Month: June 2021

ECOLOGICAL SUCCESSION:

Ecological succession is process that describes how the structure of a biological community (that is, an interacting group of various species in a desert, forest, grassland, marine environment, and so on) changes over time.Ecological succession is the gradual process by which ecosystems change and develop over time. Nothing remains the same and habitats are constantly changing.

There are two main types of succession, primary and secondary.There are two main types of succession, primary and secondary.

Primary succession is the series of community changes which occur on an entirely new habitat which has never been colonized before. For example, a newly quarried rock face or sand dunes.

Secondary succession is the series of community changes which take place on a previously colonized, but disturbed or damaged habitat. For example, after felling trees in a woodland, land clearance or a fire.

The Major Points:

The species living in a particular place gradually change over time as does the physical and chemical environment within that area.Succession takes place because through the processes of living, growing and reproducing, organisms interact with and affect the environment within an area, gradually changing it.Each species is adapted to thrive and compete best against other species under a very specific set of environmental conditions.

If these conditions change, then the existing species will be outcompeted by a different set of species which are better adapted to the new conditions.The most often quoted examples of succession deal with plant succession. It is worth remembering that as plant communities change, so will the associated micro-organism, fungus and animal species. Succession involves the whole community, not just the plants.Change in the plant species present in an area is one of the driving forces behind changes in animal species.

This is because each plant species will have associated animal species which feed on it. The presence of these herbivore species will then dictate which particular carnivores are present.The structure or ‘architecture’ of the plant communities will also influence the animal species which can live in the microhabitats provided by the plants.Changes in plant species also alter the fungal species present because many fungi are associated with particular plants.

more Succession is directional. Different stages in a particular habitat succession can usually be accurately predicted.These stages, characterised by the presence of different communities, are known as ‘seres’.Communities change gradually from one sere to another. The seres are not totally distinct from each other and one will tend to merge gradually into another, finally ending up with a ‘climax’ community.Succession will not go any further than the climax community. This is the final stage.

This does not however, imply that there will be no further change. When large organisms in the climax community, such as trees, die and fall down, then new openings are created in which secondary succession will occur.Many thousands of different species might be involved in the community changes taking place over the course of a succession. For example, in the succession from freshwater to climax woodland.The actual species involved in a succession in a particular area are controlled by such factors as the geology and history of the area, the climate, microclimate, weather, soil type and other environmental factors.

Importance of Personal Boundaries

Personal Boundaries are important because they set the basic guidelines on how you want to be treated. It is essential to have personal boundaries in order to have healthy relationships. A healthy personal boundary is when you’re confident enough to say no to others when it is necessary, but it also means that you’re comfortable enough to open up to someone you’re close with.

Listed below are a few types of important personal boundaries:

1. Material Boundaries

Material boundaries refer to setting limits on lending or borrowing material possessions like money, clothes and other personal belongings. Healthy Material Boundaries involves setting limits to what you will share and with whom.

Material boundaries look like:

  • Being careful of whom you lend money to
  • Limiting sharing personal hygiene items like lip balm, clothes, etc.
  • Not spending time with people who do not respect your time

Material boundaries are violated when:

  • your things are destroyed or stolen or when they are “borrowed” too frequently.
  • Another material violation is the use of materials to manipulate and control relationships.

2. Emotional Boundaries

Emotional boundaries deals with people’s feelings and energy. It refers to how much emotional energy you can take in at a moment. A healthy emotional boundary involves knowing when to share and not share personal information and feelings and limiting sharing it with people who respond poorly.

Emotional boundaries look like:

  • Needing time to cool off after an argument
  • Not allowing people to shame or belittle you
  • Being honest to others about your emotional state

Emotional boundaries are violated when:

  • Your feelings are dismissed and criticized
  • Not respecting your personal space
  • asking people to justify their feelings
  • emotionally dumping on people without their permission
  • Telling other people how they feel

3. Physical Boundaries

Personal physical boundaries refers to the area immediately surrounding the body. A healthy physical boundaries refers to an understanding of who is allowed to come near our personal space. Physical boundary ranges from public space, social space, personal space to intimate space where nobody should be allowed without your consent.

Physical boundaries look like:

  • Choosing your comfortable level of physical intimacy (hugging, shaking hands
  • Setting a boundary of space with the people you live with
  • Asking people to respect your privacy

Physical boundaries are violated when:

  • Strangers initiate physical contact
  • Not knocking your room before they enter
  • Ridicule you for setting your boundaries

4. Sexual Boundaries

Sexual boundaries are very important in one’s life and are constantly under the threat of being violated. A healthy sexual boundary can be set by understanding the difference between ‘good touch’ and ‘bad touch’. Violation of this boundary can gravely affect someone’s life.

Sexual boundaries look like:

  • Always ensuring that both parties consent to the act
  • understanding that it is okay to say ‘no’ at any given time
  • Knowing whom to share intimate personal information with

Sexual boundaries are violated when:

  • Someone forces themselves onto you without consent
  • asking intrusive questions about your sexuality
  • sharing your intimate information about you without your consent

5. Spiritual Boundaries

We live in a society where many different religions are beliefs are followed. Spiritual boundaries refer to understanding that everyone has right to choose and believe in a religion. A healthy spiritual boundary involves respecting each other’s beliefs and their methods of portraying it.

