Government is the main agency of state. It comprises of several members belonging to political and administrative wings. It serves as the instrument for delegation and execution of the state policies for the welfare of the people. It formulates, expresses and realises the will of the state. It exercises certain legislative, executive and judicial powers, based on the constitution and the laws. There are three organs in government,namely – legislature, Executive and Judiciary. These organs carry out the activities of the state. Governments are classified into unitary, federal, parliamentary and presidential forms.

Types of Constitution

Unitary Form of Government

A unitary system of government or unitary state, is a sovereign state governed as a single entity. The central government is supreme and the administrative divisions exercise only powers that the central government has delegated to them.
             England, France, Japan and Sri Lanka are examples of Unitary Form of governments.
             The term Government is derived from old French ‘governor’, derived from Latin ‘gubernare’ to direct, rule, guide, govern”.

In a Unitary Form of government, all the authority and power is vested in a single centre, whereas in a federal form of government authority and power is distributed between centre and the constituent units. Even in a Unitary Form of Government,there might be a lot of decentralisation of authority,but we cannot claim it as a federal system.

Merits of Unitary form of government

• Suitable for small countries.
• There is no conflict of authority and responsibility.
• A unitary government will make prompt decisions and take speedy action.
• A unitary government is less expensive.
• Amendments to the Constitution are easy.
• There is unity, uniformity of law, policy and administration.

De-merits of Unitary form of government

• It is not suitable for big countries.
• The central government will have to tackle so many complex problems that lead to administrative delay
• The central government will not concentrate on local problems, local interest and initiative.
• The concentration of powers may pave way for the despotism of the central government.

Unitary features of the Indian constitution

• Strong Centre
• Central Government’s control over state territory
• Single Constitution
• Flexibility of the Constitution
• Unequal representation of states
• Emergency Provisions
• Single Citizenship
• Single Integrated Judiciary
• All India Services
• Appointment of Governor by the Central government

Federal form of government

The classification of governments into Unitary and federal is based on the nature of relations between the national and the regional governments.
       A federal government is one in which powers are divided between the national government and the regional governments by the Constitution itself and both operate in their respective jurisdictions independently. U.S.A, Switzerland, Australia, Canada, Russia, Brazil, Argentina have federal form of governments.
             In a federal model, the national government is known as the Federal government or the central government or the Union government and the regional government is known as the state government or the provincial government.

Merits of federal form of government

• Reconciliation of local autonomy with national unity
• Division of power between centre and states leads of administrative efficiency
• It gives rise to big states
• Distribution of powers check the despotism of central government
• More suitable for bigger countries
• It is good for economic and cultural progress

De – merits of federal form of government

• Federal government is weaker when compared to the unitary government
• Federal government is more expensive
• Provincial tendencies are very common
• Lack of uniformity in Administration
• Threat to national unity
• Distribution of powers between centre and states lead to conflicts
• Double Citizenship
• Rigid constitution cannot be a mended easily for changing needs
• The state governments sometimes place hindrances in the foreign policy

Federal features of Indian constitution

• Dual Government
• Written Constitution
• Division of powers
• Supremacy of the Constitution

The Constitution is the supreme law of the land. The laws enacted by the Centre and the states must confirm to its provisions.

• Rigid Constitution
• Independent Judiciary
• Bicameralism

Parliamentary form of government

Modern democratic governments are classified into parliamentary and presidential on the basis of the nature of relations between the executive and the legislative organs of the government. The parliamentary system of government is the one which the executive is responsible to the legislature for its policies and acts. The parliamentary goverment is also known as cabinet government or responsible government and is prevalent in Britian, Japan, Canada and India among others.

Features of parliamentary form of government

• Norminal and Real Executives
• Majority party Rule
• Collective Responsibility
• Dual Membership
• Leadership of the Prime Minister

Merits of the parliamentary form of government

• Harmony between Legislature and Executive
• Responsible Government
• Prevents Dictatorship
• Wide Representation

Demerits of the parliamentary form of government

• Unstable Government
• No Continuity of policies
• Dictatorship of the Cabinet
• Against Seperation of powers

The presidential form of government

The presidential form of government is also known as Non-parliamentary or fixed executive system of government, basically built on the principal of seperation of power and is prevalent in the USA, Brazil, Russia and Sri Lanka among others.

