Twinkle Twinkle little star – Now I wonder why so far

You must have read & recited the poem ‘Twinkle Twinkle Little Star’ in your childhood days. Kids still read & recite the poem. But there’s a difference in their recitation.While we used to recite it in starry nights, they just watch twinkling stars in a youtube video.What else can they do ?

Those starry nights are no longer visible. Even in a small town , there are only a few stars you can see by naked eyes. Future generations will see the starry nights only in pictures.

Now you can’t just point out your finger in the north to show someone the pole star.

Now the question is why ? Why the night sky is vanishing ? Why the Milky Way is fading ? Why the stars are no longer visible ?

Well , the reason is light pollution. With the advancement of more & more LEDs , the milky way is now no longer visible to more than a third population of the world. Those thousands of stars have just turned into hundreds.

Buildings’ lights , residents’ lights , street lights, vehicles’ lights , neon signs. Well , this much amount of light is creating a permanent ‘skyglow’ at night,which is obscuring that beautiful sight.

Is it only about the stars ? No , excessive lighting at night has other adverse consequences too –

1. It can disrupt our sleep , or in long run can cause stress.

2. It is waste of energy , not all the lights you see in cities at night , are needed. A lot of buildings or streets just glow for the sake of beauty.Thus , a lot of energy get wasted.

3. It’s not good for animals , birds & ecosystem. Migratory birds often get bewildered by lighting buildings , sea turtles lose their ability to navigate in ocean due to the confusion lighting from coastal create. There’re evidences that artificial lighting make it harder for the zooplankton to eat harmful algae in lakes , thus degrades the water quality.

And of course this one consequence is also there , from which I started the blog. Future generation will not be able to see the milky way without a telescope , thus it”ll lessen their interest in astronomy. It”ll lessen their sense about vastness of Universe.

Of course , the street lighting is necessary , but not for the show off. Unnecessary lighting can be avoided. Street lights can be replaced by more focused LEDs which only send light downward rather than those lights which scatter the lights in all directions. There can be other ways to reduce the light pollution. As it is said “Where there’s a will , there’s a way”.

Beti Padhao, Beti Bachao movement leads to a nationwide increase in the average sex-ratio of male child to female child

In these difficult times when a good news is hard to come by, we have got a good news.

States like Uttar Pradesh, Rajasthan, Haryana, Punjab and Himachal Pradesh were suffering from a huge difference in the sex-ratio of male child to female child due to old and prevalent malpractices such as female infanticide and abortion of female child in the womb itself, are now seeing a decrease in the difference in the sex-ratio. By definition, sex-ratio means the ratio of males to females in a given population.

According to Mrs. Smriti Irani, Minister of Women and Child Development “Improvement in the sex-ratio in these states happened due to the Beti Padhao, Beti Bachao Scheme launched by the government. Average sex-ratio throughout the country has also improved”.

In 2015-16 , the sex-ratio was 1000 males to 918 females which increased to 1000 males to 934 females in 2019-20.

In Uttar Pradesh, the average per 1000 males is now 928 females which was previously 885. In Haryana, this average per 1000 males became 924 females which was earlier 816. In Chandigarh it increased to 935 from 874 females per 1000 males. In Punjab female ratio increased from 892 to 920. In Himachal Pradesh, it increased from 897 to 933 females and in Rajasthan it increased from 929 to 948. It just goes to show that people are changing slowly and in a good way.

But where these states saw an increase in the ratio, some others states like Bihar, Odisha and Kerala saw a decrease in the no. of females per 1000 males thereby increasing the difference in the sex-ratio which shows that we still have a long way to go.

Despite Marrying Willingly A Minor Girl Can’t Be Allowed To Stay With Husband Till She Attains Majority

In a significant judgment titled Pradeep Tomar And Another v. State of U.P. and Another [Matters Under Article 227 No. 4804 of 2020] delivered on January 27, 2021, the Allahabad High Court has recently, righteously and remarkably held that a minor girl cannot be allowed to live in a matrimonial relationship with a man she claims to be her husband even if she had left her home of her own accord and married the man out of her own free will. The Single Judge Bench of Justice JJ Munir ruled thus while taking into account her High School Certificate which “clearly indicated” that she is minor as her date of birth is 04 November 2004. The Bench specifically stated that, “So long as the prosecutrix is a minor, she cannot be permitted to accompany the accused Pintoo, whom she claims to have married.”

To start with, the ball is set rolling by first and foremost observing in para 1 that, “This petition under Article 227 of the Constitution has been filed seeking to set aside an order of the learned Judicial Magistrate-I, Hapur, dated 24.11.2020, passed in Case Crime No. 516 of 2020, under Section 363 IPC, P.S. Pilakhuwa, District Hapur, directing that the prosecutrix Km. Shivani be permitted to go along with her husband, the accused Pintoo son of Omvir.”

To be sure, it is then stated in para 2 that, “A counter affidavit has been filed on behalf of the second opposite party by Mr. Rama Shankar Mishra, Advocate, which is taken on record. The petitioner has filed a rejoinder.”

On the one hand, it is put forth in para 6 that, “The submission of Mr. Sudhir Mehrotra, learned counsel for the petitioners, briefly said, is to the effect that the date of birth of the prosecutrix, according to her High School Examination Certificate issued by the U.P. Board of High School and Intermediate Education, is 04.11.2004. She is, thus, a minor, aged 16 years and 2 months approximately. She would attain majority on 05.11.2022. Mr. Mehrotra submits that the Magistrate has erred in permitting the prosecutrix to accompany her husband, an accused in the crime, going by the marriage acknowledged by the parties to be solemnized on 21.09.2020 at the Pandav Kalin Neeli Chhatri Mandir Sanatan Dharam Vivah Padti Trust, Yamuna Bazar, Delhi. Mr. Mehrotra submits that the prosecutrix, being a minor, cannot be permitted to stay in a matrimonial relationship, where the marriage would be void under Section 12 of the Prohibition of Child Marriage Act, 2006 (for short, ‘the Act of 2006’). He submits that in any case the prosecutrix, who is not a major, cannot be permitted to stay with her husband and ought not to be allowed to accompany him. Doing so, would be permitting statutory rape and also an offence under Section 5/6 of the Protection of Children from Sexual Offences Act, 2012.”

On the other hand, it is then brought out in para 7 that, “Mr. Rama Shankar Mishra, on the other hand, submits that the prosecutrix in her stand before the Magistrate has made it clear that she has married the accused Pintoo of her free will and wishes to stay with him. He emphasizes that the parties’ marriage has been registered under the U.P. Marriage Registration Rules, 2017 by the Marriage Registration Officer, Ghaziabad on 21.09.2020. He has drawn the attention of this Court towards a certificate of the registration of marriage, dated 21.09.2020.”

To put things in perspective, it is then pointed out in para 8 that, “This Court has perused the impugned order and considered the entire facts and circumstances. The prosecutrix is a little over 16 years of age. The Magistrate has been swayed to permit the prosecutrix to go along with the accused, her husband on ground that the father of the prosecutrix made an application that he would not take her back home and that he had lodged an FIR, out of social embarrassment. The Magistrate has relied upon the decisions of this Court in Smt. Rajkumari vs. Superintendent, Nari Niketan, 1998 Cr.L.J 654 (All) and Smt. Ramsati @ Syamsati vs. State of U.P., Habeas Corpus Writ Petition No. 245 of 2015, decided on 07.09.2005 to hold that upon marriage of a minor according to her wishes, she could be left free to live her life.”

As it turned out, it is then stated in para 10 that, “So far as the age of the prosecutrix is concerned, in the face of the High School Certificate, there is no cavil that evidence about her being a major, which is her stand, cannot be accepted. She cannot be referred to medical examination for determination of her age, so long as her date of birth founded on her High School Certificate, is available. This certificate clearly indicates that she is a minor. There, her date of birth is 04.11.2004. Section 94 of the Juvenile Justice (Care and Protection of Children) Act, 2015 makes the following provision regarding presumption and determination of age:

“94. Presumption and determination of age.– (1) Where, it is obvious to the Committee or the Board, based on the appearance of the person brought before it under any of the provisions of this Act (other than for the purpose of giving evidence) that the said person is a child, the Committee or the Board shall record such observation stating the age of the child as nearly as may be and proceed with the inquiry under section 14 or section 36, as the case may be, without waiting for further confirmation of the age.

(2) In case, the Committee or the Board has reasonable grounds for doubt regarding whether the person brought before it is a child or not, the Committee or the Board, as the case may be, shall undertake the process of age determination, by seeking evidence by obtaining –

(i) the date of birth certificate from the school, or the matriculation or equivalent certificate from the concerned examination Board, if available; and in the absence thereof;

(ii) the birth certificate given by a corporation or a municipal authority or a panchayat;

(iii) and only in the absence of (i) and (ii) above, age shall be determined by an ossification test or any other latest medical age determination test conducted on the orders of the Committee or the Board:

Provided such age determination test conducted on the order of the Committee or the Board shall be completed within fifteen days from the date of such order.

(3) The age recorded by the Committee or the Board to be the age of person so brought before it shall, for the purpose of this Act, be deemed to be the true age of that person.”

Be it noted, it is then stated in para 11 that, “The provisions of Section 94 (2) of the Act, which are designed to determine the age of a juvenile, have been extended to the victim in Jarnail Singh v. State of Haryana; (2013) 7 SCC 263 and by a Division Bench decision of this Court in Smt. Priyanka Devi through her husband vs. State of U.P. and others 2018 (1) ACR 1061, to which I was a party. It has been held in Smt. Priyanka Devi thus:

“13. Learned counsel for the petitioner lastly urged that provisions of Section 94 of the Juvenile Justice Act, 2015 do not apply to the case in hand as the same are available for the purposes of determination of age for a juvenile or a child in conflict with the law but would not apply to the determination of age in the case of a victim.

14. We are afraid that the aforesaid submission is not correct. The issue was examined by the Supreme Court in the case of Mahadeo S/o Kerba Maske v. State of Maharashtra and Another; (2013) 14 SCC 637 where in paragraph no. 12 of the report it was held as under: “Under rule 12(3)(b), it is specifically provided that only in the absence of alternative methods described under Rule 12(3)(a)(i) to (iii), the medical opinion can be sought for. In the light of such a statutory rule prevailing for ascertainment of the age of the juvenile in our considered opinion, the same yardstick can be rightly followed by the courts for the purpose of the ascertaining the age of a victim as well.”

