HORTICULTURE

Horticulture is a branch of agriculture that deals with cultivation of fruits, vegetables and ornamental plants. Horticulture is the science and art of the development, sustainable production, marketing and use of high-value, intensively cultivated food and ornamental plants.

They are four main classes of Horticulture
✓Pomology (fruit farming)
✓Olericulture (vegetable farming)
✓Floriculture (flower farming)
✓Landscape gardening

Pomology (fruit farming)

The term pomology is derived from the latin word ‘pomum’ means fruit and ‘logy’ means study. It deals with development, enhancement of fruit quality, cultivation techniques, regulation of production periods and reduction of production cost of fruits.

Olericulture (vegetable farming)

Olericulture is the science of growing vegetables. Vegetable farming can be classified into:
✓Kitchen or Nutrition gardening
✓Commercial gardening
✓Vegetable forcing

Kitchen gardening

Kitchen gardening is growing of vegetables in small scale at household. e.g. Beans, Cabbage, Lady’s finger, Tomato, Brinjal, Carrot, Spinach etc.

Commercial gardening

It is the production of vegetables in large scale to be sold in markets.

Vegetable forcing

It is the method of growing vegetables in buildings, green houses, cold farms or under other artificial growing conditions. It is the most intensive type of vegetable growing. e.g. Cabbage, Tomato, Brinjal etc.

Green House or Poly House

It is a framed structure covered with transparent material to grow crops under partiality or fully controlled environmental conditions to get optimum growth and productivity. It is the fastest growing sector in the agriculture worldwide.

Floriculture (Flower farming)

Floriculture is the art of cultivation of flowering and ornamental plants in garden for beauty of floristry. It is concerned with growing traditional flowers, cut flowers, bedding plants, foliage potted plants, arboriculture trees, turf grass for beautification and value added products like essential oils, pharmaceutical and nutraceutical compounds.

Landscape Gardening

Landscape horticulture is the study of designing and constructing landscapes in homes, business firms and public areas to imitate natural scenery.

Dance of Democracy

In the term of Prime Minister Narendra Modi

Democracy is derived from the Greek language which means a government by the people. The citizens of the country are given a right to choose their respective representative. There are mainly two types of democracy – direct and representative and semi-democracy or hybrid. In a democratic country power is vested with the people and is exercised by them in indirectly or directly through a system of representation which usually involves free elections. In order to progress human development a democratic land is essential. This helps and enables citizens to have a free will and live freely in the society. Moreover, it allows people to have equal rights. This helps to enable that equality prevails all over country.

Narendra Modi | NarendraModi.in Official Website of Prime Minister of India

During the rule of the Britishers, the country did not have any democracy. They imposed structures of bureaucracy which maintained order through rule of the law rather than thought arbitrary authority. They controlled the country and refused to give any authority to the citizens on India and kept imposing laws and orders on them. In the small journey as an independent nation, democracy has been a cornerstone of the Indian success saga. From the time when doubts were cast on the ability of the country’s survival as a nation to a time where it holds the powers across the global look for our guidance, India has travelled miles. In the year 1947 when the rule of Britishers came to an end the constitution was adopted in 1950 which led to India being known to have the largest democracy in the world. The country declared itself to be democratic, sovereign and a republic state. The constitution of India gave power to its citizen to elect their representative and their own choice of government. India is known to be a quasi-federal parliamentary system of government which is known to be largely based on the UK model. 

Narendra Modi and India's new climate change norms | ORF

Although India is largest democracy it still has a long way of progression. The country faces a lot of issues which does not let it efficiently function as a democracy. The caste system in country is still prevalent which does hampers with the socialist principle of democracy. Communalism is also on the rise and has led to many bad consequences in India. These factors interfere with the secular aspect of the country. All these differences need to be set aside to ensure happiness and prosperity of the citizens. Democracy in the country is still better than that in most of the countries. Still, there is a lot of room for improvement which we must pay attention on. The government must implement stringent laws to ensure that there is no discrimination that takes place. In addition, awareness must be made to make citizens aware of their rights and duties.

𝑯𝑰𝑺𝑻𝑶𝑹𝒀 𝑶𝑭 𝑻𝑨𝑴𝑰𝑳 𝑳𝑨𝑵𝑮𝑼𝑨𝑮𝑬

TAMIL is not just a LANGUAGE, it’s an ancient history”

Tamil is an old language spoken by the Tamil people of South India. Tamil is one of the longest surviving classical languages in the world. Tamil Language is classified as a classical language of India.

Tamil has a literary history of over 2000 years. Most of the Tamil literature is documented in various forms. In 1578 a Tamil Prayer book in Tamil old script names Thambiran Vanakkam was printed and published by the Portuguese Christian Missionaries. Because of that Tamil was considered as the first Indian language to be printed as a book. The university of Madaras published the first Tamil dictionary Tamil Lexicon one of the earliest dictionaries published in the Indian languages.

Tamil is one of the Dravidian Languages a family of around 26 languages. The closest major relative of the Tamil language is the Malayalam language. According to Hindu legend, Tamil is considered as a god (Tamil Thai) was created by Lord Shiva and Murugan.