Features of presidential form of government

The president as the head of state,he occupies a ceremonial position. The president is elected by an electoral college for a fixed tenure of four years. The president governs with the help of a cabinet or a smaller body called ‘Kitchen Cabinet’. The legislative, executive and judicial powers of the government are separated and vested in three independent organs of the government.

Merits of the presidential system of government

• Democratic
• Effective Control by the President
• Facilitate decision-making
• State government

Demerits of the presidential system of government

• Can degenerate into Dictatorship
• Strain relationship between executive and legislative
• Lack of Harmony between the legislature and Executive.

At a two-year celebration of his government, today Karnataka Chief Minister, BS Yediyurappa announced his resignation. This announcement ends the weeks of speculation floating around regarding calls for his removal by a BJP section in the state. On Monday, BS Yediyurappa (78) was seen breaking down on the stage from where he made the announcement of his resignation. Yediyurappa denied leaving the BJP and said he would continue to serve the party as a worker.Meanwhile, the BJP has decided to send a team of observers to Bengaluru who will convene the legislative party meeting to elect the next chief minister. Until then, BS Yediyurappa will continue to serve as caretaker chief minister of Karnataka.The BJP high command wants fresh faces in the renewed Karnataka Cabinet, sources told India Today. This means that a number of senior ministers could be dropped from the state Cabinet. The BJP’s central leadership is also likely to replace at least two of the three deputy chief ministers in Karnataka – Govind Karajol, Ashwath Narayan and Laxman Sangappa Savadi.A BJP MLA hailing from the Scheduled Tribes (ST) community could be appointed as a deputy chief minister to Yediyurappa’s successor.

BJP national general secretary in charge of Karnataka and Rajasthan, Arun Singh, is slated to arrive in Bengaluru on Tuesday to stand in as a central observer. He could be accompanied by Union Minister Dharmendra Pradhan.Arun Singh told media outlets earlier on Monday that the BJP’s parliamentary board would take the final call on who will succeed Yediyurappa as chief minister of Karnataka.According to sources, no BJP MLA or minister has been summoned to New Delhi by the party high command as of yet.

Speaking on the resignation of BS Yediyurappa as Karnataka chief minister, former CM and Congress leader Siddaramaiah said, “There is no benefit for the common man if one corrupt CM is removed to make another corrupt as CM. Instead the whole BJP party, which is responsible for the miseries of people, should be ousted.”

Acting with full conscience

Addressing the media after submitting his resignation to the Governor, BS Yediyurappa said, “No pressure from (BJP) high command. I myself resigned. I’ve submitted it voluntarily.”

Yediyurappa denied on reports on becoming a Governor and he would continue to work as a BJP worker. “I want to thank the (Lingayat) seers who supported,” he said, urging the Lingayat seers to support the next Karnataka CM.

BS Yediyurappa reached Raj Bhavan to meet Governor Thawar Chand Gehlot to submit his resignation as the Karnataka chief minister. The Governor has accepted his resignation.

Addressing the Vidhan Soudha, Karnataka Chief Minister BS Yediyurappa said, “I’ve gone through agni pariksha always. For two months (in 2019) I didn’t get to make my Cabinet. There were floods and I roamed like a mad man. Later the Cabinet was formed.”

The Amazon rainforest, alternatively, the Amazon jungle or Amazonia, is a moist broadleaf tropical rainforest in the Amazon biome that covers most of the Amazon basin of South America. This basin encompasses 7,000,000 km² (2,700,000 sq mi), of which 5,500,000 km² (2,100,000 sq mi) are covered by the rainforest. This region includes territory belonging to nine nations and 3,344 formally acknowledged indigenous territories.

The majority of the forest is contained within Brazil, with 60% of the rainforest, followed by Peru with 13%, Colombia with 10%, and with minor amounts in Bolivia, Ecuador, French Guiana, Guyana, Suriname, and Venezuela. Four nations have “Amazonas” as the name of one of their first-level administrative regions, and France uses the name “Guiana Amazonian Park” for its rainforest protected area. The Amazon represents over half of the planet’s remaining rainforests, and comprises the largest and most biodiverse tract of tropical rainforest in the world, with an estimated 390 billion individual trees divided into 16,000 species.

More than 30 million people of 350 different ethnic groups live in the Amazon, which are subdivided into 9 different national political systems and 3,344 formally acknowledged indigenous territories. Indigenous peoples make up 9% of the total population with 60 of the groups remaining largely isolated.

