Swachh Bharat Abhiyan

“Sanitation should not be seen as a political tool, but should only be connected to patriotism commitment to public health.” – Narendra Modi

Swachh Bharat Abhiyan campaign, launched on 2 October 2014 on the birth anniversary of Mahatma Gandhi, by our P.M. Narendra Modi aimed to reduce open defecation and improve the management of municipal solid waste in both urban and rural areas.

He also flagged off a walkathon at Rajpath and surprised people by joining in not just for a token few steps, but marching with the participants for a long way. With the view to fulfil the dream of hygienic India, he took the broom cleaning dirt and making the cleanliness drive successful.

Many parts of India celebrated the day by hosting speeches informing about the mission, cleaning seaside waste in groups, doing marches with slogans such as ‘Na gandagi karenge, Na karne denge.’, swaach bharat swasth bharat. This is seen as a major step contributing to understanding the significance of sanitation and health. A sense of responsibility has been evoked among the people through the Clean India Movement.

It aims to provide every rural family with a toilet by 2019. It helps to maintain the GDP growth improving the economic conditions. The major slogan of One step towards cleanliness was adopted. One individual could take his responsibility to take care of cleanliness around his residence or area can prove to be helpful.

To promote the idea the Swachh Bharat Swachh Vidyalaya campaign was launched by the Minister of Human Resource Development, Government of India by participating in the cleanliness drive along with the school’s teachers and students.

The idea is propagated in universities and colleges on large scale.

Keep your earth clean and green as cleanliness is next to godliness!

MEDITATION

Meditation is an very effective exercise which help you to make your mind healthy and fresh. Everyone has a different technique of doing meditation. It does not require knowledge of skill and training. There are no rules for doing meditation, you can do meditation according to your preference. It had originated from Buddhist teachings.

Meditation can be done in starting of the day/ early morning or at the end of night. Meditation can be done while keeping your back straight or just by lying down. It is fine if you fall asleep. Meditation do not require to go blank with your thoughts.

Important things to keep in mind while doing meditation-

i) focus on your breath. keep track of your exhale or inhale process

ii) feel your body parts, the eyes, hands, pumping of heart, motion of lungs, etc.

iii) start meditation on thinking things you are grateful for.

iv) if you feel difficulty in concentrating choose a mantra for yourself example- OM

v) focus on personal fulfillment.

vi) think about what inspires you the most.

vii) feel the essence of nature.

BENEFITS- Meditation help to heal you from internal pain and sorrows.

It help to maintain a sleep cycle,and ideal routine of your day.

It help to deal with depression and anxiety, Delete psychosomatic disorders caused by tension.

It lowers blood pressure and strengthens the immune system. It slows the aging process.

It helps to be more tolerant and sensitive. It help to control anger and stress.

Meditation is the art of focusing your attention on a single point is hard work, and you must be committed intentionally!

Indian Railways – Lifeline Network of Indian Economy

Among the triumphant and majestic inventions of the modern world, is widespread transportation. Compared to other transports available today, railways transport as one of the eloquent one. No doubt aeroplanes and automobiles have provided much ease in everyday life but the importance of railway transportation is perpetual.

Railways have edge roadways as it carries more passengers and loads of heavy goods to long distance. Perhaps journey is more comfortable and faster also. Its operation is less affected by adverse weathers conditions like rain, floods, fog, etc. Railways also make it possible to conduct different activities like business, sightseeing, and pilgrimage along with transportation of goods over longer distances. Railways in India bind the economic life of the country as well as accelerate the development of the industry and agriculture.

World’s first railway line was opened between Stockholm and Darlington in northern England in 1825 and railways became important mode of transport. It occupies an important place in land transport system of India and is the most dependable mode of transport to carry goods and passengers over a long distance. Besides long distance, local transport of passengers is also provided by local trains or metro-rail in some metropolitan cities. Rail transport is available throughout the country except some hilly or mountainous regions.

Indian Railways plays a role of national integration. The railways were introduced in the country in 1853 by the British almost immediately after it established in England. The first railway on Indian sub-continent ran over a stretch of 21 miles from Bombay to Thane on 16 April 1853. The first passenger train steamed out of Howrah station destined for Hooghly, a distance of 24 miles, on 15 August 1854. In South, the first line was opened on 1 July 1856 by the Madras Railway Company. It ran between Veyasarpandy and Walajah Road (Arcot), a distance of 63 miles. In the North, a length of 119 miles of line was laid from Allahabad to Kanpur on 3 March 1859.