15. This issue has also been considered in an earlier judgment of the Supreme Court in Jarnail Singh v. State of Haryana; 2013 (7) SCC 263, where too it has been held that rule 12(3) of the Juvenile Justice (Care and Protection of Children) Rules, 2007 must apply both to a child in conflict with law as well as to a victim of a crime. Paragraph 23 of the said report reads thus:

“Even though Rule 12 is strictly applicable only to determine the age of a child in conflict with law, we are of the view that the aforesaid statutory provision should be the basis for determining age, even for a child who is a victim of crime. For, in our view, there is hardly any difference in so far as the issue of minority is concerned, between a child in conflict with law, and a child who is a victim of crime. Therefore, in our considered opinion, it would be just and appropriate to apply Rule 12 of the 2007 Rules, to determine the age of the prosecutrix VWPW6. The manner of determining age conclusively, has been expressed in sub-rule (3) of Rule 12 extracted above. Under the aforesaid provision, the age of a child is ascertained, by adopting the first available basis, out of a number of options postulated in Rule 12(3). If, in the scheme of options under Rule 12(3), an option is expressed in a preceding clause, it has overriding effect over an option expressed in a subsequent clause. The highest rated option available, would conclusively determine the age of a minor. In the scheme of Rule 12(3), matriculation (or equivalent) certificate of the concerned child, is the highest rated option. In case, the said certificate is available, no other evidence can be relied upon. Only in the absence of the said certificate, Rule 12(3), envisages consideration of the date of birth entered, in the school first attended by the child. In case such an entry of date of birth is available, the date of birth depicted therein is liable to be treated as final and conclusive, and no other material is to be relied upon. Only in the absence of such entry, Rule 12(3) postulates reliance on a birth certificate issued by a corporation or a municipal authority or a panchayat. Yet again, if such a certificate is available, then no other material whatsoever is to be taken into consideration, for determining the age of the child concerned, as the said certificate would conclusively determine the age of the child. It is only in the absence of any of the aforesaid, that Rule 12(3) postulates the determination of age of the concerned child, on the basis of medical opinion.”

16. Thus, principles applicable to the determination of age in the case of a juvenile would in terms apply to cases of determination of the age of a victim as well. It may be pointed out that at the point of time when Mahadeo (supra) was decided by their lordships of the Supreme Court, the Juvenile Justice Act, 2000 was in force and their lordships were interpreting the provision of Rule 12(3) of the Juvenile Justice (Care and Protection of Child) Rules, 2007. The said Act of 2000 has since been repealed and has been replaced by the Juvenile Justice Act, 2015. The rules framed under the Act of 2000 are thus no longer on the statute book. However, the provisions that found place in Rule 12(3) of the Juvenile Justice (Care and Protection of Child) Rules, 2007 framed under the Juvenile Justice Act, 2000 are now, with certain modifications engrafted into the Principal Act vide section 94 of the Juvenile Justice Act, 2015. The inter se priority of criteria to determine age under Rule 12(3) of the Rules, 2007 (supra) and section 94 of the Act, 2015 remains the same albeit with certain modifications which are of no consequences to the facts in hand. In short, provisions of Rule 12(3) of the Rules, 2007 framed under the Juvenile Justice Act, 2000 are para meteria to the provision of Section 94 of the Juvenile Justice Act, 2015. This being the comparative position, the principles of law laid down by their lordships in the case of Mahadeo (supra) would apply with equal force to the provisions of section 94(2) of the Juvenile Justice Act, 2015 while determining the age of a victim of an offence under Sections 363 and 366 IPC. Thus, the submission of the learned counsel for the petitioners, on this score, is not tenable.””

It is also worth noting that it is then stated in para 12 that, “The provisions of Section 94(2) makes it vivid that in the face of a date of birth certificate from the school or the matriculation or equivalent certificate from the concerned examination Board, the other evidence about the age of a victim cannot be looked into. If the date of birth certificate as envisaged in clause (i) of sub-Section (2) of Section 94 of the Act is not available, the birth certificate given by a corporation or a municipal authority or a panchayat is the next evidence to be considered in the rung. It is only when the evidence about age envisaged under clauses (i) and (ii) of Sub-Section (2) of Section 94 of the Act is not available, that a victim can be referred to a medico-legal examination for the determination of her age. Therefore, even if it is the prosecutrix’s stand, which this Court assumes to be so that she is 18 years old, and has married Pintoo of her free will, she cannot be regarded as a major or permitted to prove herself a major, by asking herself to be referred to medical examination by a Board of Doctors, so long as her High School Certificate is clear on the point. After the decision of their Lordships of the Supreme Court in Suhani vs. State of U.P., 2018 SCC Online SC 781, there was some confusion whether a victim could be referred to the medical examination of a Board of Doctors for determination of her age, in the face of a recorded date of birth in the High School certificate. But, after the decision of a Division Bench of this Court in Smt. Nisha Naaz alias Anuradha and another vs. State of U.P. and others 2019 (2) ACR 2075 holding that the decision in Suhani does not lay down any law but is a decision on facts, the principles in Smt. Priyanka Devi, following the decision in Jarnail Singh, is law that would govern the fate of this case. In Smt. Nisha Naaz alias Anuradha, it was held:

“14. A plain reading of Section 94 of the 2015, Act would reveal that only in absence of: (a) the date of birth certificate from the school, or the matriculation or equivalent certificate from the concerned examination Board; and (b) the birth certificate given by a corporation or a municipal authority or a panchayat, age is to be determined by an ossification test or any other latest medical age determination test conducted on the orders of the Committee or the Board. A Division Bench of this court in the case of Smt. Priyanka Devi Vs. State of U.P. and others in Habeas Corpus Petition No.55317 of 2017, decided on 21st November, 2017, after noticing the provisions of the 2015, Act and the earlier 2000, Act and the rules framed thereunder, came to the conclusion that as there is no significant change brought about in the 2015, Act in the principles governing determination of age of a juvenile in conflict with law, in so far as weightage to medico legal evidence is concerned, the law laid down in respect of applicability of those provisions for determination of a child victim would continue to apply notwithstanding the new enactment. The Division Bench in Priyanka Devi’s case (supra) specifically held that as there is on record the High School Certificate, the medico legal evidence cannot be looked into as the statute does not permit.

15. The judgment of the apex court in Suhani’s case (supra) does not lay down law or guidelines to be used for determination of the age of child victim. Further, it neither overrules nor considers its earlier decisions which mandated that the age of child victim is to be determined by the same principles as are applicable for determination of the age of juvenile in conflict with law. From the judgment of the apex court in Suhani’s case (supra), it appears that the concerned victim (petitioner no.1 of that case) was produced before the court and the court considered it apposite that she should be medically examined by the concerned department of All India Institute of Medical Sciences (for short AIIMS). Upon which, AIIMS, by taking radiological tests, submitted report giving both lower as well as higher estimates of age. On the lower side the age was estimated as 19 years and on the higher side it was 24 years. Therefore, even if the margin of error was of 5 years, the victim was an adult. Hence, on the facts of that case, in Suhani’s case, the first information report was quashed by the Apex Court. The decision of the Apex Court was therefore in exercise of its power conferred upon it by Article 142 of the Constitution of India which enables it to pass such decree or make such order as is necessary for doing complete justice in any cause or matter pending before it. The said decision cannot be taken as a decision that overrules the earlier binding precedents which lay down the manner in which the age of a child victim is to be determined.””

No less significant is what is then stated in para 13 that, “So long as the prosecutrix is a minor, she cannot be permitted to accompany the accused Pintoo, whom she claims to have married. In order to determine whether the prosecutrix was enticed away from her guardian’s lawful custody, or she went away of her own, this Court ascertained the prosecutrix’s stand, who is present in Court. Her stand is recorded verbatim:

Q. Aapka Naam?

Ans. Shivani

Q. Aapki Aayu Kya Hai?

Ans. 04.01.2002 (18 years)

Q. Aap Pintoo Ko Janti Hain?

Ans. Haan.

Q. Pintoo Kaun Hain?

Ans. Mere Pati.

Q. Pintoo Aapko Bahla Fusla Kar Le Gaya Tha?

Ans. Nahi, Mai Apni Marzi se Uske Saath Gayi Thi.

Q. Aap Apne Mata-Pita Ke Pass Jaana Chahti Hain?

Ans. Nahi. Main Apne Pati Ke Pass Jana Chahti Hun.”

As a corollary, it is then stated in para 14 that, “Looking to Shivani’s stand, it is evident that she has not been enticed away by Pintoo. Rather, she has left her home of her own accord and married him. In this view of the matter, the marriage would not be void under Section 12 of the Act of 2006, but would be voidable under Section 3 of the said Act.”

Interestingly enough, it is then envisaged in para 15 that, “The conclusion is evident from the provisions of Sections 3 and 12 of the Act of 2006 which read as under:

“3. Child marriages to be voidable at the option of contracting party being a child.—(1) Every child marriage, whether solemnised before or after the commencement of this Act, shall be voidable at the option of the contracting party who was a child at the time of the marriage:

Provided that a petition for annulling a child marriage by a decree of nullity may be filed in the district court only by a contracting party to the marriage who was a child at the time of the marriage.

(2) If at the time of filing a petition, the petitioner is a minor, the petition may be filed through his or her guardian or next friend along with the Child Marriage Prohibition Officer.

(3) The petition under this section may be filed at any time but before the child filing the petition completes two years of attaining majority.

(4) While granting a decree of nullity under this section, the district court shall make an order directing both the parties to the marriage and their parents or their guardians to return to the other party, his or her parents or guardian, as the case may be, the money, valuables, ornaments and other gifts received on the occasion of the marriage by them from the other side, or an amount equal to the value of such valuables, ornaments, other gifts and money: Provided that no order under this section shall be passed unless the concerned parties have been given notices to appear before the district court and show cause why such order should not be passed.

12. Marriage of a minor child to be void in certain circumstances.—Where a child, being a minor—

(a) is taken or enticed out of the keeping of the lawful guardian; or

(b) by force compelled, or by any deceitful means induced to go from any place; or

(c) is sold for the purpose of marriage; and made to go through a form of marriage or if the minor is married after which the minor is sold or trafficked or used for immoral purposes,

such marriage shall be null and void.””

Needless to say, it is then rightly asserted in para 16 that, “It would, therefore, be open to the prosecutrix to acknowledge the marriage or claim it to be void, once she attains the age of majority. It would also be open to her, once she attains the age of majority, to go wherever she likes and stay with whomsoever she wants.”

Simply put, the Bench then holds in para 17 that, “Since, she is not inclined to go back to her parents, for the present, this Court is left with no alternative but to direct the State to place her in a suitable State facility other than a Nari Niketan, may be a Safe Home/Shelter Home.”

