Month: July 2021

Beauty Standards

Beauty is now being an issue for young girls. Growing up, we all remember Barbie. I love Barbie movies. They teach us about kindness, courage, friendship, values, etc. But, they also make young girls who play with Barbie dolls want to be like them. Barbie is the first beauty standard we were exposed to.

We then came to our early teens and were exposed to Victoria’s Secret models and the fashion industry. Early teen is also the place where we go through puberty. We all know puberty is not a pretty place. Trust me, nobody looks good when they are going through puberty.

Now, being exposed to the world of beauty and going through puberty puts us in a tough spot. We start hating ourselves. We know that most people do not look like models. We also know that models have a strict diet plan, they undergo surgeries, and there is constant use of Photoshop to make them look flawless. Our subconscious brain is aware of these facts. We still can’t help comparing ourselves to the pretty models.

We start looking down upon ourselves. We constantly try to become like models. A lot of girls become anorexic to be as thin as the models. A lot of girls also take supplements to reduce fat. A lot of them start saving up for cosmetic surgeries from a very young age. Most of the girls do these surgeries to feel more confident. I do not blame them. But I do blame our society for making them feel like they needed to change.

Our beauty standards are also being white-washed. We are now following western beauty standards. When we think of beauty, we imagine a tall, thin white girl. Even in African and Asian countries, this is what the beauty standard is. This makes people from those countries spend millions of dollars bleaching their skin even when it leads to skin cancer.

Our media makes millions of dollars selling products with the faces of white-washed beauty. These days when we see an advertisement, we look at the models more than the product. Are they selling the product or the beauty standard? 

Now our role in the world of beauty standards is to stop thinking it matters. Unless you want to become a model. People who have zero connection to the beauty industry have to stop worrying about their looks. It is not our work to look like that. So, we all need to end our obsession with beauty. If we are not being paid for being pretty, we do not have to obsess over it.

Next, we all need to stop thinking that every single woman has to be pretty. I know even men go through it. But, the American Society of Plastic surgeons reveals that women have accounted for 92% of cosmetic surgeries and men accounted for 8% of them. About 98% of the women feel immense pressure from external sources to look a certain way.

I really want to change that. So can we all start complimenting each other on qualities other than appearance? Instead of only telling a girl, you are pretty, beautiful, etc. Can we please tell them that they are talented, kind, intelligent, and caring?

I love getting compliments on my work rather than being complimented on my physical appearance. It is not in our control how we look like.    

Can we all start complimenting each other on who we are rather than what we look like?

Equity vs Preference shares

We keep hearing the term ‘shares’ or ‘stock’ nowadays as it is a common topic of discussion. However, it is essential to know the different types of shares available in the market to be aware of our options as investors and also to determine which type suits the objectives of the investor better.

According to section 86 of the companies act, a company can issue only two types of shares:
(a) Preference shares
(b) Equity shares

PREFERENCE SHARES

As the name suggests, a preference share gives a preferential right to its shareholder, to get a fixed rate of dividend over other types of shares. This implies that preference shareholders are entitled to receive their dividends BEFORE any dividend is paid to equity shareholders from the profits.

Preference shareholders are also entitled to return of share capital before equity shareholders when the company is winding up. This implies, that after the company has paid off its debts to outsiders, the surplus and remaining assets are used to return the share capital to preference shareholders before equity shareholders. The remaining assets and surplus, if any, is distributed among the equity shareholders.

However, Preference shareholders don’t get to enjoy voting rights. They are only allowed to vote on

a) Any resolution affecting their rights

b) All resolutions when dividend has not been paid to them for the time period mentioned in the Act.

Types of Preference shares

Different kinds of shares have different rights associated with them.