Everybody has a question about that how an ancient language survived this much . the answer is the old south Indian kings have a literature knowledge in Tamil, so they organized various sources to develop literature in the Tamil language. Some south Indian kings such as Pandian kings created Sangam and collect and compiled such as universities.

Tamil sangams are acted as universities, they helped to document the works of literature in the Tamil language into various forms. Tamil sangams updated every time the technology is changed. Madurai Tamil Sangam which is has over 1200 years of history still working.

Tamil kings build huge temples rather than huge forts, so they curve the life history of god in the temple walls. the old Tamil script history is acknowledged in every temple in tamilnadu.

Study of Tamil becomes important to other Indians living outside Tamil Nadu only if they change their biased mindset against Tamil. If any one wants to understand the real India, they will have to visit Tamil Nadu, stay there temporarily and learn Tamil. Many westerners have done it in the past and went back in awe of the language. G.U. Pope from England translated into English the Tamil literary works – The ThirukuRaL the Naaladiyaar and the Thiruvaasagam, a saivaite poetic work. The Government of Tamil Nadu, in memory of this Tamil savant, installed his statue on the Marina in Chennai, on the occasion of the Second International Tamil Conference in Chennai, in the year 1968. Bishop Robert Caldwell, Ellis,Beschi and Kamil Zvelibil are the other westerners who took a great interest in the study of Tamil. Several other unsung westerners have also studied Tamil with dedication.

Caldwell’s “ A Comparative Grammar of the Dravidian Languages” ( 1856) , introduced Tamil studies outside Tamil Nadu. The Tamil Nadu government also installed the statues of Beschi and Robert Caldwell on the Marina, Chennai, in 1968. Dr. Asko Parpola, the Finnish linguistic scholar has devoted his entire life for the study of Tamil and for the decipherment of the Indus seals. Dr. George Hart, Professor of Sanskrit and Tamil, University of California, Berkeley, the USA. has authored many books in Sanskrit and Tamil. In 2015, he was honoured with the Padmasri award, the third highest civilian award, by the Government of India…

WANT FLAWLESS MAKEUP? – SCROLL DOWN FOR TIPS

Accept it or not, there are a lot of factors that get involves into getting a flawless makeup look. From choosing a correct product to master the technique for the application of the products, getting an attractive look is an art. Want to be the game changer for transforming your look? Keep scrolling and continue reading the tips to enhance your skills one step ahead…

  • CLEAR AND HYDRATE YOUR SKIN ALWAYS

The first and very important step before applying any product on your face is to keep your skin cleansed and moisturised. A fresh. radiant skin makes your work much easier to get a flawless. So, keep on working on your skin care routine daily to prepare you skin for prefect makeup look.

  • PRIMER TIME

After prepping your skin, once your skin care routine is done, it’s time for primer. Using of primer does wonders to your skin, helps to get the perfect beauty look.

Applying primer gives your makeup settle evenly for long lasting look.

  • EYE MAKEUP BEFORE FOUNDATION

Whether you are going for smoking eye look or a casual eye look play it safe by doing the eye makeup before applying the foundation on your face. This is because while doing eye makeup there is always a chance of falling off your makeup on face, this prevent reapply of foundation again and again.

  • USE OF ADHESIVE TAPE

Adhesive tape? Yes, you heard it right, if you are not that skilled in the art of applying the liner, no need to fear. The adhesive tape is a life saver as well as saves time too.You just need to cut a small piece of tape and all you need to do is place the tape diagonally on the corner of your eyes and apply the liner according to it. Pull the tape once you are done. This will give you the perfect crispy finish.

  • PERFECT FOUNDATION SHADE

Foundation is an absolute game changer for a flawless look. Foundation with many shades and formulas available you just need to choose the perfect foundation. This means choose the foundation that matches your complexion and suits your skin tone.

  • CONCEALER UNDER EYES

Most essential product for under eye is concealer. Applying concealer under the eye can hide your dark circle. And if you wish to cover up any other imperfections, concealer can handle it too.

  • USE OF BRUSHES

Who don’t like pink cheeks? Using of correct brush for applying blush can give you a perfect pink cheek. There are many other brushes which can enhance the look of your face, contour, highlighter, and bronzer can help you to get a perfect face.

  • THE LIP COLOR

Nothing can ruin your makeup than feathered lips. To keep your lip color on place, simply put a tissue on your lips apply another coat of lipstick and bolt again. Dust a little translucent powder on your lips. Remove the tissue and you are perfect to go.

  • SET YOUR MAKEUP

And here we are on the last step. To lock your flawless perfect makeup look, setting spray is a must. Always apply the spray in “X” or “T” motion.

Transgenders Of India .

Asian nations have exceptionally old chronicles of presence of sexual orientation variation guys – who in present occasions would have been marked as ‘Hijras, Aravanis, Kothis, Jogtas/Jogappas, and Shiv-Shakthis’. India is no exemption. Kama Sutra gives striking depiction of sexual existence of individuals with ‘third nature’ (Tritiya Prakriti).

In India, individuals with a wide scope of transsexual related characters, societies, or encounters exist – including Hijras, Aravanis, Kothis, Jogtas/Jogappas, and Shiv-Shakthis. Frequently these individuals have been part of the more extensive culture and treated with incredible regard, basically previously, albeit some are as yet concurred specific regard even in the present.

