Day: June 19, 2021

EXAMINATION

INTRODUCTION

Examination is a test of a person’s capacity, knowledge, and ability. It proves what standard of learning a person has acquired during a specific period of time in a specific syllabus. It is the most hated and most shunned things for some students who never like to indulge in it with pleasure until they have a charm of acquiring a degree. Otherwise, they compare it with a nightmare.

EDUCATION SYSTEM AND EXAMS

The system of education of mostly examination ridden which aims at the test of achievement and success. The examination is the center of studies and hard work. It is a motivating force to work.

Its importance and efficacy have been called in question. The most important point is that examinations are not the real test of knowledge and understanding. They are the test of ignorance or cramming. Still, we can say that examinations are necessary evil which cannot be avoided.

USES OF EXAMINATION

1) Difference between genius and dunce

Examinations have many uses. They help us find the most efficient individual among many. we can distinguish between the scholar and the dullard, the genius and the dunce. In this way, they help us discriminate between the genuine gold and the sparkling brass.

2)Compel to work hard

Secondly, the examinations compel us to work hard. the careless students become serious near the examinations. They buy books they had no intention to buy and gird up their loins.It is a fact that many students read for the sake of examinations. Thus, examinations are a very effective way of goading students to read.

3)Fitness for promotion to a higher grade/class

Thirdly, examinations are proof and guarantee of man’s efficiency. They provide us a proof of the fitness of the student for promotion to a higher grade/class. An employer can safely entrust a job to the degree holder. Without a degree, no one will higher his services. The factories, industries or mills cannot allow the person to perform a technical task without a specific degree/course.

4)Way to attain degrees / diplomas

Similarly, we do not ask everyone to prescribe medicine for us. Only the person holding a degree enjoys the right to operate upon our body. Hence, if we abolish examinations, we shall have to abolish degrees or diplomas.

ABUSES OF EXAMINATION

Examinations have certain abuses as well. Many students consider it a curse. They consider them to be a game of chance. The students are never sure of their success. There are always doubts in their minds. Success does not depend upon preparation. Even a student with selected studies may pass and the student with thorough preparation may fail.

1)Uncertainty of success

Some students keep studying the whole session but fail. On the other hand, many others who buy help books and cheap notes near the examinations and cram a few questions, pass. Such examinations are a curse for the shining students.

2)Test of memory

The examinations are a test of nerves. All examinations have a limit of time and place. A student is tested at a bad place and in a bad manner. The question arises how a student’s hard work and worth for a semester or full one year is judged in a short time. They are never a foolproof test of one’s ability. They are the test of one’s memory and writing/typing speed.

3)Use of unfair means

Some students try to use unfair means to pass out the examinations. The innocent, hardworking and intelligent remain in the background.

CONCLUSION

But in spite of all this, we cannot say that there should be no examinations. There must be some proper way of judging the real worth of the students. So proper changes are required to avoid the abuses and increase the usefulness of the examinations. The assessment criteria of the examinations must be improved in such a way that all the students can show their abilities and can pass them without any fear.

PUNCTUALITY

INTRODUCTION

Punctuality refers to the habit of a human being completing their tasks on time. We can say that punctuality is a great habit which surely results in success. All the leaders have punctuality in common as the habit is such. In other words, when you are on time, you will maintain the discipline and order in your life. It will, in turn, help you achieve your goals faster within a set time period.

Moreover, it also makes you a man of habit. This creates a very good impression in front of others. Punctuality is an etiquette which encourages us to complete our work in a timely fashion. It also makes us realize the importance of time. A person who is punctual will always know how to respect their time and others as well.

IMPORTANCE OF PUNCTUALITY

Punctuality is of great importance, it is truly underestimated and must be given utmost importance. When a person becomes punctual, everything else falls into place. You get discipline in life and also earn the respect of the others.

Subsequently, a punctual person works on time without any hindrance. The people who are employed in armies and navies are given rigorous training to become disciplined and punctual. They pay no heed to any circumstances be it rain or thunder, they care about their punctuality.

Furthermore, punctuality pushes the person to achieve success at faster rates than others. We must develop this quality in children from an early age which will make it easy for everyone to lead a better life. When a person is punctual, they get utmost respect and admiration by society and reach greater heights than an unpunctual person.

