Methodology: 

● Description of the problem. 

● Cause of the problem. 

● Analysis of the problem. 

● Control of the problem. 

➡ Introduction to the problem: 

According to a World Health Organisation (WHO) study, published in early 2017, Skopje, which is located at the bottom of a valley, was among ten cities in Europe with the highest concentration of fine particles. Skopje, like the four other Balkans cities listed among the 10, has an industry based on coal or lignite, used also for heating. Skopje, Sofia, Prishtina, and Sarajevo are on the list of Europe’s most polluted cities. 

According to the local media, 38% of all deaths in Tetovo and 22% at the state level are the direct result of air pollution. Yet, the problem is neglected for most of the year. Only when winter comes and thick smog suffocates the city and its inhabitants, it is revived by the media and the political opposition. Hence, VMRO-DPMNE is now blaming the ruling SDSM for the bad air quality, as if it had not ruled the country for 10 years until 2017. 

Pollution grip on the Macedonian’s capital Due to the high air pollution the whole city is not visible from the sky. By just seeing this picture we can understand what is the actual condition of the air pollution in Macedonian.

➡ Cause of the problem: 

As a consequence, in less than five years, the number of registered vehicles increased from 350,000 to 475,000 – most running on diesel, therefore with higher emission of PM particles compared to gasoline. 

Another factor is the savage urbanization of the cities. Instead of green parks, new buildings are springing up like mushrooms after rain. Apart from the main city park, there is not a single green space in Skopje that has not shrunk in the past 10-15 years. Illegal logging is endemic around cities and in the neighboring mountain areas, further deteriorating the ecosystem. Rather than addressing the problem, politicians have exploited it for electoral purposes. 

During the VMRO-DPMNE era in 2006–2017, the SDSM constantly attacked the government’s reckless ecological policies, promising a more eco-friendly approach. Excess usage of vehicles in that particular area has adversely affected the climate change in Skopje and has increased air pollution at the same time. 

➡ Analysis of the problem:

The poor air quality in the Republic of Macedonia is predominantly due to the tiny combustion particles called PM10 (10 micrometers or less in diameter) and PM2.5 (2.5 micrometers or less in diameter). 

These can easily penetrate deep into the body, causing not only breathing problems, but also other dangerous health issues. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), 2,574 people die prematurely every year as a direct result of air pollution. Skopje’s annual mean for 2016 was 40 µg/m3 (40 micrograms per cubic meter), which is 4 times higher than the annual WHO guideline (10 µg/m3), and 60 percent greater than the official Macedonian target[2] and European guideline[3] (25 µg/m3). 

Graph 1 below shows the daily PM2.5 observations over the last year for Skopje (Centar), Bitola, Tetovo, and Kumanovo. All four cities regularly exceed the WHO daily guideline (25 µg/m3) with winter being the worst period. 

➡ Control of the problem: 

Quality and a healthy living environment are one of the basic preconditions for a quality life of all citizens in the Republic of Macedonia and a commitment of the Government of the Republic of Macedonia. Clean air is one of the main components, which, unfortunately, historically seen in the Republic of Macedonia, has seen high values in recent decades. 

Some ways to prevent the effect of air pollution in Macedonian Capital Skopje are: 

● The plantation of trees can reduce the increase of harmful chemical gases in the air. 

● Less use of vehicles. 

● More use of renewable energy in place of oils and fuels. 

● Use of solar panels.

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We know already that flowering plants have root,stem and leaves.They are called vegetative organs.Flowers,fruits and seeds in a plant are called reproductive organs.In earlier classes we have seen that new plants can be grown from seeds.In this lesson,we are going to know how a flower changes itself into a fruit,and the modifications of root,stem and leaves of a plant.