  • Cumulative Preference Shares– Dividends not declared and paid in the current year (due to loss or inadequate profit), is accumulated and can be paid out of profits of subsequent years before dividend is paid to equity shareholders. Preference shares are always cumulative, unless the contrary is expressly stated in the Articles of Association.
  • Non-Cumulative Preference Shares- In the case of non-cumulative preference shares if dividend is not paid in any particular year, it lapses. It does not accumulate. Hence, it is not paid in the subsequent years.
  • Participating Preference Shares- In addition to the fixed rate of dividend, these shares carry a further right to participate with the equity shareholders in the surplus profits which remain after paying a certain rate of dividend to equity shareholders. Thus, they get two kinds of dividend, one fixed rate and the other changing every year depending on the level of excess profits. Similarly, such preference shares have a right to participate in the surplus assets of the company on its winding up after paying in full the preference and equity share capital.
  • Non-Participating Preference Shares– These shares are entitled to only a fixed rate of dividend. They do not participate either in the surplus or in the surplus assets on winding up after paying in full the preference and equity share capital. Preference shares are presumed to be non-participating unless specifically stated otherwise in the articles.
  • Convertible Preference Shares– These shares can be converted into equity shares within a specified time period.
  • Non-Convertible Preference Shares- These shares cannot be converted into equity shares. Preference shares are presumed to be non-convertible unless specifically stated otherwise in the articles.
  • Redeemable Preference Shares- Capital raised by means of these shares can be returned after a specified period or at any time at its options after giving notice as per terms of issue. These shares can be redeemed either out of profits or out of the proceeds of a fresh issue of shares.
  • Irredeemable Preference Shares- Any preference share that cannot be redeemed during the lifetime of the company is known as irredeemable preference Shares. Such shares are not offered anymore.

EQUITY SHARES

Equity shareholders are entitled to get dividend only after the fixed rate of dividend is paid to preference shareholders. Similarly, at the time of winding up of the company, only after returning preference share capital in full, and if there is any surplus, it will be paid to equity shareholders.

The rate of dividend is not fixed as it varies from year to year and depends on the profit earned every year. Higher the profits, higher the dividends of equity shareholders. However, in case of loss or inadequate profits, equity shareholders often do not get dividends for that year. Moreover, even in case of profits, the company can choose to retain the surplus in the business instead of paying dividends to equity shareholders. Hence, dividends for equity shareholders are not assured.

However, equity shareholders are considered as the owners of the company and hence, get voting rights on all resolutions.

To conclude, equity shares are quite risky since dividends and return of capital when the company is winding up is not assured. However, if the company is reputed and does well, equity shareholders dividends are usually more than fixed dividends of preference shareholders. Moreover, equity shareholders enjoy voting rights and are more involved in the management of the company as they are the owners.

On the other hand, for investors looking for fixed rate of return (dividends) and assured return of capital invested, preference shares should be a good investment.

Beauty Standards

Beauty is now being an issue for young girls. Growing up, we all remember Barbie. I love Barbie movies. They teach us about kindness, courage, friendship, values, etc. But, they also make young girls who play with Barbie dolls want to be like them. Barbie is the first beauty standard we were exposed to.

We then came to our early teens and were exposed to Victoria’s Secret models and the fashion industry. Early teen is also the place where we go through puberty. We all know puberty is not a pretty place. Trust me, nobody looks good when they are going through puberty.

Now, being exposed to the world of beauty and going through puberty puts us in a tough spot. We start hating ourselves. We know that most people do not look like models. We also know that models have a strict diet plan, they undergo surgeries, and there is constant use of Photoshop to make them look flawless. Our subconscious brain is aware of these facts. We still can’t help comparing ourselves to the pretty models.

We start looking down upon ourselves. We constantly try to become like models. A lot of girls become anorexic to be as thin as the models. A lot of girls also take supplements to reduce fat. A lot of them start saving up for cosmetic surgeries from a very young age. Most of the girls do these surgeries to feel more confident. I do not blame them. But I do blame our society for making them feel like they needed to change.

Our beauty standards are also being white-washed. We are now following western beauty standards. When we think of beauty, we imagine a tall, thin white girl. Even in African and Asian countries, this is what the beauty standard is. This makes people from those countries spend millions of dollars bleaching their skin even when it leads to skin cancer.

Our media makes millions of dollars selling products with the faces of white-washed beauty. These days when we see an advertisement, we look at the models more than the product. Are they selling the product or the beauty standard? 