DOOR TO SUCCESS

It is evident that Punctuality is one of the key aspects to attain success in life. One who understands and values time can easily become a Punctual individual and in lieu become successful. It helps one to understand the value of time. And as we all know time is the most precious thing in our life. Time once lost, can never come back. We cannot make and get back to the lost time. It is the habit of punctuality which makes us understand and learns us to respect the value of Time. Becoming a successful person in life implies achieving ones’ goals in time with proper planning and dedication, which can again only be attained by being punctual in life. Knowing the value of time-aware an individual to utilize the time in the best way. And to utilize time in the best way is the definition of being punctual.

PUNCTUALITY IN STUDENT’S LIFE

For a student, punctuality is the stepping stone towards discipline and being sincere. It is utmost important for a student to be punctual to attain success during his/her school life. It is the base on which the student’s life during school and afterward shapes up. A student being punctual is considered having one of the noblest virtue. It helps them to cultivate the habit of completing their tasks in due time. Punctuality proves the great saying, “A stitch in time, saves nine” meaning completing ones’ task in due time and avoiding troublesome.

It is the virtue of punctuality which makes the students more discipline and responsibility. A sense of responsibility is attained by the virtue of punctuality. Being punctual a student can always be at the right time whether be it in school, in the lab, in class, at home, in the examination hall, at the playground, etc. The teachers and parents of other students highly appreciate the students who are punctual.

ADVANTAGE OF PUNCTUALITY

Punctuality leads to a happy mind. It is a key to happiness and having a healthy mind. Therefore, any person having this quality would always feel comfortable while doing his/her work. He/She wakes up early in the morning and always feel energetic to do more tasks. Punctuality brings positivity in our mind and heart. One is clear about his/her thoughts, plan and activities, which is also an essential element to move forward in life.

CONCLUSION

Punctuality is not being practiced only by human beings but also the nature around us. Every day, the sun rises in the morning, sets in the evening. After the day, comes the night. Each of the seasons follows their timeline. All these natural phenomena encourage us to be punctual in our life to attain a goal and have a peaceful mind. Thus, Punctuality is the essence of life. It is very important for us to develop such quality from a very young age and lead ourselves and our country to a greater high. The rate of growth of the Human Development Index is bettered in a country where everyone knows and understands the value of time by being punctual. It ultimately helps in the growth of the country. Therefore, punctuality is not only a key to success for an individual but also for the entire community, nation, globe.