The term ‘transsexual individuals’ is by and large used to portray the individuals who violate social sex standards. Transsexual is frequently utilized as an umbrella term to mean people who challenge inflexible, twofold sexual orientation developments, and who express or present a breaking and/or obscuring of socially predominant cliché sex jobs. Transsexual individuals might live full-or low maintenance in the sex job ‘inverse’ to their organic sex. In contemporary utilization, “transsexual” has become an umbrella term that is utilized to depict a wide scope of personalities and encounters, including yet not restricted to: pre-employable, post-usable and non-usable

Distributed information on sexual danger practices of Hijras/TG ladies are restricted however accessible information show high danger sexual practices. The accessible data from the Integrated Biological and Behavioral Assessment(IBBA) study 2007 directed in select locale of Tamil Nadu, revealed that, among Hijras/TG, the condom use during last butt-centric sex with business male accomplices and 81% with non-business male accomplices is 85%and 81% individually. Additionally, the study archived low degree of steady condom use among Hijras/TG ladies: 6% with business male accomplices and 20% with non-business male accomplices.

Sexual wellbeing

Hijras/TG people group face a few sexual medical problems including HIV. Both individual and context oriented level factors impact sexual medical issue and admittance to and utilization of sexual wellbeing administrations. For instance, most Hijras/TG are from lower financial status and have low proficiency levels that present obstruction to looking for medical services. Thusly, Hijras/TG people group face some one of a kind hindrances in getting to treatment administrations for STIs.

Psychological wellness

Psychological wellness needs of Hijras/TG people group are scarcely tended to in the current HIV programs. Some of the psychological well-being issues announced in various local area gatherings incorporate sadness and self-destructive inclinations, conceivably optional to cultural shame, absence of social help, HIV status, and viciousness related pressure.

What is organic farming?

Organic farming is not new in India, it is from the 20th century and it is followed since ancient times it is a method of farming system The main purpose of organic farming is to cultivate the land  and in true fitness via use of natural wastes (crop, animal and farm wastes, aquatic wastes) and different organic substances alongside with really helpful microbes (bio fertilizers) to launch vitamins to plants for improved sustainable manufacturing in an eco pleasant air pollution free environment.

As per the definition of the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) find out about group on natural farming “organic farming is a device which avoids or generally excludes the use of artificial inputs (such as fertilizers, pesticides, hormones, feed components etc.) and to the most extent viable remember upon crop rotations, crop residues, animal manures, off-farm natural waste, mineral grade rock components and organic gadget of nutrient mobilization and plant protection”.

FAO cautioned that “Organic agriculture is a special manufacturing administration device which promotes and enhances agro-ecosystem health, which includes biodiversity, organic cycles and soil organic activity, and this is executed with the aid of the use of on-farm agronomic, organic and mechanical techniques in exclusion of all artificial off-farm inputs”.

Need of organic farming:

With the make bigger in populace our compulsion would be no longer solely to stabilize agricultural manufacturing however to expand it similarly in sustainable manner. The scientists have realized that the ‘Green Revolution’ with excessive enter use has reached a plateau and is now sustained with diminishing return of falling dividends. Thus, a herbal stability wishes to be maintained at all fee for existence of existence and property. The apparent preference for that would be greater applicable in the current era, when these agrochemicals which are produced from fossil gas and are no longer renewable and are diminishing in availability. It may additionally additionally price closely on our overseas change in future.

The key characteristics of organic farming include:

  • Protecting the lengthy time period fertility of soils with the aid of preserving natural depend levels, encouraging soil organic activity, and cautious mechanical intervention
  • Providing crop vitamins circuitously the usage of rather insoluble nutrient sources which are made on hand to the plant by means of the motion of soil micro-organisms
  • Nitrogen self-sufficiency thru the use of legumes and biological nitrogen fixation, as nicely as fine recycling of natural substances which include crop residues and farm animals manures
  • Weed, ailment and pest manipulate relying particularly on crop rotations, herbal predators, diversity, natural manuring, resistant types and confined (preferably minimal) thermal, organic and chemical intervention
  • The sizeable administration of livestock, paying full regard to their evolutionary adaptations, behavioural desires and animal welfare problems with appreciate to nutrition, housing, health, breeding and rearing
  • Careful interest to the influence of the farming gadget on the wider surroundings and the conservation of natural world and herbal habitats

What is homophobia and sexual orientation discrimination?

The homophobia definition is the dread, scorn, uneasiness with, or question of individuals who are lesbian, gay, or sexually open. Biphobia is dread, disdain, distress, or doubt, explicitly of individuals who are sexually unbiased. Additionally, transphobia is dread, contempt, inconvenience with, or question of individuals who are transsexual, genderqueer, or don’t follow customary sex standards.

Despite the fact that transphobia, biphobia, and homophobia are comparable, they’re not exactly the same thing. Both gay and straight individuals can be transphobic and biphobic, and individuals can be transphobic without being homophobic or biphobic.