LOCATION

Nine countries share the Amazon basin—most of the rainforest, 58.4%, is contained within the borders of Brazil. The other eight countries include Peru with 12.8%, Bolivia with 7.7%, Colombia with 7.1%, Venezuela with 6.1%, Guyana with 3.1%, Suriname with 2.5%, French Guyana with 1.4%, and Ecuador with 1%.

NATURAL

The rainforest likely formed during the Eocene era (from 56 million years to 33.9 million years ago). It appeared following a global reduction of tropical temperatures when the Atlantic Ocean had widened sufficiently to provide a warm, moist climate to the Amazon basin. The rainforest has been in existence for at least 55 million years, and most of the region remained free of savanna-type biomes at least until the current ice age when the climate was drier and savanna more widespread.

Following the Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event, the extinction of the dinosaurs and the wetter climate may have allowed the tropical rainforest to spread out across the continent. From 66 to 34 Mya, the rainforest extended as far south as 45°. Climate fluctuations during the last 34 million years have allowed savanna regions to expand into the tropics. During the Oligocene, for example, the rainforest spanned a relatively narrow band. It expanded again during the Middle Miocene, then retracted to a mostly inland formation at the last glacial maximum. However, the rainforest still managed to thrive during these glacial periods, allowing for the survival and evolution of a broad diversity of species.

During the mid-Eocene, it is believed that the drainage basin of the Amazon was split along the middle of the continent by the Purus Arch. Water on the eastern side flowed toward the Atlantic, while to the west water flowed toward the Pacific across the Amazonas Basin. As the Andes Mountains rose, however, a large basin was created that enclosed a lake; now known as the Solimões Basin. Within the last 5–10 million years, this accumulating water broke through the Purus Arch, joining the easterly flow toward the Atlantic.

There is evidence that there have been significant changes in the Amazon rainforest vegetation over the last 21,000 years through the last glacial maximum (LGM) and subsequent deglaciation. Analyses of sediment deposits from Amazon basin paleolakes and the Amazon Fan indicate that rainfall in the basin during the LGM was lower than for the present, and this was almost certainly associated with reduced moist tropical vegetation cover in the basin. There is a debate, however, over how extensive this reduction was. Some scientists argue that the rainforest was reduced to small, isolated refugia separated by open forest and grassland; other scientists argue that the rainforest remained largely intact but extended less far to the north, south, and east than is seen today. This debate has proved difficult to resolve because the practical limitations of working in the rainforest mean that data sampling is biased away from the center of the Amazon basin, and both explanations are reasonably well supported by the available data.

BIODIVERSITY, FLAURA AND FAUNA

Wet tropical forests are the most species-rich biome, and tropical forests in the Americas are consistently more species rich than the wet forests in Africa and Asia. As the largest tract of tropical rainforest in the Americas, the Amazonian rainforests have unparalleled biodiversity. One in ten known species in the world lives in the Amazon rainforest. This constitutes the largest collection of living plants and animal species in the world.

The region is home to about 2.5 million insect species, tens of thousands of plants, and some 2,000 birds and mammals. To date, at least 40,000 plant species, 2,200 fishes, 1,294 birds, 427 mammals, 428 amphibians, and 378 reptiles have been scientifically classified in the region. One in five of all bird species are found in the Amazon rainforest, and one in five of the fish species live in Amazonian rivers and streams. Scientists have described between 96,660 and 128,843 invertebrate species in Brazil alone.

The biodiversity of plant species is the highest on Earth with one 2001 study finding a quarter square kilometer (62 acres) of Ecuadorian rainforest supports more than 1,100 tree species. A study in 1999 found one square kilometer (247 acres) of Amazon rainforest can contain about 90,790 tonnes of living plants. The average plant biomass is estimated at 356 ± 47 tonnes per hectare. To date, an estimated 438,000 species of plants of economic and social interest have been registered in the region with many more remaining to be discovered or catalogued. The total number of tree species in the region is estimated at 16,000.

The green leaf area of plants and trees in the rainforest varies by about 25% as a result of seasonal changes. Leaves expand during the dry season when sunlight is at a maximum, then undergo abscission in the cloudy wet season. These changes provide a balance of carbon between photosynthesis and respiration.

