𝑰𝑵𝑫𝑰𝑨𝑵 𝑪𝑼𝑳𝑻𝑼𝑹𝑬

“Strong women, when respected, make the whole society stronger. One must be careful with such rapid changes, though, and make an effort to preserve, at the same time, the positive traditions of Indian culture“.

India is a country that boasts of a rich culture. The culture of India refers to a collection of minor unique cultures. The culture of India comprises of clothing, festivals, languages, religions, music, dance, architecture, food, and art in India. Most noteworthy, Indian culture has been influenced by several foreign cultures throughout its history. Also, the history of India’s culture is several millennia old.

First of all, Indian origin religions are Hinduism, Buddhism, Jainism, and Sikhism. All of these religions are based on karma and dharma. Furthermore, these four are called as Indian religions. Indian religions are a major category of world religions along with Abrahamic religions.

Also, many foreign religions are present in India as well. These foreign religions include Abrahamic religions. The Abrahamic religions in India certainly are Judaism, Christianity, and Islam. Besides Abrahamic religions, Zoroastrianism and Bahá’í Faith are the other foreign religions which exist in India. Consequently, the presence of so many diverse religions has given rise to tolerance and secularism in Indian culture.
The 🅹︎🅾︎🅸︎🅽︎🆃︎ 🅵︎🅰︎🅼︎🅸︎🅻︎🆈︎ system is the prevailing system of 🄸🄽🄳🄸🄰🄽 🄲🅄🄻🅃🅄🅁🄴. Most noteworthy, the family members consist of parents, children, children’s spouses, and offspring. All of these family members live together. Furthermore, the eldest male member is the head or karta of the family.
Arranged marriages are the norm in Indian culture. Probably most Indians have their marriages planned by their parents. In almost all Indian marriages, the bride’s family gives dowry to bridegroom. Weddings are certainly festive occasions in Indian culture. There is involvement of striking decorations, clothing, music, dance, rituals in Indian weddings. Most noteworthy, the divorce rates in India are very low.
India celebrates a huge number of festivals. These festivals are very diverse due to multi-religious and multi-cultural Indian society. Indians greatly value festive occasions. Above all, the whole country joins in the celebrations irrespective of the differences.
Traditional Indian food, arts, music, sports, clothing, and architecture vary significantly across different regions. These components are influenced by various factors. Above all, these factors are geography, climate, culture, and rural/urban setting.

Perceptions of Indian Culture

Indian culture has been an inspiration to many writers. India is certainly a symbol of unity around the world. Indian culture is certainly very complex. Furthermore, the conception of Indian identity poses certain difficulties. However, despite this, a typical 𝕚𝕟𝕕𝕚𝕒𝕟 𝕔𝕦𝕝𝕥𝕦𝕣𝕖 does exist. The creation of this typical Indian culture results from some internal forces. Above all, these forces are a robust Constitution, universal adult franchise, 𝚜𝚎𝚌𝚞𝚕𝚊𝚛 𝚙𝚘𝚕𝚒𝚌𝚢 flexible federal structure, etc.

Indian culture is characterized by a strict social hierarchy. Furthermore, Indian children are taught their roles and place in society from an early age. Probably, many Indians believe that gods and spirits have a role in determining their life. Earlier, traditional Hindus were divided into polluting and non-polluting occupations. Now, this difference is declining.

culture of India is one of the oldest cultures in the World. Above all, many Indians till stick to the traditional Indian culture in spite of rapid westernization. Indians have demonstrated strong unity irrespective of the diversity among them. Unity in Diversity is the ultimate mantra of Indian culture.

Famous Nebulae

The Orion Nebula

The Orion Nebula is part of a huge interstellar cloud called the Orion Molecular Cloud Complex. It lies about 1,500 light-years away in the direction of the constellation Orion. The Orion Nebula is listed as M42 and NGC 1976, and is a 24-light-year-wide section containing hundreds of newborn stars and brown dwarfs. It lies just below Orion’s three belt stars, and has a young star cluster called the Trapezium at its heart. These stars are roughly two million years old, relatively young for stars.

The Horsehead Nebula

The Horsehead Nebula (catalogued as Barnard 33) is also part of the Orion Molecular Cloud Complex, and is a dark nebula lit from behind by radiation from several young, nearby stars. Astronomers know that stars are forming within the nebula. As they grow, they will gradually eat away at their birth cloud. Eventually the nebula will be consumed and torn apart by the active starbirth nurseries within it.

The Eagle Nebula

The Eagle Nebula, also known as M16, us more familiarly as the “Pillars of Creation”. It is the site of starbirth regions hidden inside giant pillars of gas and dust. The newborn stars are eating away at the clouds, forming the pillar shapes. Eventually this nebula will also disappear as radiation from its child stars destroys the gas and dust. This gorgeous region lies some 7,000 light-years away from us in the constellation Serpens. It stretches across more than a hundred light-years of space and contains thousands of stars in and among its pillars.

The Crab Nebula

The Crab Nebula (M1) is a supernova remnant. It was created when a star around 10 or 11 times the mass of the Sun exploded in what’s called a “core-collapse” supernova. It blasted much of its mass out to space. What was left of the star collapsed to become a neutron star that is spinning 30 times a second. It’s called the “Crab Nebula Pulsar”. The Crab Nebula lies 6,500 light-years away from Earth in the direction of the constellation Taurus, the Bull.

The Eskimo Nebula

The Eskimo Nebula is a planetary nebula formed when a star with a mass similar to the Sun’s began to exhale its outer atmosphere some 10,000 years ago. It formed a double set of clouds that look vaguely like a Eskimo face. In a few tens of thousands of years, all the gases and dust in this nebula will have scattered to space, leaving behind only a slowly cooling white dwarf star.

