened with destruction. The term biodiversity hotspot specifically refers to 25 biologically rich areas around the world that have lost at least 70 percent of their original habitat. The original 25 hotspots covered 11.8% of the land surface area of the Earth.
Irrespective of experiencing 200 days of winter with complete absence of sun, Finland has maintained it’s position to be the Happiest Country in the World for the last four years. It has been named the most stable, freest and the safestcountry by various international bodies because of the socio-economic and welfare policies of the nation. Finland is a natural beauty with forests, crystal clear lakes and wildlife. It has low pollution levels which makes the air clean and encourages more citizens to be amidst the nature. Hence, a large number of outdoor activities like kayaking, canoe, horse back riding and others can be experienced. Nature in itself is known to have immense healing power that can cheer people and lift their spirits.
Finland offers free Forest Therapy to it’s citizens where the general public is allowed to roam freely in natural areas like forests, lakes, and rivers without any permission from the landowners (if the areas fall under a private land). This traditional legal concept is called ‘’Everyman’s Right ‘’. However, the only condition applied is that no damage or disturbance should be faced by the landowner.
Finns have a warm culture and enjoy a relaxed way of living. Unlike other Western countries they believe in cooperation over competition. The follow minimalistic approach to life and prefer well-made, sustainable, functional items that will stand the test of time. Finns are not considered to be happy bubbly people with cheerful smiley faces. In fact, they are the least expressive people who take life as it comes.
Coming to the most important topic, what makes them the happiest country in the world? Well, there cannot be a single factor to happiness. However, the main cause of it is self-satisfaction and inner peace, which in term is an outcome of various factors.
Finns follow a relaxed way of living and are at peace with themselves. Finland may not be the most powerful or wealthy economy but what makes them happy is the fact that they are at peace with their present situation. They are nottoo ambitious about what life should offer them and this helps them to feel satisfied with what they currently have.
The national pass time for Finns is enjoying sauna baths. The fact that they have over 2 million saunas explains their love for the tradition. Saunas are places that purifies one’s body and soul. Sauna creates a sense of community and equality for the citizens as people from all backgrounds come together to enjoy the experience. Finns are used to being naked in the sauna with their family and friends, which can help create a comfort with and acceptance of their bodies, too.
Fins follow the philosophy of ‘Sisu’ that is focused on persevering when the odds are against us and viewing challenges as an opportunity. “Instead of waiting for a warm sunny day, many Finns practice daily sisu by heading out in any kind of weather for a brisk walk or cycle, or to spend time in nature.” They believe that happiness does not come from searching for it, but by living.
Finns value time over money. They choose a healthy work – life balance over wealth. A good personal life gives them the chance to pursue their personal interests and feed their creativity. This further contributes to the low inequality levels in Finland. The society majorly consists of middle-class households with very less poverty and more social security. They have few rich families but since the people are satisfied with themselves, they don’t believe in excessive show off of their wealth. This promotes the feeling of content and satisfaction amongst the low-income groups as well.
One of the main reasons why Finns are satisfied and happy with their lives is social equality. The government provides each new born a equal and healthy start to life. They distribute packages of clothing and other useful items to all new mothers. This was initially started to reduce the declining birth rate and high infant mortality but on a broader picture it reduces the difference and provides an equal start to all the new citizens. Equal opportunities are given to every citizen in terms of besteducation in schools and universities without any cost. This helps each child shape their own future without any form of economic hindrances. (A happy childhood breeds happy adults) The presence of best of healthcare opportunities to all the citizens at no cost reduces further disparity and makes them more secure and stress-free.
Under the ‘Housing first’ principle, it is ensured that even the rough sleepers are given the right support and a roof above them. The presence of equal opportunities for all makes people more satisfied with their lives, hence there is no need for people to adapt criminal offences. Low crime rates, in turn makes people more safe, secure and happy.
Finland strongly emphasises on closing gender equality as a means to promote the feeling of satisfaction and oneness amongst all citizens. Some of the measures includes providing new fathers with nine weeks of paternity leave at 70 percent of their salary and closing the gender pay gap. (Hence proving that a rising tide lifts all boats). Finland is one amongst the few Nordic countries where fathers spend more time with school-aged children compared to their mothers.