What’s more, the Bench then also holds in para 18 that, “The District Magistrate, Hapur and the Superintendent of Police, Hapur are ordered to ensure that the prosecutrix is immediately housed in a suitable Safe Home/Shelter Home, or other State facility where she would be safe and taken care of.”

Furthermore, para 19 then states that, “The learned District Judge, Hapur is also directed to ensure that a Lady Judicial Officer, posted in his Judgeship, will visit the prosecutrix once a month and inquire about her welfare. In case there is anything objectionable, she will immediately report the matter to the District Judge, who will take appropriate steps to ensure the prosecutrix’s welfare during her stay in the State facility/Safe Home/ Shelter Home, wherever she is housed.”

Thereafter, it is then held in para 20 that, “Shivani would be permitted to live in State facility/Safe Home/ Shelter Home till 04.11.2022, and thereafter, she may go wherever she wants and stay with whomsoever she likes, including Pintoo, whom she claims to be her husband.”

As we see, it is then stated in para 21 that, “In the result, this petition succeeds and is allowed. The impugned order dated 24.11.2020, passed by the learned Judicial Magistrate-I, Hapur in Case Crime No. 516 of 2020 under Section 363 IPC, P.S. Pilakhuwa, District Hapur is hereby set aside. The prosecutrix shall be dealt with in accordance with the directions made hereinabove.”

Adding more to it, para 22 then states that, “Let Shivani, who is present in person, be forthwith taken into the care of the Court Officer and conveyed through the Registrar General to the Senior Superintendent of Police, Prayagraj. The Senior Superintendent of Police, Prayagraj shall cause the prosecutrix to be conveyed in safety to the Superintendent of Police, Hapur, who, along with the District Magistrate, Hapur will carry out the directions carried in this order forthwith.”

Now coming to concluding paras. Para 23 states that, “The Court Officer shall convey Shivani to the Registrar General, who shall make immediate arrangement to take her into his immediate care and ensure compliance of this order.” Finally, the last para 24 holds that, “Let this order be communicated to the learned District Judge, Hapur, the District Magistrate, Hapur, the Senior Superintendent of Police, Prayagraj and the Superintendent of Police, Hapur by the Joint Registrar (Compliance) within 24 hours.”

To sum it up, what can be inferred from this noteworthy ruling of Allahabad High Court is that despite marrying willingly a minor girl can’t be allowed to stay with her husband till she attains majority. This is so because if she is permitted to stay with her husband it would tantamount to permitting statutory rape and also would constitute an offence under Section 5/6 of the Protection of Children from Sexual Offences Act, 2012. Such a marriage of minor would not be void under Section 12 of the Prohibition of Child Marriage Act, 2006 but would be voidable under Section 3 of the said Act. It would be open to the minor girl to either acknowledge the marriage or claim it to be void once she attains the age of majority. It is left entirely on her own discretion to take what decision she likes once she attains the age of majority. This is the real crux of this commendable judgment!

Sanjeev Sirohi

Rail Accident Claim Can’t Be Denied On Account Of Boarding Wrong Train Mistakenly

It is in the fitness of things that the Bombay High Court has most recently on 20 January 2021 held in a latest, learned, laudable and landmark judgment titled Smt Munnibai v. Union of India in First Appeal No. 259 of 2020 that one cannot be branded as an unauthorized train passenger merely because one mistakenly boards a wrong train. The Single Judge Bench of Justice Anuja Prabhudessa ruled thus while directing railways to pay Rs 8 lakh as compensation to one Munnibai Chaube whose son died due to the injuries sustained in accidental fall from a running train. Very rightly so!

To start with, the ball is set rolling in para 1 of this notable judgment authored by a single Judge Bench of Justice Anuja Prabhudessai of Nagpur Bench of Bombay High Court wherein it is put forth that, “The appellant herein has challenged the judgment and award, dated 17/01/2017, whereby ther Railway Claims Tribunal (hereinafter referred to as “the Tribunal” for short) has dismissed the Claim Application No. OA(IIu)/NGP/2013/0340.”

                                    <div style="text-align: justify"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;text-align: center"><a href="https://i.ytimg.com/vi/wEjJwRhoraU/maxresdefault.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em;margin-right: 1em"><img border="0" src="https://i.ytimg.com/vi/wEjJwRhoraU/maxresdefault.jpg" /></a></div><br /><div style="text-align: justify"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify">To put things in perspective, it is then enunciated in para 2 that, “The appellant is the mother of Vikki Munnalal Chaube, who died in a train accident on 12/12/2012. It was the case of the appellant that on the relevant date, her son Vikki was travelling from Nagpur to Tumsar Road by Train No.12101 LTT - Howrah-Janeshwari Express. It is alleged that said Vikki fell down from a running train at Mundikota Railway Station. He was taken to KTS Hospital, where he was declared dead. The appellant filed an application under Section 23 of the Railway Claims Tribunal Act, for compensation on account of death of her son in “untoward incident”.”</div><div style="text-align: justify"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify">On the contrary, it is then stated by the Bench in para 3 that, “The claim was contested by the respondent on the ground that no such “untoward incident” had occurred resulting in the death of the son of the appellant within the meaning of Section 123(c) read with Section 124A of the Railways Act. The respondent further claimed that the deceased was not a bona fide passenger.”</div><div style="text-align: justify"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify">As it turned out, the Bench then points out in para 4 that, “The Tribunal framed the issues and upon considering the evidence on record held that the appellant is the dependent of the deceased within the meaning of Section 123(b) of the Railways Act. The Tribunal also recorded a finding that the death of deceased had occurred in an “untoward incident”. The Tribunal further observed that the deceased was having a journey Ticket No.R94100073 from Nagpur to Tumsar Road on 12/12/2012. The Tribunal, however, dismissed the claim mainly on the ground that the said ticket was not a valid journey ticket for Train No.12101 LTT Howrah-Janeshwari Express.”</div><div style="text-align: justify"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify">As against what has been stated above, the Bench then points out in para 5 that, “Assailing the said judgment, learned Counsel for the appellant has contended that the Tribunal was required to consider, whether deceased Vikki had lost his life as a result of “untoward incident” and whether the Railway Administration had proved and established exception or exceptions available under Section 124A of the Railways Act. He contends that the Tribunal was not justified in dismissing the petition only because the deceased had boarded a wrong train. He has relied upon the decision of Union of India vs. Rina Devi (AIR 2018 SC 2362) and Union of India vs. Anuradha &amp; another (2014 ACJ 856) to contend that the Railway Administration cannot be absolved of its liability, merely on a plea of negligence of victim as contributing factor.”</div><div style="text-align: justify"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify">There can be no denying that there is a lot of merit in what the learned counsel for the appellant has contended. The petition should not have been dismissed by the Railway Claims Tribunal on the sole ground that the deceased had boarded a wrong train. The judgments cited above are latest and also relevant to hold the Railway Administration accountable which cannot be absolved of its liability as stated above.</div><div style="text-align: justify"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify">Needless to say, it is then stated in para 6 that, “Per contra, learned Counsel for the respondent submits that the deceased had no valid ticket for travelling by Train No.12101 LTT Howrah-Janeshwari Express. He contends that the deceased cannot be considered to be a bona fide passenger and, hence, the Railway Administration is not liable to pay compensation to the appellant.”</div><div style="text-align: justify"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify">Truth be told, after considering all the facts before it and perusing the records, it is then held in para 7 by the Bench that, “I have perused the records and considered the submissions advanced by learned Counsel for the respective parties. Before adverting to the facts of the case, it would be relevant to refer to the decision of Rina Devi (supra), wherein the Apex Court has observed that death in the course of boarding or de-boarding a train will be an “untoward incident” entitling a victim to the compensation and will not fall under the proviso of Section 124A merely on the plea of negligence of the victim as a contributing factor.”</div><div style="text-align: justify"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify">More significantly, the Bench then goes on to hold in para 8 that, “In the case of Anuradha (supra), learned Single Judge of this Court (Coram : A.P. Bhangale, J.) on similar facts, has held that the Railway trains are used as convenient and affordable means of conveyance by any commoner in our country. If a passenger unguided by railway security personnel, ticket checkers or in absence of the regular announcements mistakenly boards a wrong train halting on the platform, may on realizing his mistake fall off the train due to panicky situation or otherwise accidentally, the railway administration cannot feign ignorance about the untoward incident in such case in order to shirk away from its strict liability to compensate monetarily for the untoward fatal accidents.”</div><div style="text-align: justify"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify">Finally and far most significantly, the Single Judge Bench of Justice Smt Anuja Prabhudessai then goes on to hold in para 9 that, “In the present case, the victim Vikki had admittedly purchased a train ticket for travel from Nagpur to Tumsar Road. It is in evidence that he had boarded a wrong train. He cannot be branded as an unauthorized passenger merely because he had mistakenly boarded a wrong train. The death of the said passenger was due to the injuries sustained in accidental fall from a running train. Accordingly, the death was an “untoward incident” and was not covered by proviso to Section 124-A of the Railways Act. The Tribunal was, therefore, not justified in rejecting the claim solely on the ground that the victim had boarded a wrong train. The appellant having discharged the initial burden of proving that Vikki was a bona fide passenger and that his death was an “untoward incident”, the respondent cannot be absolved of their liability of paying the compensation to the dependents of the deceased. For the reasons stated above, the impugned judgment cannot be sustained. Hence, the following order : </div><div style="text-align: justify"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify">O R D E R</div><div style="text-align: justify"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify">i.       The appeal is allowed.</div><div style="text-align: justify"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify">ii. The impugned judgment, dated 17/01/2017 in Claim Application No. OA(Ilu)/NGP/2013/0340 is quashed and set aside.</div><div style="text-align: justify"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify">iii. The respondent-Union of India is directed to pay to the appellant a sum of Rs.8,00,000/-. </div><div style="text-align: justify"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify">iv.   The said amount shall be deposited in the account of the claimant-appellant after verifying the identity within a period of three months. </div><div style="text-align: justify"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify">v.     The appeal stands disposed of. </div><div style="text-align: justify"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify">All said and done, the sum and substance of this commendable, cogent and convincing judgment delivered by Justice Smt Anuja Prabhudessai of Nagpur Bench of the Bombay High Court is that the Railway is certainly liable to pay compensation of Rs 8 lakh to one Munnilal Chaube whose son Vikki died due to the injuries sustained in accidental fall from a running train while he was travelling from Nagpur to Tumsar Road by Howrah-Janeshwari Express. Railway cannot exonerate itself from its liability on this score merely on the specious ground that he had mistakenly boarded a wrong train and as a corollary the Union of India had no option but to shell out Rs 8 lakh as compensation to the appellant. As we know, the appellant named Munnibai Chaube had filed an application under Section 23 of the Railway Claims Tribunal Act for compensation on account of death of her son in “untoward incident”.</div><div style="text-align: justify"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify">As per Section 123(c) of The Railway Act, 1989, “untoward incident” includes the accidental falling of any passenger from a train carrying passenger. So the appellant was well within her right to demand the compensation on the ground as specified above! There is nothing extraordinary about it! </div><div style="text-align: justify"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify">It may be recollected that the Bombay High Court last year had similarly allowed an appeal against the order of the Railway Claims Tribunal, Nagpur and had directed Central Railways to pay Rs 8 lakh as compensation to the family of one Arjun Gawande who died while alighting from a train at Badnera station. Justice MG Giratkar of the Nagpur Bench had held that even though the deceased boarded the wrong train which did not have a stoppage at Badnera station the Tribunal’s finding that the deceased responsible for his own death was not sustainable. Same is the case here also as has been rightly ruled by Justice Smt Anuja Prabhudessai!</div><div style="text-align: justify"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify">Sanjeev Sirohi</div>

Rajasthan or The Dowry Sthan

I’m just confused from where should I start. But ok , let me start from the rates, the rates of bridegroom. Ohh yes , you read it right.