Relevance of non-alignment movement (nam) in 21st century

In the contemporary international circumstances non-alignment or to put it more precisely its
role and usefulness in general has become a highly controversial issue, certainly more so than
earlier. Thus, the movement is passing through a critical period in its life. It finds itself today
at the crossroad and seems to be finding it difficult to comprehend the path it has to rake. It is
trying to find its identity, reorient its perception and endeavor to determine the role it has
to play in the changed context of international relations. This has resulted in a heated debate
about the validity and contemporary relevance of NAM and non-alignment as foreign policy
behavior in this post cold war “unipolar world”.
According to the critics, NAM is no longer relevant because of the changed international
environment. It is engaged that the policy of Non-alignment had some utility in the period of
cold war bipolarity, because it was child of cold war in the reaction of certain countries to the
cold war. The two main contenders for political ascendancy had almost reached the point of
extermination. It was the desire to preserve independence as distinct from merely formal
sovereignty, which led some nation to resist absorption into one or the other power blocks.
Presently the international system is no longer bipolar and the cold war is over, so what is its
relevance today is a great question.
In spite all the above statements regarding its irrelevance, the relevance of NAM in
international affairs is unquestionable. As a matter of fact, the policy of Non-Alignment was
not wholly related to a bipolar world and the cold war between the two super powers and the
block they lead. It just happened that the Non-Alignment flowered in the immediate post-world
war. Therefore, whatever the world is bi-polar or multipolar or unipolar, non-alignment as a
foreign policy choice option of the small Third World countries will remain valid. In other
words the policy will last as long as the sovereign nation system last.
The declaration of the Jakarta Summit conference 1992 assured, NAM has contributed to the
ending of bipolar in the world and to the elimination of the cold war. These new developments
have in fact fully vindicated the validity and relevance of Non-Alignment. They affirmed NAM’s
role is ensuring” its full participation in the building of the new world order”. No wonder,
then that the membership of the NAM has more than quadrupled from about 25 states in 1961 to
120 today.
The relevance of NAM continues as it looks after the interest of all Third World countries for
which the movement was created. The beginning of the Non-Alignment can be traced to
Afro-Asian resurgence as a reaction against European colonial systems and prior to that in the
struggle of underdeveloped countries against the hegemony of great European powers since the
birth of nation state system. Just when these countries begin to gain independence, they found
themselves in bipolar worlds. Seeking membership of either block meant compromised on
newly owned freedom by sovereign states, as well as an increased in international tensions,
which is turned threatened the prospects of development- socio-economic and political.
Although the term Third World has lost currency since the 1970s when other terms, such as
‘underdeveloped countries’, ‘developing countries’, and ‘South’ or ‘Global South’, became more
widely used, revisiting the term conveys a sense of the conceptual foundations on which non￾alignment rests.
As Nehru’s brainchild, in essence non-alignment means the pursuit of equality in world
affairs through pooling the diplomatic resources of Third World states in international
forums. Equality should here be understood in political-economic terms.NAM was a front of
political solidarity by supporting liberation struggles and making abstinence from military
pacts or alliances a criterion of membership.
Nevertheless, NAM together with the Group of 77 (G77–largely made up of NAM members)
succeeded to keep Third World issues on the agenda in most UN forums and agencies due to
their numerical strength. In the UN Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organisation
(UNESCO), NAM and the G77 promoted the New World Information and Communication
Order (NWICO) to rectify the perceived imbalances in information and communication
flows between the North and the South.
The end of the cold war has ended a period of strategic confrontations but an era of stable
global peace is yet to be created. In fact the cold war is dead but not the regional conflicts and
crises. The East-West conflict has dissolved but intense economic and technological
competition is emerging among several strong nations. The Non-Alignment countries have to
learn to maneuver among them and to successfully face the menace of new colonialism that is
sought to be imposed through various WTO rounds. Thus, the NAM continues to be
relevant so long as there is exploitation, war, hunger, poverty and disease on the earth.
The uniqueness of NAM lies in the fact that its goals do not merely serve the national interest of
member state but it stand to promote the cause humanity. They are universalistic in nature. It
would not be an exaggeration to say that recent positive developments on international scene
reflect the spirit of NAM.
NAM is progressively putting more emphasis on economic independence. The Non￾Alignment nations have been demanding for a legitimate share in world trades. The determination of the quality and quantity of foreign aid from developed to developing countries is also task for the Non-Alignment nation. Economic cooperation between developed and developing states forms part of the threefold strategy advocated by the NAM. These stands are:
reliance on their resources, promotion of cooperation among non-alignment states
themselves, fostering cooperation with the advanced states, with the subjects of promoting
self reliance as would restrict exploitation and contribute towards resolution of the problems of
world economy as a whole.
The fundamental concern of NAM has always been with global question of decolonization and
consolidation of freedom, disarmament and development of economies through mutual
cooperation as well as through a more equitable and just new international economic order. All
these are interrelated and to make the package of peace and prosperity for humanity.
Perhaps the most important role for NAM today lies in framing a concrete economic agenda
for a just and fair international economic order. The globalization and liberalization trends
worldwide have generated complex economic problems. The rich-poor divide has widened. The
WTO rules and procedures have failed to provide adequate economic gains to the Third World.
WTO summits have failed to reach a consensus on many issues. Its role in WTO negotiations to
advance and protect the trading rights and opportunities of developing countries and in muscling
up their negotiating position and skills would be the chief concerns. It should strive to reform
and reorient the globalization process through a strong developmental agenda. NAM has an
effective role to play in this regard provided member countries try to see the benefits from a
unified angle without any partisan considerations.
In 2007, Rejecting the US contention that Non-Aligned Movement has “lost its meaning”,
India quickly asserted that its relevance continues in promoting democratization of the
international system and New Delhi was committed to its ideals. External Affairs Ministry said
India’s “firm and abiding commitment” to non-alignment could not be questioned. “The Non￾Aligned Movement played a significant role in ending apartheid and colonialism. Today, itsrelevance continues in promoting South-South cooperation and democratization of the international system.
NAM must play the positive role in making the globalization inclusive and must strive to
achieve a faire, just international economic order.