Reproduction

We can see from this activity that watermelon plant is produced from that seeds.potato plant is not from seed,but from the steam Tuber (Vegetative part).seed is not only the source for new generation,even vegetative part of a plant can be used to produce a new plant.The process by which plants and animals produce young ones and increase their number is known as ‘reproduction’. Drumstick tree can be grown from both seeds and stem cuttings.When plants are reproduced from the seeds we call that process as sexual reproduction.All other ways of reproduction without seed are called as asexual reproduction.

Sexual reproduction

Seed is produced from a flower by the process of pollination and fertilization.This is known as sexual reproduction.To understand how seeds are formed in a flower, first we need to understand parts of a flower.

Parts of a flower

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Let us compare few buds and opened flowers of Hibiscus and Datura.Observe bud and opened flower of Hibiscus and Datura.we can tabulate the characteristics of Hibiscus and Datura flowers as below.

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In a bud ,we can see a green colour,leaf like structure which cover the whole bud or flower.Each of these green leaf like structure present as an outermost layer is called as sepal.This outer most ring of sepals is known as Calyx.Petals are the largest part of flowers.They are often attractive, brightly coloured, sometimes sweet scented and attract the insects.The ring of petals together is called corolla.

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Inside corolla,in Hibiscus,we can observe a long tube on which many stamens are arranged.But,in Datura we can see only five stalked structures,stamens.This ring or whorl of a flower is called androecium.Each stamens consists of two parts-a stalk called filament and a lobe called anther.If you touch these lobes in a mature flower,we can get a powdery substance called pollen grains

Inside androecium whorl,we can find a female reproductive part of the flower, called gynoecium.You will find this part with a swollen bottom part.

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This is a ovary.Seeds are produced in this part.On top of the ovary there is a slender tube like structure called style.The top most striky tip of the style is stigma.Pollen grains are received by the stigma.This is the fourth whorl of a flower.

Types of flowers

Flowers can be divided into two types.They are explained below.

Complete Flower

If all the four whorls-calyx,corolla,stamens and pistil are present,then it is called as complete flower.complete flowers are bisexual flowers.

Incomplete Flower

If any of these four whorls is missing,then it is called as incomplete flower.Incomplete flowers are unisexual flowers.There are two types of Unisexual flowers,male flowers and female flower.The flower with androecium and without gynoecium is called as male flower and the one with gynoecium and without androecium is known as female flowers.

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Pollination

We know that flowers of pumpkin are unisexual-that is some flowers are male while many are female flowers.We can easily identify the male and female flower of pumpkin,even before the buds bloom.To understand how a flower develops into fruit,let us perform an experiment on pumpkin plant.The process by which pollen grains reach stigma is called as pollination.The flower that receives pollen grains is called pollinated flower while the one that did not receive pollen grains is called as unpollinated flower.In the above experiment we transferred the pollen grains from male flower to the female flower. This is called as an artificial pollination.However ,in nature there are many ways in which pollen grains reach the stigma of the flower and it is called as natural pollination.
In some plants like grasses, pollen grains are light.Staments shed pollen grains,and are carried by wind to other flower.Insects ,birds are also agents of pollination.Bees, butterflies and variety of birds hover around flowers. They help to carry pollen from one flower to another.Pollen grains stick to their legs,wings or abdomen when they move from one flower to another.This is called as cross pollination.when you shake,pollen grains fall.Thus,when wind shakes the flower or when a butterfly agitates the flower,pollen grains could fall into the sigma of the same flower.Some plants that have both the male and female parts within a single flower (bisexual) pollinate by this means.This is called as self pollination

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Beans(Fabaceae) and tomatoes (Solanaceae) commonly self-pollinate.Even though,for example,tomato self pollinate,they need the help of the insects to create vibrations within the flowers that will effectively loosen the pollen.Paddy is mostly self pollinating using just gentle wind as the pollinating agent.The agents that are helping in pollination are called as pollinators.In many plants,pollens have to come from some other flowers.This is obvious in case of plants which have distinct male and female flowers like pumpkin.In some flowers the gynoecium matures first before the androecium shed pollens.Such as apples,plums, strawberries, pumpkins use insects for cross-pollination.