Homophobia can take a wide range of structures, including adverse mentalities and convictions about, antipathy for, or bias against sexually unbiased, lesbian, and gay individuals. It’s normal situated in nonsensical dread and misjudging. A few group’s homophobia might be established in moderate strict convictions. Individuals might hold homophobic convictions in case they were shown them by guardians and families. Homophobic individuals might utilize mean language and verbally abusing when they talk about lesbian and gay individuals. Biphobic individuals might tell sexually unbiased individuals that it’s “only for consideration,” or that they’re intrinsically miscreants. In its most outrageous structures, homophobia and biphobia can make individuals menace, misuse, and incur viciousness on lesbian, gay, and sexually open individuals.

Some LGBTQ individuals experience segregation dependent on their sexual direction or sex personality. This might be segregation from strict establishments, organizations, or from our administration. Models incorporate same-sex couples not being permitted to wed, getting legitimately terminated only for being LGBTQ, or not being permitted into certain lodging. LGBTQ individuals and their partners have battled for equivalent rights and keep on doing as such, particularly concerning marriage, business, lodging and medical care equity, and insurance from disdain wrongdoings (brutality against LGBTQ individuals in view of what their identity is).

What is disguised homophobia?

Disguised homophobia alludes to individuals who are homophobic while likewise encountering same-sex fascination themselves. Now and again, individuals might have negative mentalities and convictions about the individuals who experience same-sex fascination, and afterward turn the negative convictions in on themselves as opposed to deal with their own longings. This might imply that they feel inconvenience and objection with their own equivalent sex attractions, never acknowledge their equivalent sex attractions, or never distinguish as lesbian, gay, or sexually unbiased.

Individuals managing disguised homophobia might want to “demonstrate” that they’re straight, show exceptionally cliché conduct of straight people, or even harasser and oppress transparently gay individuals.

What is exposing?

Trip is the demonstration of uncovering another person’s sexual direction without their consent. In the event that you share data about somebody’s sexual direction against their desires, you hazard influencing their lives contrarily by causing them to feel humiliated, upset, and powerless.

You may likewise put them in danger for segregation and viciousness. On the off chance that somebody imparts their direction to you, recollect that this is exceptionally close to home data and it’s an honor that they believed you enough to advise you. Continuously ask them what you’re permitted to impart to other people and regard their desires.

Not every person lives in a spot that has a Gay/Straight Alliance in their secondary school, or a LGBTQ public venue. In the present circumstance, the Internet is really helpful in discovering networks and backing in managing homophobia and segregation.

In case you’re a youngster who’s encountering provocation in school, tell somebody, regardless of whether that appears to be frightening. In the event that you don’t look for help and simply acknowledge it, the badgering will presumably proceed, or perhaps deteriorate over the long haul. This can make it difficult to stay aware of grades, exercises, and school overall.

A few schools might have an enemy of tormenting and provocation strategy, and a few states have received a Safe Schools Law, which implies that your school chairmen are lawfully needed to stop the badgering. On the off chance that conceivable, track down a believed instructor or grown-up who is a partner to LGBTQ understudies and request their assistance.

In case you’re a youngster encountering homophobia and it’s making you feel discouraged or self-destructive, the Trevor Project can help.

How would I be able to deal with homophobia?

Nobody has the option to victimize or menace someone else, or to hurt them sincerely or actually. There are a few things you can never really stop homophobia, biphobia, and transphobia:

Absolutely never utilize adverse or hostile language to depict LGBTQ individuals.

Be cautious about how even relaxed language — like saying “that is so gay”— can hurt others.

Try not to accept generalizations about LGBTQ individuals or make suspicions about them.

Be a vocal ally of the LGBTQ people group, paying little mind to your own sexual direction and character. This is called being a partner.

Allow the LGBTQ to individuals in your day to day existence realize that you’re a companion and partner.

Teach yourself on LGBTQ issues.

Regard LGBTQ individuals’ choices about when and where to come out.

Skills of the Future

The new world order, brought on by the fourth Industrial Revolution, demands that today’s children acquire skills that will serve them well in the future.

Photo by Andrea Piacquadio on Pexels.com

The world we live in will change so fundamentally that students who come out of school by 2030 will make careers in fields that we have no idea about in the present.

As all of these trends happen, the winners will be those who are able to participate fully in innovation-driven ecosystems by providing new ideas, business models, products, and services, rather than those who can offer only low-skilled labor or ordinary capital, points out Klaus Schwab, founder and executive chairman of the World Economic Forum, in his seminal work, the Fourth Industrial Revolution.

This view is supported by other experts.

According to David Deming, associate professor of education and economics at Harvard University, Soft Skills like sharing and negotiating will be crucial. Modern workplace, where people move different roles and projects, closely resembles pre- school classrooms where we learn social skills such as empathy and cooperation. =

In effect, the skills and traits that must be inculcated in our children include : Social Intelligence

Photo by Polina Zimmerman on Pexels.com

This set of skill include empathy or the awareness of self and others perspective collaboration, negotiations and conflicts resolution, persuasive communication that can change minds and hearts.

A sense of service mindedness, trustworthiness and transparency.