CASTE SYSTEM OF INDIA

India’s caste system is among the world’s oldest forms of surviving social stratification. The BBC explains its complexities. The system which divides Hindus into rigid hierarchical groups based on their karma (work) and dharma (the Hindi word for religion, but here it means duty) is generally accepted to be more than 3,000 years old.

ORIGIN OF CASTE SYSTEM

Manusmriti is widely regarded to be the most important and authoritative book on Hindu law and dating back to at least 1,000 years before Christ was born, “acknowledges and justifies the caste system as the basis of order and regularity of society”. The caste system divides Hindus into four main categories – Brahmins, Kshatriyas, Vaishyas and the Shudras. Many believe that the groups originated from Brahma, the Hindu God of creation.

At the top of the hierarchy were the Brahmins who were mainly teachers and intellectuals and are believed to have come from Brahma’s head. Then came the Kshatriyas, or the warriors and rulers, supposedly from his arms. The third slot went to the Vaishyas, or the traders, who were created from his thighs. At the bottom of the heap were the Shudras, who came from Brahma’s feet and did all the menial jobs.

The main castes were further divided into about 3,000 castes and 25,000 sub-castes, each based on their specific occupation. Outside of this Hindu caste system were the achhoots – the Dalits or the untouchables.

WORKING OF CASTE SYSTEM

For centuries, caste has dictated almost every aspect of Hindu religious and social life, with each group occupying a specific place in this complex hierarchy. Rural communities have long been arranged on the basis of castes – the upper and lower castes almost always lived in segregated colonies, the water wells were not shared, Brahmins would not accept food or drink from the Shudras, and one could marry only within one’s caste.

The system bestowed many privileges on the upper castes while sanctioning repression of the lower castes by privileged groups. Often criticised for being unjust and regressive, it remained virtually unchanged for centuries, trapping people into fixed social orders from which it was impossible to escape. Despite the obstacles, however, some Dalits and other low-caste Indians, such as BR Ambedkar who authored the Indian constitution, and KR Narayanan who became the nation’s first Dalit president, have risen to hold prestigious positions in the country.

Historians, though, say that until the 18th Century, the formal distinctions of caste were of limited importance to Indians, social identities were much more flexible and people could move easily from one caste to another. New research shows that hard boundaries were set by British colonial rulers who made caste India’s defining social feature when they used censuses to simplify the system, primarily to create a single society with a common law that could be easily governed.

EVIL FACES OF THIS SYSTEM

UNTOUCHABILITY

Many villages are separated by caste and they may not cross the line dividing them from the higher castes. They also may not use the same wells or drink in the same tea stalls as higher castes.

DISCRIMINATION

They often do not have the facility to electricity, sanitation facilities or water pumps in lower caste neighbourhoods. Access to better education, housing and medical facilities than that of the higher castes is denied.

DIVISION OF LABOUR

They are restricted to certain occupations like sanitation work, plantation work, leather works, cleaning streets, etc.

SLAVERY

They are subjected to exploitation in the name of debt, tradition, etc., to work as labourers or perform menial tasks for generations together.

GOVERNMENT INITIATIVES

The Indian Government has enacted laws to remove untouchability and has also brought in many reforms to improve the quality of life for the weaker sections of society. Few among them are: Constitutionally guaranteed fundamental human rights

Abolition of ‘ untouchability’ in 1950

Scheduled Caste and Scheduled Tribe (Prevention of Atrocities) Act, 1989

Provision of reservation in places like educational institutions, for employment opportunities etc.

Establishing social welfare departments and national commissions for the welfare of scheduled castes and tribes

These measures adopted by the government have brought some relief to the weaker sections of society. The urban areas have shown good amount of impact and some improvement. However, people in rural areas and villages still face extreme discrimination. We indeed have a long way to go in achieving the objectives set to eradicate and abolish discrimination, on the basis of caste and creed. It now depends on our efforts and a change in our mindset is sure to see a perpetual change, bringing about equality for all.

CASTE POLITICS

Many political parties in India have indulged in caste-based votebank politics. Parties such as Bahujan Samaj Party (BSP), the Samajwadi Party and the Janata Dal claim that they are representing the backward castes, and rely on OBC support, often in alliance with Dalit and Muslim support, to win elections.