Now our role in the world of beauty standards is to stop thinking it matters. Unless you want to become a model. People who have zero connection to the beauty industry have to stop worrying about their looks. It is not our work to look like that. So, we all need to end our obsession with beauty. If we are not being paid for being pretty, we do not have to obsess over it.

Next, we all need to stop thinking that every single woman has to be pretty. I know even men go through it. But, the American Society of Plastic surgeons reveals that women have accounted for 92% of cosmetic surgeries and men accounted for 8% of them. About 98% of the women feel immense pressure from external sources to look a certain way.

I really want to change that. So can we all start complimenting each other on qualities other than appearance? Instead of only telling a girl, you are pretty, beautiful, etc. Can we please tell them that they are talented, kind, intelligent, and caring?

I love getting compliments on my work rather than being complimented on my physical appearance. It is not in our control how we look like.    

Can we all start complimenting each other on who we are rather than what we look like?

Why An Internship Is Important For Your Future Career ?

An Internship provides and Exposure

An Internship enables you to gain first-hand exposure of working in the real world.It also allows you to develop skills,knowledge, and other practices.An intern isn’t thrown into the wolves but rather given proper training, assignments,etc.

The opportunity to learn more about yourself

To know yourself is to know your goals and how to achieve them.At this point, the intern’s is given a chance to decide whether they wish to continue with their current career path or try something else.

Get connected and develop your professional network

Networking is an exchange of information between people, with the ultimate goal of establishing relationships to advance your professional career.

Prevent CV from going to Trash

Internships are the perfect way to enhance your resume through relevant experiences.During your internship you can acquire new skills and abilities which can improve yourself as a young professional, and furthermore enhance your resume.

Transition into a full time position

With an internship, you’re given the opportunity to showcase your talents,commitment and value to a prospective employer.Furthermore,employers are more inclined to hire you once they have invested time and money to train you.

Why An Internship Is Important For Your Future Career ?

An Internship provides and Exposure

An Internship enables you to gain first-hand exposure of working in the real world.It also allows you to develop skills,knowledge, and other practices.An intern isn’t thrown into the wolves but rather given proper training, assignments,etc.

The opportunity to learn more about yourself

To know yourself is to know your goals and how to achieve them.At this point, the intern’s is given a chance to decide whether they wish to continue with their current career path or try something else.

Get connected and develop your professional network

Networking is an exchange of information between people, with the ultimate goal of establishing relationships to advance your professional career.

Prevent CV from going to Trash

Internships are the perfect way to enhance your resume through relevant experiences.During your internship you can acquire new skills and abilities which can improve yourself as a young professional, and furthermore enhance your resume.

Transition into a full time position

With an internship, you’re given the opportunity to showcase your talents,commitment and value to a prospective employer.Furthermore,employers are more inclined to hire you once they have invested time and money to train you.

Software Engineering – A Layered Approach

What is layered approach of Software Engineering ?

Software engineering deals with process, methods, and their implementation tools and finally the quality of the product.This is known as the layered approach of software engineering

  1. Quality Focus

 Software engineering is a layered technology. Referring to Figure 1.1, any engineering approach must
rest on an organizational commitment to quality.
 Total quality management, Six Sigma and similar principles help a continuous software process
improvement, and this ultimately leads to the development of increasingly more mature approaches to
software engineering.
 The bedrock that supports software engineering is a quality focus.

2. Process Layer

 The foundation for software engineering is the process layer.
 Software engineering process is the glue that holds the technology layers together and enables balanced
and timely development of computer software.
 Process defines a framework for a set of key process areas that must be established for effective
delivery of software engineering technology.
 Process defines the context in which technical methods can be applied, work products are produced,
milestones are established, quality is ensured etc.

3. Method Layer

 Software engineering methods provide the technical how-to’s for building software.
 Methods encompass a broad array of tasks that include communication, requirements analysis, design,program construction, testing, and support.

4. Tools Layer

 Software engineering tools provide automated or semi-automated support for the process and the
methods.
 Tools are combines so that information created by one tool can be used by another, a system that is
developed for the support of software development, is called as computer-aided software engineering(CASE). CASE combines software, hardware, and a software engineering database.

Software Engineering – A Layered Approach

What is layered approach of Software Engineering ?