The rainforest contains several species that can pose a hazard. Among the largest predatory creatures are the black caiman, jaguar, cougar, and anaconda. In the river, electric eels can produce an electric shock that can stun or kill, while piranha are known to bite and injure humans. Various species of poison dart frogs secrete lipophilic alkaloid toxins through their flesh. There are also numerous parasites and disease vectors. Vampire bats dwell in the rainforest and can spread the rabies virus. Malaria, yellow fever and dengue fever can also be contracted in the Amazon region.

In this modern generation, many different forms of media have grown. However, no growth has been as drastic or as sudden as the growth of eSports. The scene has grown from a few very loyal followers to an international phenomenon that is becoming increasingly more professional with every passing year.  The main reasons eSports has grown exponentially during this generation are the rapid expansion in streaming technologies, this generation’s new-found obsession with competitive gaming, and large corporations beginning to sponsor teams, players.

Far too often people hear eSports and immediately they think of “professional gaming” which at its core isn’t wrong. Michael Wagner, a professor at Drexel University’s College of Media Arts & Design defines eSports as “an area of sport activities in which people develop and train mental or physical abilities in the use of information and communication technologies.”

The growth of eSports over the past 5 years has been simply staggering. In 2009 the league of legend championship series. was created to allow the highest tier of League of Legends (LoL) players to compete on a professional level. At the beginning of its run the LCS only had 6 teams and next to no-one tuned in to see the matches. The first world championship for LoL consisted of the 10 players and 1 commentator at a gaming convention in Germany. A mere 4 years later the LoL world championship sold out a 40,000 person stadium and attracted over 11.5 million viewers via online broadcast. This is merely one instance of an eSport making into the public eye in a big way. The world championships for DOTA 2 had nearly 6 million viewers concurrently and the prize pool for the tournament was a staggering 10 million dollars which was entirely raised by its fans.

The growth of eSports in recent years has its roots in live-streaming. Streaming gameplay is a relatively new phenomenon that has exploded in recent years, attracting hundreds of thousands of unique viewers daily (Tassi, 2013). Twitch TV, a live video streaming platform, has been at the forefront of this success with 34 million unique users a month (All about Twitch, 2013). Streaming can consist of major tournaments and events, but generally is made up of a single player or team that broadcasts its games and chats, explaining its game style and strategies and giving advice to viewers. This two-way communication fosters a unique relationship between the streamer and its spectators (Kaytoue et al., 2012). 

eSports have grown into something almost no-one could’ve predicted. Since 2009 eSports consumption has become one of the fastest growing forms of media and shows little to no signs of slowing. This predominantly online community is one of the closest and by far the most interactive fan-base in today’s market and this helps to ensure its continued success. As we sit here in 2014 we have no idea where the eSports scene may go within the next five years but live-streaming, our generation’s competitiveness and corporate sponsors have made this scene into what it is today.

Depression

According to The National Institute of Mental Health, about 20% of teenagers may experience depression before reaching adulthood.

An analysis by the Pew Research Center reported that depression rates grew among adolescents, especially in girls, over the previous decade when about 8% of teens reported being depressed in 2007. Some researchers blame technology for the rise in mental health problems.

Spending too much time on electronic devices may be preventing young people from in-person activities with their peers such as sports, which can help ward off depression. They also experience new conditions like “fear of missing out” or FOMO, which further leads to feelings of loneliness and isolation.

Depressive disorders are treatable, but it’s important to seek professional help. If your teen seems withdrawn, experiences a change in his sleep patterns, or starts to perform badly in school, schedule an appointment with your teen’s physician or contact a mental health professional.

Bullying

According to the National Center for Education Statistics, about 20% of teens experienced bullying. One explanation the research has cited for this is the rise of social media use by teens, which has made bullying much more public and more pervasive. In fact, cyberbullying has replaced bullying as the common type of harassment that teens experience.

Talk to your teen about bullying regularly. Discuss what they can do when they witnesses bullying and talk about options if they become a target themselves. Being proactive is key to helping your child deal with a bully.

It’s also important to talk to your child about when and how to get help from an adult. Remind them that asking for help is not a sign of weakness, but instead a show of courage. Talking about how someone has humiliated them is never an easy topic.

Sexual Activity

Based on the 2017 Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance data, 39.5% of high school students reported being sexually active. That means sexual activity had declined slightly over the past decade.

Fortunately, the teen birth rate has declined over the past decade as well. Births to teens ages 15 to 19 accounted for 5.0% of all births in 2017. The decline in pregnancy doesn’t necessarily mean teens are using protection, however.