Sustainable development and its pillars

Sustainable development is development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs….The concept of sustainable development was introduced in early 1980’s (in particular through the publication of the World Conservation Strategy by IUCN, UNEP and WWF, 1980), in order to reconcile conservation and development objectives.

Sustainable development consists of a long-term, integrated approach to developing and achieving a healthy community by jointly addressing economic, environmental, and social issues, whilst avoiding the over consumption of key natural resources.

The 3 pillars of sustainable development is
Social development, economic development,environmental protection.

Economic Development
It requires that a business or country uses its resources efficiently and responsibly so that it can operate in a sustainable manner to consistently produce an operational profit.

Social Sustainability Social sustainability is the ability of society, or any social system, to persistently achieve a good social well being. Achieving social sustainability ensures that the social well being of a country, an organisation, or a community can be maintained in the long term.

Environmental Sustainability Environmental sustainability means that we are living within the means of our natural resources.To live in true environmental sustainability, we need to ensure that we are consuming our natural resources, such as materials, energy fuels, land, water…etc, at a sustainable rate. Some resources are more abundant than others and therefore we need to consider material scarcity, the damage to environment from extraction of these materials and if the resource can be kept within Circular Economy principles.

Music: what’s your thing?

Allegory of Music, by François Boucher, 1764

Music is the art of arranging sounds in time to produce a composition through the elements of melody, harmony, rhythm, and timbre. It is one of the universal cultural aspects of all human societies. General definitions of music include common elements such as pitch (which governs melody and harmony), rhythm (and its associated concepts tempo, meter, and articulation), dynamics (loudness and softness), and the sonic qualities of timbre and texture (which are sometimes termed the “color” of a musical sound). Different styles or types of music may emphasize, de-emphasize or omit some of these elements.

Okay! So in simple words music gives us a thrilling experience, it lowers down our stress and gives us a reliefable experience. Many of us might have different-different artists. Different types, different tastes, but I love all the types of music. Depending upon the mood but you know we all have a phase where we do need a motivational song, Which motivates us, which gives us a idea that where we are and where do we have to go. Sometimes we need a song which make us feel good after a breakthrough it might be when you fought with your best friend may be your partner may be your siblings your parents, from those who mean alot to you.

And there are a lot of types of music it may be:

1. EDMs.

2. Motivational songs.

3. Romantic songs.

4. A breakthrough song.

5. Rock music.

6. A whole mood song. Which gives you a thrill and makes your legs move. That song will let you dance. It happened with me I was once travelling in the metro and I was using my earbuds and suddenly that song came and I was like ‘yea it’s a whole vibe’.

And etc etc there are many types of songs but yes for sure it depends upon our mood

So my moto to write an article on this topic was that if you’re angry sit alone listen to music if you’re happy listen to the music if you can’t handle things listen to the music if you’re in a phase you can’t tell anyone please listen to the music. It just lower down the stress and music is the only thing you’ll listen to at that time this is my experience.

Ordinance Making Power of the President

One of the important provisions in the Constitution of India is regarding the ordinance making power of the executive. The nature of the Indian Constitution can be called exhaustive citing the example of the above provision. The President is the Head of the State acting on the advice of the Council of Ministers. He can exercise the executive powers allotted to him either himself or through subordinates. The legislative power to promulgate ordinances is granted to the President under Article 123. The Indian Constitution clearly differentiates the powers and functions of the Parliament and the State Legislatures, providing no room for each to encroach upon the powers and functions of the other, in accordance with the theory of separation of power. To achieve the separation of power, the government is divided into three branches, namely The Legislative, The Executive, and The Judiciary. The powers and functions of these organs are sufficiently differentiated. The motive is to ensure a fair democracy through checks and balances.   

     The President is empowered to pass ordinances when the circumstances make it necessary. It is passed by the President to deal with emergency situations or unforeseen circumstances. These have the same legal status as that of laws passed by the Parliament. This power helps the government in urgent times. For example, the recent   Epidemic Act 1897 (Amendment) Act Ordinance, 2020. Any attack or abetment of violence against healthcare workers was made an offence. This paper explores the nature of ordinance making power, whether it is subject to judicial review, its usage over the years, its limitations and trends in promulgation of ordinances. This paper aims to critically analyse the power of ordinance promulgation granted to the executive by the Constitution.