Spiritual Boundaries look like:

  • Choosing whom to share your beliefs with
  • Following your own teachings and traditions
  • Not allowing people to abuse you for your beliefs

Spiritual Boundaries are violated when:

  • Going to a place of worship against your consent
  • Being forced into someone else’s beliefs
  • Being ridiculed for your beliefs

Setting up personal boundaries should be a priority in our lives as it plays an important role in coexisting harmoniously within the society.

Reference Links:

Health Problems Related To Stress And Their Remedies

1.Heart disease:

Stress can directly increase heart rate and blood flow, and causes the release of cholesterol into the blood stream. It’s also possible that stress is related to other problems like an increased likelihood of smoking or obesity that indirectly increase the heart risks.

Doctors do know that sudden emotional stress can be a trigger for serious cardiac problems, including heart attacks. People who have chronic heart problems need to avoid acute stress and learn how to successfully manage life’s unavoidable stresses as much as they can.

2. Asthma:

Many studies have shown that stress can worsen asthma. Some evidence suggests that a parent’s chronic stress might even increase the risk of developing asthma in their children. One study looked at how parental stress affected the asthma rates of young children who were also exposed to air pollution or whose mothers smoked during pregnancy. The kids with stressed out parents had a substantially higher risk of developing asthma.

3. Obesity:

Excess fat in the belly seems to pose greater health risks than fat on the legs and unfortunately, that’s just where people with high stress seem to store it.

4. Diabetes: 

Stress can worsen diabetes in two ways. First, it increases the likelihood of bad behaviors, such as unhealthy eating and excessive drinking. Second, stress seems to raise the glucose levels of people with type 2 diabetes directly.

5. Headaches:

Stress is considered one of the most common triggers for headaches. Not just tension headaches, but migraines as well.

6. Depression and anxiety: 

It’s probably no surprise that chronic stress is connected with higher rates of depression and anxiety. One survey of recent studies found that people who had stress related to their jobs like demanding work had an 80% higher risk of developing depression within a few years than people with lower stress.

7. Stomach problems: 

In some people, stress slows down digestion, causing bloating, pain and constipation, while in others it speeds it up, causing diarrhoea and frequent trips to the loo. Some people lose their appetite completely. Stress can also worsen digestive conditions like stomach ulcers and irritable bowel syndrome.

8. Alzheimer’s disease: 

Stress might worsen Alzheimer’s disease, causing its brain damage to become more quickly. Some researchers speculate that reducing stress has the potential to slow down the progression of the disease.

9. Accelerated aging: 

Stress can cause wrinkles to form because high amounts of cortisol, the stress hormone, can break down the skin’s collagen and elastin. Research has found that chronic stress can increase inflammation, causing skin aging and accelerating the formation of wrinkles.

10. Premature death:

Stress and depression can take a dangerous toll on the health of people with heart problems. People who had high levels of both stress and depression were 48 percent more likely to die or have a heart attack during the study period, compared with the group that had low levels of stress and depression. 

A number of strategies can help to reduce stress levels and improve well-being. Some methods for managing stress include:

1.Understanding the signs and symptoms: 

These indications can vary, but if a person can recognize their own signals of stress, they will be better able to manage them.

2. Speaking to friends and family:

They can provide emotional support and the motivation to take action.

3. Identifying triggers:

It is not always possible to avoid triggers of stress. However, taking note of specific triggers can help a person to develop coping and management strategies, which may involve reducing exposure.

4. Exercising regularly:

Physical activity increases the body’s production of endorphins, which are chemicals that boost the mood and reduce stress. Exercise can involve walking, cycling, running, working out, or playing sports.

5. Trying mindfulness:

People who practice this form of meditation use breathing and thought techniques to create an awareness of their body and surroundings. Mindfulness can have a positive impact on stress, anxiety, and depression.

6. Improving sleep quality:

Getting too little sleep or sleep of poor quality can contribute to stress. Try to get at least 7 hours every night, and set regular times for going to sleep and waking up. Avoid caffeine, eating, and intense physical activity in the hours before bed.

It can also help to unwind before sleeping, by listening to music, reading a book, taking a warm bath, or meditating. 

WHAT IS EVIDENCE?

Basically many people will think that evidence is nothing but proof supporting a claim or belief. but for public health interventions, evidence typically refers to the effectiveness of an intervention in achieiving an outcome that will create lasting changes in the health of the population. this evidence is usually published in scientific literature such as in professional journals, books or governament reports.