Of the 20 million new sexually transmitted diseases each year, more than half were among young people between the ages of 15 and 24.

Parents may not be aware that their children are sexually active, however.

Drug Use

In 2017, about 6% of seniors in high school reported using marijuana daily. Marijuana use exceeds cigarette use is in teens now. In fact, many teens believe marijuana is less harmful now than in years past. This new perception may be due to the changing laws surrounding marijuana.

Meanwhile, other illicit drug use has held steadily at the lowest levels according to the Monitoring the Future Survey published by the National Institute on Drug Abuse. Teen use of illicit drugs in 2017 was the lowest since the study began in 1975.

Make sure you have regular conversations with your teen about the dangers of drugs. And don’t forget to mention the dangers of prescription drugs, too. Many teens do not recognize the dangers of taking a friend’s prescription or popping a few pills that are not prescribed to them.

Alcohol Use

As of 2017, alcohol use and binge drinking showed a significant decline among teenagers. Despite the decline, 29.3% of high school seniors still report drinking alcohol within the past month.

Talk to teens about the risks of underage drinking. Educate them about the dangers, including the fact that alcohol can take a serious toll on a teenager’s developing brain. Also, do not shy away from expressing your disapproval of underage drinking. Saying you don’t approve can make a big difference in whether your teen decides to drink.

Obesity

According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, about 20% of 12- to 19-year-olds are obese. 

Aside from the fact that overweight children are often targeted by bullies, obese kids also are at a much greater risk of lifelong health problems, such as diabetes, arthritis, cancer, and heart disease. They also may struggle with body image issues or develop eating disorders as an unhealthy way of changing their appearance. But parents are not always aware of these issues.

In fact, surveys show parents are bad at recognizing when their kids are overweight. They tend to underestimate their child’s size and the risks associated with being overweight.

Talk to your child’s pediatrician about the weight and body mass are appropriate for your teen’s height and age and inquire about the steps you can take to ensure your teen is healthy. Then, if your doctor does recommend a healthier eating plan or exercise, find ways to support and empower your teen.

Academic Problems

About 5% of high school students drop out of high school each year. A high school dropout is likely to earn 15 lakhs less over his lifetime when compared to a high school graduate, which can have a significant impact on a young person’s future.

But, it’s no longer just the “troubled teens” who are dropping out of school. Some teens feel so much pressure to get into a good college that they’re burning themselves out before they graduate from high school. Stay involved in your teen’s education. Provide support and guidance and be ready to assist your teen if he encounters problems.

Peer Pressure

While peer pressure isn’t a new issue, social media brings it to a whole new level. Sexting, for example, is a major cause for concern as many teens do not understand the lifelong consequences that sharing explicit photos can have on their lives. But sharing inappropriate photos is not the only thing kids are being pressured into doing.

More and more kids are being pressured into having sex, doing drugs, and even bullying other kids. To keep your kids from falling victim to peer pressure, give them skills to make healthy choices, and to resist peer pressure. Also, talk to teens about what to do if they make a mistake.

Sometimes, kids can make poor choices and may be too afraid to seek help. Make sure your kids are not afraid to come to you when they make a mistake. Demonstrate that you can listen without judging or overreacting and instead find healthy ways for them to make amends and move on.

Social Media

Facebook, Instagram, and Twitter can be great ways for teens to connect with one another; but social media can be problematic for several reasons. For instance, social media can expose your teen to cyberbullying, slut-shaming, and so much more. And, while there are some benefits to social media, there are a lot of risks as well.

Social media can have a negative impact on friendships and is changing the way teens date. It can even impact their mental health. But, no matter what precautions you take, teens are still likely to be exposed to unsavory people, unhealthy images, and sexual content online.

Help your teen learn how to navigate social media in a healthy way. Talk about ways to stay safe online. And most importantly, know what your teen is doing online. Educate yourself about the latest apps, websites, and social media pages teens are using and take steps to keep your teen safe.

On-Screen Violence

Teenagers are going to witness some violent media at one time or another. And it’s not just TV, music, and movies that depict violence. Many of today’s violent video games portray gory scenes and disturbing acts of aggression.

Over the past couple of decades, studies have linked watching violence to a lack of empathy and even aggressive behavior. And other studies have shown the number one factor in determining how kids relate to media is how their parents think and act.