Reference

http://www.timesofindia.com

http://www.wikipedia.com

World Hepatitis Day 2021

Introduction

Every year on July 28th, World Hepatitis Day is observed. The goal is to raise awareness about viral hepatitis. Hepatitis is a medical condition in which the liver is in an inflammatory condition. The theme for this year is “Hepatitis Can’t Wait”, magnifying the urgency of putting efforts to eliminate hepatitis as a public health threat by 2030.

History

July 28th was chosen as the date for World Hepatitis Day because it is the birthday of Nobel-prize-winning scientist Dr. Baruch Blumberg, the scientist who discovered the Hepatitis B virus (HBV) and also developed a diagnostic test and vaccine for the same virus.

Dr. Baruch Samuel Blumberg was born on July 28, 1925, and died on April 5, 2011. He was an American physician, geneticist, and co-recipient of the 1976 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine with Daniel Carleton Gajdusek. He was president of the American Philosophical Society from 2005 to his death. He served as a U.S. Navy deck officer during World War 2. He received his MD in 1951 from Columbia University and his D. Phil in 1957 from the University of Oxford. While studying yellow jaundice in 1964, he discovered a surface antigen for hepatitis B in the blood of an Australian aborigine, which is the reason it was initially called “Australian antigen”.

About Hepatitis

It is referred to as an inflammatory condition of the liver. It is usually caused by a viral infection but it can also be caused by other things. It can include autoimmune hepatitis and also hepatitis which can occur because of medication, drugs, toxins, and alcohol. There are five types of hepatitis based on different viruses. 

Hepatitis A is caused by an infection with hepatitis A virus (HAV), this is mostly transmitted by consuming food or water which is contaminated by feces from a person infected by HAV. 

Hepatitis B is transmitted through contact with infectious body fluids like blood, vaginal secretions, or semen. It can be transmitted by injection drug use, having sex with an infected partner, or sharing razors with an infected person. 

Hepatitis C is caused by the hepatitis C virus (HCV). It can also be transmitted through direct contact with infected body fluids, especially through used injections and sexual contact. 

Hepatitis D is also known as delta hepatitis, it causes a serious liver disease by hepatitis D virus (HDV). It is caused by coming in direct contact with infected blood, it is rare as it only occurs with hepatitis B because it cannot multiply without the presence of hepatitis B. 

Hepatitis E is waterborne and is caused by hepatitis E virus (HEV), it can usually be found in areas with poor sanitation and from ingesting fecal matter that has contaminated the water supply. 

Facts and Figures

  • 1,100,000 deaths per year are caused by Hepatitis B and C.
  • 9,400,000 people are receiving treatment for chronic HCV.
  • 10% of people with chronic HBV are diagnosed and 22% of those receive treatment.
  • 42% of children have access to the birth dose of HBV vaccine.
  • According to WHO, 325 million people around the world have HBV or HCV.
  • Hepatitis isn’t just an STD, there are other ways of getting it as well.

Conclusion

With the figures of infection and death around the world, it is clear that we can’t just sit and wait around for them to decrease. It is important to make people aware of it, teach them the way to avoid it, and reach a stage where the vaccine can be provided to everyone. As common citizens, we can’t help in the production and reach of the vaccine but we can help in raising awareness and taking steps towards sanitation.

References

Promise For The Future: 'RENEWABLE ENERGY'.

SOLAR POWER:

With energy consumption being the buzzword in developing economies around the world, fears of an energy crisis looming ahead are not totally unfounded. The non-renewable nature of fossil fuels makes complete dependence on these for future energy needs a very dicey affair. Renewable energy sources are the best bet in the scenario. And what can be a better renewable resource than the sun?

In a country like India, if the abundant amount of sunlight available is harnessed properly it could mean an end to the energy crisis. It is the most abundant source of energy. The average global solar radiation is around 5 kilowatt hours (KWH) per square meter per day with the sunshine hours ranging between 2300-4300 per year. India is in the sunny belt of the world. The country receives solar energy equivalent to more than 5000 trillion KWH per year, which is far more than its total annual energy consumption.

Besides, it is a renewable and clean energy source. Taking both environmental and economic cost, solar energy works cheaper than fossil fuel resources. Once we master techniques to harness solar energy, it can be a vital source of power on all planets. Solar energy could be a viable source of power generation for the next 1000 crore years. There are many technologies available for conversion of solar energy into solar power. For instance, solar photovoltaic (SPV) technology, photo galvanic cells, solar steam generators (solar concentrating power), solar tower or solar chimney, radio micrometers and thermopile are some of them.

ELECTRIC MOTORS:

Imagining a future where clean air is no longer a dream and our cities are not smog filled concrete jungles, could well become a reality in the coming years if the world begins to increasingly adopt the use of cleaner options like alternate-fuel vehicles . The rise in economic activity and the burgeoning population have led to a tremendous demand in the transport sector, especially in urban India. By 2025, India’s urban population is expected to grow five fold to a staggering 200 million while pollution is expected to grow seven times. With this tremendous growth has emerged a very critical issue of keeping air and noise pollution in urban areas under control.

If we can have three lakh electric vehicles (EVs) on the roads by 220 including three wheelers, cars and scooters, we would have reduced pollution by 16 lakh metric tones, saved ? 3700 crores in foreign exchange earnings and substantially reduced healthcare costs. Small electric buses, three wheelers and electric scooters are ideal for city mobility in India but it could take between 5-10 years before they become viable for commercial use.