10 lakhs for a government third grade teacher , 15 lakhs for a cleark or constable , 20 lakhs for a patwari , 30 lakhs for a college profesor or minimum 50-60 lakhs for income tax officer , more than a crore for an IAS , IPS or for a doctor. I’m not so familiar about conditions of other states , so let’s only talk about Rajasthan & its neighbors. Rates may vary ( T & C applied ) . I’m not a trader friends , I just wrote down some rates I’ve heard or seen. Yes , it’s what you people call dowry.

Rajasthan , the braveland , has such a bad condition , in this matter. This is the place where dowry is like the Saat Feras , compulsory element of marriage ( relax, exceptions are always there ). It’s not only about Rajasthan , but this tradition is followed on equal basis in the states of M.P. , Bihar & U.P. .Well , I only know about eastern Rajasthan.

I know it’s hard to believe. But you’ve to believe. The rates actually varies directly with the government job , the power & with the amount of money the groom can earn. Like a patwari & constable will get more money than a teacher. And this principle tells us why an income tax officer , a doctor , an IAS , an IPS or an IRS are pro in this game. They fall in the upper most category.

And yes , these marriages happen on a large scale , but you may not be able to find about such marriages as there’s no one complains about these. Why will people register complain when they know that their girls can only get married to the one whom they can pay. Or you can say , no one forces the other. This dowry doesn’t stop here , this continues in an indirect manner , even after the marriage. Middle class people often take years just to pay the loan , they take for their daughter’s marriage.

This kind of direct or indirect dowry , or this kind of rate system can’t be stopped by any law because no one will complain against this. It’s not like that people like this , but they just accept it.

Like a frog in a well , people have accepted their fate. They are stuck in a well which is called as society , so they can’t even think of getting out from it.

The only way to stop this is to change the thinking of society. Only equally provided real education can do this.

India – The land of Green Gems

Have you ever wondered why some advertisement makers show that we’ve used this or that plant in our product ?

Do you know there are about 47,000 plant species in India ?Out of these , many have healing capacities , they have abilities to cure some diseases. You may have even used one out of these plants’ leaves or bark to heal your wounds or to beautify yourself or to cure some disease .

India has about 8000 species of plants which have some medicinal qualities. About 2000 species have been described in Ayurveda & more than 500 are in regular use. You may be familiar with some medicinal plants , herbs & trees like Tulsi , Neem , Babool , Palash , Ashok & Arjun.

Let’s talk about their qualities .

Tulsi is used to cure not only cough, cold & headache but is also useful in indigestion, heart diseases & respiratory diseases. Neem has antibiotic & antibacterial properties. People often use its twig to clean their teeth , its bark can be used to heal wounds , it is also used to cure bloody nose & leprosy & to kill intestinal worms. Babool has its use in healing of bleeding gums , its leaves are used to cure eye sore , it is also used as tonic. Palasha is used as a cure in complexion of skin, worm infestations, roundworm. Ashok is used to cure menstrual irregularities & used as uterine stimulant . Arjun’s leaves are used as a cure for earache , it is also used to regulate blood pressure.

Sarpgandha is one such medicinal plant which is found in India only. It is used to treat blood pressure.

Some other popular medicinal plants are Amaltas , Amla , Kachnar , Jamun , Varun , Brahmi , Kateki & Akarkara.

There are many medicinal plants which are like all-rounders , they are not only for medicinal purposes but also used as beauty products. Some are edible ( & off course tasty too ). People use some of these plants for decorative purposes , some of these are used to make colors , & some are used as jewellery too. Some plants like Tulsi are worshipped by many Indians.

India’s ancient culture valued its flaura & fauna. But now we’re losing on it.The World Conservation Union’s Red List has named 352 plants out of which 52 are critically threatened & 49 are endangered.It’s not only about saving the culture , it’s about preservation of the biodiversity , or you can say it’s about saving our own lives.

There are a lot of local medicinal plants & herbs in India. They are not so popular but are very useful. Only the locals have knowledge about them & only they can save such plants , trees & herbs.

There’s a need to create & implement policies which include locals. Locals , administration , & government together can change the whole scenario . One such example is of India’s only orchid sanctuary, where the administration together with the locals rejuvenated the Sessa Orchid Sanctuary in just 21 days.

Let’s come together to preserve the beautiful Indian culture , & the biodiversity.

Ps : It’s never too late to make a change.

This Is No Way To Protest And Hold Nation To Ransom

“I am always ready to bear Allah’s full fury but under no circumstances will I ever block road for offering namaz. There was no space in mosque or anywhere else except on road! Offering namaz on road is a big crime for me which I will never commit under any circumstances! Not for a second will I ever do anything that disturbs others and forces them to wait for me to leave road so that they can leave for their own work!”

– Sageer Khan my best friend who in 1993-94 said this to me when I asked him why he was so upset while returning from a mosque and why can’t he offer namaz on road just like others

It is most shocking to see that in his second term as PM Narendra Modi has senselessly, shamelessly and stupidly allowed blocking of roads and so also the Chief Minister of Punjab Captain Amarinder Singh, Chief Minister of Delhi Arvind Kejriwal and Rajasthan Chief Minister Ashok Gehlot also have also allowed for blocking of roads and rail tracks to register their protest against the new farm laws. What is even worst is that even Supreme Court too didn’t promptly order lifting of blockade of roads and rail tracks which is most unfortunate. My best friend Sageer Khan once also rightly said to me way back in 1993 that, “No cause no matter how sacred it may be can ever justify blocking of roads and rail tracks under any circumstances. My friendship will break with you if I ever come to know that you are a party to blocking of road or rail track. But I am sure that you will never ever commit such crime in your life.”

Bluntly put: Any PM who cannot stop blockade of road and rail tracks must promptly resign and pave way for some other capable person! Which Constitution or which law or which religion or which God can justify blocking of roads and rail tracks? To hell with such Constitution or law or religion or God! To hell with all of them or any one of them depending on which ever try to justify blocking of road or rail tracks under any circumstances whatsoever which cannot be ever justified!

Needless to say: Any PM who cannot stop carrying out of tractor rally or any other parallel rally during Republic Day in Delhi must promptly resign as this definitely lead to giving free hand to hoodlums, criminals, goons and terrorists who will not spare any opportunity to even desecrate Red Fort as we saw most recently during 26 January, 2021 which has shamed our nation in front of the whole world! More than 500 policemen were injured by armed rioters under the garb of farmers and even with folded hands when police cops requested when their was no space left for them to escape then also they kept on beating them mercilessly! Can this be justified in the name of dissent? To hell with such dissent! This can only be justified on the ground of “Might is right” and this is exactly what is happening unabashedly in our country since last two years!

Of course, it was not a coincidence that Khalistani supporters were simultaneously raising anti-India slogans and so also the historic statute of Mahatma Gandhi in America was broken! Can this also be justified in the name of dissent? Can chanting of Khalistani slogans also be justified in the name of dissent?

More broadly, can carrying of weapons be justified during tractor rally as we saw in Delhi during 26 January? Can tractors be allowed to break all barricading that comes their way? Can tractors be allowed to crush police men if they come in their way?

Why police never spares any person even if a person commits a small mistake like not wearing a helmet etc but on the contrary when many rogues threaten to carry out rallies and dare to throw aside all check posts then they are treated with kidgloves as we saw when more than 300 policemen were injured. How long will mob violence be justified on one pretext or the other? How long will terrorists be glorified in such protests? How long will women and men be allowed to chant that, “Hain Hain Modi Marja Tun Pehla Indira ko thoka hain aab Modi ki bari hain”? Why were such anti-nationals not arrested promptly? Why was all this taken so lightly?

There are many actors both in India and in abroad who are not coming out in open but who have made it their latest weapon to sponsor such blockade of roads and rail tracks and those foreign forces who are inimical to the very concept of India are the “real force” behind all such fundings and they must be identified at the earliest and exposed in front of the world. It is a national shame that why our government in Centre as well the Supreme Court allowed such dangerous, deplorable, despicable and dastardly blocking of roads and rail tracks which causes maximum inconvenience to the common person for months and months together and now Rakesh Tikait has warned to carry it for a year by end of 2021! All the legal luminaries, senior Supreme Court lawyers and Supreme Court Judges including CJI along with PM and Cabinet Ministers must feel most ashamed that they have allowed this most despicable blocking of roads and rail tracks right under their nose!

Under no circumstances should the administration both in the State as well as in the Centre should have ever allowed farmers instigated by their leaders for advancing their own interests to occupy roads and rail tracks. India’s international reputation has been worst affected but leaders like Rakesh Tikait among others are least bothered about all this! What is most shocking is that the PM and the CJI have not taken it most seriously due to which this shameful, senseless and stupid act of blocking of road and rail tracks is fast becoming the order of the day! CJI Sharad Arvind Bobde should have first ordered protesters to vacate the road and to give an undertaking that they would never again occupy roads and rail tracks like this before staying the Central laws or appointing a high powered Committee to look into it. But nothing of this sort happened and the result are there for all of us as we saw during Republic day!

To put it mildly: Our Red Fort was desecrated by hoodlums and vandalisers and this happened right under the nose of the administration. Why was permission given for such tractor parade and that too on Republic Day and that too in Capital itself to so many vehicles that it was virtually impossible to keep a control on all of them? There are many more such troubling questions which keep haunting us who love this nation!