As a result many public health professionals have found other ways to describe or demonstrate the effectiveness of their interventions. the terms best practise, promising practise, exemplary practise, and model intervention are also used interchangebly with evidence in publiv health settings. this recommendations may be based on evidence that the intervention has been developed, implemented and evaluted according to behavioral science theories or models that have been successfull in creating changes in health related outcomes in other communities. it may seems obvious that there must be a legal concept of evidence that is distinguishable from the ordinary concept of evidence. after all there are in law many special rules on what can or cannot be introduced as evidence in the court, on how evidence is to be presented and the uses to which it may be put, on the strength or sufficiency of evidence proof and so forth. but the law remains silent on some crucial matters. in resolving the factual disputes before the court the jury or at a bench trail the judge has to relay on extra legal principles.

A PROFESSION IN AGRICULTURE- WHY NOT?

After many years agriculture has been referred to as an ageing profession with a majority of young people choosing it as the last opinion. at previous years many of the people were thinking a lot for choosing agriculture profession because the people in the society were thinking that if they choose agriculture profession many of them would not give us value and they may degrade us. this is the inner feeling of the people to do not choose the agriculture profession. but now a days if we ask the people in their formative years what they want to be when they growup and intial answers like doctors, engineers, pilots, will most definely float in the air. this begs the question is agriculture not a good profession especially given in the growing global population that needs to be fed?

Agriculture is not only important in the provision of the nutrients to man, but also plays a key role in landscapes restatement. growing up in farm are fascinated everyday basis made him realise he was cut out to be a farmer. some young professionals draw a completely different pictures. main challenge facing in agriculture field is farmers really dont know the value of themselves. they would love to be independent but there is no way out of the system

Why do we need taxes?

Taxes constitute a major source of revenue for modern governments. The total revenues of modern states besides tax revenues, non–tax revenues, customs and excise duties etc. also constitute parts of the revenue system. Tax revenues are important and useful as they do not create any liability to the state. Taxation is the only practical means of raising the revenue to finance government spending on the goods and services that most of us demand. Setting up an efficient and fair tax system is, however, far from simple, particularly for developing countries. 

Purpose of Taxation: Taxation is an important part of the national economic development. It serves many purposes, which are as follows: 

1. Pace of Economic Development: Tax policy can affect the pace of economic development and the way the rewards of that development are distributed. 

2. Improvement of Different Sectors: Collection of revenue helps to improve the performance of different sectors of the country. It cannot perform its administrative and development activities without collection of revenue. It is the main objective of tax. 

3. Redistribution of Income: It means the transfer of income from some individuals to others caused by progressive tax. Such redistribution from rich to poor reduces inequality. This can be accomplished by increasingly higher taxes, for example, estate and income tax. 

4. Correction of Externalities: Taxes can correct externalities and other forms of market failure such as monopoly. The purpose of taxes is to enable the government to regulate social welfare activities and to create a market to induce such activities. Also, government spending by using collection of taxes by increasing productive capacity and thus overcoming market failure. For example, health care may lead to a more healthier and productive workforce. 

5. Import Taxes: Import taxes may control imports and therefore help the country’s international balance of payments and protect industries from overseas competition. Indigenous industries may be awarded protection by way of taxation with the help of imposition of high custom duties on foreign goods.

Objectives and Principles of Tax: 

1. Tax as a Percentage of GDP: The current economic turmoil and recession requires special measures from governments. Degrees of taxation must be clearly stated as a percentage of Gross Domestic Product. Substantial tax gains show that there is quite a lot of burden on individuals as well as business houses. There must be an appraisal done before a tax is levied to question the requirement for new regulations and to set up a precise and up-to-date estimate of costs.  

2. Tax Simplification and Stability: Tax legislation and operation should be simple and straightforward to understand and comply with. To avoid too much time consumption in coping up with tax compliance, the volume of legislation must be kept to a minimum. Amendments in tax law, especially those that are opposite to earlier tax breaks or incentives that were the basis of business planning, must be reduced as much as possible.  

3. Openness, Transparency and Accountability: Tax policies should be transparent and without bias, but for a part of a declared discriminatory policy such as one required for promoting new businesses. There is a wider political question about the extent to which it is appropriate to use taxation as an instrument of social policy, for example, penalising smoking by heavy duties or environmental taxes to mitigate climate change.  

4. Certainty: This principle has been given by Adam Smith and explained earlier. The law should be framed in such a way that its interpretation must be the same whosoever analyses it. Authorities must be capable to amend and alter long established practices to which businesses are used to. Taxpayers must have certainty over Revenue authorities’ interrelations. 

5. Tax Competitiveness: The globalisation of business implies that every nation must make sure that its tax rates are competitive and its administration user friendly. Tax is a significant issue and a deciding factor in setting up a business. 

6. The tax base of a nation is more important than its rate. For instance, the headline corporate tax.

7. Efficiency: Efficient tax systems need to be developed so that the amounts due to the government can be collected without any delay, avoidance or evasion. Such efficiency would prevent the build-up of a black economy on one hand, and help the taxpayers in tax payment procedure on the other. 

Hence, a tax system that is rational, equitable and simple needs to be created. To promote growth, a stable revenue stream is needed so that inequalities are reduced and economic sustainability is achieved.

KOODIYATTAM

Koodiyattam


• One of the most ancient living theatrical traditions from Kerala.

• Antiquity of Koodiyattam goes to 10 the century A.D.