Software engineering deals with process, methods, and their implementation tools and finally the quality of the product.This is known as the layered approach of software engineering

  1. Quality Focus

 Software engineering is a layered technology. Referring to Figure 1.1, any engineering approach must
rest on an organizational commitment to quality.
 Total quality management, Six Sigma and similar principles help a continuous software process
improvement, and this ultimately leads to the development of increasingly more mature approaches to
software engineering.
 The bedrock that supports software engineering is a quality focus.

2. Process Layer

 The foundation for software engineering is the process layer.
 Software engineering process is the glue that holds the technology layers together and enables balanced
and timely development of computer software.
 Process defines a framework for a set of key process areas that must be established for effective
delivery of software engineering technology.
 Process defines the context in which technical methods can be applied, work products are produced,
milestones are established, quality is ensured etc.

3. Method Layer

 Software engineering methods provide the technical how-to’s for building software.
 Methods encompass a broad array of tasks that include communication, requirements analysis, design,program construction, testing, and support.

4. Tools Layer

 Software engineering tools provide automated or semi-automated support for the process and the
methods.
 Tools are combines so that information created by one tool can be used by another, a system that is
developed for the support of software development, is called as computer-aided software engineering(CASE). CASE combines software, hardware, and a software engineering database.

Impulsive Buying

Every person has to shop things from time to time. Shopping is a part of our day to day life because it is requisite to supply our families with the basic necessities. Some do shopping to escape the stress built within them and they enjoy by doing so. They find it as a way of relaxing from the monotonous life. While some consumers plan the things that they need to buy before hand by preparing the list of items for every week/month, they surf through the price tags to afford the good quality products at the lowest price, there are others who indulge in impulsive buying. It is the tendency of a customer to buy goods and services without planning anything in advance. When a customer makes impetuous decisions to buy products off the cuff, it is usually provoked by emotions and feelings. Impulsive buying is not just restricted to few products it can be observed on a wide range of goods like clothing, electronic devices, jewellery, sports pieces, pastries and so on, by the consumers when they get fascinated with a sudden impulse.

TYPES OF IMPULSE PURCHASES:

  • PURE IMPULSE BUYING – The consumers crack their normal pattern of consumption
  • REMINDER IMPULSE BUYING – When the consumers sees items in the shop that they forgot to add to the shopping list before, they purchase them when he/she is reminded by seeing those things displayed in the stores.
  • SUGGESTION IMPULSE BUYING – When the customers notice things that they never used or seen before they plan to buy them at the moment by a conviction that it would be very obliging.

Dealers try to exploit this behavior of the customers to promote their sales/services. The hyper markets tries to captivate people from the entrance of their space. They provide a great window display which increases the curiosity of potential customers, introduce combo packs using the demand of the primary products for the sale of secondary products, work with brands, offer suggestions with new products and influence the mind of customers and such plentiful tricks. Marketing companies are more likely to get benefitted because of this trait because customers end up purchasing products even without any actual intent of doing so.

Some of the customers even realize this when half of the wallet is swiped off as they return back to home ending up with random products which may not be of a great use to them. A study published in the June 2008 issue of the Journal Of Consumer Research suggests that consumers are more susceptible to impulsive buying from one brand over another when distracted while shopping. Consumers are also likely to make an impulse purchase, when a consumer perceives that the environment is over stimulating. Emotional appeal contributes largely to impulsive buying. Scientists state that this happens because some items help us feel better and temporarily dampen our unhappiness. Some customers want to stock up things even when there is not an immediate need for them. Many get attracted on the spotting of discounts on products and at times our brain get fooled by the idea that we are getting a good deal and get defeated.

How to get rid of impulsive buying ?

  • Design a budget and cling to it. A budget doesn’t all of a sudden save all your money we should sincerely stick to them. If not planned for a budget don’t go in for spending money.
  • Try not to shop when you are emotional. It takes an major part in triggering a person to go for an impulsive buying. We just buy things in the thrill of the moment and later realize the unnecessary investments made. Retail therapy just makes you feel goo at the spur of the moment.
  • Have a clear monitor on the budget and savings and review it every month. By this we can avoid the dispensable products.
  • When shopping on a larger basis find support and accountability which can go a long way in refraining us from impulsive buying.
  • When tempted to buy a new product go through its reviews and we can realize the worth of buying such products.