Needless to say, too much freedom and too much tolerance allowed to mob under the garb of farmers or any other form will destroy India completely as it is goons who hijack the agenda as we saw during the Republic day parade! Who is responsible for many places like Ghazipur turning into fortress with nails on roads and concrete walls? It is these hoodlums who tarnished the reputation of India and indulged in wanton violence in which more than 500 police cops were injured which cannot be justified under any circumstances whatsoever!

How can we forget the images of farmers in their tractors considering themselves above law and clashing with the Delhi police at Red Fort where they were not permitted to go and rampaging whatever came in their way and carried out huge destroying of precious items even inside the Red Fort? As if this was not enough, many of them even tried to run tractor over police cops who had to run for saving their lives! Should the CJI and his brother Judges have sympathy for such farmers? Should they allow farmers to hold nation to ransom by blocking all entry points to Delhi?

It cannot be lightly dismissed that among all the Congress leaders, it was Captain Amarinder Singh who is Chief Minister of Punjab who was most vocal in denouncing what all happened under the garb of tractor rally on January 26, 2021. He minced no words to state unequivocally that, “My head hangs in shame at what happened yesterday in the national capital.” He also said categorically that those who were responsible for the incident were not farmers but misguided youth who were indulging in symbolism. How can this or blocking of roads be ever justified? Why rail tracks in Punjab were allowed to be blocked for months together?

What message has gone out? Why judiciary too allowed this most despicable act of blocking of road right under its very nose? Why were these protesters allowed to take the nation for a ride and injure as many as more than 500 police personnel? What message are we setting?

It is a no-brainer that this farmers movement has defamed India to the hilt. Spineless, senseless and shameless justification of violence under the garb of farmers protest and blocking of roads and rail tracks cannot be justified under any circumstances. Who is having the last laugh? It is countries like Canada, UK, US, Italy and Germany among others who openly support Khalistani movement and encourage them to rebel against India by allowing openly anti-India and pro-Khalistani activities on their soil and allowing them to vandalise even statutes of Mahatma Gandhi as we saw in USA!

Should we be proud of this? It is not just a coincidence that it is mostly celebrities from these countries who are expressing maximum concern for what is purely an internal issue of India but which Opposition parties are wanting to spare no opportunity to internationalise it. It is not just a coincidence that governments of these countries are voicing maximum concern over farm laws and this despite the irrefutable fact that USA has lent its support to the farm laws under the new President Joe Biden as mentioned in the newspapers of February 4, 2021!

Never take your enemy for granted. This where India always err. Why are protesters becoming a convenient tool in the hands of foreign powers? Why are Mir Jafars and Jai Chands being allowed to set the agenda of blocking roads for an indefinitely long period so as to tarnish, tatter and toss the impeccable reputation of India to the hilt?

I am sorry to say but this is no way to carry out a movement! We have become a laughing stock in front of the world for which farmer leaders who have misdirected farmers cannot escape from being held accountable. Why farmer leaders allowed this sacred agitation to be hijacked by radical separatists organizations who are openly advocating a separate Khalistan for Sikhs? Why Sikhs for Justice which is one such separatist organization was allowed to take the centrestage that had gone to the extent of even giving a clarion call to the Sikhs to reach the Red Fort on 26 January and unfurl the Khalistani flag and insult the national flag? Why Centre took it most lightly and why permission was granted to tractor rally which was more a terrorist rally in which we saw violent protesters trying to crush our police cops, run over barricades and vandalise Red Fort in a manner that is completely unprecedented? Centre has a lot of explaining to do on this just like in the case of Shaheen Bagh!

The locals are also simmering in anger as it is their right to livelihood and right to free passage that is getting worst affected due to this endless farmers agitation. We have seen how tension broke out in Tikri border where more than 100 people gathered and demanded the removal of protesters from the main Rohtak Road which has been blocked for the last more than two months. How long will the locals keep patience? Why Supreme Court gave the green signal for protest to continue on roads? Do only protesters have fundamental rights? What about others who face immense difficulties and trouble in their livelihood due to such blockades? Are they second grade citizens? Only vandalisers, hoodlums, violent agitators and road blockers entitled to fundamental rights for which our Supreme Court speaks most vociferously! What about others? Should others just keep on tolerating every nonsense quietly? This is what happened during Shaheen Bagh agitations due to which riots broke out when protesters tried to block other places also feeling emboldened to block Shaheen Bagh for more than 100 days!

Pintu Kumar who is a resident of the nearby Baba Haridas Nagar at Tikri Border said that these protesters “broke our trust” and “insulted” the national flag on January 26, when the farmers abetted by some selfish and vested leaders took out the disgraceful, disastrous, dangerous, shameful, senseless and stupid tractor rally to embarrass our nation. He rightly said that, “These people cannot be farmers, as a Kisan will never attack a Jawan. These are anti-social elements. We initially supported them and gave them food as well but they have broken our trust by resorting to violence on Republic Day.” The NIA report and intelligence report had also warned of Khalistani terrorists having entered the tractor rally and farmers protest but still stupidly sanction was granted for tractor rally and the results are there for us to see for ourselves! Most shocking indeed!

Why is it that we see maximum protesters from just Punjab and one or two other states only? Why is it that Gen Bajwa of Pakistani Army wanted Kartarpur Corridor to open fast and why huge hoardings of Khalistani Referendum 2020 not taken seriously? Why is it that drones from Pakistan were entering India and dropping weapons and still we took it lightly? It is high time that we wake up and stop this mockery of our national interests for the sake of appeasement of one religion alone. Why can’t we worship in our own country? My best friend Sageer Khan once said that “Even if Allah commands me to come to Pakistan I will refuse as nation, parents and religion can never be changed and so why should I go to Pakistan to worship? Why can’t I worship him in my own country? India is the best place for Muslims to live in.”

Movements on roads like the Shaheen Bagh sit-in by blocking road connecting two cities – Delhi and Noida for more than 100 days and now this protest against farm laws for more than 2 months are not a revolutionary upsurge as some suggest but symbol of “India Celebrating And Inviting Lawlessness, Indiscipline, Khalistani Agenda And Violence And Insulting India’s Pride Like Red Fort” which cannot be justified under any circumstances! Even all those Opposition parties who are lending their support – open or covert in any manner have only served in discrediting India as a safe place to live in! They have certainly not covered themselves in glory by hailing those who attacked our policemen and even tried to murder them by running them down under tractors!

It cannot be denied that every government has the prerogative to make new laws or make suitable changes in the existing ones. If Centre erred in not sending the farm bills to the Select Committee for discussion and in promulgating Ordinances and later converting it into law in a hurry as former Union Minister Ajit Singh points out, this by itself cannot be a justification to block rail routes as happened in Congress ruled states like Punjab and Rajasthan or block entry routes to Aam Aadmi Party (AAP) ruled Delhi. Is it not the common person who is bearing the maximum brunt of all this nonsense? How can PM, President and CJI allow ever all this nonsense to happen right under their very nose? Will this promote “rule of law” or “rule of jungle” where “Might is right” holds the ground? What are we trying to make of India?

Why thousands of crores of rupees are being allowed to be wasted due to such shameless, senseless and stupid blockades? Can farmers be above our nation and law? Can they smash vehicles, hail terror leaders like late Bhindrawale, try to run down police personnel with tractors, attack anyone who try to stop them with swords and call for gunning down PM Narendra Modi just like earlier late Mrs Indira Gandhi was gunned down? Certainly not!

How can the CJI maintain a conspicuous silence on all this? Why can’t he order prompt removal of protesters from all roads and rail tracks? Most baffling!

Why is blocking of road and rail tracks taken so lightly even by the Apex Court? Why it took so long for the Apex Court to deliver a ruling that condemned blocking of roads? Why still were farmers then allowed to block roads and why CJI didn’t order their prompt removal from roads?

Why is it that Apex Court stayed farm laws which many Judges like Justice Deepak Gupta of Supreme Court felt was not proper as it was not the remit of the Apex Court but why no such promptness was shown in ordering protesters to stop blocking of roads in Delhi and why no initiative was taken in this regard by the CJI? Why were the common people left to suffer in the cold? How can this be justified under any circumstances?

Why are farmers going overboard on this issue and why they are feeling more encouraged by Supreme Court’s inaction in making them vacate roads and increasing political support by parties who are just concerned about their vote banks thereby completely disregarding our national interests in the longer run? Why Rahul Gandhi instead of advising Centre to build bridges and not walls maintained a stoic silence when farmers were rampaging Delhi and desecrated even our national monuments and national pride – Red Fort? Why this dubious double standards?

Who is responsible for Centre ensuring that iron rods are hooked between two rows of cement barriers on a flank of the main highway at the Singhu border to further restrict the movement of protesters, agitating against the Centre’s new farm laws? It is those farmers themselves who indulged in lawlessness, violence and rampaging on Republic Day even after assuring the police that they would not indulge in violence of any kind due to which more than 500 police personnel got injured! Why Opposition leaders never say a word on this? Clearly, this only shows that there is more to it than meets the eye!

One still fervently hopes that good sense prevail over farmers also now and they see the dangerous game plan that is being played by some leaders who are only interested in serving their own vested agenda at the cost of farmers! Centre has taken a very balanced stand on this and has always agreed to hold talks time and again to review the farm laws instead of holding that it is non-negotiable! Foreign actors, leaders and even foreign countries have no right to meddle in India’s internal matters with clear design to malign India and this has been underscored by many celebrities like Sachin Tendulkar among others!

No doubt, this is no way to protest that you block road and rail tracks and become overjoyed that neither State nor Central Government acted tough and even Supreme Court refused to order prompt removal from these sites due to which people face maximum inconvenience and business worth thousands of crores of rupees is adversely affected! It is a no-brainer that there are some foreign powers and powerful terror groups who are behind all the sabotage that happened on 26 January and who don’t want that India should run smoothly on roads and rail tracks! Should PM, CJI and President allow them to have the last laugh by tolerating blockade of road and rail tracks quietly or should they display zero tolerance towards it as we have seen since independence till some time back when Shaheen Bagh episode spoiled everything? It is for them to introspect and decide on this! If not checked now this will become the most dangerous trend in India and our democratic system will be completely destroyed which we can certainly ignore only at the risk of our own peril!

Sanjeev Sirohi

New Perspectives on Happiness &amp; Peace

New Perspectives on Happiness & Peace (ISBN 978-81-951119-5-4) provides a platform for happiness and Conscious Organizations research. New Perspectives on Happiness & Peace is committed to enhance holistic happiness and build conscious citizens. The scope of Book includes Individuals, Teams, Organizational, National happiness evaluations and prescriptions for improving the metrics. Besides this it aims at promoting stakeholder focus on Conscious Organizations which is a consequence of employees’ well-being and a conscious contribution to the society.