In 1947, at the time of independence, there were forty-two rail systems exist in the country. 40 percent of the railways then passed through the newly independent Pakistan and thirty-two lines owned by the former Indian states, spanning a total of 55,000 km, later these were merged into the Indian railways.

In 1951, the systems were nationalized as one unit, becoming one of the largest networks in the world. Thus Indian Railways was born.

India has a large network of railways throughout the country. There are two types of rails rolling on Indian railway tracks. One is passenger train and other is goods train. While passenger trains carry both human beings and a limited quantity of goods, the goods trains are exclusively used for carrying goods from one place to another. At present the Indian Railways have three types of engines – Steam engines, Diesel engines and the Electric engines. The Indian Railways is the largest public sector undertaking in the country.

Today, Indian Railways has one of the largest and busiest rail networks in the world. It transports 20 million passengers and more than 2 million tones of freight daily and is one of the world’s largest commercial employers, with more than 1.6 million employees. Indian Railways covers total 63,140 route kilometers as on 31.3.2002, including broad gauge (total 45,099 kilometers), narrow gauge (total 3,265 kilometers) and meter gauge (total 14,776 kilometers). The Indian Railway system is operated through several zones and other operating divisions. It is considered as the main part of the India’s transportation system.

Some major statistics related to Indian Railways are as follows :

•Wagons (units) – 2,16,717
•number of locomotives (operating) – 7,739
•Operating trains – 14,444
•Daily Passengers – 8,702
•Coaches – 39,236

East Indian Railway established a Carriage and Wagon Department as part of the Locomotive Works in 1855 in Howrah. Established in 1986, the Rail Coach Factory (RCF) was the second coach manufacturing unit of Indian Railways. Its foundation stone was laid by the then Prime Minister of India Mr. Rajiv Gandhi. At present there are few more rail coach factories like Internal coach factory which located in Chennai, Chittaranjan Locomotive works, West Bengal and Diesel Locomotive works, Varanasi.

Apart from being fast, comfortable and cheap, railways play an important role in the economy of a country. Indian Railways carry more than a million ton of freight traffic encompassing around 6,856 numbers of rail stations. Being the primary infrastructural sector of India, Railways has been developing to maintain a pace with the development of Indian economy. Indian Railways is a department owned and controlled by the Government of India, under the aegis of Ministry of Railways. It is administered by the Railway Board.

The Himsagar Express, between Kanyakumari and Jammu Tawi, has the longest run in term of distance and time on Indian Railways network. The Indian Railways started introducing the prestigious Rajdhani and Shatabdi services during the ‘70s and ‘80s respectively or to match the best in the world. The Bhopal Shatabdi : Express is the fastest train in India which has a maximum speed of 150 m/h on the Faridabad-Agra section.

Fares on the Indian Railways across categories are among the cheapest in the world. In the past few years, despite a recessionary environment, the Indian Railways have not raised fares on any class of service. On the contrary, there has been a minor dip in fares in some categories. Indian Railways makes 70 per cent its revenues and most of its profits from the freight and uses these profits to cross-subsidies the loss-making passenger sector. It also owns locomotive and coach production facilities.

Since 1924-25, railway finances have been separated from General Revenue. Indian railways have their own funds in the form of Railway Budget presented to the Parliament annually. This budget is presented to the Parliament by the Union Railway Minster two days prior to the General Budget, usually around 26th February. It has to be passed by a simple majority in the Lok Sabha before it gets final acceptance. Indian Railways are subject to the same audit control as other government revenues and expenditure. The government of India has initiated a scheme, ‘National Vikas Yojna’ for the development of the Indian Railways. The scheme would focus on completion on strategic projects within a stipulated period of time. Railways are doing very useful service to the nation. This also creates impact on the Indian Economy.

To conclude, Indian Railways has played a vital role for the transportation needs of the country & Indian Railways have also emerged as the major strength of the Indian economy.

Juvenile Act

A “Juvenile” or “Child” means a person who has not turned eighteen years of age. International Law interprets, a ‘Child’ means every human being below the age of 18 years. Today this is a universally accepted definition of a child which comes from the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child (UNCRC)In india the problems of juveniles were lately highlighted compared to other countries in the world .