The extent of equality and freedom amongst the nation is such that they follow Flat Working Model in commercial world. For those who don’t know, a flat working model is one where there are few or nohierarchal levels between management and staff. This leads to less supervision and increased involvement with organizational decision-making, enabling open communication between all departments. Hence, increasing workplace productivity and team-cohesion. This worker-centric approach to business has served Finland well for more than a decade. Moreover, Finland is the only country that provides 25 paid workdays off in addition to the paid national holidays.
Finns are least active on social-media platforms that indulge in putting forward a polished view of their lives. They don’t brag about their success and wealth or show an outwardly exuberant zest for life. Rather, they believe in being reserved and accepting both the good and the bad as it comes. They believe that if they are truly happy, they don’t need to shove it in anyone’s faces.
Even after being the happiest country in the world, Finns have an emotionless exterior and prefer melancholic songs to express themselves. This is because they accept negative emotions as part of life. Trying to suppress one’s negative emotions is considered bad for one’s well-being. They are taught to embrace such emotions and learn to accept one’s life for what it is. This in turn has a positive impact on their life and help them feel more satisfied. They believe in expressing their negative emotions to such an extent that they celebrate a national event called “The International Day of Failure” (celebrated annually on 13 October), that carries an important message that without the possibility of failure there is no success, and occasional failure is therefore acceptable.
They follow the culture of Kalsarikännit or Pantsdrunk which is the practice of binge drinking alone in your home in your underpants. To a large extent, it is still considered a way of life in Finland, probably because of the stereotyped lack of social contacts among Finns.
Another reason why nordic countries are most at peace with themselves may be the not mentioned, but always present, “Law of Jante” that is silently enforced by everybody in unison. Law of Jante explain the egalitarian nature of Nordic countries where they support a harmonious and happy society.
Finns are socialized to believe that what they have is as good as it gets—or close enough. Finns believe in the Norwegian term Lagom, which can be translated as “just the right amount,” i.e., neither too much nor too little. They believe that what they have is as good as it gets—or close enough. This mindset makes them the happiest people in the world despite living in small apartments, earning modest incomes, with even more limited purchasing power because of the high prices and taxation.
Hence, one thing that the world could learn from them is their willingness to embrace the less-sunny aspects of living i.e., to accept negative feelings as a normal part of life.
Global warming is the slow increase in the average temperature of the earth’s atmosphere because an increased amount of the energy (heat) striking the earth from the sun is being trapped in the atmosphere and not radiated out into space.
The earth’s atmosphere has always acted like a greenhouse to capture the sun’s heat, ensuring that the earth has enjoyed temperatures that permitted the emergence of life forms as we know them, including humans.
Without our atmospheric greenhouse the earth would be very cold. Global warming, however, is the equivalent of a greenhouse with high efficiency reflective glass installed the wrong way around.Ionically, the best evidence of this may come from a terrible cooling event that took place some 1,500 years ago. Two massive volcanic eruptions, one year after another placed so much black dust into the upper atmosphere that little sunlight could penetrate. Temperatures plummeted. Crops failed. People died of starvation and the Black Death started its march. As the dust slowly fell to earth, the sun was again able to warn the world and life returned to normal.Today, we have the opposite problem. Today, the problem is not that too little sun warmth is reaching the earth, but that too much is being trapped in our atmosphere.
So much heat is being kept inside greenhouse earth that the temperature of the earth is going up faster than at any previous time in history. NASA provides an excellent course module on the science of global warming.
What Causes Global Warming?
There are three positions on global warming: (1) that global warming is not occurring and so neither is climate change; (2) that global warming and climate change are occurring, but these are natural, cyclic events unrelated to human activity; and (3) that global warming is occurring as a result primarily of human activity and so climate change is also the result of human activity.The claim that nothing is happening is very hard to defend in the face or masses of visual, land-based and satellite data that clearly shows rising average sea and land temperatures and shrinking ice masses.The claim that the observed global warming is natural or at least not the result of human carbon emissions (see Climate Skeptics below) focuses on data that shows that world temperatures and atmospheric CO2 levels have been equally high or higher in the past. They also point to the well understood effects of solar activity on the amount of radiation striking the earth and the fact that in recent times the sun has been particularly active.
Greenhouse Gases Are the Main Reasons for Global Warming. …
Cause #1: Variations in the Sun’s Intensity. …
Cause #2: Industrial Activity. …
Cause #3: Agricultural Activity. …
Cause #4: Deforestation. …
Cause #5: Earth’s Own Feedback Loop.
The evidence is clear: the main cause of climate change is burning fossil fuels such as oil, gas, and coal. When burnt, fossil fuels release carbon dioxide into the air, causing the planet to heat up.