New Perspectives on Happiness & Peace is a book that publishes conceptual, quantitative and qualitative research papers relating to Individual, Team, Organizational, Societal and Cross cultural Happiness for realizing inner-peace and achieving well-being of employees, citizens and other stakeholders. The aim of the journal is also to encourage researchers to study and start discussions on leading platforms among the learned bodies on need for creating conscious Organizations as a key solution for enhancing Organizational Happiness and Peace. We welcome research papers with a methodological focus and papers bringing out on critical issues related to the happiness and creation of conscious Organizations and Peace.

New Perspectives on Happiness & Peace welcomes original research papers, review papers and book summaries related to happiness, creating and sustaining Conscious Organizations within the limits of academic and ethical standards. We invite ideas from all parts of world to submit their writings to AJHP. The basic condition for acceptance in Book is Originality, clarity, Novelty, relevant literature review, Interpreted findings, and best use of appropriate methods of research. This Book publishes Research Papers, Case study, & Book Reviews based in the Sub themes mentioned.

All papers submitted will be published in an ISBN book hard copy / e-book depending on prevalent pandemic situations. All publications will be done only if the guidelines and comments of the reviewers are incorporated, failing which they will be unfortunately delayed for the next issue after approved corrections are timely done.

The expected learning outcomes are placed below. readers will –

1. Classify philosophical, scientific and academic literatures along with subjective experiences for aligning the existing strategies for the future work and happy workplace.

2. Advance an understanding of the 5 R-I-G-H-T Pillars of Happiness.

3. Ponder on how to use research findings to develop intervention and priorities for nurturing and sustaining Happiness at all levels in Organizations or Individual lives.

4. Analyse the development / creation of a Global Happiness Ecosystem & Infrastructure.

INDICATIVE AREAS FOR NEW PERSPECTIVES ON HAPPINESS & PEACE

1. R-Revisiting: Concepts about Happiness, Peace, Organizational Happiness, Team Happiness, Individual happiness & Conscious Organizations

2. I- Interpreting: Organizational Happiness & the Peace Conscious Practices adopted by Legendary Individuals, Societies, Organizations & Nations

3. G- Gaps between Leader & Employees: Gaps in vision, mental models, intentions, beliefs, wisdom, competencies, willingness that can either accelerate or de-accelerate the development of Conscious Organizations.

4. H- Happiness Infrastructure: Building and analyzing frameworks that accelerates the creation of Conscious Organizations

5. T- Togetherness: Happiness is the cause of the Peace. And peace is a desired social outcome. It becomes natural to seek proposed frameworks or advance theories that promote togetherness beyond the family borders & political borders.

Topic Guidelines for BOOK CHAPTER Submission but is not limited to:

Legendary Happiness

Emerging New Normal at Workplace

Alignment of Leader-Employee relationship

Insights of Organizational Happiness

Technology role in Sustaining Happiness

Leader and Employee relationship

Strategies of Joyful, Healthy life

Turbulent zones in Mental Health of Leaders

Self-Compassion

Vibrant Organizations

Webinar Unhappiness

Well-Being of Students & employees

Happiness Ecosystem

Memory and Happiness

Habits & Happiness

Public Policies & Citizens Happiness

National Happiness

Perception Conflict

Measures of well-being and happiness

Happiness & Meaning of work

Quality of Organizational life

Employees Aversive to promote their own Organization

Leader’s Happiness

Boss Management for workplace happiness

Mindfulness

New age methods for Stress Management

Empathy

Determinants or consequences of happiness

Happy Teachers

Smart happiness & happy communications

Happiness inequality

Peace building initiatives by Government

Governance Happiness

Peace Building Strategies adopted by Businesses

Conflict resolution

Ineffectiveness of methods to transfer human values

Sustainable Happiness

Happiness Hypothesis

Role of Failures in building Happiness

India @75

We’re going to enter in the 75th year of our Independence on 15 August, 21.

As I’m not a political leader so I”ll not talk about what we’ve gained in last 5 years , or in last decade or in last 25 years. As it is said it’s good to appreciate yourself but it’s also necessary to criticize yourself . A simple google search can tell you what we’ve gained since independence. So , now let’s see what we’ve lost since independence.

At the time of independence , we’ve not only lost many lives & a part of our land & but we’ve lost our peace , our fraternity , & the love , for ever. And then after the independence , the list continued. We’ve lost the morality , the sympathy , the kindness & the care. In short , we’ve lost The Humanity.

We still repeat the pleadge “All Indians Are My Brothers And Sisters” , but we’ve lost this fraternity , years before.

Years before , we talked about sex ratio , we talked about death rate , we talked about infant mortality rate , we talked about literacy rate but amidst of all these we’ve lost a lot.

Sex ratio haven’t yet improved since independence but the situation is now worser than what it was in 1947. At the time of independence , at least the little girls & the old women were safe. They were safe in their neighborhood, with their relatives, they were safe in religious places . But amidst their education , we’ve lost the respect for women( ok ok , I’m not talking about every age group , but the little girls & old women had some respect at that time ) . Ohk , I agree we’re in better condition now , but relax I’m just talking about the need of time.

Well , we’ve talked about death rates & infant mortality rates & off course we’ve improved a lot in this field. But we’ve lost the humanity , believe me we’ve completely lost it. At least that was the time when unknowns too used to care about your little ones , they used to give some respect to the dead person. But now , accidents are games of wait & watch.

And some devils are just too eager to have some so called pleasure , that they didn’t even look at a infant like a infant , they treat them as a object. Of course their desires has nothing to do with the gender & age ( some people say it’s all about beauty , body & clothes ). We’re losing humans day by day.

Better not to talk about the literacy, as the education without morality can’t do anything good.

On the 75th anniversary of independent India ,we”ll have all that which is needed to be a developed country but what about all that which is needed to be a Human ? Will we celebrate India @ 75 as a zombie ?

FARMERS’ PROTEST: GOVERNMENT’S PLANS TO OPPRESS THE MOVEMENT TAKES A HIT WITH INTERNATIONAL ATTENTION POURING IN

Iron nails, rods, barbed wire, boulders, makeshift walls….. These are not the visuals from a war front. This is how the largest democratic government in the world is preparing the country capital to face its farmers. The Farmers’ Produce Trade and Commerce (Promotion and Facilitation) Bill, 2020 was passed by the parliament followed by the approval of the President in September 2020. Since then, the farmers mainly from regions of Haryana and Punjab are protesting in the outskirts of New Delhi against the bill. Several rounds of discussions between the farmers and the government representatives have taken place but none of them was fruitful. The government had earlier offered to suspend the farmers’ bill as part of negotiations to end the protest but the farmers were loath as they demanded a complete abrogation.

The protestors took hold of the major highways at Singhu, Ghazipur and Tikri, thereby isolating the national capital. It is in the third month that the protest took a violent turn when protesters and police clashed after thousands of farmers entered Delhi as part of a massive tractor rally, on January 26^th. Several injuries were reported and a protester lost his life during the commotion. The police used tear gas and water cannons along with brutal lathi-charge to oppress the rally. Media personals who reported the incidents in favour of the farmers were also arrested with sedition charges. The government has disconnected the fuel, power and water supplies to the protestors as part of oppressing the movement. The shutting down of the internet and the mobile networks by the government in and around the protest sites in order to “ensure public safety” have further fueled up the rage among the farmers.

To prevent the protestors from entering the city again, the government has deployed force at the capital borders with Haryana and Uttar Pradesh and have begun blocking the area around the protests by placing large concrete slabs , spools of razor wire, heavy metal barricades , layers of stone boulders and embedding huge iron nails across the breadth of the roads leading to the protest sites. Only few selected vehicles are permitted to go beyond the barricading with media vehicles being strictly prohibited. With the movement gaining international attention and support as many notable faces from across the world vouched support for the farmers, it won’t be easy for the government to oppress the farmers agitation anymore.

Pressing Breasts Without Disrobing Not “Sexual Assault” As Per POCSO Act But Offence Under Section 354 IPC

To begin with, if there is one judgment of Bombay High Court which is attracting maximum attention and a lot of strong reactions from even the top court, it is this one which is titled Satish vs The State of Maharashtra in Criminal Appeal No. 161 of 2020 delivered on January 19, 2021 in which the Nagpur Bench of the Bombay High Court has held that groping a child’s breasts without ‘skin-to-skin contact’ would amount to molestation under the Indian Penal Code but not the graver offence of ‘sexual assault’ under the Protection of Children from Sexual Offences (POCSO) Act. A single Bench of Bombay High Court of Justice Pushpa Ganediwala made the aforesaid observation while modifying the order of a sessions court that held a 39-year-old man guilty of sexual assault for groping a 12-year-old girl and removing her salwar. The Court has now sentenced the man under Section 354 IPC (outraging a woman’s modesty) to one year imprisonment for the minor offence.

As we see, this judgment authored by a single Judge Bench of Justice Pushpa V Ganediwala of Nagpur Bench of Bombay High Court sets the ball rolling by first and foremost pointing out in para 2 that, “This is an appeal against the judgment and order dated 05.02.2020 in Special Child Protection Case No. 28 of 2017 passed by the Extra Joint Additional Sessions Judge, Nagpur, by which the appellant is convicted for the offence punishable under Sections 354, 363 and 342 of the Indian Penal Code (hereinafter referred to as IPC) and Section 8 of the Protection of Children from Sexual Offences Act, 2012, (hereinafter referred to as POCSO Act), in Crime No. 405 of 2016 registered at Police Station Gittikhadan, Nagpur, District – Nagpur.”

Be it noted, para 3 then states that, “For the offence punishable under Section 8 of the POCSO Act read with Section 354 of the IPC, the appellant is sentenced to suffer R.I. for three years and to pay fine of Rs. 500/-, in default of fine to suffer R.I. for one month. For the offence punishable under Section 363 of the IPC, the appellant is sentenced to suffer R.I. for two years and to pay fine of Rs. 500/-, in default of fine to suffer R.I. for one month. For the offence punishable under Section 342 of the IPC, the appellant is sentenced to suffer R.I. for six months and to pay fine of Rs. 500/-, in default of fine, to suffer R.I. for one month. All the substantive jail sentences were directed to run concurrently. The appellant is given set off for the period of sentence, he has already undergone.”

While dwelling on the prosecution story, the Bench then puts forth in para 4 that, “The prosecution story, in brief, is as under :

i) On 14.12.2016, the informant (mother of the prosecutrix) (PW-1) lodged a report at police station Gittikhadan, Nagpur, stating therein that the appellant took her daughter (prosecutrix) aged about 12 years, on the pretext of giving her guava, in his house and pressed her breast and attempted to remove her salwar. At that point of time, the informant reached the spot and rescued her daughter. Immediately, she lodged First Information Report. On the basis of the said FIR, crime came to be registered against the appellant / accused vide Crime No. 405 of 2016 (Exh. 1) for the offence punishable under Sections 354, 363 and 342 of the IPC and under Section 8 of the POCSO Act.”