Before only rules were made and less importance were given to children’s cases.The frightful incident of “Nirbhaya Delhi Gang Rape Case” on December 16, 2012 shocked the whole nation and many debates were started among legal fraternity and socialists.So thats how juvenile system and juvenile board got its importance and made aware to not only the judges or respected legal faculties but also each and every person in our country.

INTRODUCTION

Our country’s future depends on our children. So its the duty and responsibility of every individual to ensure that the children have a safe environment to live in. Juvenile crime has elevated to be one of the most menacing and intimidating disease in our society.This act has guaranteed that regardless of religion, youngsters needing consideration and assurance will be given the advantages of a different legal process.

After Independence, the constitutional provisions have encouraged the developments in the field of juvenile justice system in India.

Part III and Part IV of the constitution of India which deal with “Fundamental Rights” and “Directive Principles of State Policy” respectively and contain special provisions with respect to care and protection of the children.

Juvenile Justice ( Care and Protection)Act, 2015:

The Juvenile Justice Bill, 2014 was passed by the Parliament in December, 2015 and it became the Juvenile Justice Act, 2015 which into force from 15th January, 2016. Under the Act of 1986, Section 2(a) defined the term juvenile as a “boy who has not attained the age of 16 years and girl who has not attained the age of 18 years”.The main reason and issue of the debate was the involvement of accused, who was just six months away to attain the age of 18 years. The involvement of the accused in such a heinous crime of rape forced our Indian Legislation to introduce a new law and thus, Indian Parliament came up with a new law which is known as “ Juvenile Justice ( Care and Protection),Act 2015.

The Introduction of this Act has replaced the existing juvenile laws and has introduced some remarkable changes as follows;

One of the remarkable changes is juvenile under the age group of 16 to 18 years should be tried as the Juvenile Justice (Care and Protection of Children) Bill, 2015 was passed by Lok Sabha on 7th May, 2015; was passed by Rajya Sabha on 22nd December, 2015 and received Presidential assent and came into force on 31st December 2015, to whole India except the state of Jammu and Kashmir.

Article 15 (3): It allows the State to make special provisions for children and women.This view is reflected in the decision of the Bombay High Court in Dattatraya Motiram vs State of Bombay (55 B.L.R. 323) where Chagla C.j. held that the State could discriminate in favour of women against men but it could not discriminate in favour of men against women.

Article 21-A: The state shall provide free and compulsory education to all children of the age of six to fourteen years.Its main object was to abolish illiteracy from the country.Thus in Unni KrishanVS State of U.P. (1993 1 SCC , 645) the supreme court had observed that education under the age of 14 was passed as fundamental right under constitution of India.

Article 23: Prohibition of traffic in human beings , begars and other similar forms of forced labour.Here traffic in human beings means buying and selling men and women like goods which also includes immoral traffic in women and children for immoral purposes.

One such case is of Deens vs union of India in this labours were taken from prisoners without paying proper remuneration in form of forced labour which is violative in article 23so in these prisoner are entitled to get reasonable wages for their work for which court was under duty to enforce their claim.

Article 24: Prohibition of the employment of children below and the age of fourteen

years in factories, mines and other hazardous employments.As we all know children are the assets of the nation thats why this provision is certainly made in the interest of public health and safety of the children.

As we can see in the case of people’s union for democratic rights vs union of India the act of employment of children 1938 act was not applicable in the case of employment of children in the construction work of Asiad projects in delhi since in above given act no such construction work for children was specified. The court rejected their contention and held that construction work is hazardous under article 24 even if the construction work is not specified in the schedule to the employment of children act 1938.

Article 39(e): It directs the State to safeguard the tender age of children from entering into avocations unsuited to their age or strength.

Article 39(f): Directs the State to give opportunities and facilities for the healthy development of children and to protect childhood and youth against exploitation and moral and material abandonment.

Article 45:The state gives early childhood services and schooling to infants under the age of six. The Eighty-sixth Amendment m 2002 adopted this clause. Section 45 of the foregoing provides that the State shall endeavour to provide free and compulsory education to all children between the ages of 6 and 14 years of age as a basic fundamental right.

Article 47: It is the duty of the state to raise level of nutrition and standard of living and to improve health. And for this it would bring about prohibition of intoxicating drinks and drugs which are injurious to health except for medicinal purposes.