• King Kulasekhara Varma structured this art and
employed his own Sanskrit plays Tapatisamvaranam
& Subhadradhananjayam for the repertory.

• Koodiyattam finds its expression in ‘Koottambalam’ which means auditorium.

• Practiced and propagated by the Chakkiar community (also known by the name – Chakkiar Kootu).

• Women and men participate.
• Inspiration from the classics of Natyasastra, Kalidasa, Bhasa, Sriharsha,
Pallava Mahendra Varms, Kulasekhara, Saktibhadra etc.


Performance:

• Stage adoption is elaborate • Koodiyattam adheres to the acting technique elaborately described in Bharata’s Natyasastra, the basic book of Indian Dance.

• Also follow the stage manuals:
Attaprakaram, Karma Dipika, Hastalakshana Dipika etc.

• Costume: semi realistic and the stage mannerisms
are highly stylized.

• Orchestra: Cymbals, idakkai and a unique percussion instrument ‘milavu’ and flute – the Nangyars (women) sing while the Nambiyars (male) play the instruments.

• Characters
 Chakyaar – actor
 Naambiyaar – instrumentalists
 Naangyaar – women’s roles
 Sutradhar – narrator
 Vidushak or jesters – protagonists
 Vidushak alone delivers the dialogues
• Even single acts of plays are treated as full-fledged plays and are subjected to an elaborate method of acting.

• There is a wide emphasis on hand gestures and eye movements – makes this dance and theatre form unique.

• Performance language: Sanskrit, Prakrit,classical Malayalam.

• Chanting and singing of Koodiyattam resembles the Vedic chanting tradition
of Kerala.

• Songs are set to several ancient ragas.

• Need for proactive intervention from the
Government.

• Krishnattam and Kathakali draw heavily fro Koodiyatam.

• Intangible Cultural Heritage of UNESCO along with Mudiyettu.

My Little Childhood Friends Are No More..

Remember..Sparrows? Do you know when was the last time you saw them in bulk or even in a small group.

I recall being amazed at these little birds as a kid, the way they used to walk on the grounds here and there eating little chunks of food everywhere, listening their squeeky noices all around the whole day especially in the mornings, watching them build their nests. I couldn’t understand their chirping but each time I heard them it felt like they are talking to me, and I wished i could talk to them as well. Trying to play with birds was one of the favourite activities of every kid back in early centuries. And the best memory would surely be when these little cute creatures entered our classrooms in the morning chirping and flying around and the whole class would concentrate on it rather than the teacher.

However, as the times passed, everyone grew old and indulged into the race of life. We all forgot to find the happiness in those little things. But the worst part is we also forgot our responsibilities. Responsibilities towards nature, Environment and all the living organisms within. We humans became selfish. In order to make our lives easy, comfortable and full of luxuries and for several other purposes to benefit us we started snatching away even the basic necessities that is., their habitats from birds and all the other animals. Just because these organisms couldn’t express themselves or stand up for themselves or claim any properties on their own doesn’t mean they aren’t having a right to all these. The world, it’s environment including the space has been equally provided and rightfully belongs to all the living beings on this planet and we have no right to exclude any being from here for our profits.

STATE OF BIRDS IN INDIA OVER A PAST FEW YEARS.

According to the reports of, https://www.stateofindiasbirds.in/ over 867 species of birds have been assessed from over 10,00,000 observations contributed by 15,500 birdwatchers all over the country, 52% of species show clear decline over the past decades, there’s 100% increase in the abundance of peafowl across the country and 101 species are classified as of High Conservation Concern.

CAUSES OF THESE CIRCUMSTANCES

The Foremost major cause found for this increasing problem is ‘HUMAN’. Top Human activities causing these extinctions and deprivations in numbers of birds include increased Human population. The rapidly increasing population all over the country calls for increased requirement of space for human beings to settle and survive due to which the constructors generally tend to destruct the habitat of birds and animals ( basically, clearing out forests by deforestation or burning down the whole fields), excessive egg collection takes place for providing/ having fancy meals, highly increased number of vehicles being purchased for easier travelling and comfort, luxury and for proving high status by humans in a past few years have resulted in a huge hike in pollution levels which is continuously degrading the quality of air and creating more dangerous environment for birds to live and breathe in. Another reasons including bird trafficking done nationally and internationally for selling birds as food, pets, leather, etc. Using immense amounts of pesticides and herbicides on plants which are not only harmful for humans but also for birds as it damages or inculcate diseases inside their body leading to their deaths. Global warming done by us creates severe climatic changes which has an immense impact on bird extinction makes it difficult for them to survive. It also destroys their abilities to fight diseases.

Birds are also said to be sensitive to magnetic radiation. Increasing number of cell phones and network towers affect them severely as the over limit microwaves radiated by the towers are responsible to damange their eggs and embryos and it even affects and damages their brain cells up to an extent.

For example, one of the most popular extinct species of birds is DODO. It were flightless and mentally weak birds which lived solely on the island of Mauritius in Indian Ocean. It’s limited range, inability to fly and lack of exposure along with fear of humans contributed to it’s rapid extinction. Humans in 17th century took an advantage of these shortcomings of the speechless and helpless organsims and killed it huge numbers for food . This, resulting in its extinction.