How to stop global warming ?
There is no one-size-fits-all approach to stopping or slowing global warming, and each individual, business, municipal, state, tribal, and federal entity must weigh their options in light of their own unique set of circumstances. Experts say it is likely many strategies working together will be needed. Generally speaking, here are some examples of mitigation strategies we can use to slow or stop the human-caused global warming :
Where possible, we can switch to renewable sources of energy (such as solar and wind energy) to power our homes and buildings, thus emitting far less heat-trapping gases into the atmosphere.
Where feasible, we can drive electric vehicles instead of those that burn fossil fuels; or we can use mass transit instead of driving our own cars.
Where affordable, we can conserve energy by better insulating our homes and buildings, and by replacing old, failing appliances with more energy-efficient models.
Where practicable, we can counterbalance our annual carbon dioxide emissions by investing in commercial services that draw down an equal amount of carbon out of the atmosphere, such as through planting trees or carbon capture and storage techniques.
Where practical, we can support more local businesses that use and promote sustainable, climate-smart practices such as those listed above.
We can consider placing an upper limit on the amount of carbon dioxide we will allow ourselves to emit into the atmosphere within a given timeframe.
Most of us are well known about Indian famous women personalities like Kalpana Chawla, Kiran Bedi, Indira Gandhi, Saina nehwal and etc.. because we always do listen their successful stories in many meeting as an inspiration. Today I’m going to post about the life story of Kalpana Saroj who is the most struggled women personality and who became as an industrialist with out having any degree and competed equally with the top most business personalities.
Kalpana Saroj is a female entrepreneur and Tedx speaker. She was born in 1961 in Roperkheda village, Maharashtra, India. She is the chair person of “ kamini Tubes” and bagged the honourable “Padma shri “ award in 2013 in the field of Trades and Industries. She is described as the real “ SLUMDOG MILLIONAIRE ” and also sometimes considered as India’s first women entrepreneur.
EARLY ROOTS OF HER LIFE:
Kalpana was born in a Dalit family and her father was a constable. As she was from Dalit community, she is refused by everyone in her school. At that time’s, there was a custom to marry of the girls at an early age. Similarly, Kalpana parents were also fixed her alliance at the age of twelve years. After her marriage she move to the slum area of Mumbai along with her husband’s family. At a very tender age she faced torture in both physically and mentally at her mother-in-law house. She became as a sex toy to her husband and as a maid to her mother-in-law.
When her father visited her after the six months of marriage, he was shocked to see her daughter in horrible situations at her home and he immediately took her back to home. After moving back to her native place she was taunted by every person in her village and later after same days, she mentally got weaken and attempted suicide. After her suicide attempt, she became strong and empowered with regained energy and again moved to Mumbai in the search of her new life.
BUILDING A NEW PATH IN HER LIFE:
As and when she moved to Mumbai she started working as a tailor in a garment factory, with in a few months she mastered at the art of sewing and managed to get get a decent hike but when the things in her life was improving suddenly her life took an U-turn with death of her younger sister who was died because of insufficient amount of money for the treatment, Then she got realized about the importance of money in once life.
After few months of her sister’s death, she decided to begin a new life in the form of business. One day she heard about the Government loan scheme for Dalits in radio and she applied for that scheme. After the Government loan got sanctioned, she turned that amount into a few sewing machines and started working sixteen hours per day on them. As it is a profitable venture she got profits in her first business and she started investing the profits on the furniture business along with the tailoring business.
ENTERING INTO THE REAL TIME BOOM MARKET:
One day, a man approached Kalpana with a proposal of buying land, at a price of 2.5 lakhs which was caught in legal troubles because of having the need of money urgently, he supposed to sell his land to kalpana. Kalpana grabbed that opportunity and gave him a lakh in advance and paid the remaining amount within a few months. For two years, she fought the legal battle and cleared the litigation issue of the land.
The workers of Kamani Tubes( A metal engineering company) got impressed with her logical and entrepreneurial skills in dealing with the land litigation issue they approached her to take charge over the company and settle the debts. With her perseverance and patience she cleared all the debts of company in the short span of time and restructured that company to bring back to profit’s path with her entrepreneurial and managing skills.
Today, She is the chairperson of an Industrial setup and owns net worth of 112 million dollars(Rs. 2000 crore). She also started a film production house which is named as KS FILM PRODUCTION. This is the successful story of Kalpana Saroj who crossed many barriers to reach this position. Her life shows us the reality of facing hardships with out giving up. Soon, Kalpana Saroj biopic is going to be filmed out in future where we can see her struggles clearly in that film.