To be sure, para 11 then reveals that, “At the outset, the informant – PW-1 and the prosecutrix – PW-2 are the star witnesses. The age of the prosecutrix at the relevant time was 12 years and this fact is not seriously disputed by the learned counsel for the appellant.”

It is worth noting that it is then mentioned in para 12 that, “The informant – PW-1 – the mother of the prosecutrix deposed that the incident took place on 14.12.2016. On that day at about 11.30 AM, her daughter – the prosecutrix (name kept undisclosed) went to bring guava. As she did not come back for a long time, she started searching for her. Her neighbour told her that the appellant, who was staying in the vicinity of their house, took her daughter to his house and showed her the house of the appellant. PW1 went there calling “Laxmi, Laxmi”. She saw the appellant coming down from the first floor. She asked the appellant about the whereabouts of her daughter. He denied the presence of the prosecutrix in his house. PW-1 searched for her daughter on the ground floor and then she went up to first floor. The room was bolted from outside. She opened it and found her daughter. Her daughter was crying. She took out her daughter from that room and her daughter narrated the incident that on the pretext of giving guava to her, the appellant brought her to his house and pressed her breast and when he tried to remove her knicker, she shouted. Thereafter he went out, after bolting the room from outside. Immediately, PW-1 along with her daughter proceeded for Police Station and lodged report.”

Going ahead, it is then stated in para 13 that, “PW-2 – Prosecutrix testified that on the day of incident, when she was going to bring guava, the appellant caught her hand and told her that he will provide guava to her and he took her to his house. He tried to remove her Salwar and pressed her breast. Then she shouted. The appellant pressed her mouth by his hand. The appellant went down by closing the door of the room from outside. Thereafter, her mother opened the door and entered the room and brought her outside. Then they went to Police Station for lodging report.”

Truth be told, it is then observed in para 15 that, “A perusal of the testimony of PW-1 and PW-2 on the point of incident would reveal that both the witnesses are consistent on the point that the appellant pressed the breast of the prosecutrix. With regard to removing of knicker, though in her chief PW-1 stated that the appellant/ accused was trying to remove knicker of her daughter, however, in cross examination she has corrected her statement and deposed that she told the police that the appellant tried to remove Salwar of her daughter. The prosecutrix deposed about removing of her salwar. So there is no confusion with regard to whether the accused tried to remove salwar or knicker.”

Simply put, it is then stated in para 18 that, “Evidently, it is not the case of the prosecution that the appellant removed her top and pressed her breast. The punishment provided for offence of ‘sexual assault’ is imprisonment of either description for a term which shall not be less than three years but which may extend to five years, and shall also be liable to fine. Considering the stringent nature of punishment provided for the offence, in the opinion of this Court, stricter proof and serious allegations are required. The act of pressing of breast of the child aged 12 years, in the absence of any specific detail as to whether the top was removed or whether he inserted his hand inside top and pressed her breast, would not fall in the definition of ‘sexual assault’. It would certainly fall within the definition of the offence under Section 354 of the Indian Penal Code. For ready reference, Section 354 of the Indian Penal Code is reproduced below :

“354. Assault or criminal force to woman with intent to outrage her modesty. – Whoever assaults or uses criminal force to any woman, with the intention to outrage her modesty, shall be punished with imprisonment of either description for a term which shall not be less than one year but which may extend to five years, and shall also be liable to fine.””

As it turned out, it is then made clear in para 21 that, “Section 7 of the POCSO Act, defines sexual assault and the minimum sentence provided is three years and Section 354 of the Indian Penal Code, which is related to outraging the modesty of a woman, prescribes minimum sentence of one year. In the instant case, having regard to the nature of the alleged act by the appellant and having regard to the circumstances, in the opinion of this Court, the alleged act fit into the definition of the offence as defined in Section 354 of the Indian Penal Code.”

What’s more, it is then brought out in para 25 that, “The learned APP read out Section 7 of the POCSO Act, which defines sexual assault and submitted that the act which has been proved by the prosecution “pressing of breast” comes within the definition of sexual assault under Section 7 of the POCSO Act.”

Hence it is then observed in para 26 that, “It is not possible to accept this submission for the aforesaid reasons. Admittedly, it is not the case of the prosecution that the appellant removed her top and pressed her breast. As such, there is no direct physical contact i.e. skin to skin with sexual intent without penetration.”

Now coming to the concluding paras. Para 27 lays down that, “In view of the above discussion, this Court holds that the appellant is acquitted under Section 8 of the POCSO Act and convicted under minor offence u/s 354 of IPC and sentenced him to undergo R.I. for one year and to pay fine of Rs.500/-, in default of fine to suffer R.I. for one month. The sentence for the offence punishable under Section 342 of the Indian Penal Code i.e. six months and fine of Rs.500/-, in default to suffer R.I. for one month, is maintained. The accused is on bail. His bail bond stands forfeited. Issue Non-bailable warrant against the appellant – accused. All the substantive jail sentences shall run concurrently and the appellant – accused is entitled for set off under Section 428 of the Code of Criminal Procedure.” Finally, it is then held in the last para 28 that, “Criminal Appeal stands disposed of accordingly.”

It cannot be lightly dismissed that none other than the top court has stayed this ruling which acquitted a 50-year-old labourer from Maharashtra’s Gadchiroli district holding that groping a minor without removing her clothes was not sexual assault but molestation after Attorney General KK Venugopal pointed out that the judgment was likely to set a dangerous precedent. Venugopal added that, “It will mean that if a cloth is touched no case under Section 8 of the POCSO Act is made out. This Court must take notice of the judgment.” Justice Pushpa Ganediwala had ruled that the act of holding the hands of a minor “prosecutrix” or unzipping trousers in front of her, an act witnessed by PW-1 (prosecution witness1), in the opinion of the court did not fit with the definition of aggravated sexual assault. She reversed the conviction of the man Libnus Kujur for aggravated sexual assault that was a charge brought against him because the child was younger than 12 years of age.

Of course, it cannot be lightly dismissed that a petition filed by advocate Manju Jetley on behalf of the Youth Bar Association of India said that the High Court had also named the minor victim in its judgment which violated Section 228B of the IPC. It also cannot be lightly dismissed that the National Commission of Child Rights (NCPCR) and the National Commission for Women (NCW) took a serious note of the January 19 ruling. NCW expressed a desire to challenge the judgment before the Supreme Court and NCPCR wrote to the Maharashtra Chief Secretary to seek a review of the ruling. It added that, “It has been observed by the Commission (NCPCR) that the prosecution has failed in representing the case of the victim properly. If the prosecution had made the submissions as per spirit of the POCSO Act, the accused would not have been acquitted of the serious offence against the minor.”

Furthermore, the letter added that, “Further, the remark “skin-to-skin… with sexual intention, without penetration” also needs to be reviewed and the State should take note of this, as it seems to be derogatory to the minor victim.” This condemnable incident had happened on February 11, 2018. On October 5, 2020, a special POCSO court in Gadchiroli convicted the labourer under Sections 354-A(1)(i) (sexual harassment) and 448 (house trespass) of the IPC and Sections 8 (punishment for sexual assault), 10 (punishment for aggravated sexual assault) and 12 (punishment for sexual harassment) read with Section 9(m) (sexual assault of a child below 12 years of age) and 11(i) sexual harassment) of the POCSO Act. He was sentenced to five years rigorous imprisonment for aggravated sexual assault.

It is worth noting that Section 7 of the POCSO Act defines sexual assault of a child as “whoever, with sexual intent touches the vagina, penis, anus or breast of such person…” What is most problematic in this judgment is that the single Judge Bench of Justice Pushpa Ganediwala who delivered this judgment stated that, “as per the definition of sexual assault, a ‘physical contact with sexual intent without penetration’ is an essential ingredient of the offence” with “physical contact” requiring “skin-to-skin contact” and not just any contact. Strictly speaking, if this is agreed to, it would be interpreted as that if an offender uses a condom while penetrating the child, this would not amount to an offence since there was no direct contact. How can this be justified ever? Also, it cannot be overlooked that the serious offence under POCSO Act which carries a minimum of three years imprisonment which may extend to five years along with fine was reduced to Section 354 of IPC which carries a considerably lower punishment of only one year of minimum imprisonment. In addition, this case was delayed for nearly four years.

We cannot afford to ignore that Flavia Agnes who is an eminent women who has done extensive research in cases of child sexual abuse and is co-founder of Majlis Legal Centre while differing from those who commented that the Judge Pushpa Ganediwala who was elevated to the Bombay High Court in 2019 lacks exposure to the letter and spirit of the POCSO Act pointed out in her enlightening editorial titled “Weakening The Law” in ‘The Indian Express’ dated February 1, 2021 that, “ Lawyers and activists engaged with the RAHAT project of Majlis Legal Centre have closely observed the manner in which she conducted the trials in cases of child sexual abuse even before the enactment of the POCSO Act, when she was the trial judge for sexual offences against women and children in the Bombay City, Civil and Sessions Court. In our first case, which involved the sexual abuse of a four-year-old and where the police had delayed filing an FIR, she had convicted the accused, a watchman, for seven years. A high-profile criminal lawyer, Majeed Memon, appeared for the accused supported by the trustees of the school. On the other hand, our support person was a fresh graduate with no exposure to criminal courts. But it was the Judge’s sensitivity that helped in a fair trial. In another case which concerned the father raping his daughter, where the FIR was filed after 18 months, she had argued that when the police refused to register a complaint, how can the illiterate mother be blamed for delay in filing. She convicted and sentenced the accused to 10 years of rigorous imprisonment. The most challenging case she presided over is the sexual abuse by multiple men at Kalyani Mahila Bal Seva Sanstha in Navi Mumbai. We had marvelled at the manner in which she conducted the trial. There were around 10 accused and some survivors had to be examined in sign language. In May 2013, six accused were convicted, including the founder-director, of the rape of five mentally-challenged female inmates, three of whom were minors. One of the victims died after she was gang raped. Hence, prime accused and director of orphanage was also convicted of murder. So what happened in this case. Why such a mindboggling judgment that has been condemned by all concerned stakeholders – one which can become a precedent to be followed by subordinate judiciary? The harm that has been caused to the minor in this particular case as well as all future cases, cannot be easily overlooked. This judgment needs to be set aside and the comments expunged to repose the faith of all survivors of sexual violence in the judicial system.”