ON THE CONTRARY..

There are hundreds of such examples of birds and animals being extinct due to selfish deeds of humans. Perhaps, we should be the ones to save, protect these organisms as only humans are the ones who are learned and know the actual importance of maintaing a balanced environment. There’s no choice of bringing back the already extincted ones so we can ‘ let the bygones be bygones’ and now as we are clearly acknowledged with the information of the quantity and kinds of bird population deprivation, necessity of protecting these species, pros and cons to of our methodologies and activities and what damage it causes and what preventive measures we could take unlike the people in earlier times all of us should on whole come up together and do our bit in saving our Country’s immense biodiversity.

CLIMATE CHANGE

“Saving our planet, lifting people out of poverty, advancing economic growth… these are one and the same fight. We must connect the dots between climate change, water scarcity, energy shortages, global health, food security, and women’s empowerment. Solutions to one problem must be solutions for all.”

Climate is sometimes mistaken for weather. But climate is different from weather because it is measured over a long period of time, whereas weather can change from day to day, or from year to year. The climate of an area includes seasonal temperature and rainfall averages, and wind patterns. Different places have different climates. A desert, for example, is referred to as an arid climate because little water falls, as rain or snow, during the year. Other types of climates include tropical climates, which are hot and humid, and temperate climates, which have warm summers and cooler winters.

Climate change is the long-term alteration of temperature and typical weather patterns in a place. Climate change could refer to a particular location or the planet as a whole. Climate change may cause weather patterns to be less predictable. These unexpected weather patterns can make it difficult to maintain and grow crops in regions that rely on farming because expected temperature and rainfall levels can no longer be relied on. Climate change has also been connected with other damaging weather events such as more frequent and more intense hurricanes, floods, downpours, and winter storms. In polar regions, the warming global temperatures associated with climate change have meant ice sheets and glaciers are melting at an accelerated rate from season to season. This contributes to sea levels rising in different regions of the planet. Together with expanding ocean waters due to rising temperatures, the resulting rise in sea level has begun to damage coastlines as a result of increased flooding and erosion.

The cause of current climate change is largely human activity, like burning fossil fuels, like natural gas, oil, and coal. Burning these materials releases what are called greenhouse gases into Earth’s atmosphere. There, these gases trap heat from the sun’s rays inside the atmosphere causing Earth’s average temperature to rise. This rise in the planet’s temperature is called global warming. The warming of the planet impacts local and regional climates. Throughout Earth’s history, climate has continually changed. When occurring naturally, this is a slow process that has taken place over hundreds and thousands of years. The human influenced climate change that is happening now is occurring at a much faster rate. To avoid the worst effects of climate change, we need to dramatically reduce global carbon emissions. But we must also prepare for the significant and unavoidable consequences of carbon emissions such as increasing temperatures, shifting precipitation patterns, ocean acidification, sea level rise and the increasing intensity and frequency of extreme weather events. WWF works with local communities, governments and others around the world to help nature and people prepare for the many impacts of a changing climate. e are the first generation to feel the sting of climate change, and we are the last generation that can do something about it.

Job for everyone! Work from home

Are you looking for a job? Which should be your type!

Are you a student, graduate or intermediate?

Do you want to work from home?

Do you want a typing job or data entry jobs?

Well! If your answer is yes, then you are eligible for this job!

Today I will tell you about a new amazing website , where you can register and can earn money in us dollars!

isn’t it exiting? Want to know? Then come with me!

this website is safe for you and 100% reliable and trusted! So you don’t need to worry!

  1. Go to google chrome with your smartphone or desktop.
  2. type FREELANCER in the search bar.
  3. You will see screen like this

4. Choose the first option and you will redirected to the website.

5. There will be two options on this website-

1- Hire

2- work as a freelancer

6. Choose option two for work.

7 . Add your details and register yourself.

8. Choose your payment method. It will be safe and secure for you to choose a PayPal account of you.

9. Complete your profile and you will get your work.

10. Now it’s turn to earn money for your hard work!!

I hope this article was helpful to y! Go and find your type of job!

Best of luck!!!

PTSD

Always remember, if you have been diagnosed with PTSD, it is not a sign of weakness; rather, it is proof of your strength, because you have survived!.

People who have encountered or seen a traumatic incident such as a natural catastrophe, a major accident, a terrorist attack, war/combat, or rape, or who have been threatened with death, sexual assault, or significant injury, may develop posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). PTSD affects approximately 3.5 percent of U.S. adults every year. Women are twice as likely as men to have the disorder problem. Latinos, African Americans and American Indians are disproportionately affected by the disease. It Is estimated that one in 11 people will be diagnosed with PTSD in their lifetime. People with this disorder have intense, disturbing thoughts and feelings related to their traumatic event that last long after the traumatic event has ended. People with PTSD may avoid situations or people that remind them of the traumatic experience. They may feel detached or estranged from other people. The symptoms include flashbacks, sadness, fear and anger. PTSD is a form of post-traumatic stress disorder. Symptoms can last for more than a month and cause significant distress or problems in daily functioning. Many individuals develop symptoms within three months of the trauma, but symptoms may persist for months and sometimes years. PTSD often occurs with depression, substance use, memory problems and other physical and mental health problems. 