Impulsive Buying

Every person has to shop things from time to time. Shopping is a part of our day to day life because it is requisite to supply our families with the basic necessities. Some do shopping to escape the stress built within them and they enjoy by doing so. They find it as a way of relaxing from the monotonous life. While some consumers plan the things that they need to buy before hand by preparing the list of items for every week/month, they surf through the price tags to afford the good quality products at the lowest price, there are others who indulge in impulsive buying. It is the tendency of a customer to buy goods and services without planning anything in advance. When a customer makes impetuous decisions to buy products off the cuff, it is usually provoked by emotions and feelings. Impulsive buying is not just restricted to few products it can be observed on a wide range of goods like clothing, electronic devices, jewellery, sports pieces, pastries and so on, by the consumers when they get fascinated with a sudden impulse.

TYPES OF IMPULSE PURCHASES:

  • PURE IMPULSE BUYING – The consumers crack their normal pattern of consumption
  • REMINDER IMPULSE BUYING – When the consumers sees items in the shop that they forgot to add to the shopping list before, they purchase them when he/she is reminded by seeing those things displayed in the stores.
  • SUGGESTION IMPULSE BUYING – When the customers notice things that they never used or seen before they plan to buy them at the moment by a conviction that it would be very obliging.

Dealers try to exploit this behavior of the customers to promote their sales/services. The hyper markets tries to captivate people from the entrance of their space. They provide a great window display which increases the curiosity of potential customers, introduce combo packs using the demand of the primary products for the sale of secondary products, work with brands, offer suggestions with new products and influence the mind of customers and such plentiful tricks. Marketing companies are more likely to get benefitted because of this trait because customers end up purchasing products even without any actual intent of doing so.

Some of the customers even realize this when half of the wallet is swiped off as they return back to home ending up with random products which may not be of a great use to them. A study published in the June 2008 issue of the Journal Of Consumer Research suggests that consumers are more susceptible to impulsive buying from one brand over another when distracted while shopping. Consumers are also likely to make an impulse purchase, when a consumer perceives that the environment is over stimulating. Emotional appeal contributes largely to impulsive buying. Scientists state that this happens because some items help us feel better and temporarily dampen our unhappiness. Some customers want to stock up things even when there is not an immediate need for them. Many get attracted on the spotting of discounts on products and at times our brain get fooled by the idea that we are getting a good deal and get defeated.

How to get rid of impulsive buying ?

  • Design a budget and cling to it. A budget doesn’t all of a sudden save all your money we should sincerely stick to them. If not planned for a budget don’t go in for spending money.
  • Try not to shop when you are emotional. It takes an major part in triggering a person to go for an impulsive buying. We just buy things in the thrill of the moment and later realize the unnecessary investments made. Retail therapy just makes you feel goo at the spur of the moment.
  • Have a clear monitor on the budget and savings and review it every month. By this we can avoid the dispensable products.
  • When shopping on a larger basis find support and accountability which can go a long way in refraining us from impulsive buying.
  • When tempted to buy a new product go through its reviews and we can realize the worth of buying such products.

Everything about Zomato IPO

History

Zomato was established in 2010 as just a restaurant finding platform. Over the years, the young online startup expanded its services and is today one of the largest online food delivery platforms in India. It has currently expanded its territory to 24 countries including India. Its active restaurant partners have grown to over 1.5 lakhs in the fiscal year 2021 as compared to 94,286 in the fiscal year 2019. The average order value on this platform has risen from Rs 264 in 2020 to Rs 395 in 2021.

Zomato also boasts of having the largest local delivery networks in India with almost 1.7 lakh delivery partners. It’s units are making Rs 20.5 per order from the previous fiscal year. But it also suffered a loss of Rs 30.5 per order in the fiscal year 2020. However, the company has been suffering losses over the last three years.