Image Source – google.

The electric vehicle uses electric energy which is stored in batteries that feed the electric motor. Driving an electric vehicle is easier and more relaxing than a traditional one because it has no speed-gear and functioning noise. It is enough to turn the key and press the acceleration pedal; you need only two driving pedals- accelerator and brake.

The need to reduce air pollution along with the availability of new advanced clean alternative to internal batteries have allowed EVs to reappear as a combustion vehicles. Electric drive systems are virtually non-polluting and extremely energy efficient. While internal combustion vehicles can convert about 20% of the chemical energy in gasoline into useful work, 75% or more of the energy from a battery has productive power in an electric vehicle.

Electric motors can also provide power at almost any engine speed. While internal combustion engines must be revved up to high rpm to achieve maximum power electric motors provide nearly peak power even at low speeds. this gives electric vehicles strong acceleration performance from a stop.

The emergence of newer batteries has driven the cost and performance EVs. There are several major types of automotive batteries available and under development, from advanced lead acid batteries like those that start our internal combustion engines to lithium polymer bateries. Although recharging could be a consideration, home recharging systems are available giving EVs an added advantage.

Apart from being environment-and -user friendly, there are several other reasons for alternate fuel cars to flourish in India. Firstly, electricity for EVs can be produced from various sources for which India has natural resources and does not need to depend on the import of oil. Although EVs will not replace LPG, CNG or petrol and diesel for intercity use, the infrastructure required for EVs in the form of electricity distribution infrastructure is already available in all our cities and minimum costs are required to install additional capacity.

EVs are zero polluting, easy to handle and have low maintenance costs. EVs will not degrade with time and they are always zero polluting unlike conventional vehicles where the pollution increases with engine degradation, poor maintenance and adulterated fuel.. India also has the maximum market potential for EVs owing to an established auto component infrastructure, low manufacturing and R&D cost, mechanical hardware availability, high urban congestion and the presence of domestic market. The industry could significantly gain from rising exports by 2010, and with appropriate government support, could transform the landscape of urban India by reducing pollution, improving public health, creating employment opportunities and impacting society.

In order to do that, a holistic approach involving the government, public and auto majors is needed to promote EVs in India. Appropriate government policies during the next five years and adequate support from business houses and institutions. for instance, purchasing a fixed percentage of vehicles for their fleets and offering subsidies and tax exemptions, will go a long in promoting the industry in India. Finally, people have to become more informed about these technologies. The media must play its role in educating the public about alternate fuel vehicles and their advantages.

Diwali

First of all, understand that India is the land of festivals. However, none of the festivals comes close to Diwali. It is certainly one of the biggest  It is probably the brightest festival in the world. People of different religions celebrate Diwali. Most noteworthy, the festival signifies the victory of light over darkness. This also means the triumph of good over evil and knowledge over ignorance. It is known as the festival of lights. Consequently, there are bright lights all over the whole country during Diwali. In this essay on Diwali, we will see the religious and spiritual significance of Diwali.

The Religious Significance of Diwali

The religious significance of this festival has differences. It varies from one region to another in India. There is an association of many deities, cultures, and traditions with Diwali. The reason for these differences is probably local harvest festivals. Hence, there was a fusion of these harvest festivals into one pan-Hindu festival.

According to the Ramayana, Diwali is the day of the return of Rama. This day Lord Rama returned to Ayodhya along with his wife Sita. This return was made after Rama defeated demon King Ravana. Furthermore, Rama’s brother Lakshmana and Hanuman also came back to Ayodhya victorious.

There is another popular tradition for the reason of Diwali. Here Lord Vishnu as an incarnation of Krishna killed Narakasura. Narakasura was certainly a demon. Above all, this victory brought the release of 16000 captive girls.

Furthermore, this victory shows the triumph of good over evil. This is due to Lord Krishna being good and Narakasura being evil.

Association of Diwali to Goddess Lakshmi is the belief of many Hindus. Lakshmi is the wife of Lord Vishnu. She also happens to be the Goddess of wealth and prosperity.

According to a legend, Diwali is the night of Lakshmi wedding. This night she chose and wed Vishnu. Eastern India Hindus associate Diwali with Goddess Durga or kali. Some Hindus believe Diwali to be the start of a new year.

4 K-Pop Group Famous in the World

Everyone  have heard about K-Pop culture .It’s origin is South Korea . K-Pop means Korean Pop Culture . A group of young girls & boys are trained & become professional in dancing & singing .They then together release song videos with their amazing hip-hop dance .This K-Pop culture is now very famous  all around the world . These K-Pop bands are internationally very acknowledged .Let’s talk about some of them —–

1. BTS : It is the most internationally famous K-Pop band .It is a 7 boys band group .The other name of BTS is Bangtan Boys .Their formation time is 2010 & they first debuted in 2013 .They work under Big Hit Entertainment company of South Korea .Name of the & boys are – V or, Kim Tea-hyung (He is a vocals ) ,Jeon Jungkook (He is the main vocals) , Park Ji-min (he is the lead vocalist) , Kim Seok-jin (he is a vocals) , Suga or ,Min Yoon-gi (he is a rapper) , RM or, Kim Nam-joon (he is also a rapper) , J-Hope or, Jung Ho-seok ( he is also a rapper) . Their fandom circle is called BTS Army . They have achieve numerous awards ,recognition , credits for their works from all around the world . Their song Dynamite had nominated for Grammy award . Some of their album are — Youth ,Wake up ,Love yourself , The most beautiful moment in life  and many others .

