Day: July 9, 2020

The Development of Periodic Table

Periodic Table of Elements Wall Chart (2020) on Spring Roller with ...

 

What is a Periodic Table ?

Periodic Table is a tabular arrangement of elements, based on their electronic configurations, increasing atomic number and chemical proper

Need of Periodic Table ?

The periodic table is important because it is organized to provide a great deal of information about elements and how they relate to one another in one easy-to-use reference .It describes the atomic properties of every known chemical element in a concise format, including the atomic number, atomic mass and relationships between the elements. Elements with similar chemical properties are arranged in columns in the periodic table.

History of Periodic Table

  1. Dobereiner’s Triads – When elements are arranged in the order of their increasing atomic masses, the atomic mass of the middle element was approximately the average of the atomic masses of the other two elements. Eg – Li(6.9),Na(23),K(39)
  2. Newlands’ Law of Octaves – According to this ‘when elements are placed in order of increasing atomic masses, the physical and chemical properties of every 8th element are a repetition of the properties of the first element.’

Limitations of NewLands’ law of Octaves –

  • Newland could arrange elements only up to calcium, out of the total 56 elements known.
  • Same Elements were arranged in 2 slots which differed in property.
  • Law of octaves was applicable only upto calcium (only for lighter elements)
  1. Mendeleev’s Periodic Table –Mendeleev believed that the atomic mass of an                      element was the most fundamental property in classifying elements. He arranged              elements in the increasing order of their atomic masses and observed that the
    elements showed repetition after certain intervals in their physical and chemical                properties.

Merits of this arrangement – 

  •   Vacant spaces were left for undiscoverd elements like eka-aluminium and eka-         silicon.
  • Left Space for Noble Gases
  • Mendeleev’s periodic table was predicted properties of several undiscovered elements on the basis of their position in Mendeleev’s periodic table.

 Demerits of this arrangement :-

  • A correct position could not be assigned to hydrogen in the periodic table.
  • Position of Isotopes was ambiguous.
  • At certain places, an element of higher atomic mass was placed before an element of lower atomic mass.
  1. Modern Periodic Table – In 1913, Moseley, a student of Mendeleev, showed that                the periodicity was a property of Atomic Number and not Mass Number.Modern                periodic table is based on atomic number of elements.

Advantages of Modern Periodic Table –

  • All elements are fundamentally arranged according to their atomic number. So it becomes easy to understand and compare their properties, thereby making it easier to remember the position of the elements
  •  The position of the elements in the periodic table makes it easy to predict and compare their properties, and explains the reason for their specific position in the periodic table
  • It gives explanation for the periodicity of elements and tells the reason why all elements in a group having similar properties, which differ between the gropus and periods
  • Positions of isotopes are taken care of within the element itself, unlike in Mendeleev periodic table.
  • In the Modern periodic table, the metals, non-metals, transition metals, gases are separately placed in a specific location with a specific identity.

 

 

 

 

Laughing Gas

We all have heard about the laughing Gas and somehow all that most of us know about it is that it makes us laugh. Let’s find out how it works and for what purposes it is used.

Chemistry

Laughing Gas is the common name for Nitrous oxide or Nitrous which is a chemical compound. It’s an oxide of nitrogen and it’s formula is N2O. IUPAC – Dinitrogen monoxide.

It has a slight metallic taste and scent. It is colourless and non flammable gas at room temperature.

Working

When we inhale laughing Gas, the reaction time of our body slows down resulting in a calm and euphoric feeling. It also displaces the air in the lungs and prevents oxygen to enter your brain and blood. This leads to giggles and often mild hallucinations.

Uses

Laughing Gas is used as a sedative agent. It is mixed with oxygen and inhaled through a small mask that fits over the nose.

It is used by the dentists to make the dental procedures more comfortable. It help the patient relax through the dental procedures by making them feel calm and reduces dental anxiety. Patients remain concious during the process but are not numb to pain. However, the perception of pain in altered. It is commonly used in procedures like root canals, wisdom teeth extraction, fillings, crowns, dental implants and veneers.

Side effects

Some side effects are long term while some are short term.

The short term side effects occur rarely due to too much inhalation or quick inhalations.

  • Dizziness
  • Nausea, vomiting
  • Fatigue
  • Shivering
  • Excessive sweating

Some people might also experience the sensation of feeling high.

There are very little evidences that cause long term effects as Nitrous oxide wears off quickly.

Body Dysmorphic Disorder

Source: Google

Mostly we all dislike something about ourselves. It might be small eyes, crooked nose, an uneven smile, etc. But these all don’t bother us nor even hampers our daily lifestyle. But the people with Body Dysmorphic Disorder or BDD, always think about their perceived ordeal flaws. They feel very demeaning with their looks. They did not even believe others’ words if they appreciate they take it as consolation. This continuous self underestimation leads to emotional distress. These people usually do not like to meet new people, maintain social distance. They feel to be judged. They remain isolated from friends, family, and so on.