About the IPO

The IPO issue size is Rs 9375 crores. Of this, Rs 9000 crores is a fresh issue which will be used for the company’s organic and inorganic growth. The remaining Rs 375 crores is an offer for sales. The IPO will be allocated to Qualified Institutional Buyers(QIB), Non-Institutional Buyers(NIB) and Retailers. Qualified Institutional Buyers are allotted a quota of 75%, Non-Institutional Buyers are allotted a quota of 15% and the Retailers are allotted a quota of 10%.

Price range per share is Rs 72-76. There will be 195 shares per lot and retailers can bid for a maximum of 13 lots for the maximum price. The issuing of IPO’s has already begun on 14 July 2021. As of now the IPO has been oversubscribed by more than 4 times in the retail investors quota. The QIB quota has been oversubscribed by 7 times and the NIB quota has seen an oversubscription of 0.45 times. Overall, the IPO has been oversubscribed by 4.79 times.

It is believed that the company will be a loss making company for the next 2-3 years. Experts say that this IPO is not suitable for retail investors. Only people with high risk appetite and those who are willing for long term holdings are advised to go for this IPO. Going ahead, the subscription for this IPO will be available for one more day from 10 am till 5 pm on Friday, July 16, 2021.

The allotment of this IPO will begin on Thursday, 22 July 2021. To the investors who didn’t get allotted, the refund will be initiated on Friday, July 23, 2021. Investors who have been allotted will get their shares on their respective demat accounts on Monday, July 26, 2021. The shares will be listed publicly for exchange from Tuesday, July 27, 2021.

Allotment of IPO’s is random and not based on first come first serve. But being too late is also not good for the allotment. To get higher chances of allotment, make sure that you apply early and apply from different demat accounts. If a person has applied for more than one time with the same PAN card, then all of his applications will be rejected. Buy the shares of it’s parent company to ensure more chances of subscription.

Everything about Zomato IPO

History

Zomato was established in 2010 as just a restaurant finding platform. Over the years, the young online startup expanded its services and is today one of the largest online food delivery platforms in India. It has currently expanded its territory to 24 countries including India. Its active restaurant partners have grown to over 1.5 lakhs in the fiscal year 2021 as compared to 94,286 in the fiscal year 2019. The average order value on this platform has risen from Rs 264 in 2020 to Rs 395 in 2021.

Zomato also boasts of having the largest local delivery networks in India with almost 1.7 lakh delivery partners. It’s units are making Rs 20.5 per order from the previous fiscal year. But it also suffered a loss of Rs 30.5 per order in the fiscal year 2020. However, the company has been suffering losses over the last three years.

About the IPO

The IPO issue size is Rs 9375 crores. Of this, Rs 9000 crores is a fresh issue which will be used for the company’s organic and inorganic growth. The remaining Rs 375 crores is an offer for sales. The IPO will be allocated to Qualified Institutional Buyers(QIB), Non-Institutional Buyers(NIB) and Retailers. Qualified Institutional Buyers are allotted a quota of 75%, Non-Institutional Buyers are allotted a quota of 15% and the Retailers are allotted a quota of 10%.

Price range per share is Rs 72-76. There will be 195 shares per lot and retailers can bid for a maximum of 13 lots for the maximum price. The issuing of IPO’s has already begun on 14 July 2021. As of now the IPO has been oversubscribed by more than 4 times in the retail investors quota. The QIB quota has been oversubscribed by 7 times and the NIB quota has seen an oversubscription of 0.45 times. Overall, the IPO has been oversubscribed by 4.79 times.

It is believed that the company will be a loss making company for the next 2-3 years. Experts say that this IPO is not suitable for retail investors. Only people with high risk appetite and those who are willing for long term holdings are advised to go for this IPO. Going ahead, the subscription for this IPO will be available for one more day from 10 am till 5 pm on Friday, July 16, 2021.

The allotment of this IPO will begin on Thursday, 22 July 2021. To the investors who didn’t get allotted, the refund will be initiated on Friday, July 23, 2021. Investors who have been allotted will get their shares on their respective demat accounts on Monday, July 26, 2021. The shares will be listed publicly for exchange from Tuesday, July 27, 2021.