CONCLUSION:
Guys finally do remember that, “Life is full of events and situations which act as a sources of infinite wisdom. We have to find ways out of the multitude of adversities which will teach us valuable lessons on the importance of will power and hard work”
Pattachitra or Patachitra is the ancient traditional and indigenous cloth based painting technique of Odisha and is highly known for its intricate details. The word Pattachitra is derived from Sanskrit words, “Patta” meaning canvas and “Chitra” meaning painting or picture. Thus, Pattachitra is painting which is done on canvas and makes use of rich colors, creative motifs and designs for mythological narratives and folktales.
Pattachitra is a traditional and popular art forms of Odisha, India and is inspired by Jagannath and Vaishava. The specialty of the painting is that, it uses colors that are natural and are fully made by Chitraakaras or Odiya Painter. The tradition of Pattachitra painting is more than thousand years old and is still practiced in the state.
HISTORY OF THE ART FORM
The arts inscribed in “Pattachitra” resemble the ancient murals of Odisha and Lord Jagannath is taken as the source of the art form. The artform mainly shows the religious centers of Puri, Konark and Bhubaneswar region and the best works of the artform are found in and around Puri and especially in village of Raghurajpur. Other such regions were the artform is still being practiced in Paralakhemundi, Chikiti and Sonepur. The color schemes used in the artform are similar to the color schemes of deities of Puri. The wooden statues of the three deities of Puri are covered with cloth and are painted with the four limited colors of red, yellow, white and black. These deities also have their traditional art and painting which shows their life events and different tales and these are as old as the deities themselves.
Some of the popular tales or themes that are depicted in this art form are “Thia Badhia: A Depiction fo temple of Jagannath”, “Krishna Lila: Enactment of Jagannath as Lord Krishna and his powers displayed during his childhood”, “Panchamukhi: Depiction of Lord Ganesh as a five headed deity” etc. These themes are the soul of the art form and are the true reason behind the existence of this artform. The artform requires unbending concentration and careful craftmanship and it takes nearly five days of work for completing the art and it may take long or shorter period onnthe basis of the complexity of work and labour required.
Pattachitra showing Krishna Lila
Pattachitra showing Thia Badhia
Pattachitra showing Panchamukhi
THE MAKING OF PATTACHITRA
Making of Pattachitra
While making Pattachitra following steps are followed:
Making the Patta : Done with the help of tamarind paste and my soaking tamarind seeds in water for three days and then are crushed to make paste which is called Niryas Kalpa.
Holding the two pieces of cloth together with the tamarind paste and coating a powder of soft clay to make it firm.
After the cloth becomes dry, it is polished with rough stone followed by wood or smooth stone until the surface becomes smooth and leathery.
The canvas is ready for being painted.
Preparing the paste using naturally available raw materials to being about indigenous paints. This is the most important step in preparation of Pattachitra.
The root of Keya plant is the most common ingredient used for making the brush and then the cloth is painted.
WHAT MAKES PATTACHITRA SPECIAL ?
Pattachitra Wood Necklace
Pattachitra painting is a disciplined art form and the makers always stick to the use of natural products only for making Pattachitras. They have certain rules the follow and abide by while making an artform and end up creating remarkable paintings that depict emotions, tales, history, culture etc. and the Chitrakars try their best to being the most accurate expression through the use of the rich colorful motifs.
Pattachitra has came a long way and has gone through large number of transitions and the chitrakaras have painted on tussar silk and even on palm leaves. Wall hangings and showpieces are also being created. And all this is done by strictly following the rules and these have remained intact throughout generations.
Vegetables are the part of plants which are edible and very nutritious to our body. As we all are aware that vegetables happen to have very good effects on our body. Almost every vegetable has fibres, vitamins, minerals and other important healthy ingredients in them , but some of them have some exceptional qualities which make them stand out from the rest of the others .Nutritional value of vegetables is undeniable . Here I have talked about some of them which have more nutritional value than the others .They are written below .
Various types of carrots
CARROT — It is a root vegetable. It’s common colour is orange but it happens to also be yellow,white and purple . While eating them you will be able to feel the crunchiness of it . It has high nutritional value . It has lots of beta-carotene ,fiber ,vitamin K ,vitamin A ,potassium & antioxidants ,biotin carotenoids and lutein . It also has 90-95% water & almost 7% carbohydrates .