Symptoms:-

  1. Intrusion:- Repetitive, involuntary recollections; unpleasant nightmares; or flashbacks to the traumatic incident are examples of intrusive thoughts. People may have flashbacks that are so vivid that they believe they are reliving or witnessing the terrible event.
  2. Alterations in arousal and reactivity:- Being impatient and having furious outbursts; acting recklessly or in a self-destructive manner; being too attentive of one’s surroundings in a suspicious manner; being easily startled; or having difficulty focusing or sleeping are all examples of arousal and reactive symptoms.
  3. Alterations in cognition and mood:- A person who has suffered a traumatic experience is unable to remember or express the negative thoughts and feelings leading to ongoing and distorted beliefs about oneself or others (e.g., “I am bad,” “No one can be trusted” are symptoms of post traumatic stress disorder.
  4. Avoidance:- Avoiding people, places, activities, items, and circumstances that may trigger painful memories is one way to prevent reminders of the traumatic experience. People may strive to forget or avoid recalling the unpleasant experience. They may be adamant about not discussing what occurred or how they feel about it.

Treatment:-

Not everyone who experiences trauma develops PTSD requires psychiatric treatment. The earlier a person gets treatment, the better chance of recovery. Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) can be treatable and treatable with professional help.Psychiatrists and other mental health professionals use various effective (research-proven) methods to help people recover from PTSD. Both talk therapy and medication provide effective evidence-based treatments for PTSD. The most effective is cognitive behavior therapies (CBT), which is very effective.

  1. Cognitive Processing Theory:- Focuses on altering unpleasant negative feelings (such as shame, guilt, and others) and beliefs (such as “I have failed”; “the world is unsafe”) that have arisen as a result of the trauma. Therapists assist the individual in confronting such upsetting memories and feelings.
  2. Medication:- Can aid in the management of PTSD symptoms. Furthermore, the symptom alleviation that medicine offers helps many patients to participate in psychotherapy more successfully. The basic symptoms of PTSD are often treated with antidepressants. Other medicines may be used to treat post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) patients’ nightmares and sleep issues, as well as to reduce anxiety and physical agitation.
  3. Stress Inoculation Therapy:- Attempts to provide the individual with the required copying abilities to effectively fight against stressful triggers by exposing them to lower amounts of stress, similar to how a vaccination prevents infection following exposure to a disease.
  4. Prolonged Exposure Therapy:-Utilises safe, controlled exposures to symptom “triggers” or repeated, vivid imaginings of the trauma to help a person face and acquire control of anxiety and discomfort and learn to cope. Virtual reality programmes, for example, have been utilised to assist PTSD patients re-experience the battlefield in a safe and therapeutic way.
  5. Group Therapy:- Invites survivors of comparable horrific situations to talk about their feelings and experiences in a safe, non-judgmental environment. Members of the group assist one another in realising that many others would have reacted in the same way and had the same feelings. Because the behaviour and discomfort of the individual with PTSD can influence the entire family, family counselling may be beneficial.Interpersonal, supportive, and psychodynamic treatments, for example, focus on the emotional and interpersonal elements of PTSD. These might be beneficial for those who don’t want to be reminded of their experiences.
  6. Other treatments including complementary and alternative therapies:- Are also becoming more widely utilised to assist persons suffering from post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). These methods of treatment are used outside of traditional mental health clinics and may involve less talking and disclosure than psychotherapy. Acupuncture and animal-assisted therapy are two examples.

MAJOR DEVELOPMENTS IN MEDICAL BIOTECHNOLOGY FIELD

STEM CELL RESEARCH

We all are in the era of major developments occurring around us in the field of scientific research. Research studies make it very convenient for us to understand and go through the minute details be it any disease or it’s treatment based on it; or if we want to know about certain causes of the disease such as a virus, bacteria, protozoa and many other microbes.

Now a days, many of us come across this word ‘stem cell’ either in science magazines or on internet in several journals. Stem cells are basically those special human cells that have the ability to develop into many different cell types. It is very surprising to know that it can range from muscle cells to brain cells. In some cases, they can also fix or heal the damaged tissues. Stem cells can also be considered as regenerative cells because of their ability to regenerate different tissues. The key properties of a stem cell were first defined by Ernest McCulloch and James Till at the University of Toronto in the early 1960s. They discovered the blood forming stem cell- the hematopoietic stem cell(HSC) through their pioneer work on a mice. Their research on mice paved different paths for other scientists to unleash this field. Scientists discovered ways to derive embryonic stem cells from early mouse embryos way back in 1981. The detailed study of the biology of mouse stem cells led to the discovery of the method to derive stem cells from human embryos and grow the cells in laboratory in the year 1998. Although it seems to be very recent but through all these discoveries on stem cells we have come a long way to know various techniques to store and preserve them for future purposes.