Ordinance Making Power of the President

The ordinance making power of the President is explained under Article 123. Though India follows the theory of separation of powers and powers and functions are sufficiently differentiated, it is not incorporated in its strictest sense. The ordinance making power can be seen as an overlapping of executive and legislative. Article 123 explains the ordinance making power as follows:

(1) If at any time, except when both Houses of Parliament are in session, the President is satisfied that circumstances exist which render it necessary for him to take immediate action, he may promulgate such Ordinance as the circumstances appear to him to require

(2) An Ordinance promulgated under this article shall have the same force and effect as an Act of Parliament, but every such Ordinance

(a) shall be laid before both House of Parliament and shall cease to operate at the expiration of six weeks from the reassemble of Parliament, or, if before the expiration of that period resolutions disapproving it are passed by both Houses, upon the passing of the second of those resolutions; and

(b) may be withdrawn at any time by the President Explanation Where the Houses of Parliament are summoned to reassemble on different dates, the period of six weeks shall be reckoned from the later of those dates for the purposes of this clause

(3) If and so far as an Ordinance under this article makes any provision which Parliament would not under this Constitution be competent to enact, it shall be void.

This allows the President to promulgate ordinances during an emergency when the Parliament is not in session. The President can pass ordinances if one house is not in session. The nature of the ordinances is temporary. These ordinances have the legal force similar to any law passed by the legislation. Similarly, the Governor of an Indian state is empowered to pass laws under Article 213. Article 213 deals with the law making powers of the Governor of a state. These laws can be promulgated only when the legislative assembly is not in session and are temporary in nature. In the cases of states following bicameral form of legislature, the Governor can pass an ordinance if any one house is not in session. According to the Constitution, the ordinance may have a retrospective effect and may be passed to repeal other acts and ordinances. This power, however, cannot be used to amend the Constitution. This granting of legislative power was seen as a necessity during the drafting of the Constitution and the opinion is shared by many other experts and jurists. The ordinance making power of the President was justified by Dr. Ambedkar in the constituent assembly. 

“It is not difficult to imagine cases where the powers conferred by the ordinary law existing at any particular moment may be deficient to deal with a situation which may suddenly and immediately arise, what is the executive to do. The executive has got a new situation arisen, which it must deal with. Ex hypothesi it has not got the power to deal with that in the existing code of law. The emergency must be dealt with and it seems to me that the only solution is to confer upon the President the power to promulgate a law which will enable the executive to deal with that particular situation because it cannot resort to the ordinary process of law because, again ex hypothesi , the legislature is not in session. Therefore it seems to me that fundamentally there is no objection to the provisions contained in article 102.” 

To this, B. N. Rau observed that:

“The ordinance-making power has been the subject of greater criticism under the present Constitution. It must, however, be pointed out that the circumstances may exist where the immediate promulgation of a law is absolutely necessary and there is no time in which to summon the Union Parliament. . . .The President who is elected by the two Houses of Parliament and who was normally to act on the advice of ministers responsible to Parliament is not at all likely to abuse any ordinance-making power with which he may be invested.”

The article concerning ordinance making power drew inspiration from the previous The Government of India Act, 1935. Another appropriate could not be thought of at that time.

The Government of India Act, 1935 had two provisions dealing with the ordinance making power of the Governor General. According to Section 42 of this act, the Governor General had the power to introduce ordinances when the legislature was not in function. The Governor General could promulgate ordinances on his own or by following the advice of the ministers. The consultation with ministers was mandatory. According to Section 43 of this act, the Governor General could issue ordinances to carry out his functions or under the act which required him to act in his discretion. This can be seen as a parallel legislative power with a lifespan of only six months. The lifespan could be extended with the consent of the Crown. This act was also a source for the ordinance making power provided in the Indian constitution. In India, this provision has been met with mixed response. While some have supported the power citing emergency as a reason, others opposing the provision have reasoned that the power is undemocratic and an encroachment upon the legislative. 

The power vested in the executive is not without limitations. The president is empowered to pass legislation only in certain scenarios. He can pass legislations only when the Parliament is not in session. He can pass legislations even if one house is not in session. The President is allowed to legislation only when situation demands immediate action. Another necessary element, according to the Constitution, is that the President should be satisfied as to the circumstances that necessitate action. The legislation thus passed has to be approved within the prescribed time limit of six weeks after the reassembling of the Houses of the Parliament.