According to Common Sense Media, the more violence that parents watch, the more likely they are to think it’s OK for their kids to view. Pay attention to your teen’s media use. Don’t allow teens to watch R-rated movies or to play M-rated video games. It’s not healthy for them to consume that material in excess and unsupervised. 

Also, talk to your teen about the dangers of being exposed to violent images and monitor your teen’s mental state. It’s also important to talk about sexual situations and racial stereotypes that your teen might see.

Teens need to learn how to identify what is good and what is bad about the media. It helps them become a healthier consumer when they can think objectively about what they are seeing online, in the movie theater, or in a video game.

Today marks the 22nd anniversary of Kargil Vijay Diwas, which is being observed across the country. On Kargil Vijay Diwas, the nation remembers its war heroes and pays respect to Martyrs.

The day commemorates the success of Indian military forces in Operation Vijay in 1999, when they drove infiltrators supported by the Pakistani army out of high positions in the Kargil area.

President Ram Nath Kovind will visit the Kargil War Memorial in Drass, Ladakh, today to pay tribute to the Indian Armed Forces’ unwavering heroism and sacrifice during the Kargil Conflict in 1999.

The Prime Minister also shared a clip from All India Radio’s Mann Ki Baat show from last year. He stated that India will never forget the circumstances surrounding the Kargil conflict.

On the occasion of Kargil Vijay Diwas, Defence Minister Rajnath Singh today paid tribute to the Indian Army’s unwavering courage and sacrifice. Prime Minister Narendra Modi paid tribute to all those who died while defending our country. President of India Ram Nath Kovind will attend the 22nd anniversary of the Kargil War.

He will be the first President to visit the Kargil War Memorial in Drass and take part in the festivities. Air Force Chief Air Chief Marshal R K S Bhadauria and Navy Vice Chief Vice Admiral G Ashok Kumar also expressed their condolences.

“Operation Vijay was a perfect combination of strong and resolute political, military, and diplomatic efforts that helped us to turn an unfavourable situation into a military and diplomatic victory,” wrote General VP Malik, the Indian Army Chief during the Kargil War, in a 2002 essay.

The Kargil War in 1999 was the world’s first and only conflict between two nuclear-armed states. Every year on Kargil Vijay Diwas, India commemorates the heroism of its defence troops, headed by the Indian Army, which pulled off numerous notable successes in the line of fire.

Despite strategic disadvantages and hostile weather, India successfully pushed back the enemy after a nearly three-month operation that included intense warfare, synchronised political and militaristic pressure, and, most importantly, the sacrifices of many lionhearted patriots who will be remembered for the rest of their lives.

Most of the people have a thought that children don’t experience traumas but that’s
not the case in reality. Children that experience negative environmental conditions
during their early stages, continue to carry on that feeling till much later in life.
Infants, pre-schoolers, teenagers have totally different environmental conditions
around them in which they live and respond to hence the trauma can be felt and dealt
with differently. Attachments and having good relationships as a young individual is
very important to make a safe environment to be in when they deal with some fear.
Specially in an average Indian household where children’s mental health is not given
that much importance, it is very important to make parents aware about having a safe
and secure environment for their children in order to have a healthy future for them.
I personally know many people who have experienced childhood traumas and till
date it just takes a small thing to trigger that memory and make them go back to
where it was all started as if it was a fresh wound.
A small trauma can lead to serious issues and hence it should be prevented at all cost
specially in the childhood stage when the child is not capable of handling the
situation.
I want to give an example of my uncle here, he was 12 years old when this incident
happened. A very famous Durga temple conducts a function where lakhs of people
come to see, he was one of them and suddenly a fight broke out which turned furious
very fast that police had to intrude, he accidentally got stuck in the fight and got an
injury in his feet, he hid there in that temple for about 2 whole nights alone all scared.
luckily nothing serious happened to him and he safely reached home the 3rd day.
She got paranoid so bad that he is now 45 and still gets scared a Little when he goes
near that temple as he was scared for life being in that incident. That physical scar in
his feet still is very much visible and reminds him of what had happened. A 12 year
old kid accidentally carried away in a lathi charge and is left alone hiding from the
world for 48 hours is indeed traumatic.
Many scientific researches and surveys have been done in the same field and things
like mental health problems and PTSDs have been taken into key concentration
during the researches. Children exposed to such negative incidences are found to be
less efficient in school and lacks the skill of effective communication and is a vicious
cycle for a child’s development.
Another important discussion I would like to bring upon is that of an experience
called past life. Some people believe in it and some don’t but the ‘ past life regression
therapy’ is believed to be successful on clients even if the psychotherapist doesn’t
believe in it.
It is said that sometimes children would have developed a sense of fear, for example a
2 year old kid might have a fear of heights even though he would be experiencing a
sense of being on a high platform for the first time and such a fear can be a
consequence of something that happened in his/her past life.
This discussion is very much open to the floor and no one really have said to come to
a conclusion and I would like to research further on this issue