REASONS

Anti – social behaviour, biological changes, psychological causes are some of the reasons which is responsible for juvenile delinquency.

Disintegration of Family System: – In normal cases divorce of parents, lack of parental control, lack of love and affections are the major factors of juvenile delinquency.
Economic condition and Poverty: –Due to poverty of parents or guardian fails to fulfil the needs of the child which encourages them in stealing money from homes or any other parents.
Migration: – Migration of deserted and destitute juveniles’ boys to slums also carries some illegal activities like prostitution, smuggling of drugs or narcotics etc.
Sex Indulgence: – The children those who have experienced sex assault or any other kind of unwanted physical assault in their early childhood may develop any kind of repulsiveness in their behaviour and mind. Too much of sex variance may lead the boys towards the crime of kidnapping and rapes etc.
Modern Life Style: – The rapidly changing society patterns and modern living style, makes it very difficult for children and adolescents to adjust themselves to the new ways of lifestyle and are unable to differentiate between right and wrong.

TYPES

Types of Juvenile Crime: s

The three major kinds of juvenile crimes or delinquency are :

violent crimes: Crimes which result in bodily injury, such as assault, rape, murder;
Property crimes : Crimes which are committed when a juvenile uses force or threat of force to obtain the property of others
Drug-related crimes: It involve the possession or sale of illegal narcotics.

DATA

Current situation:

According to the National Crime Records Bureau (NCRB) relating to violent crimes are most dangerous against women. According to 2011 crime in India the number of rats committed by juveniles are just doubled over past decades that is from from 399 rapes in 2001 to 858 rapes in 2010 whereas crime in idea 2012 records doubled from 485 in 2002 to 1149 in 2011.As suggest by the data between 2011 and 2012 alone creates massive increase that is directly to 300 which is almost as much as over entire decade it alone makes our amendment imperative. Infact More than sixteen thousand juvenile cases are pending in the various Juvenile Justice.

But juvenile crimes are not only committed by boys there are many girls too who are included in such offence and intact their ratio is more then boys.Juvenile female crimes are committed who are under the age of 18 which are included for drug-abuse violations, liquor law violation, curfew, larceny, runaway, prostitution and for loitering.Girls share over al juvenile is increasing rapidly from about 15% to 29%.Its also suggested that girls are arrested disproportionately more than boys for such status offences like because of a tendency to sexualize their offences as running away & curfew violations because of a tendency to sexualize their offences and to control their behaviour under the patriarchal authority of juvenile justice system.There are also various proofs that there girls try to escape from home or streets and they are vulnerable to further sexual victimization.

There is always pros and cons in every decision or matter we deal with

Some of them are as follows:

Pros;

Just by ordering a convict to spend 3 years in special or correctional home who just performed heinous and grievous crimes like rape and murder is not going to stop others from committing such crimes against women.

2. As we all know society is not static, it is dynamic. Its needs change with time to survive so stands for law it should be changed with changing society.

3. As criminals were hiring the poor and needy minors in allurance for small amounts of money to execute their acts, because they know very well that JJ Act would be acting as a safeguard for them so for such anti social elements this amendment was made in fear.

Cons:

There was not a proper concrete or evidence data about crime rates for juveniles neither in India nor in another foreign country where any severe or harsher crime have helped them in lowering down of crime rate in anywhere in the world.
The basic aim of juvenile justice board was never to punish offenders no matter however intended or serious heinous crime it looked they just wanted to reform such offenders which too may encouraged in rising crimes.
Because of this new law it affected all ambigous laws which were already implemented smoothly only due to the pressure of societal outrage resulting from a single incident and didn’t give into more thoughts before actually making the amendment.

Recommendations

After such a big decision of amendment here are some suggestions which I feel can help to improve this juvenile justice system:

The very first thing we all can look upon is moulding our society in such a way that no juveniles could commit crimes and this can only be sorted by dealing through all circumstances smoothly and smartly but not emotionally or though any pressure.
Whatever act we implement it should be imposed heavily in our country so that in this pressure there is fear of committing such offences.

3. We can also divide the juvenile system into different age groups that means different types of crime should have different juvenile age limits which would be decided by juvenile justice courts respectively.

Conclusion:

At the end , I would just like to conclude that reducing the age of the juvenile under the JJ Act is not the solution to the problem.Because if today we lower the age from 18 to 16 on the basis of nirbhaya rape case incident then what will the surety that child of 15 years wont do such heinous crimes and again we all will protest to reduce the age by 14?