BTS

2. Blackpink : It is one of the most internationally recognized girl K-Pop band group in Korea .There are 4 girls in this Group .Their name are  — Jennie or, Kim Jennie (she is the lead vocalist 7 also a rapper) , Lisa or, Lalisa Manoban (She is the main dancer) ,Rose or, Park Roseanne  (she is the main vocals) , Jisoo or, Kim Ji-soo (she is the lead vocalist) . They work under YG Entertainment in Korea .They first debuted in the August of the year of 2016 . They have also got many awards . Some of their album are  – Kill this love , square up  and many more .

BLACKPINK

3. EXO : It is also one of the famous boys band of Korea which is globally recognizes .It works under SM Entertainment . Their group was formed in 2011 & they first debuted in 2012 . At first they were a 12 members group including 4 chinese members .But after 2016, 3 chinese members (Kris ,Luhan ,Tao) have left the group & now they are a & membered boys group .Name of these 9 members —  Kai or, Kim Jong-in (he is vocals & a very good dancer) , D.O. or, Doh Kyung-soo (he is the main vocals & also an actor) ,Beakhyun or, Byun Baek-hyun (He is the main vocals & an actor) , Chanyeol or, Park Chan-yeol (he is a vocals) ,Sehun or, Oh Se-hun (he is the main rapper) ,Chen or, Kim Jong-dae (he is the main vocals) ,Suho or, Kim Jun-myeon (he is the group leader &  the lead vocalist) ,Lay or, Zhang Lay (he is a vocal & a Chinese actor) ,Xiumin or, Kim Min-seok (he is a lead vocalist) .They also got numerous awards .Some of their album are – Wolf ,Love shot ,XOXO ,Exodus ,Tempo ,Obsession & many others .Currently some of the members are serving in Military (like Suho ,Beckhyun ,Chanyeol) , D.O. & Xiumin had already finished their military training & remaining members will be enlisted in future .

EXO (Except Lay)(All Korean members)
EXO (Current 9 members)
EXO (Total 12 members in the past )

4. TWICE : It is also a very famous girls group in Korea .This group works under JYP Entertainment .They debuted in the year of 2015  .They are 9 girls member . Their name – Sana (She is a vocals) ,Tzuyu ,Momo (she is the main dancer) ,Nayeon (she is the vocals) ,Jeongyeon (she is the lead vocalist) ,Mina (she is the vocals) ,Jihyo (she is the main vocals) ,Dahyun (she is the main rapper) ,Chaeyoung (she is the main rapper) . They also have got many awards .Some of their album are — Perfect World , Merry & Happy ,Taste of Love ,What is love and many more .

TWICE
TWICE

𝑰𝑵𝑫𝑰𝑨𝑵 𝑪𝑼𝑳𝑻𝑼𝑹𝑬

Strong women, when respected, make the whole society stronger. One must be careful with such rapid changes, though, and make an effort to preserve, at the same time, the positive traditions of Indian culture“.

India is a country that boasts of a rich culture. The culture of India refers to a collection of minor unique cultures. The culture of India comprises of clothing, festivals, languages, religions, music, dance, architecture, food, and art in India. Most noteworthy, Indian culture has been influenced by several foreign cultures throughout its history. Also, the history of India’s culture is several millennia old.

  • First of all, Indian origin religions are Hinduism, Buddhism, Jainism, and Sikhism. All of these religions are based on karma and dharma. Furthermore, these four are called as Indian religions. Indian religions are a major category of world religions along with Abrahamic religions.
  • Also, many foreign religions are present in India as well. These foreign religions include Abrahamic religions. The Abrahamic religions in India certainly are Judaism, Christianity, and Islam. Besides Abrahamic religions, Zoroastrianism and Bahá’í Faith are the other foreign religions which exist in India. Consequently, the presence of so many diverse religions has given rise to tolerance and secularism in Indian culture.
  • The 🅹︎🅾︎🅸︎🅽︎🆃︎ 🅵︎🅰︎🅼︎🅸︎🅻︎🆈︎ system is the prevailing system of 🄸🄽🄳🄸🄰🄽 🄲🅄🄻🅃🅄🅁🄴. Most noteworthy, the family members consist of parents, children, children’s spouses, and offspring. All of these family members live together. Furthermore, the eldest male member is the head or karta of the family.
  • Arranged marriages are the norm in Indian culture. Probably most Indians have their marriages planned by their parents. In almost all Indian marriages, the bride’s family gives dowry to bridegroom. Weddings are certainly festive occasions in Indian culture. There is involvement of striking decorations, clothing, music, dance, rituals in Indian weddings. Most noteworthy, the divorce rates in India are very low.
  • India celebrates a huge number of festivals. These festivals are very diverse due to multi-religious and multi-cultural Indian society. Indians greatly value festive occasions. Above all, the whole country joins in the celebrations irrespective of the differences.
  • Traditional Indian food, arts, music, sports, clothing, and architecture vary significantly across different regions. These components are influenced by various factors. Above all, these factors are geography, climate, culture, and rural/urban setting.