Famous Nebulae

The Orion Nebula

The Horsehead Nebula

The Eagle Nebula

The Crab Nebula

The Eskimo Nebula

election commission of india

The Election Commission of India is an
autonomous constitutional authority responsible for administering Union and
State election processes in India. The body administers elections to the Lok
Sabha, Rajya Sabha, and State Legislative Assemblies in India, and the offices
of the President and Vice President in the country. The Election Commission
gets its power from the Constitution under article 324.

India is a Socialist, Secular, Democratic
Republic and the largest democracy in the World. The modern Indian nation state
came into existence on 15th of August 1947. Since then free and fair elections
have been held at regular intervals as per the principles enshrined in the
Constitution, Electoral Laws and System. Election
Commission of India is a permanent Constitutional Body. The Election Commission
was established in accordance with the Constitution on 25th January 1950.
Originally
the commission had only a Chief Election Commissioner. It currently consists of
Chief Election Commissioner and two Election Commissioners.

The Election Commission of India has the
powers under the Constitution. So, it is required to act in a particular manner
when the laws of the Government makes insufficient provisions or judgements to
deal with a specific situation that has aroused in the conduct of an election.
The
Election Commissioner Amendment Act, of 1989 was adopted by the Government on 1
January 1990. This act turned the Commission into a multi-member body. Since
then till now there has been 3-member. Thus, the ECI
operates through a vast number of staff members of around 300 with each state
having a separate chief electoral officer. During general elections, an
enormous team is recruited as temporary workers in order to control and
smoothly conduct the polling. The Election Commission
has divided the country into 543 Parliamentary Constituencies, each of which
returns one MP to the Lok Sabha, (the lower house of the Parliament).
All
the twenty-nine states and two among the seven union territories have their
respective assemblies, the vidhan sabha. The total of thirty-one assemblies
consists of 4120 constituencies.

Election Commission of India
superintendents, direct and control the entire process of conducting elections
to Parliament and Legislature of every State and to the offices of President
and Vice-President of India. The most important function of the commission is
to decide the election schedules for the conduct of periodic and timely
elections, whether general or bye-elections. It prepares electoral roll, issues
Electronic Photo Identity Card (EPIC). It decides on the location polling
stations, assignment of voters to the polling stations, location of counting
centres, arrangements to be made in and around polling stations and counting
centres and all allied matters. It grants recognition to political parties
& allot election symbols to them along with settling disputes related to
it.

The ECI has been successfully conducting
national as well as state elections since 1952. In recent years, however, the
Commission has started to play the more active role to ensure greater
participation of people. It upholds the values enshrined
in the Constitution viz, equality, equity, impartiality, independence; and rule
of law in superintendence, direction, and control over the electoral governance.
Considering
the enormous number of citizens present in the country; the ECI has done and
proved to be one of the best commissions in the Indian subcontinent.

The Comptroller and Auditor- General of India

Another essential office in the Government of India is that of the Comptroller and Auditor- General who controls and checks the financial operation of the entire country [Article 148], at the Union as well as State levels. As observed by Dr. Ambedkar, the Comptroller, and Auditor General of India shall be the most prominent officer under the Constitution of India. For he, is to be the guardian of the public purse and he must look after expenditures out of the Consolidated Fund of India or if a state without the authority of the appropriate Legislature. To discharge his duty properly, his office must be independent of any control of the Executive. The office of the Comptroller and Auditor General, in the Constitution, is substantially modeled upon that of the Auditor General under the Government of India Act, 1935.

Conditions of Service:- The independence of the Comptroller and Auditor General has been protected by the following provisions of the Constitution—

Though appointed by the President, the Comptroller and Auditor General may discard only on the ground of ‘proved misbehavior’ or ‘incapacity’, on an address from both the Houses of the Parliament. He thus excepted from the general rule that all civil servants of the Union hold their office at the pleasure of the President [Article 310(1)].

His salary and conditions of service shall be statuary and shall not be liable to variation to his disadvantages during his term of office. Under this power, Parliament has enacted the Comptroller and Auditor General’s Act 1971, as amended, provides as follows:

(i) The term of office of the Comptroller and Auditor General shall he six years from the date on which he presumes office, but—

• he shall vacate office on attaining the age of 65 years if either than the expiry of the six-year term;

• he may, at any time, resign his office, by writing under his hand, addressed to the President of India;

• he may be removed by impeachment [Article 148, 124(4)].

(ii) His salary shall be equal to that of the Judge of the Supreme Court.

(iii) On retirement, he shall be eligible for an annual pension as per the High Court and Supreme Court Judges.

(iv) In order matters his conditions of service shall be determined by the rules applicable to a member of the IAS, holding the rank of a Secretary of the Government of India.

(v) he shall disqualify for any further Government office after retirement.

(vi) the salaries, etc of the Comptroller and Auditor-General, his staff, and administrative expenses of his office shall be charged upon the Consolidated Fund of India and shall be non-votable [Article 148].

Duties and Powers:- The Comptroller and Auditor General shall perform such duties and exercise such powers about the accounts of the Union and the States as may be prescribed by Parliament. In exercise of this power, Parliament has enacted the Comptroller and Auditor General’s duties, powers, and conditions of services Act, 1971 which relieves him of his pre- Constitution duty to compile the accounts of the Union; and the States may enact similar legislation with the prior approval of the President — to separate accounts from audit at the State level, and to relieve the Comptroller and Auditor General of his responsibility in the matter of preparation of accounts, either of the States of the Union.