So that instead of reducing the age we should remove the root cause of this crime. Because juvenile crimes are not the only reasons behind these offenders there are many more to it such as parental neglect, addiction to drugs, unemployment, poverty , love revenges and abundance of alcohol.So these issues of juvenile should be paid more attention not only by government but even society should play a major role in this act.We all not only depend on courts or its orders but complete our full responsibility by providing proper facilities , proper education , proper health care children only then we will be able to bring any change and reduce the juvenile crime in the country. Because if this issue is left untouched the condition would just get worse and there would be no way of improving it.

The Power Sector of India

Following the independence of India in 1947 the decades of economic planning placed significant emphasis on the development of the power sector in the country. India has the fifth largest generation capacity in the world with an installed capacity of 152 GW as on 30 September 2009, which is about 4 percent of global power generation. The top four countries, viz., the US, Japan, China and Russia together consume about 49 percent of the total power generated globally.

The average per capita consumption of electricity in India is estimated to be 704kWh during 2008-09. However, this is fairly low when compared to that of some of the developed and emerging nations such as the US (~15,000 kWh) and China (~1,800 kWh). The world average stands at 2,300 kWh2. The Indian government has set ambitious goals in the 11th five-year plan for power sector owing to which it is poised for significant expansion. Electricity generation capacity with utilities in India had grown from 1713 MW in December 1950 to over 124,287 MW by March 2006 (CEA, 2006a). However, per capita electricity consumption remains much lower than the world average and even lower than some of the developing Asian economies. Total installed capacity for power in India as on 31.12.06 was 127,753 MW and Government of India plans to add capacity of 100,000 MW by 2012.

India had been traditionally depending on thermal power as a major source of power generation, which constitutes about 65% of current capacity. Balance is contributed by Hydel power (26%), Nuclear (3 %) and Renewable energy (6%). Some of the major sectors of power generation are :

Coal : At 51%, Coal is the single-largest source of energy at the disposal of the power sector. By 2011– 12, demand for coal is expected to increase to 730 MMT p.a., creating a supply shortage of over 50 MMT. India has the fourth largest proven coal reserves in the world, pegged at 96 billion tones, creating an investment opportunity of USD 10 – 15 billion over the next 5 years.

Oil : The demand for oil which is currently the second most important source of energy – is expected to grow from 119 MTOE in 2004 to 250 MTOE in 2025 at an annual growth rate of 3.6%. However, domestic production for the corresponding period is expected to increase at approximately 2.6% only. As a result, our reliance on oil imports is likely to increase from its present level of 72% to 90% by 2025. To combat this issue, the government has opened up the domestic oil sector for private participation under the New Exploration Licensing Policy (NELP). Under the competitive bidding process prescribed under the NELP, investment commitments of USD 8 billion towards oil exploration projects have already been received.

Natural Gas : India has vast reserves of natural gas. More than 700 billion cubic meters of natural gas have been discovered in the last decade alone. Demand for Natural Gas is expected to grow at a CAGR of 12% over the next 5 years to reach 279 MMSCMD by 2012. It is mainly because of three reasons: Rising popularity of compressed natural gas (CNG) as an alternative source of automotive fuel; increased penetration through availability of “piped gas” at residences; and imminent depletion of traditional energy sources such as coal and oil.

Hydro Power : With its intricate network of rivers, substantial opportunities for generation of hydro-power exist in India. Only 22% of the 150 GW hydroelectric potential in the country has been harnessed so far. Private participation will play a key role in meeting the target requirement of an additional 45 GW over the next 10 years.

Wind Energy : India is the 4th largest country in the world in terms of installed wind energy. India’s potential of wind power is pegged at 45,000 MW while its current capacity stands at only 7,660MW. Tax incentives, including availability of accelerated depreciation @ 80% under WDV method on cost incurred on setting up of wind turbine generators have resulted in significant private investment in this area

Solar Energy : Despite the prevalence of an inherent advantage in the form of solar insulation, the potential for solar energy is virtually untapped in India. India’s installed solar – based capacity stands at a mere 100MW compared to its present potential of 50,000MW. Based on the substantial investment opportunities that exist in this sector, it is estimated that by 2031–32, solar power would be the single largest source of energy, contributing 1,200 MTOE i.e. more than 30% of our total expected requirements.