Symptoms 

There are many symptoms of BDD, like

  • The people who are going through this mental disorder are very pessimistic about their appearance. They feel to have some perceived flaws in their appearance that can’t be seen by others
  • They strongly believe that they have some flaws and disputes which make them ugly and socially awkward and unacceptable.
  • These people think that their appearance would be mocked by others and they get negative attention for their flaws.
  • These kinds of people try to fix their flaws with temporary things like they try to mix their skin with makeup and all. These people keep checking themselves in the mirrors.
  • They change their styles like preferences of clothes, shoes to overcome the real or imagined flaws.
  • These people keep comparing their looks with others and suffer from inferiority complex somehow
  • They frequently keep asking for feedback from others about their looks
  • They constantly avoid social situations, meetings with people as they have a fear of being judged 
  • These people always seek for different cosmetics for their temporary relief from their perceived flaws.
  • They always want to be perfect in look. They seek for perfection and self-satisfaction in themselves.

These preoccupations cause them mental distress. Repeatedly these behavior causes unintentional mental discomfort, not only that these all are very time-consuming. If not checked, it can cause distress in work, social, and personal life also. Firstly one may be concerned about one or more parts of the body but with time it many changes to another. Most people get concerned about the face, wrinkles, nose, eyes, breast size, body shape, etc. 

Risk factors and complication

This disorder grips over the teenagers both male and female. This mental disorder can trigger them to commit suicide as they think hurting themselves is the right way to deal. Major depression, eating disorders, physical trouble due to several surgeries for perfection are the predicted consequences.

Causes

The social expectations of perfection, childhood abuse, tease, neglect pave say to these kinds of mental disorders like body dysmorphic disorder. It can be cured by continuous psychological treatments, grooming oneself, uplifting self-confidence. Moreover, meditation is very helpful to get rid of such kinds of mental disorders.

If anyone feels to have suicidal thoughts, can call their loved one, someone from trusted trait, or can call mental health professionals and seek their help. Moreover, they can take the help of a suicidal prevention center.

Mob Lynching: An Intensified Cannibalism

Source: Google

Mob lynching has become under daily routine in India. Such cannibalism has been spread because the people have become frustrated. Research says incidents rose 4.5-fold since 2017. As per the NCRB data, Jharkhand has the most mob lynching record. social media has a great role to play in this it is turning out to be a true serial killer that could not be put behind bars. A trail of rumors spreading the fire on various popular social sites such as WhatsApp, Facebook, Twitter, and Instagram has created an adverse influence on the youngsters as much uneducated youth who were supposed to have books in their hands hold mobile phones and some disgusting contents in it. Since acting in such a manner social media has turned out to be an anti-social media nowadays. When real life and virtual reality are merged then the result is terrific. There are shreds of evidence of exploitation, a manipulation that engulfing humanity by penetrating aggravation in people.
Moreover, now people have become more vulnerable by their beliefs. The nonjudgemental attitude of people is leading them towards the devastation. In recent times during the pandemic, the number of rumors has grown a lot. People from each age have become proactive in social media. Lacking to identify the fake news, most of them forward what they get without knowing the source. Thus they also believe in that news and rages up. Nearly 30-35% rise of fake news has found in social media. Which is the cause of the outrage of people and causes the hamartia like mob lynching. Religious sentiments remain as one of the main substance of mob lynching. In recent years the mob lynching has come on the streets. The assault, killing an unarmed man as grown to an unimaginable extent. Now all the arguments take a way of religious hatred.
Currently, there is no present codified law against lynching; On 2018, the honorable Supreme Court described lynching as a “horrendous act of mobocracy” and has put forth some guidelines for central and state governments to follow. The Manipur law synced with SC. The law says there will be a nodal officer in every district to take care of these all crimes. If the police fail to control they will be imprisoned with the fine. Usually, all the hate crimes come under section 153A of the Indian penal code. The law asked to formulate relief camps and more facilities for the victims. Many things were discussed and issued under this law. Inspired by this Rajasthan and West Bengal have initiated work to curb such crimes. however, sections of IPC, CrPC, Evidence act are adjusted for this matter: Section 302 of IPC deals with murder, section 307 IPC deals with the attempt to murder, section 323 IPC deals with causing voluntarily hurt, section 223 of CrPC deals with people charged together for committing the same offense in the same course of the transaction.
Such cannibalism should be stopped by taking the offenders under strict law. The incident at Jantar Mantar in Delhi was an inferno, the bloodshed will remain as a black lash. Social awareness should be increased. Being morally educated is more important.