So we have to concede that Justice Pushpa has a good track record and it is only in this judgment that she has erred for which she certainly deserved to be reprimanded but her entire career should not be put in jeopardy! It also cannot be ignored that mandatory sentences are counterproductive to the aim of reducing crime or acting as a deterrent. But regarding this judgment’s strong criticism we also cannot overlook what is mentioned in the editorial of Hindustan Times dated January 26, 2021 that, “The ruling is disturbing. It is a literal interpretation of the law and overlooks the fact that POCSO does not mention clothing as a factor in the crime of molesting a child. This is a matter of violating the bodily integrity of the victim. The interpretation also does not recognize the long-term psychological damage that child sexual abuse victims suffer. This reading of the law will dilute cases of child abuse and make it difficult to ensure justice. The National Commission of Women has pointed out that the order will have a cascading impact on women safety and trivialized the legal architecture in place, and has decided, rightly so, to challenge the order. The issue should also force a relook at the wording of the Act and other laws, which deal with child abuse. There can be no room for ambiguity in child abuse cases and any loophole which allows for this must be plugged at once.”

All said and done, one has to always concede that there has to be zero tolerance on sexual offences especially in child abuse cases. All the loopholes must be first quickly identified and then deliberated, discussed and debated upon and then reformed adequately to meet the present circumstances where the cases of violence and sexual offences against children are increasing very rapidly! No doubt, there can be no leniency at all for sexual offences against children!

Sanjeev Sirohi, Advocate,

s/o Col BPS Sirohi,

A 82, Defence Enclave,

Sardhana Road, Kankerkhera,

Meerut – 250001, Uttar Pradesh

Sector Theory

Following Burgess, Homer Hoyt, an economist, propounded an alternative, proposition of urban structure and its growth pattern in 1939. Through sectors model, Hoyt tried to overcome the weaknesses of the earlier theory. Hoyt argued that cities do not develop in the form of simple rings, instead, they have “sectors”. It was mainly based on residential rent pattern and impacts of transportation development. This theory is the result of an empirical study of 34 American cities, in which he observed that high rent areas are located in one or more sectors of the city. He prepared a map showing how rent changed by sectors irrespective of concentric circle. Generating from the maps of housing features and land uses pattern of cities, he analyzed the impact of transportation the recreational areas and other changes.

Homer Hoyt suggested that few activities grow in the form of sectors which radiates out along the main travel links. Activities in a sector are considered to be the same throughout the sector because of the purpose/function it serves. Land use within each sector would remain the same because like attracts like. The high-class sector would stay high-class because it would be the most sought after area to live, so only the rich could afford to live there. The industrial sector would remain industrial as the area would have a typical advantage of a railway line or river. These sectors can be housing, industrial activities, etc. These sectors grow along railway lines, highways or rivers.

Sector model

Components of Hoyt Model

a) CBD – Central Business District

It is placed at the center. Sectors and the partial rings of land use/activities take place. This area is often known as downtown and has high rise buildings. Inner city area or downtown area is a complex and dynamic organism. It represents many layers of historic growth of many generations impact of cultural and traditions of men who inhabited the city as tourists. The combinations of these layers and the way they are held together in the city gives imageability, out of its socio-cultural heritage. As the cities expands and modern technology and scientific innovations transformed the style of living and also the structure of the city, open spaces were being eaten up by built forms resulting in congested and unhealthy environment.

b) Industry

Industries are represented in the form of a sector radiating out from the center. These forms sector because of the presence of a transport linkage along which the activities grew. Presence of railway line, river or road would attract similar activity, and thus a continuous corridor or “sector” will develop.

c) Low-Class Residential

Low-income groups reside in this area. Narrow roads, high population density, small houses with poor ventilation exist in this area. Roads are narrow and often connect to the industries where most of the people in this sector work. Closeness to industries reduces the travel cost and thus attracts industrial workers. Environmental and living conditions are often inadequate because of the proximity to factories.

d) Middle-Class Residential

This area has middle income groups who can afford more substantial travel cost and want better living conditions. The activities of people residing in this area consist of different activities and not just the industrial work. It has more linkages with CBD along with some linkages to industries. This area has the most significant residential area.

e) High Class residential

This is the outermost and farthest area from the downtown (CBD). Wealthy and affluent people live in this area. This area is clean, has less traffic, quiet and has large houses. Corridor or spine extending from CBD to the edge has the best housing.

Features of sector model

Presence of low-income groups near industries supports Hoyt Model
The Hoyt model realized that transportation (in particular) and access to resources caused a disruption of the Burgess model.
Transport linkages profoundly influence activities and their locations. Low transportation cost and proximity to roads/railway reduce the cost of production.
This model applies well to Chicago
Account for major transportation routes and its effect on activities

The significance of Hoyt Model

Ecological factors and economic rent concept to explain the land use pattern
Stress on the role of transport routes in affecting the spatial arrangement of the city
Both the distance and direction of growth from the city center are considered
Brings location of industrial and environmental amenity values as determinants in a residential place
Example: Sectors of high-class residential areas tend to grow towards higher grounds, sites with a better view, more open space, the homes of influential leaders within the community and existing outlying, smaller settlements.

Limitations of Sector Model

Only Railway lines are considered for the growth of sectors and do not make allowances for private cars.
It is a monocentric representation of cities; multiple business centers are not accounted for in this model.
Physical features – physical features may restrict or direct growth along specific wedges
No reference to out of town development

Both sectors model and concentric zone, have the common concept of CBD i.e., the Central Business District and outward expansion. Where former differs in terms of differential radial growth from CBD or centre. He explained that sectors develop because of the difference in accessibility from outlying portions to the core region. Thus, it also includes the development of concentric patterns within the zone.

Contrary to Burgess’ Concentric Zone theory, the sectors theory assumes that land rents changes from Sector to Sector not in the form of successive concentric ring area. The development of a sector is determined by various factors, such as, planning, transportation, class character of residents and other facilities available to that particular sector. Within the residential sector it has been observed through study that the inner portions are found to be having older houses and newer constructions are found on the outer fringes.

INSURGANCE OF OTT PLATFORMS DURING COVID TIMES

The imposition of lockdown on account of the COVID 19 pandemic marked a major retard in the growth of many leading industrial giants. Unlike the rest, OTT is one among the few industries which marked an exponential growth since its inception. Though the OTT platforms are not a fresh face in the entertainment industry, the burgeoning of the sector was a never expected one until lockdown happened. Amazon Prime, Netflix, Disney Hotstar are the few OTT platforms which benefited from the imposition of lockdown.

The television broadcasting companies failed to meet the demands of its viewers and was forced to rerun existing contents as the production industry was under a halt. The average screen time has simultaneously increased which resulted in people searching for fresh contents. The video on demand services gained popularity over the masses as it provided the flexibility to watch contents on our likes at our wish. In addition to this, these platforms released their fresh as well as original contents consistently and managed to maintain the initial consumer interest. These conveniences dragged the viewers towards OTT services and generated a buzz by increasing the traffic into these platforms even during the pandemic times. While the theatres and multiplexes remained closed for many months, film producers noticed the scope of the OTT industry and made an audacious move by releasing their films digitally for the first time to cater to a wider set of audience.

It is estimated that an average person spends around 40% of their waking hours in front of a screen which makes almost seven hours a day. The OTT platforms have added a whopping 3-4 million subscribers to their existing viewership. This figure also included people viewing more non-broadcast content on platforms like YouTube and gaming sites. Just like how television revolutionised the early 90’s, OTT is bringing a new wave of change to the entertainment industry. These changes are always for the better and are inevitable.

Myanmar – Democracy behind the bars

Myanmar , India’s neighbor , attained freedom in 1948 , a year after India gained the freedom. Still , democracy differes the two countries . While India is a democratic country , Myanmar’s political history is full of its struggles for the democracy. After a long struggle for democracy constitutional provisions were accepted in 2011 by the military but military continued to hold some powers.

Now , after a decade of democracy , the military again seized the power in its hand on February 1 , 2021. Myanmar’s democratically elected & popular State Counsellor Aung San Suu Kyi , President Win Myint & other leaders were detained in a military coup.Noble Peace Prize winner Suu Kyi played important role in Myanmar’s movement for democracy & was elected as first state counsellor of the country in 2015. Suu Kyi’s party NLD came into power again in December 2020 with a huge victory, but may be this victory irked the military generals. The military accused the government of voter irregularities in the this election.

A few days ago , military denied of their plan to takeover. But now the democracy has been seized by the military & emergency is declared for a year. Former general Myint Swe would be acting as a president for the next one year. Roads were sealed off around the capital by armed troops & trucks.

The world leaders condemned the coup.

This coup is going to affect the Indo – Myanmar relations due to military’s pro-china policy.

After US Capitol riots , this was another sad incident for all the democracy supporters.

LOCKDOWN WIDENS THE VOID BETWIXT QUEER COMMUNITY AND SOCIETY

The past year was indeed a difficult time for the world owing to the COVID 19 pandemic and the lockdown imposed following it. Though the entire population got affected by this adverse conditions, there were certain minor communities and groups like the transgender community which had the bitter taste of it. There were active discussions and discourses on the impact of the lockdown on women facing domestic abuse, but the atrocities and adversities faced by the LGBTQ communities were the least spoken about. Being the have-nots of normal society, the life of the queer community in a pandemic affected locked down scenario was found to be the worst.

The basic social liberties were always denied to the queer accounting to their physical and psychological divergence and aberant sexual orientation. They were neither included in the mainstream by the government nor had any access to public health care, education, steady job opportunities etc which along with the lack of support from their families resulted in the financial subsiding of the community. In many cases, staying home also became a potential danger to many, where they fell prey to violence from their family members or partner.

For a section whose normal daily life in itself is a hurdle, life in lockdown was nothing but catastrophic. While the majority of us worried about being confined into the comforts of our home during lock down, these destitutes were perturbed over losing the shade over their head. The Indian Hijra community who depended on the streets for their livelihood got literally ‘locked’ inside their residences with no basic supplies or access to money. As they were disdained from the ordinary jobs, street dancing, prostitution and begging were their only source of income and these ‘jobs’ required immense social interaction which was impossible during lockdown. The void between the society and queer community got widened with the imposition of lockdown and the already outlying community was pushed off to further disdain. The society along with the government should consider them at least as humans if not as citizens and take necessary measures for eradicating the stigma regarding the marginalized communities by making them a part of relief programs.

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Components of Hoyt Model

a) CBD – Central Business District

b) Industry

c) Low-Class Residential

d) Middle-Class Residential

e) High Class residential

Features of sector model

The significance of Hoyt Model

Limitations of Sector Model

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