Nuclear Energy : By 2032, the government plans to raise the contribution of nuclear energy from the current level of less than 3% to around 10% of the country’s installed capacity. The signing of the Indo-US nuclear deal has created significant opportunities for several players across the entire power supply chain, with an estimated investment opportunity of USD 10 billion over the next five years.

Further, India has among the world’s largest reserves of alternative nuclear fuel – thorium. Accordingly, substantial investment opportunities are also likely to arise once commercial production based on thorium becomes feasible. Over 87% of the current installed capacity in the country is by the government; with the state governments having lion’s share of over 52% and the balance by central (federal) government. Due to the initiative of government of India to encourage Public Private Partnerships in power sector, share of private companies’ power generation capacity has gone up to steadily to 17,112.62 MW, about 13 % of the installed capacity.

With Government of India opening up Ultra Mega Power Projects (UMPP) for private investments, a number of private companies, including overseas companies, have been increasingly showing interest in investing in power projects. State-owned Power Finance Corporation, which is the nodal agency for the UMPP, has set up nine Special Purpose Vehicles (SPVs) to conduct preliminary studies and obtain government approval for the planned projects. Once these SPVs will become operational it will generate a capacity of 36,000 MW power. Renewable energy offers a huge potential as a physical target of 15,000 MW with an outlay of Rs.39, 250 million is proposed for grid interactive / distributed renewable power generation during 2007-12. The total investment required would be about Rs. 600 billion.

In the Constitution of India “Electricity” is a subject that falls within the concurrent jurisdiction of the Centre and the States. The Electricity (Supply) Act, 1948, provides an elaborate institutional frame work and financing norms of the performance of the electricity industry in the country. The Act envisaged creation of State Electricity Boards (SEBs) for planning and implementing the power development programmes in their respective States.

The Act also provided for creation of central generation companies for setting up and operating generating facilities in the Central Sector. The Central Electricity Authority constituted under the Act is responsible for power planning at the national level. In addition the Electricity (Supply) Act also allowed from the beginning the private licensees to distribute and/or generate electricity in the specified areas designated by the concerned State Government/SEB. During the post independence period, most of the States have established State Electricity Boards. In some of these States separate corporations have also been established to install and operate generation facilities. In the rest of the smaller States and UTs the power systems are managed and operated by the respective electricity departments. In a few States private licenses are also operating in certain urban areas.

It is evident that the deficit in power availability in India is a significant impediment to the smooth development of the economy. In this context, bridging the gap in demand and supply has become critical and consequently, large projects are being undertaken in different segments of the sector i.e.

Generation : In order to provide availability of over 1000 units of per capita electricity by year 2012, it has been estimated that need-based capacity addition of more than 100,000 MW would be required.

Transmission : The current installed transmission capacity is only 13 percent of the total installed generation capacity. With focus on increasing generation capacity over the next 8-10years, the corresponding investments in the transmission sector is also expected to augment. The Ministry of Power plans to establish an integrated National Power Grid in the country by 2012 with close to 200,000 MW generation capacities and 37,700 MW of inter-regional power transfer capacity.

Distribution : While some progress has been made at reducing the Transmission and Distribution (T&D) losses, these still remain substantially higher than the global benchmarks, at approximately 33 percent. In order to address some of the issues in this segment, reforms have been undertaken through unbundling the State Electricity Boards into separate Generation, Transmission and Distribution units and privatization of power distribution has been initiated either through the outright privatization or the franchisee route; results of these initiatives have been somewhat mixed.

While there has been a slow and gradual improvement in metering, billing and collection efficiency, the current loss levels still pose a significant challenge for distribution companies going forward. The story remains pretty much the same in power transmission and distribution space. The central and the state utilities own nearly 40 percent and 60 percent, respectively of the total transmission lines of 2.7 million circuit kilometers (ckm). Power Grid Corporation of India Ltd (PGCIL), the central transmission utility (CTU), is the largest transmission company in India. Similarly, in distribution, the SEBs own nearly 95 percent of the distribution network.

However, there are some challenges facing the Indian power sector which is expected to grow at 10 per cent but is currently going through a critical phase as the existing capacity is ageing very fast. The most important cause of the problems being faced in the power sector is the irrational and not remunerative tariff structure. Although the tariff is fixed and realized by SEBs, the State Governments have constantly interfered in tariff setting without subsidizing SEBs for the losses arising out of State Governments desire to provide power at concessional rates to certain sectors, especially agriculture.