Carotenoids reduce the chances of cancer & improve the blood by lowering bad cholesterol in the blood . Vitamin A helps to improve the eye sight & eye health .Carrot is also used as a weight-loss diet vegetable .It improves our immune system .
CarrotsKale
KALE — It is a green leafy vegetable . This vegetable belongs to the Cruciferous plant family .It has a lot of calories , protein & carbohydrates .High amount of flavonoids ,45 types of carotenoids , Vitamin K ,Vitamin A ,Vitamin C are also found in kale .
Kale works as a very good antioxidant & anti-inflammatory in our body .It prevents the chances of cancer ,It fights against macular degeneration , Alzheimer ,arthritis with the help of containing antioxidants .
Kale LeafGarlic Bulbs
3)GARLIC — It is one type of stem of a bulbous plant . Garlic is naturally of white colour but black garlic also exists .Garlic plant belongs from Allium ,a onion species .It is widely used as a seasoning or as a spice . It has a high amount of Vitamin B6 ,manganese ,selenium , Vitamin C and allician . It also has a good amount of phosphorus , calcium ,potassium ,iron ,copper etc.
It is a very good vegetable for the heart & blood system . It also fights against high blood pressure or BP & lowers the bad blood cholesterol to cure the heart condition . It increases the blood oxidation power . It also works for skin infections & hypertension .
Garlic Various edible mushrooms
4) MUSHROOM — It belongs to a fungus group & is edible in nature . It has various sizes ,colours ,and strictures .It has a lot of protein , minerals ,antioxidants ,selenium ,Vitamin C ,choline ,and fibre . It is especially rich in vitamin B & protein .
It fights against lung & breast cancer & prevents them .It works very well on diabetes patients & helps to cure diabetes . It gives a lot of energy for containing lots of protein .It is one of the most healthy foods .
MushroomsAsparagus
5) ASPARAGUS — It belongs to the lily plant family . Its scientific name is Asparagusofficinalis . It is usually a green colour vegetable but it also exists in purple colour & white colour .It has low calories , lots of vitamin C , Vitamin A , Vitamin K , antioxidants , phosphorus , fiber , protein . It has a high amount of Vitamin K .
Anthocyanin is responsible for the colour of the purple asparagus and it lowers the blood pressure in our body . Asparagus also helps to increase the power of our digestive system . It has a very good effect on pregnant ladies during their pregnancy period .It is a healthy & delicious vegetable .
Stock exchange is something about which many people are still unaware, here I am talking specifically about India its stock exchange and other facts related to it. A stock exchange is basically a place where an individual can buy and sell stocks. The oldest stock exchange in India happened in the year 1857 in Bombay (Mumbai) A stock which is also known as an equity lets a common man invest into a corporation and they get a share in companies’ asset and profit depending upon how much share they own. The costliest share in India is approximately seventy-two thousand for one, it is of MRF and the costliest share of the world is Berkshire Hathaway. If we go into the technicality of the topic there are number of concept and terms.
Bull and Bear This concept of Bull and Bear is the most common one it basically reflects the condition of stock market just like the name a bull is considered an active and fierce animal and a bear is lazy, a bull here stands for a purchaser who invest in stocks and earns great profit as he invested at the right time where as a bear is just the opposite, he sells stock. Both resembles different condition.
Rule of 72 Which is a beginner rule, used to calculate the time required to double the capital, the calculation is done by number 72.
In India there are two popular stock exchange venue The Bombay Stock exchange and the national stock exchange. Out of the two BSE is the older one it was established back in 1875 and it is the first ever stock exchange of Asia, apart from this on-line trading was introduced through Bombay stock Exchange, it is the 12th biggest market place for stock exchange in world. Then, there is National Stock exchange, which came in 1992 and bought electronic exchange with it, this changed the traditional style. It is the 10th biggest stock exchange market. It is more advanced as compared to Bombay stock exchange in terms of facilities and both are separate. Both have different value as in capital and enjoy different position in the world and Indian market. There are in total 9 stock exchange in India including Bombay Stock Exchange and National Stock Exchange. A stock market plays a significant role in an economy that is why they exist, it is a platform that links a buyer, a seller, a company and most importantly they reflect the condition of a country’s economy. Stock marked is termed risky because in case the market falls a purchaser will have to face high loss but, if the value of share increases it will lead to profit. But as a responsible citizen we should always be aware about the ongoing trends and condition of stock market even if we don’t want to invest. There is a small population that invest into stock market reason can be many like the risk associated etc. but, at the same time we have great investors like Rakesh Jhunjhunwala and others.