Nine tourists were killed after heavy boulders fell on their tempo traveller in a landslide near Basteri in Kinnaur district of Himachal Pradesh on Sunday.

Multiple landslides triggered by recent rains occurred near Basteri on the Sangla-Chitkul road at 1.25 p.m., resulting in a bridge collapse and damage to some vehicles, police said. A video of the incident, which has gone viral on social media, shows several boulders rolling downhill and smashing into the bridge, causing it to collapse.

According to the police, nine people died and two others were injured after heavy boulders fell on a tempo traveller. The passengers were going to Sangla from Chitkul. In a similar incident, a pedestrian was injured in another landslide in Kinnaur district, they added.

President Ram Nath Kovind and Prime Minister Narendra Modi expressed condolences over the death of people due to the landslides in Kinnaur.

• 

“Deeply saddened by the news of the death of many people in a landslide in Kinnaur, Himachal Pradesh. Express my deepest condolences to the bereaved families and wish the injured people a speedy recovery,” Mr. Kovind tweeted in Hindi.

Mr. Modi said all arrangements are being made for the treatment of those injured and announced an ex gratia of ₹2 lakh each for the next of kin of the deceased and ₹50,000 to the injured from the Prime Minister’s National Relief Fund.

Chief Minister Jai Ram Thakur also expressed grief over the deaths and asked the district administration to ensure immediate relief and rescue operations.

• 

What is a Windmill?

Up until recently, people still only had visual impressions of what a windmill is, often associating it with the past and particularly before the industrial revolution. Today, things have come full circle, if you will and there is now a growing demand for large, technologically advanced windmills across the world. The term wind energy or wind power describe the process through which wind turbines convert the kinetic energy in the wind into electrical energy by the use of generator.

What this introductory guide seeks to do is describe the apparatus in layman’s terms and also outline how they work and what they were intended for originally and the purposes for which they are used today. We begin with a brief definition of what a windmill is.

•It was originally a structure with sails, much like that on pre-industrial ships, and was originally used to produce flour from corn. In order to do this, the wind would have to prompt the sails to turn. They were also originally built by master craftsmen.

•A dictionary definition explains it thus; it is a machine which is propelled by the wind from a horizontal shaft which extended onto sails. Windmills still used today, mainly in parts of the world which have traditionally relied on them, are powered by electricity or water.

•The dictionary expounds this definition further by relating it to a human physical exercise technique which replicates the symbolism and movement of the original windmill. It is also famously symbolic in Cervantes’ classic of Don Quixote. This definition reminds readers that the original mill was also used to pump water and generate power.

•In modern terms, the advanced windmill operates with just three blades mainly to generate sustainable sources of electricity and energy. Today, these windmills are also referred to as wind turbines.

•According to Wikipedia, “A windmill is a mill that converts the energy of wind into rotational energy by means of vanes called sails or blades.”

How Does a Windmill Work?

Winds are produced due to uneven heating of the atmosphere by the sun, the rotation of the earth and the irregularities of the earth’s surface. Wind flow patterns differ from place to place and are modified by bodies of water, vegetation, and differences in terrain. This next section explains briefly but accurately how windmills work. Sourcing more extensive information, readers will learn that understanding technical processes initiated in wind turbines will be easy to follow because the manner in which windmills work follows a simple process. Here we continue to rely on layman’s terms.

•A number of different options were tried when modern wind turbines were first built. Today, the universal mechanizing principle is to operate the turbine by using just three blades placed around a rotor which is connected to a shaft. Note that number of variations have been tried, two blade and even one blade. But, three blades works the best.