If the SEBs were to continue to operate on the same lines, their internal resources generation during the next ten years will be negative, being of the order of Rs.(-) 77,000 crore. This raises serious doubts about the ability of the States to contribute their share to capacity addition during the Ninth Plan and thereafter. This highlights the importance of initiating power sector reforms at the earliest and the need for tariff rationalization.

The power sector was predominantly dominated by the thermal power plants, whose share was expected to rise up to 75 per cent from the current 64 per cent in the coming years. But after 2013, there might be some shortage due to capacity addition. As India has not witnessed such a large scale of implementation before, there is a need to review and enhance project execution capabilities to help ensure targets are met.

This strongly necessitates employing a comprehensive project management structure to address the major challenges of the power sector projects and to be able to deliver them as per the planned targets. Historical records also indicate the presence of a weak project management structure which does not assess all the key project aspects.

The War on Women

Book Review.

The book “War on the Women” by ‘Sue Llyod’ brings to life the inconceivable and dangerous life Sue led. It tells the story of an orphan Marry Merritt who is sixteen years old, instead of being released from the care of nuns was interned by them in a Magladen Laundry and forced to work twelve hours a day, six days a week, without pay, for over a decade. In twelve chapters Lloyd- Roberts brings to life the many stories of women who suffered, witnessed and combated oppression, discrimination and violence, The focus on her first chapter is on female genital mutilation (FGM). At the same time the author also describes the suffering of those who are expected to perform the act of mutilating girls, including their own daughters.

First Step towards making your site responsive

Being a user, have you ever thought about how a website is designed? How a single website attracts more users while others don’t? Obviously content is a considerable aspect but apart from content what matters is the interactivity it provides the support and functions it contains. And the most importantly the responsiveness of that site.

Okay, so for beginners or those web developers who are just freshers and are still learning, Responsive site mean how the site looks on different platforms like a desktop, a laptop, a tablet, or any mobo platform. As you very well know being a user you want and most importantly need to access a site on different devices and being a web designer it’s your responsibility to make that site fit for the utilization on every platform because it directly affects the traffic you site is going to experience.

And if you have any prior knowledge regarding this a very obvious question you must be having is why responsive? I mean you can also have other ways to make your site fit for any other device then why responsive? Okay, let’s do the comparison.

Responsive Website Design(RWD): Basically in this, you write multiple stylesheets for a single HTML file according to the device you think the user is going to use to access your site, but ultimately you have only one URL for your site. This makes your site more user friendly.

Adaptive Designs(Dynamic Serving): In this, the server sends you a different HTML and CSS document according to the device you are trying to access the site but still you only have a single URL for your site which is a little bit problematic because if due to any reason server detects the wrong device the user will be in trouble and this kind of sites are more redirecting which means takes more time to load and you have to update a lot of code while making changes in the site.

Separate Mobile Sites(.m type): In these type of sites you have a separate HTML and CSS document for the mobo platform and A single document for every other device used for accessing the site but you will have different URLs every time you try to access the site which makes it tough to share your site and hence reducing the traffic.

Now, let me try to start how to make a site responsive because I can’t encompass a lot here as this article is for beginners and those who are interested to learn. So the basic concept is how the content adjusts itself according to the resizing of the screen because it’s very annoying to have scrollbars now and again. So here comes the terms absolute and fluid(relative) measurements. It’s always a very good idea to do not hardcode your site and give users more power and that’s why using fluid measurements while writing your CSS code has always proven a good idea.

Absolute measurements:

pixels(px): one device pixel or dot of display. 1px=1/96th of an inch.
mm, cm, in basic units of length.
point(pt): one point equal to 1/72th of an inch.
pica(pc): one pica is equal to 12 points.

Relative measurements :

%: always relative to another value, for example, a length.
em: relative to the font size of a parent element.
rem: relative to root size to the root element.
vw: viewport’s width, 1/100th of the width of the viewport.
vh: viewport’s height, 1/100th of the height of the viewport.

I recommend using ems because rems are not supported by many browsers now or vw and vh are also very good options when it comes to responsive sites. So here I am concluding this article as it’s a vast topic and I can’t encompass it in a single article.

Hope you guys find this helpful. Happy reading!

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