The gap between the old and the young people is called generation gap. Old people feel that lack of respect for the elders and disrespect to the existing system of the society will bring disaster for young generation. Young boys and girls, on the other hand, feel that ‘the old are fools’. The gap between the old and the new generations is widening owing to several reasons.
First, all young people feel that the present education has no relation with the realities of life. Secondly, the present life has become busy and fast. Thirdly, the young people are generally idealistic. When they find corruption in every sphere of life, they feel disgusted. Fourthly, to express their unhappiness with the existing state of affairs, young people take to violence or behave oddly.
In order to bridge the generation gap, elders should be sympathetic towards the young. They should realise the emotion, ambition and problems of the young. The young should realise that they have no experience in life.
So, they should value the advice of the elders. The general gap between the two groups of people is so wide in the western countries that they live separately. In India the traditional joint family system has slowed the growth of this gap. But now such a family also is breaking down.
Hello motherland, I hope you are fine, I can only hope this because your children living here are not completely loyal to you.
Since long time you have been through many things and faced a lots of challenges. You have seen people changing, their changing lifestyles and even their behaviour towards you. During ancient times people used to discover things from you, they only used natural things like branches of trees to cook food, stones to setup fire and made tools from them. People at that time were totally dependent on you for everything from eating to wearing to shelter. As the time passes, in the medieval time people were more developed and found ways to rule over you. Different communities were made and people got divided according to their power and started making policies and planning to rule over a large piece of land this way you got divided into several religion and genders. Coming to the Modern Times now no one is afraid of you, everyone is seeking their benefit and doing whatever they wish to do without taking any precautions. Use of plastic bags, burning of crackers on festivals, wastage of water, deforestation etc all are leading to the serious conditions of the health of the motherland. Today’s society is always busy on technology and this too is creating a lot of junk on land and in people’s mind. They are harming the land as well as their health conditions. Due to huge amount of pollution, Ozone Layer has got a black hole in it and still people are not aware that it can cause serious skin problem like skin cancer.
As human beings have troubled you so much, the day will come when you will trouble us and I think the day has arrived, that is why in many parts of the world people are facing floods and even drought, heavy rainfall and even areas with graphic heat. You have suffered a lot and now that one day is very close when everybody will suffer and realise that what you have gone through.
Nowadays oxygen is free of cost and is God gifted but that day is very near when people will have pay for it. Everyone on the streets would walk by carrying oxygen cylinders on their back and masks on their face due to pollution and harmful waves. The harmful rays or pollution are not only affecting the life of people but also affecting the biodiversity. India, which is famous for its Bengal tiger is now found very rarely, butterflies which were in large quantities are now decreasing rapidly. Many of the birds and animals have been extinct because of unnecessary hunting in past and present by various kings and famous personalities in order to outshine others. Due to the overuse of the resources the time will come when the rivers will dry up and nothing will be left for the future, due to the present scenario it seems that the only thing we can leave for future generations are the photographs and paintings of the wildlife resources.
Human beings are not respecting their God then how can you expect that they will give you that respect which you deserve. It can be concluded by example of Ganesh Visarjan when tons of Ganesh idols are been sank in the rivers and later these were all collected by cleaners to take them to the safer place. The idols seems half dissolved in water and some even didn’t desolved because they are usually made of Plaster of Paris (POP). Government had insisted the public to buy idols made of mud instead of POP but for the beauty of the home they are destroying the beauty of nature.
There are very few helping hands which are not enough to protect you or conserve you. But we need more human efforts to protect you from big natural calamities.
To prevent the motherland from being old and unhealthy everyone should stop using plastic and start using alternative methods like paper bags, cloth bags, bamboo bottles, etc. Use of less pollutants should be encouraged and bicycle should be used for smaller distances to prevent the atmosphere from harmful chemicals. Candles and earthen lamps should be lighten up on festivals instead of firing crackers. These little steps by everyone can bring greater changes and will improve your health. If we talk about last year then due to covid-19 when the whole world was locked and everyone stayed at their homes, the ozone layer healed itself and pollution started to decrease.
I hope that my letter to motherland will somehow influence and aware people and hope that they will gain some more respect towards our motherland and I thank you to all those citizens who are engaged directly or indirectly in conserving it and contributing their bit for the world.
Eduindex News 
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