Allotment of IPO’s is random and not based on first come first serve. But being too late is also not good for the allotment. To get higher chances of allotment, make sure that you apply early and apply from different demat accounts. If a person has applied for more than one time with the same PAN card, then all of his applications will be rejected. Buy the shares of it’s parent company to ensure more chances of subscription.

Characteristics of a Good Software

A software product can be judged by what it offers and how well it can be used. This software must satisfy on the following grounds: Operational, Transitional, Maintenance Well-engineered and crafted software is expected to have the following characteristics:

  1. Operational:

This tells us how well software works in operations. It can be measured on:

  • Budget
  • Usability
  • Efficiency
  • Correctness
  • Functionality
  • Dependability
  • Security
  • Safety

2. Transitional:

This aspect is important when the software is moved from one platform to another:

  • Portability
  • Interoperability
  • Reusability
  • Adaptability

3. Maintenance:

This aspect briefs about how well software has the capabilities to maintain itself in the ever-
changing environment:

  • Modularity
  • Maintainability
  • Flexibility
  • Scalability

Characteristics of a Good Software

A software product can be judged by what it offers and how well it can be used. This software must satisfy on the following grounds: Operational, Transitional, Maintenance Well-engineered and crafted software is expected to have the following characteristics:

  1. Operational:

This tells us how well software works in operations. It can be measured on:

  • Budget
  • Usability
  • Efficiency
  • Correctness
  • Functionality
  • Dependability
  • Security
  • Safety

2. Transitional:

This aspect is important when the software is moved from one platform to another:

  • Portability
  • Interoperability
  • Reusability
  • Adaptability

3. Maintenance:

This aspect briefs about how well software has the capabilities to maintain itself in the ever-
changing environment:

  • Modularity
  • Maintainability
  • Flexibility
  • Scalability

10 Best Places to visit in Kashmir

Kashmir is the Indian subcontinent’s northernmost geographical area.

Srinagar

Srinagar is one of Kashmir’s and India’s most attractive and well-known tourist destinations. Srinagar offers it everything, from boating to trekking, bird viewing to water skiing. This location is regarded as the “mirror to the mountains” by the locals. This location provides an up-close glimpse into Kashmiri cuisine and culture.

Dal Lake

Dal Lake, often known as the “Jewel in the Crown of Kashmir,” is one of Kashmir’s most exquisite pieces of heaven. For decades, the lake has been the region’s favorite summer getaway, surrounded by magnificent Mughal gardens and dotted with British-built houseboats.

Indira Gandhi Memorial Tulip garden

You enter the garden with your eyes closed, then open them to find yourself immersed in a lake of flowers. Tulips of different colors may be found in this garden, which was planted using seeds brought in from Spain. They’re at their finest in the springtime, and the neighboring Dal Lake provides the perfect backdrop for photography.

Gulmarg

Gulmarg, also known as the ‘Meadow of Flowers,’ is a big attraction with its stretch of colorful flowers set against the backdrop of snow-capped mountains. For all the right reasons, Gulmarg is regarded as one of the greatest locations to visit in Kashmir. Because of the numerous opportunities for skiing in the snow while taking in the scenery, this region of Kashmir is also regarded as an adventurer’s paradise.

Sonmarg

Sonamarg is known as the ‘Golden Meadow,’ as its name indicates. Its attractions include an unending stream of beautiful flowers and undulating hiking trails.

Pahalgam

Pahalgam, at a height of 2740 meters, is considered a representation of paradise on earth. It is 95 kilometers from Srinagar and is surrounded by thick woods, lovely lakes, and flower-filled meadows. This small town is famous for pulling all of a visitor’s tension away, making it one of the greatest locations to visit in Kashmir.

Betaab Valley

Many trekkers begin their journey in this valley, which is surrounded by beautiful green meadows and snow-capped mountains. The thick greenery of conifers and lush green bushes encapsulate Kashmir’s genuine nature. This valley, which is dotted with colorful cottages, shelters, and a variety of bird species, is unique in its own right. You may go horseback riding or enjoy a picnic on the banks of the snow-fed Jade River in the Betab Valley, which flows south from the snowy peaks. The water in Jade is so clean that it is used for drinking by the locals!