WHY ARE STEM CELLS IMPORTANT?

What sleep is to our brain, stem cells are to our body tissues. This maybe a little contradicting but the relation comes in a way that if we are stressed and tired, a good sleep can regenerate our energy similarly our torn and damaged tissues can be regenerated back by the stem cells.

Stem cells provide new cells for the body as it grows and replaces the specialized cells that are damaged or lost. They have two unique properties that enable them to do so: (i) they can divide over and over again to produce new cells. (ii) as they divide, they can change into other types of cells also that contribute to our body’s framework.

Stem cells are useful in both research as well as therapy. For research- they help us to understand the basic biology of how living things work and what happens in different types of cell during disease. For therapy- they replace the lost or damaged cells of our body.

STEM CELL RESEARCH

Apart from the things that stem cells do to our body they can also be useful to study how cells become specialized for specific functions in the body, and what all mistakes in this process can lead to a disease. We grow tissues and organ structures from stem cells which can then be studied to find out how they function and how they get affected by different drugs.

APPLICATIONS OF STEM CELLS

Adult stem cells are said to be multipotent which means that they have the capacity to self-renew by dividing and developing into multiple specialized cell types. These cells are currently being used to treat some conditions such as blood stem cells used to provide a source of healthy blood cells for people with some blood conditions like thalassemia, cancer who have lost their own blood stem cells during treatment; and skin stem cells can be used to generate new skin for people with serious burns.

Stem cells can also be used to generate new organs for their use in transplants. This can be done by replacing damaged organs with the healthy organs obtained from a donor. Although this process is quite a good alternative for people with organ failure but they may face a rejection from their body’s immune system considering the organ grafted to be a foreign substance.

Marital Rape

“Sexual intercourse or sexual acts by a man with his own wife, the wife not being under fifteen years of age, is not rape.”

Nevertheless, the world’s largest democracy slips far behind terms of legislative development and revisions in response to evolving societal needs. One of the causes for this is the backlog in case resolution. Marital Rape Legislation is the same way.
The law has always been ambiguous when it comes to marital rape. Women all across the world, not only in India, are victims of marital rape. People began to demand justice and adequate regulations on marital rape as society progressed. India is one of the thirty-six countries that have not yet made marital rape a crime. All of these countries have their own legal opinions and justifications for not criminalising.
The perception of marital rape varies greatly from country to country. Deem on this stumbling block has always been out of sync. Some Islamic countries, including as Afghanistan, Algeria, Bangladesh, and Pakistan, discuss the concept of shariyat and the role of their customs in not criminalising marital rape. China is a country where the law protects same-sex couples and victims of violence.

What is the most common form of rape in India?
The definition of rape established in Section 375 of the Indian legal code covers all types of statutory offences including non-consensual intercourse with a woman (IPC).
The non-criminalization of marital status rape is permitted in India under Exception a couple of to Section 375.
On the other hand, unwanted sexual activity between a husband and a woman over the age of fifteen is exempt from Section 375’s definition of “rape,” and hence is not punishable.
Following the establishment of marital status relations, it is possible for a better half to transmit her husband’s eternal consent to have sex with her.

Both legal and constitutional rights may be violated by marital rape.


1. The non-criminalization of marriage rape stretches back to the nation-state era, according to the Coverture Doctrine. The practise of matrimonial rape profoundly affected and developed the idea of combining a woman’s identity with that of her husband.
When the IPC was founded within the decade, a mate was not considered a separate legal entity.
The IPC’s marriage exemption was created in response to Victorian paternal ideals that denied men and women equality, prohibited married women from holding property, and dissolved husband and mate identities under the “Doctrine of Coverture.”
2. Matrimonial rape may constitute a breach of Article 14 of the Indian constitution, which guarantees equality.
The Exception separates women into two groups based on their legal status and prevents men from committing crimes against their wives.
As a result of the Exception, married women might be persecuted purely because of their support, although single women are protected from similar offences.

3. Section 375 of the Indian penal code is designed to protect women while punishing those who commit rape.
Exempting husbands from societal control, on the other hand, goes against the aim, because rape has long-term consequences regardless of whether or not a woman is married.
Married ladies may also find it more difficult to flee abusive situations because they are de jure and financially linked with their spouses
4. Health, privacy, dignity, safe living conditions, and a safe environment are among the rights guaranteed in Article 21, according to the Supreme Court’s innovative interpretation.

Conclusion
In India, husbands and wives today have separate and independent legal identities, and most current jurisprudence is particularly concerned with women’s safety.

As a result, it is past time for the legislature to recognise this legal flaw and repeal Section 375 (Exception 2) of the IPC, bringing marital rape under the jurisdiction of rape legislation.

Blackgaze – The Union of Metal’s ferocity and ethereal soundscape

Blackgaze is a fusion genre, the combination of black metal(which includes shrieking vocals, fast tempos, heavily distorted guitars and an emphasis on atmosphere) and shoegazing(delicate mixture of obscured vocals, guitar distortion and overwhelming volume). The word is a blend of the mentioned genres. It can be defined as a mixture of the hardcore instrumentation of black metal with the mellower, more dreamy soundscapes of shoegaze.