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Fertilization

During pollination,pollen grains reach stigma.What happens to them after this? substance produced on the stigma causes the pollen grain to germinate.During the germination a tube develops from the pollen grain which carries male gametes and ultimately reaches female inside the ovary through the style.Male gamete fuses with the female gamete to form zygote .This process is known as fertilization.Where is this female gamete located? Inside the ovary,small rounded structures,ovules are present.In these ovules, female gamete is present.To know more about this,we should cut ovary of a flower in longitudinal and transverse ways.cut a ovary of a flower both vertically and horizontally.Observe the ovules.compare the ovary and ovules from few different flowers.Are there one or more ovules? Can you see any connection between the number of ovules in the ovary number of seeds in each fruit?

Collect some fruits like tomato,brinjal, lady’s finger(vegetable),mango,peas and custard apple and observe.You can see some green part above brinjal and lady’s finger.what are they?
Compare mango, custard apple and peas.All these are single fruits but custard apple has many small parts in it,each with a seed .Mango has a single seed and pea has many seeds.what do you understand from the above observations?
♦ A green part above fruit of brinjal and lady’s finger are sepals of a flower.In some plants,after fertilization,sepal will not fall from fruit and remain or persist with fruit.
♦️ Custard apple is made up of many fruits, aggregated together.Each fruit part is thin, membranous with some granule like, which is edible.
♦️ In mango the outer skin and middle pulpy are edible and sweet .The inner most part is with single seed.
♦️ In pea the fruit is not fleshy,but forms a convering pouch for many seeds.

In all the above fruits, Ovary,a lower most swollen part of pistil develops into a fleshy fruit.Ovules present inside the ovary gets transformed into a seed.

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⭐This physiographic division is the largest part of the plateau region India. The shape of this plateau is roughly triangular.
⭐ One of the sides of this triangle is marked by the line joining Kanyakumari with Rajmahal Hills and this line passes through the Eastern Ghats.

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⭐The second arm is marked by the Satpura Range, Mahadeo Hills, Maikal Range and the Rajmahal Hills.
⭐The third arm is marked by the Western Ghats.
⭐The area of this plateau is about 7 lakh square km and the height ranges from 500 to 1000 m above sea level.

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⭐The Western Ghats forms the Western edge of the Panisular Plateau. It runs parallel to the Arabian Sea coast.
⭐The northern part of this range is called as Sahyadris. The height of the Sahyadris increases from North to South.
⭐Anaimudi is a sort of tri-junction of the Anaimalai Range, the Cardamom Hills and the Palani Hills.

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⭐Kodaikanal is a beautiful hill resort situated on the Palani Hills.
⭐ Eastern Ghats run from Southwest to Northeast from the eastern edge of this Plateau.
⭐The range is also called as Poorvadri.

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⭐The Eastern Ghats join the Western Ghats at the Nilgiri hills, bordering Karnataka and Tamil Nadu.
⭐The Eastern Ghats are not continuous like the Western Ghats.
⭐The rivers of Mahanadi, Godavari, Krishna, Pennar and Kaveri have dissected this range at many places.

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Empowerment means giving power to someone to try and do something in a very country like India where the slogan originated – 

that means – Where Women are honored, divinity blossoms there, and where ever women are dishonored, all action, regardless of how noble it’s going to be, remains unfruitful. in an exceedingly country like India, the necessity for women’s empowerment may be a concern of thinking that why to try and do a nation with such great thoughts needs for the encouragement of ladies during this developing era. 

Schemes launched by the govt. of India: 

The government of India has launched many schemes for the empowerment of ladies. 

Beti Bachao, Beti Pdhao (22nd January 2015) – 

To provide education to ladies and their welfare. to stop the violation within the interest of ladies. To celebrate the birth of a lady child. 