Nishat Garden

On the shores of Dal Lake, this one is regarded as one of the biggest Mughal Gardens. Nishat Garden is also known as the Garden of Bliss, which is fitting given the stunning Zabarwan Mountains in the background. This garden is historically significant, and it was created by Asaf Khan, Nur Jahan’s brother.

Shalimar Garden

The well-known Emperor Jehangir built this garden specifically for his wife, Nur Jahan, in the year 1616. Another garden, Faiz Baksh, was added to this one after a while. Inside the garden, there is a canal with polished stones around the edges.

Sinthan Top

Sinthan Top, at 3,658 meters above sea level, provides stunning panoramic views of the area’s snow-capped mountains and low-lying areas. The location is easily accessible from a highway, but you must navigate yourself and overcome a few challenges before reaching the summit. You may even continue walking and land on the snow while enjoying a beautiful and magnificent 360-degree panorama of the entire area.

10 Best Places to visit in Kashmir

Kashmir is the Indian subcontinent’s northernmost geographical area.

Srinagar

Srinagar is one of Kashmir’s and India’s most attractive and well-known tourist destinations. Srinagar offers it everything, from boating to trekking, bird viewing to water skiing. This location is regarded as the “mirror to the mountains” by the locals. This location provides an up-close glimpse into Kashmiri cuisine and culture.

Dal Lake

Dal Lake, often known as the “Jewel in the Crown of Kashmir,” is one of Kashmir’s most exquisite pieces of heaven. For decades, the lake has been the region’s favorite summer getaway, surrounded by magnificent Mughal gardens and dotted with British-built houseboats.

Indira Gandhi Memorial Tulip garden

You enter the garden with your eyes closed, then open them to find yourself immersed in a lake of flowers. Tulips of different colors may be found in this garden, which was planted using seeds brought in from Spain. They’re at their finest in the springtime, and the neighboring Dal Lake provides the perfect backdrop for photography.

Gulmarg

Gulmarg, also known as the ‘Meadow of Flowers,’ is a big attraction with its stretch of colorful flowers set against the backdrop of snow-capped mountains. For all the right reasons, Gulmarg is regarded as one of the greatest locations to visit in Kashmir. Because of the numerous opportunities for skiing in the snow while taking in the scenery, this region of Kashmir is also regarded as an adventurer’s paradise.

Sonmarg

Sonamarg is known as the ‘Golden Meadow,’ as its name indicates. Its attractions include an unending stream of beautiful flowers and undulating hiking trails.

Pahalgam

Pahalgam, at a height of 2740 meters, is considered a representation of paradise on earth. It is 95 kilometers from Srinagar and is surrounded by thick woods, lovely lakes, and flower-filled meadows. This small town is famous for pulling all of a visitor’s tension away, making it one of the greatest locations to visit in Kashmir.

Betaab Valley

Many trekkers begin their journey in this valley, which is surrounded by beautiful green meadows and snow-capped mountains. The thick greenery of conifers and lush green bushes encapsulate Kashmir’s genuine nature. This valley, which is dotted with colorful cottages, shelters, and a variety of bird species, is unique in its own right. You may go horseback riding or enjoy a picnic on the banks of the snow-fed Jade River in the Betab Valley, which flows south from the snowy peaks. The water in Jade is so clean that it is used for drinking by the locals!

Nishat Garden

On the shores of Dal Lake, this one is regarded as one of the biggest Mughal Gardens. Nishat Garden is also known as the Garden of Bliss, which is fitting given the stunning Zabarwan Mountains in the background. This garden is historically significant, and it was created by Asaf Khan, Nur Jahan’s brother.

Shalimar Garden

The well-known Emperor Jehangir built this garden specifically for his wife, Nur Jahan, in the year 1616. Another garden, Faiz Baksh, was added to this one after a while. Inside the garden, there is a canal with polished stones around the edges.

Sinthan Top

Sinthan Top, at 3,658 meters above sea level, provides stunning panoramic views of the area’s snow-capped mountains and low-lying areas. The location is easily accessible from a highway, but you must navigate yourself and overcome a few challenges before reaching the summit. You may even continue walking and land on the snow while enjoying a beautiful and magnificent 360-degree panorama of the entire area.