The genre was primarily influenced by atmospheric black metal bands like Ulver, and pioneered by French musician Neige in around 2004 through the projects Alcest, Amesoeurs and Lantlôs. Alcest’s ‘Le Secret’ is termed by many as “the birth of blackgaze”. It really developed through the band by their debut album Souvenirs D’Un Autre Monde, released in 2007. Alcest has since released several albums like Les Voyages de l’âme, Shelter, Kodama and Spiritual Instinct, with Neige describing the sounds delivered in an ‘angelic cod’ and a ‘raw, distant shriek’. Alcest has risen to prominence not only in blackgaze, but metal folklore.

Alcest

American band Deafheaven are also credited for promoting the genre with their success. The Guardian even termed them as ‘Blackgaze’s de facto poster boys’, describing their second album ‘Sunbather’ as pivotal to blackgaze. Deafheaven’s vocalist George Clarke himself cites the work of Alcest as the bands blueprint for their musical inspiration and direction.

With the blackgaze gaining more and more hardcore fans by the day though bands like Agalloch, Alcest, Altar of Plagues, Deafheaven, Ghost Bath, Liturgy, Oathbreaker and Wolves in the Throne Room the genre is just warming up.

Garhwali Culture

Garhwal is a beautiful place marked by the tall mountains, cold weather and green valleys. People from all over the country visit the place to meditate and attain peace in a life full of so much chaos. The very ancient wood carving can be seen even today on some of the doors as well temples of Garhwal. All the places such as Ransi temple, Srinagar temple, Chandpur fort, Padukeshwar and Devalgarh temple comprise of architectural remains even today.

Garhwali is the main language spoken here. Garhwali language has a number of dialects too including Jaunsari, Marchi, Jadhi and Sailani. The Garhwali language is believed to have originated from a combination of- Sauraseni Prakrit, Sanskrit and Western or Central Pahari language. Garhwal is inhabited by people belonging to a number of ethnic groups and castes. These include Rajputs who are believed to belong to Aryan origin, Brahmins who migrated after the Rajputs or later, tribals of Garhwal who stay in the Northern tracts and comprise of Jaunsaris, Jadhs, Marchas and Van Gujars.

It’s Very Difficult To Describe Garhwal Or Gadhwal In Few Words. This Place Has Worldwide Reorganization As Devbhoomi As Here You Can Find A Majority Of Temples, Holy Shrines, Spirituality, Tourism And Pilgrimage. Garhwal Region Is Surrounded By Splendid Beauty Of Snow-Capped Himalayan Peaks, Heavenly Rivers And Awesome Valley That Are The Major Attraction Of Garhwal. Along With That The Intense Woods, Prosperous Heritage And Friendly People Are Additionally Defines The Natural Beauty Of Garhwal. It Is Bordered On The North By Tibet, On The South By Uttar Pradesh, On The East By Kumaon Region And On The West By Himachal Pradesh. Pauri Or Pauri Garhwal Is The Administrative Division Of Uttaranchal.

People

The culture of Garhwal presents an interesting blend of the indigenous population and traditions of other immigrants that settled here periodically. The local people of the region are associated with many tribes and work hard to earn their living. Folk dance and music forms an integral part of the people and culture of Garhwal.

Beauty of the place

Garhwal is a delightful spot set apart by the tall mountains, green valleys and chilly climate. Individuals from everywhere throughout the nation visit the spot to think and achieve harmony in an actual existence brimming with so much tumult. The extremely old wood cutting can be seen even today on a portion of the entryways also sanctuaries of Garhwal. This place has worldwide sort-out as devbhoomi and here everyone will majority of temples, holy shrines, spirituality, tourism and pilgrimage.

Language Spoken

Garhwali is the primary language spoken in this region. Garhwali language has various lingos also including Jaunsari, Marchi, Jadhi and Sailani. Garhwal is occupied by individuals having a place with various cultural gatherings and ranks. The principle languages spoken here are Hindi, Kumaoni, Garhwali, Bhotiya and Jaunsari.

Songs and dances

Folk songs of this area mirror an essential effortlessness and simple feelings generally got from the earth of harmony, peacefulness and the open nature all around. The subjects of tunes are justifiably connected with different farming exercises, their pillar and the incredible love for the land.

Folk dances of the area are a part for amusement and entertainment and applauding the nearby Gods. Normally most of the dances performed in groups. These society moves are primarily affected by the reverential connection of the individuals with “Natraja“, the God Shiva, and the relationship of “Pandava“ of Mahabharata to the Garhwal Himalaya.

Dresses

Dresses for Men

The traditional clothing of men wears kurta and Pyjama or Churidar along with a Topi or a cap. The age of the men matters for wearing of topi or cap. During the occasion of the wedding the males wear yellow colour cotton Kurta with dhoti.

Dresses for Women

Married womenfolk are dressed in silvery jewellery known as Hansuli which decorates the spouse’s neck along with guluband. Even though they wear their old-style clothes to respect their heritage.