One-Stop Centre Scheme (1st April 2015) – 

To provide support and assistance to women laid low with violence at private or at any public place, no matter caste, class, religion, region, sexual orientation, or legal status. 

UJJAWALA (December 2007) – 

For Prevention of trafficking, Rehabilitation, and Re-integration of Victims of Trafficking and Commercial Sexual Exploitation. 

Women Helpline Scheme (1st April 2015) – 

To provide 24-hour emergency and non-emergency responses to women tormented by violence including sexual offenses and harassment both within the public and personal sphere, including e family, community, workplace, etc. 

Support to Training and Employment Programme for girls (STEP) (1986-87) – 

To provide skills that give employability to women, to produce competencies and skills that enable women to become self-employed/ entrepreneurs. 

Women Empowerment and Livelihood Programme (Mid-Gangetic Plains – ‘Priyadarshini’) – 

It focuses on Women empowerment and Livelihood in Mid-Gangetic Plains. It also empowers them to deal with their political, legal, health problems.

Development of girls and youngsters in Rural Areas (DWCRA) –

To improve the socio-economic status of poor women within rural areas. By the formulation of groups of ladies for income-generating activities on a self-sustaining basis.

Many schemes have started. And still, the govt is putting its efforts into the empowerment of ladies. But somewhere, we all are lacking in our responsibilities. Still, women are afraid to travel out. 

Rapes in India:

According to the NCRB report 6,000 rape cases were reported in Rajasthan, followed by 3,065 cases in the state in 2019. 

The rape vulnerability of a lady or woman has increased up to 44 percent within the last ten years, the National Crime Records Bureau (NCRB) data shows. in line with the NCRB data, during the amount 2010-2019, a complete of three,13,289 cases were reported across India. Due to such records peoples are afraid to send their daughters, wife, mothers out. 

We all are working for the empowerment of ladies. But some people in society still follow their conservative thinking. And also, they’re taught to measure as they need the sole aim to serve their in-laws. whether or not they’re willing to try and do something, they’re blind to such forms of silly thinking. In many places of India, girls are engaged to their future husbands at a young age by their families and shortly are married to them in no time. From their childhood itself, they’re taught to measure within their limits and to not cross their boundaries. there’s nothing wrong with working with the person. Both men and ladies are equal. 

Education is that the only thing that will change the thinking of our society. We must encourage every woman to come back forward and to measure as they require to measure. Not as others want her to measure. If women are concerned, they have to be taught about their rights in society and that they must be taught to return come in this world and showcase their skills before others. there’s nothing that a lady cannot do. Some women changed the thinking of the entire world and proved to women that ladies can do the items a person does and even more efficiently.

Five civilians, four soldiers and 40 armed attackers were killed Sunday in a clash in Niger’s restive southwest region near the border with Mali, the government said.

Around 100 heavily armed “terrorists” riding motorcycles attacked the Tchoma Bangou village, striking around 3 pm Sunday, Niger’s Ministry of Defence said in a statement read on public television that did not identify who it suspected was behind the latest deadly incident.

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The “prompt and vigorous reaction” by the Defense and Security Forces (FDS), “made it possible to repel the attack and inflict heavy losses on the enemy”, the ministry said, adding that its soldiers had seized motorcycles and a cache of weapons, including AK47s and machine guns, from the assailants.

Tchoma Bangou is located in the Tillaberi region, bordering Mali and Burkina Faso, an area known as “the three borders” that has been regularly targeted by jihadist groups.

Tillaberi has been under a state of emergency since 2017. The authorities have banned motorbike traffic night and day for a year and ordered the closure of certain markets suspected of supplying “terrorists”.

One of the poorest countries in the world, Niger has for years battled jihadist insurgencies on its southwestern flank with Mali, as well as Boko Haram on its southeastern border with Nigeria. The repeated attacks have claimed hundreds of lives and forced thousands to flee their homes.

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