Perceptions of Indian Culture

Indian culture has been an inspiration to many writers. India is certainly a symbol of unity around the world. Indian culture is certainly very complex. Furthermore, the conception of Indian identity poses certain difficulties. However, despite this, a typical 𝕚𝕟𝕕𝕚𝕒𝕟 𝕔𝕦𝕝𝕥𝕦𝕣𝕖  does exist. The creation of this typical Indian culture results from some internal forces. Above all, these forces are a robust Constitution, universal adult franchise, 𝚜𝚎𝚌𝚞𝚕𝚊𝚛 𝚙𝚘𝚕𝚒𝚌𝚢 flexible federal structure, etc.

Indian culture is characterized by a strict social hierarchy. Furthermore, Indian children are taught their roles and place in society from an early age. Probably, many Indians believe that gods and spirits have a role in determining their life. Earlier, traditional Hindus were divided into polluting and non-polluting occupations. Now, this difference is declining.

culture of India is one of the oldest cultures in the World. Above all, many Indians till stick to the traditional Indian culture in spite of rapid westernization. Indians have demonstrated strong unity irrespective of the diversity among them. Unity in Diversity is the ultimate mantra of Indian culture.

Famous Nebulae

The Orion Nebula

The Orion Nebula is part of a huge interstellar cloud called the Orion Molecular Cloud Complex. It lies about 1,500 light-years away in the direction of the constellation Orion. The Orion Nebula is listed as M42 and NGC 1976, and is a 24-light-year-wide section containing hundreds of newborn stars and brown dwarfs. It lies just below Orion’s three belt stars, and has a young star cluster called the Trapezium at its heart. These stars are roughly two million years old, relatively young for stars.

The Orion Nebula

The Horsehead Nebula

The Horsehead Nebula (catalogued as Barnard 33) is also part of the Orion Molecular Cloud Complex, and is a dark nebula lit from behind by radiation from several young, nearby stars. Astronomers know that stars are forming within the nebula. As they grow, they will gradually eat away at their birth cloud. Eventually the nebula will be consumed and torn apart by the active starbirth nurseries within it.

The Horsehead Nebula

The Eagle Nebula

The Eagle Nebula, also known as M16, us more familiarly as the “Pillars of Creation”. It is the site of starbirth regions hidden inside giant pillars of gas and dust. The newborn stars are eating away at the clouds, forming the pillar shapes. Eventually this nebula will also disappear as radiation from its child stars destroys the gas and dust. This gorgeous region lies some 7,000 light-years away from us in the constellation Serpens. It stretches across more than a hundred light-years of space and contains thousands of stars in and among its pillars.

The Eagle Nebula

The Crab Nebula

The Crab Nebula (M1) is a supernova remnant. It was created when a star around 10 or 11 times the mass of the Sun exploded in what’s called a “core-collapse” supernova. It blasted much of its mass out to space. What was left of the star collapsed to become a neutron star that is spinning 30 times a second. It’s called the “Crab Nebula Pulsar”. The Crab Nebula lies 6,500 light-years away from Earth in the direction of the constellation Taurus, the Bull.

The Crab Nebula

The Eskimo Nebula

The Eskimo Nebula is a planetary nebula formed when a star with a mass similar to the Sun’s began to exhale its outer atmosphere some 10,000 years ago. It formed a double set of clouds that look vaguely like a Eskimo face. In a few tens of thousands of years, all the gases and dust in this nebula will have scattered to space, leaving behind only a slowly cooling white dwarf star.

The Eskimo Nebula

Is Russia Banned From Olympics??

If you are following Tokyo Olympics 2020 closely, you might notice that there is no name of Russia instead you will find acronym ROC ( Russian Olympic Committee) . Even at the inauguration ceremony Russian flag was slightly modified and represented. Why is this so?? Is Russia banned from Olympics?? Here’s what to know—

In December 2019 World Anti Doping Agency (WADA) banned Russia from participating in any international events for four years. It was after the new revelation came up about a doping programme that Russia had been accused of. Many whistleblower and investigator reported that Russia had been running dope programme for many years in order to reach new heights. This investigation was going on for many years and in September 2018 WADA promised to lift the sanction only at the condition that Russia will hand over the data of athletes , so that thorough check could be done on them. Later Russia had been found tempering with the data, which led to the banning of Russia for 4 years.

It all started when in 2014 , 800 m runner of Russia ,Yolia Stepanova and her husband , who was the former employee of Russian Anti Doping Agency revealed that sophisticated doping programmes had been running in sports history of Russia. Two years later , another whistle blower – Grigory Rodchaenkov , a former head of RUSADA revealed the same.

This is the reason why ,though 335 sportsmen from Russia are participating in Olympics this year, they are refrained from using country’s name , flag and even national anthem. These are only the athletes that have been found having no relation with doping programmes. Russia is not only banned from Olympics but also from Fifa World Cup 2022 and Winter Olympics that will be held in 2022.