•As its name states, the windmill’s only source of energy is derived from the wind. The wind turns the blades which spins a shaft, in turn, prompt a generator to produce electricity. These blades are connected to a generator, sometimes through a gearbox and sometimes directly. In both the cases, the generator converts the mechanical energy into electrical energy. Interestingly, most modern turbines turn in a clockwise direction. Depending on wind speed, most modern turbines can operate at speeds from as little as four meters per second to as much as 15 mps.

•Quite a number of green energy advocates and NGO’s describe the wind-generator process more succinctly by correlating it closely with the environmental sustainability initiatives.

•Once the turbine’s blades turns a shaft located inside of a box placed on top of the turbine, gearbox mode is propelled and more speed rotation is given off. A transformer within the turbine then converts electricity into a voltage suitable for distribution to a national grid.

Positive Effects of the Wind Turbine:

Finally, it is incumbent to emphasize the importance of wind turbines where environmental sustainability is concerned and as a rapid but highly effective response to global warming and climate change.

The exponential benefits are not only crucial but already evident where wind turbines are used increasingly, mainly in developed and developing nations. To finish this guide on windmills and its natural successors, wind turbines, we highlight some positive effects they have on humankind and the environment.

•No more greenhouse gases – Turbines do not emit carbon dioxide.

•Power is free – No government agency can presently regulate wind. So they cannot charge fees to those who choose to use it as an alternative source of life-sustaining and life-saving energy.

•Versatility – There is a perception in some areas that the only modern day wind turbines you are likely to see are giant monstrosities hovering over your home. Not the case, because smaller wind turbines, small enough and perfectly equipped, are being manufactured for you today. All you need do is talk to the farmers who are already utilizing customized turbines for their own agricultural needs.

Positively speaking, this may have been a whirl-wind tour of processes, purposes, features and just causes along with some historical anecdotes on ancient windmills and the modern day equivalent of the wind turbine. The main purpose here was also to stimulate increased awareness and interest in this important piece of humankind’s legacy for the future.

Manchester United are closing in on an agreement to sign Real Madrid defender Raphael Varane, Goal can confirm.

While the two sides were not close to agreeing terms at the start of the week, much work has been done to bridge the gap, with a deal now expected to take place for between €45m (£39/$53m) and  €55m (£47m/$65m).

Varane has been one of Man Utd’s top summer transfer priorities since they completed a deal to sign Jadon Sancho from Borussia Dortmund.

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In recent hours, negotiations have sped up for the World Cup-winning defender, who appears Old Trafford bound

A friend plays the most important part in everyone’s life. Every life is incomplete without a proper comradeship. This is a fact that no one can survive without making friends. Life is full of ups and down and we all need someone to support us mentally and emotionally. A friend is the one with whom we share a bond which is rooted by trust, respect, affection, etc. Tackling problems become much easier when you have good friends beside you.

“A friend in need is a friend indeed” this is one of the most popular proverb which we all have heard at least once in our life. This phrase summarizes the eternal essence of the word friendship i.e., the friends who help at the time of need are considered as true friend. Getting a true friend is not only good luck but it’s like a blessing and such people are meant to be nurture with proper care. Place which a friend holds in each one of our life is impossible to express via words. When we have our comrade with us tackling problems becomes very much easy. Life is full of ups and down, pain and heartbreak, suffering and loss and because of all these people ends up going in depression or facing anxiety and mental issues plus any psychological disorder thus in such circumstances a friend plays a vital role in coping up. Healthy and good friendships help in overcoming the negativity of mundane life. Friendship is based on a give and take relation where one needs to give equally love and respect only then the root of such bond will be strong. Friendship must be carryout from the heart not with the intension of profits. True friends help in growing and increasing self-confidence as well as boost immunity. Francis Bacon mentioned on his essay of “Of Friendship” that every human being requires company and social contact and the one who does not believe in this and live a life with isolation is considered either as a wild breast or heavenly God. Human beings require other human beings and if someone ignores interaction are doing unfair with natural state. He also says that “a true friend acts a secondary valve for the heart to [pump life into a sick person.”

Friends do not believe in discouraging rather than they help in reaching the goals of life. But what is important is the bond should be carried out equally by both the parties. Both the parties should be equally loyal to one another if a person is not loyal than he should not expect the other person to be kind and loyal towards him. It is well said that “YOU REAP WHAT YOU SOW”, therefore first we should be ourselves ready to follow the simple code of friendship. The key success of successful friendship is good communication among each other. The base of every friendship is communication. Summing up that friendship is vital in each one of lives love, respect and proper communication can build up a good bond.